374:
543:. Until 1476, there were no limits on the number of companions to be admitted, but that year, with the new edition of the Order's statutes, the Duke limited the number of men to 60; unlimited women could be admitted. The editions of the Order's statutes, two in Latin and two in German, established similar requirements for membership. The Latin editions stipulated that the man be of noble birth—eight generations of noble grandparents—and of unblemished reputation; the German versions required that only four grandparents of the man be noble. Women were to be spouses of a companion; in the 1476 versions of the statutes, both Latin and German, female members of the Duchess' household could be admitted even if their husbands were not members or if the women were single, but were required to resign if they left the service of the Duchess. The exception to this clause provided for their continued membership if their husbands became companions of the order.
366:
408:. Arnold believed that Adolf had inherited the better of the two properties, and coveted it for himself. He tried to take it by force and failed; a compromise was reached by which the two agreed to a truce. Adolf of Berg died in 1437 and his cousin, Gerhard IV, the Duke of Jülich and Count of Ravensburg (Westphalia), inherited both the Liège properties and the Duchy of Berg. Arnold reasserted his old claim, maintaining that the truce to which he and Adolf agreed was no longer valid, and prepared to take the duchies by force. Confident in his right to the inheritance, Gerhard met Arnold in battle, at the village of Linnich, in the county of Ravensburg (Westphalia). He and his knights defeated Arnold and his knights on Saint Hubert's day in 1444. In celebration, Gerhard declared the founding of the Order, to reward his loyal and victorious knights.
386:
860:
2549:
2474:
1955:
2709:
3022:
2714:
2598:
2498:
575:
2674:
2637:
2510:
2015:
1168:
this cross the lion is red on white (the arms of Berg); on the right limb the lion is gold on black (arms of the Upper
Palatine); on the left limb the lion is black on gold (the arms of Jülich) and on the lower limb the lion is gold on blue (arms of Geldern). The enameling on the reverse of this cross is "bendy fussily argent and azure" (the arms of Bavaria) "impaling or, a fesse argent and gules" (the arms of Mark) in the upper limb; "gules, an escarbuncle or" (the arms of Cleves) on the right limb; "argent, three chevronels, gules" (the arms of Ravensburg) on the left limb and "or, a fesse sable" (the arms of Moers) on the lower limb.
2522:
2413:
662:
2254:
2789:
2278:
2145:
1920:
2874:
2851:
2826:
2054:
2437:
2303:
2039:
2027:
2739:
2339:
1979:
1943:
2230:
2571:
2486:
2193:
2085:
972:
2801:
2664:
2625:
618:
2242:
594:" ("In remembrance of the restoration of the original dignity, 1708"). Originally, it consisted of a collar and a pendant jewel. The Jülich collar consisted of stylized horns (six for men, four for women), intertwined with a cloud-like figure eight. The jewel depicted a relief of the conversion of Saint Hubert. Its overall design alluded to the Saint as the patron of hunters, and thus the patron of knights. The great cross was only worn on special days; on all other days, a smaller cross must be worn, and the member was fined 20
3161:
63:
2425:
2376:
2388:
2218:
2963:
2936:
2449:
2364:
1991:
3156:
2559:
2266:
3151:
3049:
2986:
2764:
2169:
2133:
2003:
2909:
2897:
2121:
1967:
2315:
3072:
2157:
2097:
2109:
614:, each arm strewn with numerous small golden flames and each point of the cross was tipped with a small gold ball. Between each arm of this cross were five straight gold rays and in the center of the cross was a round medallion bearing a golden representation in relief of the conversion of Saint Hubert against a green enamel background. The reverse of this cross bore the same design with this same representation but against a red enamel background.
2998:
2697:
2181:
49:
2327:
3010:
3126:
3099:
2073:
638:
two gold balls on the top arm of the cross was a three-dimensional gold representation of the
Bavarian crown, by which the cross hung from its sash. In the center of the cross was a large round medallion consisting of a small golden representation of the conversion of Saint Hubert against a green enamel background and surrounded by a wide border in red enamel with the motto the order
536:
others had no geographic limitations. The masters were the clearing house for membership; they investigated the admission of new members and any alleged infractions by the existing membership. The
Provost, a weapons master, maintained the weapons and arms of the brotherhood, and himself wore a special medallion.
335:, in this case 26 March 1445. Furthermore, there is clear written evidence that the Order existed prior to March 1445: The original German statutes were dated immediately after the battle. It is also possible that Gerhard proclaimed the establishment of the Order immediately after the victory of his knights at
654:" ("In remembrance of the restoration of the original dignity, 1708"). The star of the order, worn on the left breast, was a radiant silver star of eight points surrounding a gold, white enameled cross pattée strewn with golden flames and with a round poppy red enameled central medallion bearing the motto
601:
The collar of the Order under the
Wittelsbach dynasty consisted of forty-four gold links, twenty-two of which consisted of a rectangular representation of the conversion of Saint Hubert in open relief surrounded by a gold and white enamel frame. These alternated with twenty-two other links consisted
1167:
There is also a variant of this cross worn by the officials of the Order, i.e., the Herald, the
Treasurer and the Keeper of the Wardrobe. This cross has five wavy rays in each angle, while each of the limbs of this heraldic cross bears a lion rampart in different colored enamels. The upper limb of
665:
Two exemplars of the Order's medallion from the 19th century. The exemplar on the left is similar to the style produced in the 1840s; it is approximately 87 millimeters (3.4 in) in diameter, with silver balls on the tips of the star points. The center is enamel on gold. An exemplar such as this
637:
this sash was worn from the left shoulder to the right hip. The cross worn with this sash was a
Maltese cross with narrow arms also enameled white strewn with numerous golden flames, with three straight rays between each arm, each point of the cross being tipped with a small gold ball. Between the
562:; the silver Reichsthaler was 29.44g of .989 fineness. He also established a dress costume for festival days, which included not only the insignia of the Order, but a black collar with a sash, narrow, short breeches with poppy-colored garters and bows, a short black cape, a sword, and a plumed hat.
535:
Initially, hierarchy of membership was relatively flat. The statutes called for a grand master, in this case the Duke of Jülich, four masters, and a provost, or arms master. Of the four masters, two were required to be representative of families of the
Duchies of Jülich or Berg; the origins of the
487:
for himself. To reward loyalty and service, he conferred the cross of the Order on several of his courtiers. He also gave the recipients generous pensions on the condition that a tenth be set aside for the poor, and a significant sum be distributed on the day of their reception into the order.
551:
In confirming the Order, on 18 May 1808, the King of
Bavaria declared the Order to be the first in the kingdom and linked it to the Order of Civic of Merit. He limited membership to twelve knights from the ranks of counts and barons, excluding himself, as grandmaster, and members (native and
199:
1133:
In 1819, a
Bavarian gold ducat was valued at 3 shillings and 11 pence in British currency. Using 1830 rates, 200 ducats converts to £3680 (Retail Price Index) or £41,600 ($ 76,000 US) in average earnings in 2008. In 1808, £1 equaled $ 4.63 (US). A gold ducat was 0.1107
373:
339:, but the documents were not drawn up until later, leading to discrepancy in the dates of 1444 or 1445. To further obfuscate the date of founding, Gerhard's son, William III, renewed the Order upon his own succession to the ducal dignities in 1475, in the so-called
315:
Sources agree that the Order of Saint Hubert honors a military victory of the Duke of Jülich, on Saint Hubert's day, 3 November 1444. Sources differ on the specific date of establishment of the Order, whether it celebrated the victory at the
725:
1147:
The plumes denoted the rank of the knight, i.e., a plume of red and white or blue and white feathers on the hat of the Grand master, plumes of red feathers on the hats of princely knights and without plumes on the hats of the other
815:
767:
362:. Although some historians classify the Order of the Saint Hubert as a confraternal order, during its 600-year-life, its purpose changed as the fortunes and needs of the Dukes of Jülich and Berg and their successors changed.
749:
1157:
I.e., St. Hubert in the center kneeling before a deer bearing a cross between it antlers coming out forest foliage on the left and a man standing behind St. Hubert holding his horse and raising his hat at the sight on the
755:
3025:
827:
833:
1908:
701:
343:, which were prepared in Latin and German. These remained the governing documents of the Order until 1708. In this confirmation probably lies the root of confusion over the date of the Order's foundation.
354:
in the early 15th century started a trend in confraternal princely orders. The purpose of these, whether established by monarchs or princes, was to foster loyalty to a sovereign, replacing to the old
328:(or Egmond), or commemorated the battle at a future date. Consequently, the date of the founding depends on the source. Still other sources date the founding of the Order as late as 1473 or 1475.
2136:
186:
423:
practiced in the northwestern German states, women could only hold property through a husband or guardian. Consequently, the territories passed to her husband—who was also her distant relative—
803:
2989:
642:
in Gothic letters set with small diamonds. On the reverse, in the center of the cross was a golden representation in relief of the imperial orb and cross (i.e., the heraldic symbol of the
633:
with narrow green borders, but under the knot, at the ends of this sash, these green borders as well as the ends of the sash were covered with gold metallic ribbon. Like the sash of the
1901:
1886:
298:
Initially, the order was open to men and women, although limiting the number of male companions to sixty. It commemorated the conversion of Saint Hubert and his standing as the
1894:
975:
Maximillian II of
Bavaria (1811–1864), wearing the neck chain and medallion of the Grand Master of the Order of Saint Hubert, and the full dress uniform of the Order.
471:
claimed the territories. In the subsequent succession chaos, the Order fell into disuse. By the late 17th century, the Duchy of Jülich passed into the jurisdiction of the
3001:
2184:
743:
439:, who subsequently inherited the duchies and the administration of the Order. The duchies included most of the present-day North Rhine-Westphalia that lay outside the
317:
2196:
350:, reflecting the overlapping religious and military aspects of medieval court life. Saint Hubert was the patron saint of hunters and knights. The founding of the
1124:
One source dates the battle in 1447, not 1444, but this is not documented in other texts. William Guthrie, John Knox and James Ferguson date the battle in 1447.
3198:
2281:
1924:
1916:
411:
The Order remained in collateral branches of the family of the Dukes of Jülich and Berg until 1521, when the male line holding the two duchies and the
713:
582:
The gold-enameled cross lies in a white field, and surmounted by a crown; on one side is represented the conversion of Saint Hubert, with the legend
377:
Wilhelm, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, also known as Wilhelm the Rich, grandmaster of the Order at his ascension to the dukedom in 1539. Engraving by
610:
radiating small golden rays, each of these links being alternatively enameled red or green. From the center rectangular link hung a white enameled
404:
When Reinhold IV, Duke of Gelder, died in 1423, his nephew Arnold inherited the dukedom. Arnold's cousin, Adolf of Berg, inherited territories near
3013:
17:
719:
2700:
2018:
503:
inherited his cousin's dignities. The Order moved with the new Elector to Bavaria, where it eventually was confirmed again on 30 March 1800 by
1310:
Rudge, "Military Orders of St. Hubert." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. Accessed 20 January 2010.
2792:
2172:
527:. The present head of the House of Wittelsbach, Franz Bonaventura Adalbert Maria, Duke of Bavaria, is the current Grand Master of the order.
464:
695:
1007:
460:
302:
of hunters and knights. Over time, the award had other uses as a reward for loyalty to the monarch and service to the princely state.
492:
292:
761:
859:
839:
399:
331:
Twentieth century investigation has helped to clear up some of the confusion. The original Latin statutes of the foundation use
272:
3193:
2477:
468:
31:
1001:
809:
436:
1836:
1767:
1706:
1586:
1364:
1298:
1277:
885:
2318:
2148:
1958:
1028:
1022:
500:
288:
2651:
2612:
2416:
2306:
1854:
The orders of knighthood, British and foreign, with a brief review of the titles of rank and merit in ancient Hindusthan
1440:
The orders of knighthood, British and foreign, with a brief review of the titles of rank and merit in ancient Hindusthan
983:
237:
131:
2912:
2628:
1070:
959:
2548:
2473:
989:
1801:
1663:
1460:
1218:
928:
773:
365:
255:
The establishment of the Order occurred during a long-term, intermittent territorial dispute, initially between the
3129:
3102:
3036:
2640:
2525:
2160:
1016:
680:
These recipients of the Order of Saint Hubert attained the rank of General in Austrian military service during the
556:
for princes. Those under the rank of prince paid an entrance fee of 100 silver ducats, which amounted to 120
2601:
2585:
2501:
737:
520:
3188:
2100:
1954:
1191:. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 20 January 2010 or Thomas Wilhelm. "Hubert, St. Order of."
1034:
903:
496:
2440:
1844:
A biographical dictionary of all Austrian Generals in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1792–1815.
1725:
Modern Europe from the fall of Constantinople to the establishment of the German Empire, A.D. 1453–1871.
1633:
Modern Europe from the fall of Constantinople to the establishment of the German Empire, A.D. 1453–1871.
1510:
A biographical dictionary of all Austrian Generals in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1792–1815.
650:) against a red enamel background and surrounded with a white enamel scroll-like border with the inscription "
2708:
2597:
2497:
2367:
707:
476:
2536:
2513:
2088:
1982:
260:
233:
3021:
2713:
731:
3075:
2939:
2428:
2233:
1994:
1741:
151:
2673:
2636:
1656:
The Knights of the Crown : the monarchical orders of knighthood in later medieval Europe 1325–1520.
2829:
2804:
953:
797:
779:
524:
351:
325:
264:
2014:
1512:
The Napoleon Series], Robert Burnham (editor in chief). April 2008 version. Accessed 23 February 2010.
389:
Charles IV Theodore, Elector of Bavaria, wearing the collar and medallion of the guardian of the order
3113:
2742:
1713:
1076:
791:
681:
508:
263:, who were descended from a female line of the House of Jülich. The dispute began in the 1430s, when
2509:
2292:
2923:
2900:
2686:
2574:
2521:
2124:
1946:
1111:. Dublin: James Duffy, 1866, p. 63 or Hugh Chisholm, "Knighthood: Orders of Knighthood (Bavaria)."
1046:
995:
785:
516:
424:
190:
79:
1211:
The knights of the Crown: the monarchical orders of knighthood in later medieval Europe 1325–1520.
879:
2863:
2815:
2767:
2452:
2412:
1867:
947:
2788:
2253:
448:
3086:
2950:
2717:
2277:
2221:
1970:
1627:
London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, 1806, pp. 488–489. Frederick Martin et al., "Bavaria."
1082:
141:
2302:
2144:
1760:
Conflicts of Empires: Spain, the Low countries and the struggle for world supremacy, 1585–1713
1270:
Conflicts of Empires: Spain, the Low countries and the struggle for world supremacy, 1585–1713
2975:
2873:
2850:
2840:
2825:
2391:
2257:
1064:
1058:
923:
574:
444:
432:
2436:
2053:
48:
2728:
2463:
2402:
2379:
1052:
563:
484:
480:
412:
96:
68:
2038:
2026:
291:, Duke of Jülich and Berg and the Count-Elector Palatine, succeeded his childless cousin,
8:
2738:
1040:
934:
634:
598:
for any and each omission). The smaller cross was decorated appropriately for its size.
378:
2338:
1978:
1942:
3140:
2753:
2353:
2229:
2062:
891:
267:
claimed the duchy of Jülich and the county of Ravensberg, and was resolved in the 1614
2570:
2192:
2084:
1650:
A Political Index to the Histories ..." London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, 1806.
385:
256:
89:
53:
Collar of the Grand Master, plus exemplars of the Knights Cross, Order of Saint Hubert
2207:
1861:
1832:
1797:
1763:
1702:
1659:
1582:
1456:
1360:
1294:
1273:
1214:
852:
821:
647:
416:
2800:
2663:
2624:
2485:
2006:
2269:
2241:
2112:
1824:
268:
2387:
2217:
1577:
Genealogy of the Royal House of Bavaria. Extracted from Guy Stair Sainty, Editor.
692:
August Maria Raimund Prinz und Herzog von Arenberg, Graf von der Marck (1753–1833)
552:
foreign), who may be nominated by the sovereign. Entrance fees were 200 gold
3164:
2886:
2778:
2424:
2375:
2363:
2330:
2030:
1849:, Robert Burnham, editor in chief. April 2008 version. Accessed 23 February 2010.
685:
617:
512:
483:. In May 1708, he restored the Order of Saint Hubert and assumed the position of
355:
280:
241:
222:
214:
62:
3160:
1735:
3048:
2985:
2962:
2935:
2763:
2448:
2168:
2132:
1990:
909:
643:
472:
440:
276:
230:
2908:
2896:
2558:
2265:
3182:
3061:
2562:
2342:
2120:
2042:
2002:
1919:
1815:
1775:
1115:
New York, The Encyclopædia Britannica Co., 1910–11. Volume 15. p. 863.
897:
658:
in golden Gothic letters and surrounded by a white enameled and gold border.
611:
504:
495:
without a legitimate male heir ended the main line of Wittelsbach; after the
428:
284:
110:
3155:
2314:
3150:
2489:
2245:
1966:
558:
299:
249:
1399:
475:
Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Neuberg, who descended from a cadet branch of the
2156:
607:
587:
332:
2108:
2096:
661:
187:
Royal Order of Saint George for the Defense of the Immaculate Conception
2997:
1521:
See Treaty of Tilsit, 7 July 1807 . Wikisource. Accessed 17 March 2010.
1135:
3071:
2696:
2180:
1699:
Thomas Cromwell: Machiavellian statecraft and the English Reformation.
1671:
Book of Orders of Knighthood and Decorations of Honour of all Nations.
1291:
Thomas Cromwell: Machiavellian statecraft and the English Reformation.
1257:
Book of Orders of Knighthood and Decorations of Honour of all Nations.
578:
An unidentified recipient of the Order of Saint Hubert, prior to 1823
420:
1499:
See item GST757. Burlington Ontario, Canada. Accessed 17 March 2010.
539:
The Order was open to men and women, and both genders were entitled
321:
1821:. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 20 January 2010.
873:
590:. On the reverse, lies the imperial orb and the Latin inscription "
359:
3009:
2326:
1694:. New York, The Encyclopædia Britannica Co., 1910–11. Volume 15.
1259:
London: Hurst and Blackett, 1858, pp. 46–47; Boulton, pp. 604–605.
405:
1932:
1846:
1717:
419:, remained to inherit the duchies and the county, but, under the
336:
245:
2854:
Saxe-Ernestine House Order (2006: Saxe-Coburg-Gotha House Order)
1187:
For example, see F.M. Rudge. "Military Orders of St. Hubert."
454:
3125:
3098:
1554:
Virtual Arc d Triumphe. 2005–2009 Accessed 17 March 2010.
553:
1690:
Chisholm, Hugh. "Knighthood: Orders of Knighthood (Bavaria)."
1631:
London Palgrave , 1877, pp 130–132. Thomas Henry Dyer.
2072:
1685:
The lives of the fathers, martyrs, and other principal saints
1109:
The lives of the fathers, martyrs, and other principal saints
630:
198:
1779:
1508:
Extracted from: Leopold Kudrna and Digby Smith (compilers).
369:
Hubert of Liège was the patron saint of hunters and knights.
1872:
1720:. Robert Burnham, Editor in Chief. Accessed 17 March 2010.
626:
546:
744:
Louis Aloysius, Prince of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Bartenstein
1746:
A new geographical, historical, and commercial grammar...
1244:
A new geographical, historical, and commercial grammar...
971:
726:
Nikolaus IV. Ferdinand Franz Fürst Esterházy de Galántha
1400:
Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1264 to Present
863:
Ludwig II of Bavaria wearing sash and star of the order
1541:"Decorations and Awards: Bavaria."]. Napoleon Series].
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
816:
Franz de Paula Fürst von Sulkowski, Herzog von Bielitz
762:
Friedrich (VI) Joseph Ludwig, Prince of Hessen-Homburg
1738:. Burlington Ontario, Canada. Accessed 17 March 2010.
768:
Karl Emanuel, Landgraf zu Hessen-Rheinfels-Rothenburg
1925:
Orders, decorations, and medals of the German Empire
1195:
Philadelphia: L.R. Hamersly & Co., 1881, p. 230.
750:
Friedrich Karl Wilhelm, Prince Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen
1827:(editor), and Rafal Heydel-Mankoo (deputy editor).
1524:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1107:For examples of contradictions, see Alban Butler.
916:
566:was laid in state and was buried in this apparel.
393:
675:
3180:
756:Karl Wilhelm Georg, Landgraf zu Hessen-Darmstadt
652:In memoriam recuperatae dignitatis aviate. 1708
602:of the intertwined initial letters of the motto
240:. He sought to commemorate his victory over the
1564:
1562:
1560:
1403:. MeasuringWorth, 2009. Accessed 16 April 2010.
1335:
427:. The couple had three daughters, one of whom,
346:Initially the Order was a knightly brotherhood
2701:House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis
2019:Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg)
1842:Smith, Digby, and Leopold Kudrna (compilers).
1568:Albert I;Museum Dynasticum N° .21: 2009/ n° 2.
1323:(volume 2). New York: Macmillan, 1917, p. 213.
696:Karl Joseph Franz, Graf u. Prinz von Auersperg
3199:1440s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
2793:Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau
2173:Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art
1902:
1809:Itinerary of Germany, or A Traveller's Guide.
1635:London, G. Bell & Sons, 1877, Chapter 29.
1427:Itinerary of Germany, or A Traveller's Guide.
1414:Itinerary of Germany, or A Traveller's Guide.
1375:
1373:
941:
834:Christian August Prinz zu Waldeck und Pyrmont
670:
592:In memoriam recuperatæ dignitatis a vitæ 1708
530:
455:Order under the House of Wittelsbach-Palatine
1882:Philadelphia: L.R. Hamersly & Co., 1881.
1557:
966:
569:
499:, a brief and relatively bloodless contest,
1875:. 12 March 2006. Accessed 16 February 2010.
1602:. London: Burke's Peerage Ltd, 1914, p. 19.
1482:
1480:
1478:
1234:. 12 March 2006. Accessed 16 February 2010.
828:Maximilian Joseph Fürst von Thurn und Taxis
702:Wilhelm Ignaz Cajetan, Prince von Auersperg
465:Duke Wolfgang William of Palatinate-Neuberg
1909:
1895:
1388:Rudge, "Military Orders of Saint Hubert."
1370:
714:Anton (Antal), Fürst Esterházy de Galántha
606:, (firm in fidelity), i.e., I, T and V in
515:wars, the Order functioned primarily as a
1878:Wilhelm, Thomas. "Hubert, St. Order of."
1744:, William, John Knox and James Ferguson.
1246:London: Vernon & Hood 1801. p. 563).
1205:
1203:
1201:
451:. Wilhelm was known as Wilhelm the Rich.
293:Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria
1475:
1379:Rudge, "Military Orders of St. Hubert."
1138:, and 200 ducats were 22.14 troy ounces.
1008:John William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg
970:
858:
720:Nikolaus II, Fürst Esterházy de Galántha
660:
616:
573:
547:Restructuring under Maximilian Joseph IV
384:
372:
364:
1829:World Orders of Knighthood & Merit.
1579:World Orders of Knighthood & Merit.
1013:(Order unused until reinstated in 1708)
840:George I, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont
461:Duke John William of Jülich-Cleves-Berg
227:Königlicher Orden des Heiligen Hubertus
14:
3181:
1755:(volume 2). New York: Macmillan, 1917,
1625:A Political Index to the Histories ...
1357:World Orders of Knighthood & Merit
1332:Rudge, Military Orders of St. Hubert."
1198:
948:Prince Franz Maria Luitpold of Bavaria
621:The links from the collar of the Order
32:Order of Saint Hubert (disambiguation)
1890:
1785:Martin, Frederick et al., "Bavaria."
1429:London: Leigh, 1819, pp. 66–70.
886:Armand Augustin Louis de Caulaincourt
469:Elector John Sigismund of Brandenburg
3052:Order of the Cross of Honour (Lippe)
2990:Order of the Cross of Honour (Lippe)
2149:Order of Merit of the Bavarian Crown
1959:Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown
1880:A military dictionary and gazetteer.
1794:The Swan King: Ludwig II of Bavaria.
1453:The Swan King: Ludwig II of Bavaria.
1193:A military dictionary and gazetteer.
1029:Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria
1023:Charles III Philip, Elector Palatine
867:
400:United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg
273:United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg
2417:Military Karl-Friedrich Merit Order
1782:. 2005-2009 Accessed 17 March 2010.
1002:Wilhelm, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg
810:Karl Philipp Fürst zu Schwarzenberg
24:
2913:Order of Merit for Science and Art
2667:Order of the Griffon (Mecklenburg)
2629:Order of the Griffon (Mecklenburg)
2319:Military Merit Order (Württemberg)
1732:Bavarian House and Knightly Orders
1680:London: Burke's Peerage Ltd, 1914.
1497:Bavarian House and Knightly Orders
1272:. London: Hambledon Press, 1997,
1071:Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria
960:Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick
804:Heinrich XV. Fürst zu Reuss-Plauen
295:and brought the Order to Bavaria.
275:of the counties of Ravensberg and
25:
3210:
1762:. London: Hambledon Press, 1997,
1727:London, G. Bell & Sons, 1877.
1714:Decorations and Awards: Bavaria."
1673:London: Hurst and Blackett, 1858.
1289:Israel, pp. 30–38; Patrick Coby.
929:Prince Charles, Count of Flanders
774:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
425:John III, Duke of Cleves and Mark
3159:
3154:
3149:
3130:Princely Schwarzburg Honor Cross
3124:
3103:Princely Schwarzburg Honor Cross
3097:
3070:
3047:
3020:
3008:
2996:
2984:
2961:
2934:
2907:
2895:
2872:
2849:
2824:
2799:
2787:
2762:
2737:
2712:
2707:
2695:
2677:House Order of the Wendish Crown
2672:
2662:
2641:House Order of the Wendish Crown
2635:
2623:
2596:
2569:
2557:
2547:
2520:
2508:
2496:
2484:
2472:
2447:
2435:
2423:
2411:
2386:
2374:
2362:
2337:
2325:
2313:
2307:Order of the Crown (Württemberg)
2301:
2276:
2264:
2252:
2240:
2228:
2216:
2191:
2179:
2167:
2161:Order of Saint Michael (Bavaria)
2155:
2143:
2131:
2119:
2107:
2095:
2083:
2071:
2052:
2037:
2025:
2013:
2001:
1989:
1977:
1965:
1953:
1941:
1918:
1816:"Military Orders of St. Hubert."
1748:London: Vernon & Hood 1801.
1654:Boulton, D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre.
1017:Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine
984:Gerhard VII, Duke of Jülich-Berg
666:might be worth $ 8500 US (2010).
493:Maximilian III Joseph of Bavaria
238:Gerhard VII, Duke of Jülich-Berg
219:Sankt Hubertus Königlicher Orden
197:
132:Gerhard VII, Duke of Jülich-Berg
61:
47:
18:Order of Saint Hubert (Bavarian)
2602:Order of Philip the Magnanimous
2502:Order of Philip the Magnanimous
1701:Lanham: Lexington Books, 2009.
1641:
1617:
1605:
1592:
1571:
1544:
1515:
1502:
1489:
1466:
1445:
1432:
1419:
1406:
1391:
1382:
1349:
1326:
1313:
1304:
1293:Lanham: Lexington Books, 2009.
1209:D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre Boulton.
1161:
1151:
1141:
1127:
990:William IV, Duke of Jülich-Berg
979:Compiled from various sources.
917:Belgian Knights of Saint Hubert
738:George IV of the United Kingdom
521:Military Order of Maria Theresa
394:Order under the House of Jülich
2552:House Order of the Golden Lion
2478:House Order of the Golden Lion
2101:Military Merit Order (Bavaria)
1598:Editors. "Duke of Connaught."
1283:
1262:
1249:
1237:
1224:
1181:
1118:
1101:
1035:Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria
904:Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke
708:Heinrich, Count von Bellegarde
676:Recipients in Austrian Service
497:War of the Bavarian Succession
191:Royal Order of Saint Elizabeth
161:Knight Grand Cross with Collar
13:
1:
3194:1444 establishments in Europe
2976:Principality of Lippe-Detmold
507:, Elector of Bavaria. In the
310:
27:Roman Catholic dynastic order
2514:Order of the Star of Brabant
2089:Military Order of Max Joseph
1687:. Dublin: James Duffy, 1866.
1175:
846:
415:became extinct. A daughter,
234:dynastic order of knighthood
41:Royal Order of Saint Hubert
7:
3076:Princely Reuss Honour Cross
2966:House Order of Hohenzollern
2940:House Order of Hohenzollern
2441:Order of the Zähringer Lion
2429:Order of Berthold the First
2234:Military Order of St. Henry
2137:Royal Order of Saint George
1995:House Order of Hohenzollern
1658:Woodbridge: Boydell, 1987,
1416:London: Leigh, 1819, p. 70.
1213:Woodbridge: Boydell, 1987,
646:as the Arch-Steward of the
629:of the Order was poppy red
236:founded in 1444 or 1445 by
211:Royal Order of Saint Hubert
10:
3215:
3026:Order of the Rose of Lippe
2877:Saxe-Ernestine House Order
2841:Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
2830:Saxe-Ernestine House Order
2805:Order of Adolphe of Nassau
2050:
1787:The Statesman's year-book.
1753:A short history of Germany
1629:The Statesman's year-book.
1355:Guy Stair Sainty, Editor.
1321:A short history of Germany
1089:
954:Prince Arthur of Connaught
942:Post Napoleonic Recipients
798:Joseph Radetzky von Radetz
780:Francis IV, Duke of Modena
728:(-Edelstetten) (1765–1833)
671:Partial list of recipients
531:Structure and requirements
397:
352:Order of the Golden Fleece
305:
265:Arnold, Duke of Gelderland
29:
3139:
3116:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
3112:
3085:
3060:
3035:
2974:
2949:
2922:
2885:
2862:
2839:
2814:
2777:
2752:
2743:Order of the White Falcon
2727:
2685:
2650:
2611:
2584:
2535:
2462:
2401:
2352:
2291:
2206:
2061:
1931:
1852:Tagore, Sourindro Mohun.
1819:The Catholic Encyclopedia
1758:Israel, Jonathan Irvine.
1751:Henderson, Ernest Flagg.
1359:. Burke's Peerage, 2010.
1189:The Catholic Encyclopedia
1077:Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria
967:Grandmasters of the Order
792:Archduke Louis of Austria
732:Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg
570:Collars, Badges and Stars
196:
182:
172:
167:
157:
147:
137:
127:
119:
105:
85:
74:
58:
46:
40:
3002:Order of Leopold (Lippe)
2926:Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
2901:Order of Albert the Bear
2687:Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
2575:Order of the Iron Helmet
2526:General Honor Decoration
2185:Order of Louis (Bavaria)
2125:Order of Saint Elizabeth
1947:Order of the Black Eagle
1789:London Palgrave , 1877.
1442:. Calcutta, 1884, p. 25.
1438:Sourindro Mohun Tagore.
1319:Ernest Flagg Henderson.
1268:Jonathan Irvine Israel,
1113:Encyclopædia Britannica.
1094:
1047:Maximilian II of Bavaria
996:John III, Duke of Cleves
786:Archduke John of Austria
271:, which established the
248:on 3 November, which is
2864:Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen
2816:Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg
2768:Order of Henry the Lion
2453:House Order of Fidelity
1831:Burke's Peerage, 2006.
1792:McIntosh, Christopher.
1692:Encyclopædia Britannica
1581:Burke's Peerage, 2010.
3089:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
2953:Hohenzollern-Hechingen
2718:Friedrich-August Cross
2293:Kingdom of Württemberg
2222:Order of the Rue Crown
2197:Medical military Order
1971:Order of the Red Eagle
1796:London: Tauris, 2000,
1780:Virtual Arc d Triumphe
1455:London: Tauris, 2000,
1451:Christopher McIntosh.
1083:Franz, Duke of Bavaria
976:
937:, Wedding gift in 1900
864:
667:
622:
586:(firm in fidelity) in
579:
491:In 1777, the death of
435:in 1540, and one son,
390:
382:
370:
226:
218:
142:Franz, Duke of Bavaria
3189:Order of Saint Hubert
3062:Principality of Reuss
2392:Order of Ernst August
2258:Civil Order of Saxony
2077:Order of Saint Hubert
1723:Dyer, Thomas Henry .
1676:Burke, John Bernard.
1669:Burke, John Bernard.
1397:Lawrence H. Officer,
1065:Ludwig III of Bavaria
1059:Otto, King of Bavaria
974:
880:Eugène de Beauharnais
862:
664:
620:
577:
463:died childless. Both
445:Electorate of Cologne
433:Henry VIII of England
398:Further information:
388:
376:
368:
348:(Rittersbruderschaft)
320:between Gebhard V of
69:Bavarian Royal Family
2729:Duchy of Saxe-Weimar
2654:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
2615:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
2464:Grand Duchy of Hesse
2403:Grand Duchy of Baden
2380:Royal Guelphic Order
1811:London: Leigh, 1819.
1255:John Bernard Burke.
1053:Ludwig II of Bavaria
682:French Revolutionary
509:French Revolutionary
481:House of Wittelsbach
413:county of Ravensberg
279:with the duchies of
97:House of Wittelsbach
2368:Order of St. George
2282:Order of Maria Anna
1847:The Napoleon Series
1550:Nathan D. Jensen.
1041:Ludwig I of Bavaria
635:Order of the Garter
443:territories of the
379:Heinrich Aldegrever
2754:Duchy of Brunswick
2354:Kingdom of Hanover
2063:Kingdom of Bavaria
1983:Order of the Crown
1933:Kingdom of Prussia
1773:Jensen, Nathan D.
977:
865:
668:
623:
580:
391:
383:
371:
163:Knight Grand Cross
123:Rarely Constituted
115:(Firm in Fidelity)
3174:
3173:
2208:Kingdom of Saxony
1859:Velde, François.
1856:. Calcutta, 1884.
1837:978-0-9711966-7-4
1825:Sainty, Guy Stair
1768:978-1-85285-161-3
1730:Emedals Catalog.
1707:978-0-7391-3404-7
1648:Beatson, Robert.
1587:978-0-9711966-7-4
1495:Emedals Catalog.
1365:978-0-9711966-7-4
1299:978-0-7391-3404-7
1278:978-1-85285-161-3
868:French recipients
853:Alexander Kurakin
822:Alexander Suvorov
648:Holy Roman Empire
519:, similar to the
417:Maria von Geldern
358:developed in the
318:Battle of Linnich
261:Dukes of Guelders
244:at the Battle of
221:), or sometimes (
207:
206:
101:
94:
16:(Redirected from
3206:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3132:
3128:
3105:
3101:
3078:
3074:
3053:
3051:
3039:Schaumburg-Lippe
3028:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2967:
2965:
2942:
2938:
2915:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2878:
2876:
2855:
2853:
2832:
2828:
2807:
2803:
2795:
2791:
2770:
2766:
2745:
2741:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2678:
2676:
2668:
2666:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2604:
2600:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2553:
2551:
2528:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2492:
2488:
2480:
2476:
2455:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2419:
2415:
2394:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2345:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2270:Order of Sidonia
2268:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2113:Order of Theresa
2111:
2103:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2056:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1923:
1922:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1678:Burke's Peerage.
1636:
1623:Robert Beatson.
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1596:
1590:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1555:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1506:
1500:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1473:
1472:Boulton, p. 604.
1470:
1464:
1449:
1443:
1436:
1430:
1423:
1417:
1410:
1404:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1368:
1353:
1347:
1346:Boulton, p. 605.
1344:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1287:
1281:
1266:
1260:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1230:François Velde.
1228:
1222:
1207:
1196:
1185:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1116:
1105:
525:Order of Leopold
501:Charles Theodore
356:Chivalric orders
326:Arnold of Egmont
289:Charles Theodore
269:Treaty of Xanten
201:
99:
92:
67:The Head of the
65:
51:
38:
37:
21:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3170:
3165:Hanseatic Cross
3148:
3135:
3123:
3115:
3114:Principality of
3108:
3096:
3088:
3087:Principality of
3081:
3069:
3056:
3046:
3038:
3037:Principality of
3031:
3019:
3007:
2995:
2983:
2970:
2960:
2952:
2951:Principality of
2945:
2933:
2925:
2924:Principality of
2918:
2906:
2894:
2887:Duchy of Anhalt
2881:
2871:
2858:
2848:
2835:
2823:
2810:
2798:
2786:
2779:Duchy of Nassau
2773:
2761:
2748:
2736:
2723:
2706:
2694:
2681:
2671:
2661:
2653:
2646:
2634:
2622:
2614:
2607:
2595:
2588:Hesse-Darmstadt
2587:
2586:Landgraviate of
2580:
2568:
2556:
2546:
2538:
2537:Landgraviate of
2531:
2519:
2507:
2495:
2483:
2471:
2458:
2446:
2434:
2422:
2410:
2397:
2385:
2373:
2361:
2348:
2336:
2331:Friedrich Order
2324:
2312:
2300:
2287:
2275:
2263:
2251:
2239:
2227:
2215:
2202:
2190:
2178:
2166:
2154:
2142:
2130:
2118:
2106:
2094:
2082:
2070:
2057:
2048:
2036:
2031:Order of Louise
2024:
2012:
2000:
1988:
1976:
1964:
1952:
1940:
1927:
1917:
1915:
1885:
1718:Napoleon Series
1697:Coby, Patrick.
1683:Butler, Alban.
1644:
1639:
1622:
1618:
1612:Burke's Peerage
1610:
1606:
1600:Burke's Peerage
1597:
1593:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1507:
1503:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1450:
1446:
1437:
1433:
1424:
1420:
1411:
1407:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1371:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1288:
1284:
1267:
1263:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1229:
1225:
1208:
1199:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1092:
969:
944:
919:
870:
849:
686:Napoleonic Wars
678:
673:
572:
549:
533:
459:In March 1609,
457:
402:
396:
313:
308:
257:Dukes of Jülich
242:House of Egmond
203:
202:
189:
162:
114:
95:
90:House of Jülich
80:chivalric order
66:
60:
54:
42:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3212:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3145:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3120:
3118:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3093:
3091:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3066:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3043:
3041:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3017:
3014:Order of Berta
3005:
2993:
2980:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2957:
2955:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2930:
2928:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2904:
2891:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2868:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2820:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2796:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2758:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2733:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2704:
2691:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2669:
2658:
2656:
2652:Grand Duchy of
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2632:
2619:
2617:
2613:Grand Duchy of
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2592:
2590:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2566:
2554:
2543:
2541:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2517:
2505:
2493:
2481:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2444:
2432:
2420:
2407:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2383:
2371:
2358:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2334:
2322:
2310:
2297:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2273:
2261:
2249:
2237:
2225:
2212:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2188:
2176:
2164:
2152:
2140:
2128:
2116:
2104:
2092:
2080:
2067:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2034:
2022:
2010:
2007:Pour le Mérite
1998:
1986:
1974:
1962:
1950:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1891:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1857:
1850:
1840:
1822:
1812:
1805:
1790:
1783:
1776:Georges Mouton
1771:
1756:
1749:
1739:
1728:
1721:
1710:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1666:, p. 604.
1652:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1616:
1604:
1591:
1570:
1556:
1552:Georges Mouton
1543:
1523:
1514:
1501:
1488:
1486:Tagore, p. 25.
1474:
1465:
1444:
1431:
1418:
1405:
1390:
1381:
1369:
1348:
1334:
1325:
1312:
1303:
1282:
1261:
1248:
1236:
1223:
1221:, pp. 604–605.
1197:
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1085:(1996-present)
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914:
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910:Georges Mouton
907:
901:
895:
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877:
869:
866:
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856:
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747:
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735:
729:
723:
717:
711:
705:
699:
693:
677:
674:
672:
669:
644:Prince-Elector
608:Gothic letters
588:Gothic letters
571:
568:
548:
545:
532:
529:
517:military order
473:Prince-Elector
456:
453:
441:ecclesiastical
395:
392:
312:
309:
307:
304:
231:Roman Catholic
205:
204:
194:
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184:
180:
179:
177:None (Highest)
174:
170:
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100:(1609–present)
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72:
71:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3211:
3200:
3197:
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2564:
2563:Wilhelm Order
2560:
2555:
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2343:Order of Olga
2340:
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2043:Wilhelm-Orden
2040:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2008:
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1999:
1996:
1992:
1987:
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1963:
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1956:
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1810:
1807:Reichard, M.
1806:
1803:
1802:1-86064-892-4
1799:
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1664:0-85115-417-4
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1479:
1469:
1462:
1461:1-86064-892-4
1458:
1454:
1448:
1441:
1435:
1428:
1425:M. Reichard,
1422:
1415:
1412:M. Reichard,
1409:
1402:
1401:
1394:
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1376:
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1220:
1219:0-85115-417-4
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1021:
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1000:
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985:
982:
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973:
961:
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945:
936:
932:
930:
927:
925:
921:
920:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
898:Nicolas Soult
896:
893:
892:André Masséna
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
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871:
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854:
851:
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663:
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628:
619:
615:
613:
612:Maltese cross
609:
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567:
565:
561:
560:
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518:
514:
510:
506:
505:Maximilian IV
502:
498:
494:
489:
486:
482:
478:
477:Palatine line
474:
470:
466:
462:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:Ann of Cleves
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
401:
387:
380:
375:
367:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
303:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
283:, Jülich and
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
200:
195:
192:
188:
185:
181:
178:
175:
173:Next (higher)
171:
166:
160:
156:
153:
150:
146:
143:
140:
136:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
112:
111:In Treue Fest
108:
104:
98:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
73:
70:
64:
57:
50:
45:
39:
36:
33:
19:
3176:
2539:Hesse-Kassel
2490:Ludwig Order
2246:Albert Order
2076:
1879:
1866:
1860:
1853:
1843:
1828:
1818:
1814:Rudge, F.M.
1808:
1793:
1786:
1774:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1734:. See item
1731:
1724:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1655:
1649:
1642:Bibliography
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1594:
1578:
1573:
1551:
1546:
1517:
1509:
1504:
1496:
1491:
1468:
1452:
1447:
1439:
1434:
1426:
1421:
1413:
1408:
1398:
1393:
1384:
1356:
1351:
1328:
1320:
1315:
1306:
1290:
1285:
1280:, pp. 30–38.
1269:
1264:
1256:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1226:
1210:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1163:
1153:
1143:
1129:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1103:
978:
950:(1875–1957).
679:
656:In trau vast
655:
651:
640:In trau vast
639:
624:
604:In trau vast
603:
600:
595:
591:
584:In trau vast
583:
581:
559:Reichsthaler
557:
550:
540:
538:
534:
490:
485:grand master
458:
410:
403:
347:
345:
341:New Statutes
340:
330:
314:
300:patron saint
297:
254:
250:Saint Hubert
210:
208:
183:Next (lower)
176:
148:Grand Master
109:
35:
3141:Free cities
1079:(1955–1996)
1073:(1921–1955)
1067:(1916–1921)
1061:(1886–1916)
1055:(1864–1886)
1049:(1848–1864)
1043:(1825–1848)
1037:(1799–1825)
1031:(1742–1799)
1025:(1716–1742)
1019:(1708–1716)
1010:(1592–1609)
1004:(1538–1592)
998:(1511–1538)
992:(1475-1511)
986:(1445-1475)
962:(1887–1953)
956:(1883–1938)
912:(1770–1838)
906:(1765–1818)
900:(1769–1851)
894:(1758–1817)
888:(1773–1827)
882:(1781–1824)
876:(1769–1821)
855:(1752–1818)
842:(1747–1813)
836:(1744–1798)
830:(1769–1831)
824:(1729–1800)
818:(1733–1812)
812:(1771–1820)
806:(1751–1825)
800:(1766–1858)
794:(1784–1864)
788:(1782–1859)
782:(1779–1846)
776:(1771–1847)
770:(1746–1812)
764:(1769–1829)
758:(1757–1795)
752:(1752–1816)
746:(1765–1829)
740:(1762–1830)
734:(1760–1799)
722:(1765–1833)
716:(1738–1794)
710:(1756–1845)
704:(1749–1822)
333:Good Friday
287:. In 1778,
93:(1444–1609)
86:Royal house
59:Awarded by
3183:Categories
1136:troy ounce
924:Leopold II
541:companions
513:Napoleonic
431:, married
311:Foundation
168:Precedence
152:Prince Max
30:See also:
1873:Heraldica
1463:, p. 200.
1367:, p. 295.
1301:, p. 172.
1176:Citations
847:Diplomats
564:Ludwig II
421:Salic law
138:Sovereign
78:Catholic
1868:Heradica
1614:, p. 21.
1232:Heradica
1148:knights.
935:Albert I
874:Napoleon
698:( –1800)
360:Crusades
259:and the
252:'s day.
1742:Guthrie
1090:Sources
596:thalers
523:or the
479:of the
449:Münster
437:Wilhelm
337:Linnich
306:History
246:Linnich
229:) is a
128:Founder
1835:
1800:
1766:
1736:GST757
1705:
1662:
1585:
1459:
1363:
1297:
1276:
1217:
1158:right.
554:ducats
322:Jülich
281:Cleves
223:German
215:German
158:Grades
120:Status
1862:Essay
1095:Notes
933:King
922:King
631:moire
406:Liège
106:Motto
1865:and
1833:ISBN
1798:ISBN
1764:ISBN
1703:ISBN
1660:ISBN
1583:ISBN
1457:ISBN
1361:ISBN
1295:ISBN
1274:ISBN
1215:ISBN
684:and
627:sash
625:The
511:and
467:and
447:and
324:and
285:Berg
277:Mark
209:The
75:Type
3185::
1871:.
1716:.
1559:^
1526:^
1477:^
1372:^
1337:^
1200:^
688:.
381:.
225::
217::
1910:e
1903:t
1896:v
1839:.
1804:.
1770:.
1712:"
1709:.
1589:.
213:(
20:)
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