1190:
1064:
2953:
2106:. The suffix is composed of two parts: the series and the vehicle number; "0" was used for non-flight ready orbiters, and "1" was used for flight-ready orbiters. The vehicle number is sequentially assigned within the series, beginning with 1. Therefore, there can never be an OV-100 as it would read "Orbiter Vehicle Series 1 Vehicle 0". Many proposals to build a second generation of orbiters, externally compatible with the current system but internally new, refer to them as "OV-200" or "OV-2xx" in order to differentiate them from the "first generation", the OV-100s. This terminology is informal, and it is unlikely that any Shuttle-derived vehicle built will be given such designation.
2926:
2493:
2710:
1652:
2391:
2978:
2731:
2443:
862:
1318:
926:
1423:
40:
2342:
880:. The crew cabin consisted of the flight deck, the mid-deck, and the utility area. The uppermost of these was the flight deck, in which sat the Space Shuttle's commander and pilot in permanently fixed seats with up to two mission specialists seated behind them in stowable seats. The mission specialist in seat four (located behind and between commander and pilot) served as the flight engineer during ascent and landing, tracking information from CAPCOM and calling out milestones.
2798:
1354:
2899:
5524:
2542:
724:
1995:
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1445:. The letters "USA" in black above an American flag were displayed on the left wing, with the NASA "worm" logotype in gray centered above the name of the orbiter in black on the right wing. Also, the name of the orbiter was inscribed not on the payload bay doors, but on the forward fuselage just below and behind the cockpit windows. This would make the name visible when the orbiter was photographed in orbit with the doors open.
3482:
1487:
5719:
1502:. The "worm" logotype, which the agency had phased out, was removed from the payload bay doors and the "meatball" insignia was added aft of the "United States" text on the lower aft fuselage. The "meatball" insignia was also displayed on the left wing, with the American flag above the orbiter's name, left-justified rather than centered, on the right wing. The three surviving flight vehicles,
850:
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2114:, on the other hand, was intended to be rebuilt into a flight-capable orbiter; it was found to be cheaper to rebuild STA-099 than OV-101, so it remained unflown. The designations were not altered, despite these changes in plans. An "OV-106" designation was given to the set of structural components manufactured to replace those used in the construction of
2777:
1464:, and the NASA "worm" logotype on the aft end of the payload bay doors was changed from gray to black. Some black markings were added to the nose, cockpit windows and vertical tail to more closely resemble the flight vehicles, but the name "Enterprise" remained on the payload bay doors as there was never any need to open them.
1085:) inside and out, from the orbiter's outer surface to the payload bay. The TPS protected it from the cold soak of −121 °C (−186 °F) in space to the 1,649 °C (3,000 °F) heat of re-entry. The tile materials comprising much of the orbiter's outermost layer were mostly air held within near-pure
2118:; however, the contract for these was canceled shortly afterwards, and they were never completed. The "096" and "097" designators were given to structural test articles that were canceled, but while they exist in some NASA records, the NASA History Office has no official record of STA-096 and STA-097.
1207:
which emerged downwards through doors in the heat shield. As a weight-saving measure, the gear could not be retracted once deployed. Since any premature extension of the landing gear would very likely have been catastrophic (as it opened through the heat shield layers), the landing gear could only be
1028:
storage tanks in the mid-fuselage underneath the payload bay liner, and a variable number of such tank sets could be installed (up to five pairs) depending on the requirements of the mission. The three fuel cells were capable of generating 21 kilowatts of power continuously (or a 15-minute peak of 36
840:
During the early design process of the orbiter, the forward RCS thrusters were to be hidden underneath retractable doors, which would open once the orbiter reached space. These were omitted in favor of flush-mounted thrusters for fear that the RCS doors would remain stuck open and endanger the crew
1211:
Similarly, since the
Shuttle landed at high speed and could not abort its landing attempt, the gear had to deploy reliably on the first try every time. The gear were unlocked and deployed by triple redundant hydraulics, with the gear doors actuated by mechanical linkages to the gear strut. If all
4097:
Orbital maneuvering system/reaction control system low temperature reusable surface insulation tiles (LRSI) replaced with advanced flexible reusable surface insulation (AFRSI) consisting of a sewn composite quilted fabric blanket with same silica tile material sandwiched between outer and inner
836:
O) occurs within the engine's combustion chamber. The reaction products are then expanded and accelerated in the engine bell to provide thrust. Due to their hypergolic characteristics these two chemicals are easily started and restarted without an ignition source, which makes them ideal for
3761:
In the design plans, we saw that the RCS would have big doors that opened outward. The problem was, if those doors failed to close, the orbiter would be lost as it was coming back through the atmosphere. I wrote a 'review item disposition' (RID) asking NASA to eliminate the outward-opening
1949:
While all of the orbiters were externally practically identical, they had minor differences in their interiors. New equipment for the
Orbiters was installed in the same order that they underwent maintenance work, and the newer orbiters were constructed by Rockwell International, under NASA
781:(OMS) pods at the rear of the orbiter, and these included 12 primary (PRCS) and two vernier (VRCS) engines in each pod. The PRCS system provided the pointing control of the Orbiter, and the VRCS was used for fine maneuvering during the rendezvous, docking, and undocking maneuvers with the
1824:
The cargo bay is 60 ft (18 m) by 15 ft (4.6 m), and could transport 24,400 kg (53,800 lb) to 204 km (127 mi), or 12,500 kg (27,600 lb) to the ISS at 407 km (253 mi). The most massive payload launched by the Space
Shuttle was the
948:
10.5 degrees vertically and 8.5 degrees horizontally during the rocket-powered ascent of the orbiter in order to change the direction of their thrust. Hence, they steered the entire Space
Shuttle, as well as providing rocket thrust towards orbit. The aft fuselage also housed three
2757:
1383:
on the upper surface of the left wing and the letters "USA" in black on the right wing. The name "Enterprise" in black was painted on the payload bay doors just above the forwardmost hinge and behind the crew module; on the aft end of the payload bay doors was the
977:(the elevons, rudder, speed brake, etc.), to deploy the landing gear of the orbiter, and to retract the umbilical hose connection doors located near the rear landing gear, which supplied the orbiter's SSMEs with liquid hydrogen and oxygen from the external tank.
1101:, with blacker tiles covering the lower surface, and whiter tiles covering the tail, parts of the upper wing and crew cabin surfaces, and the outsides of the payload bay doors. The nose cap, nose landing gear doors, and leading edges were made of
2813:
First atmospheric free flight August 12, 1977. Used for approach and landing tests, not suitable for spaceflight. Formerly located at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, the orbiter is currently located on the flight deck of the
789:. The RCS also controlled the attitude of the orbiter during most of its re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere – until the air became dense enough that the rudder, elevons and body flap became effective.
1212:
three hydraulic systems failed to release the landing gear uplocks within one second of the release command, pyrotechnic charges automatically cut the lock hooks and a set of springs deployed the gear.
984:(OMS) thrusters were mounted in two separate removable pods on the orbiter's aft fuselage, located between the SSMEs and the vertical stabilizer. The OMS engines provided significant thrust for course
1024:). These provided power to the entire Shuttle stack (including the SRBs and ET) from T-minus 3m30s up through the end of the mission. The hydrogen and oxygen for the fuel cells was kept in pairs of
883:
The mid-deck, which was below the flight deck, was normally equipped with up to three additional stowable seats, depending on the crew requirements of the mission. One mission carried four seats (
3001:
3637:
Rockwell's
Palmdale assembly facility was where all the individual parts, pieces and systems (many of which were built by various subcontractors) came together and were assembled and tested
643:
The prime contractor for the orbiter was
Rockwell International, which built the pressurized cabin, thermal protection, forward attitude control system, and forward and aft fuselage in its
1522:
in 1985 and was no longer under NASA's control when these changes were made, hence the prototype orbiter still has its 1983 markings and still has its name on the payload bay doors.
2837:
In addition to the operational orbiters and test articles produced for use in the
Shuttle program, there are also various mockup replicas on display throughout the United States:
454:
was partially disassembled and retired after completion of critical testing. The remaining orbiters were fully operational spacecraft, and were launched vertically as part of the
1177:
glass, and comprised an internal pressure pane, a 1.3-inch-thick (33 mm) optical pane, and an external thermal pane. The windows were tinted with the same ink used to make
5350:
1305:
on the ground, making landing lights on the orbiter unnecessary and also an unneeded spaceflight weight load. A total of 26 landings took place at night, the first being
969:
which supplied pressure for all of the hydraulic system, including the hydraulic sub-system that pointed the three main liquid-fueled rocket engines, under computerized
7702:
3935:
6597:
4281:
2110:
was originally intended to be used as a
Structural Test Article (STA), rather than a flight-capable orbiter; as such, the numbering was changed when it was rebuilt.
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The galley, toilet, sleep locations, storage lockers, and the side hatch for entering and exiting the orbiter were also located on the mid-deck, as well as the
3523:
808:). This particular propellant combination is extremely reactive and spontaneously ignites on contact (hypergolic) with each other. This chemical reaction (4CH
3817:
3701:
4245:
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1599:, while the other is on display at the JSC. The Full Fuselage Trainer, which includes the payload bay and aft section but no wings, is on display at the
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on
November 2, 2012. Hundreds of other shuttle artifacts will be put on display at various other museums and educational institutions around the U.S.
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in gray. Underneath the rear of the payload bay doors on the side of the fuselage just above the wing was the text "United States" in black with a
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With the end of the
Shuttle program, plans were made to place the three remaining Space Shuttle orbiters on permanent display. NASA Administrator
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3996:
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2620:
was first launched on August 30, 1984. It flew 39 missions, and was NASA's "Return to Flight" vehicle, following the accidental destructions of
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4021:
Lyle, Karen H.; Fasanella, Edwin L. (2009). "Permanent set of the Space Shuttle Thermal Protection System Reinforced Carbon–Carbon material".
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17:
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773:
The forward rockets of the Reaction Control System, located near the nose of the Space Shuttle orbiter, included 14 primary and two
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Individual Space Shuttle orbiters were named in honor of antique sailing ships of the navies of the world (though the test orbiter
1833:(IUS) and support equipment. The Shuttle was capable of returning approximately 16,000 kg (35,000 lb) of cargo to Earth.
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in New Mexico. Similar special clearances (no-fly zones) were also in effect at potential emergency landing sites, such as in
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kilowatts) with the orbiter consuming an average of about 14 kilowatts of that power (leaving 7 kilowatts for the payload).
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636:. These, along with a movable body flap located underneath the main engines, controlled the orbiter during later stages of
1231:, an improved nose wheel steering system was developed which allowed easier and more effective nose wheel steering. After
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898:. The airlock had an additional hatch into the payload bay. This airlock allowed two or three astronauts, wearing their
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758:, and re-entry. This system also executed any needed orbital maneuvers, including all changes in the orbit's altitude,
556:(SRBs) provided additional thrust for approximately the first two minutes of launch. The orbiters themselves did carry
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Spacecraft Guidance, Navigation, and Control Requirements for an Intelligent Plug-n-Play Avionics (PAPA) Architecture
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The utility area was located under the floor of the mid-deck and contained air and water tanks in addition to the
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The orbiter's flight deck or cockpit originally had 2,214 controls and displays, about three times as many as the
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5447:(HAER) documentation, filed under Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, Harris County, TX:
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When an orbiter landing was carried out at night, the runway was always strongly illuminated with light from
887:) and NASA drew up plans that were never used to carry up to seven seats in the case of an emergency rescue (
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was first launched on October 3, 1985. It flew 33 spaceflights including the final Space Shuttle mission,
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supervision, with some more advanced, lighter in weight, structural elements. Thus, the newer orbiters (
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designation system. Three of the names had also been given to Apollo spacecraft between 1969 and 1972:
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roll-out, the system was installed on the other shuttles during their overhauls in the early 1990s.
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announced the disposition location of the orbiters on April 12, 2011, the 50th anniversary of the
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One of the Crew Compartment Trainer Flight and mid-deck training hardware is on display at the
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lacked on its forward RCS module, around the cockpit windows, and on its vertical stabilizer.
1403:, although the letters "USA" on the right wing were slightly larger and spaced farther apart.
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Simulator for actual flight hardware and software system testing and training located in the
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for aluminum in some structural elements in order to reduce weight. The windows were made of
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4087:. Rockwell International – Space Transportation & Systems Group. March 1983. p. 7
3936:"Loss of the Shuttle: Technology; Computers Driving Shuttle Are to Be Included in Inquiry"
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1258:, because the orbiter always landed in areas that had been specially cleared by both the
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computers, which redundantly controlled the vehicle's on-board systems. The specialized
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644:
4034:
2776:
1643:. NASA also made approximately 7,000 TPS tiles available to schools and universities.
1419:
on the forward part of its upper wing surfaces, which none of the other orbiters had.
10088:
6256:
5012:
4697:
4592:
4181:
4038:
3752:
3742:
3561:
1616:
1612:
1433:
established a modified marking scheme for the shuttle fleet that would be matched by
1170:
786:
767:
751:
696:
376:
5172:
1468:
had its name moved to the forward fuselage to match the other flight vehicles after
442:, made its maiden flight in 1977. An unpowered glider, it was carried by a modified
10205:
10124:
10119:
6476:
6365:
4584:
4581:
Wings in Orbit: Scientific and Engineering Legacies of the Space Shuttle, 1971-2010
4547:
4509:
4505:
Analysis of Separation of the Space Shuttle Orbiter from a Large Transport Airplane
4030:
3974:
3858:
3850:
2442:
1849:
1845:
1814:
1810:
1600:
1490:
NASA "meatball" insignia used on the operational Space Shuttle orbiters after 1998.
1317:
1251:
985:
945:
910:), and also to repressurize and re-enter the orbiter at the conclusion of the EVA.
861:
774:
754:
along the pitch, roll, and yaw axes during all of the flight phases of launching,
522:
In addition to their crews and payloads, the reusable orbiter carried most of the
9796:
9431:
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6210:
5549:
5439:
5328:
4627:
4576:
4541:
4503:
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1725:
1640:
1561:
1114:
973:. The hydraulic pressure generated was also used to control all of the orbiter's
648:
531:
380:
372:
202:
148:
1472:, during the 1986–1988 hiatus when the shuttle fleet was grounded following the
925:
10344:
10200:
10093:
6315:
5351:"Shuttle Launch Facts: 15 Things to Know about Space Shuttle Atlantis' Mission"
4387:"'Sooner State' shuttle: Stafford Museum to display NASA simulator in Oklahoma"
2102:
and suffix separated by a dash. The prefix for operational shuttles is OV, for
1818:
1531:
1166:
1150:
1146:
1117:. The upper, white materials that were not in tiles were mostly made of either
1094:
970:
966:
652:
601:
371:, the U.S. space agency, this vehicle could carry astronauts and payloads into
6575:
3756:
3676:"Rocketdyne plant that built world's most powerful rocket engines being razed"
3649:
3589:
10359:
10129:
10083:
9198:
9148:
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5772:
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4902:
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4672:
4609:
4562:
4524:
4300:
4268:
4214:
4042:
3724:
3565:
3450:
2746:
Orbiter simulator for moving and handling tests. Currently on display at the
2095:
1973:
The Space Shuttle orbiters were assembled at Rockwell's assembly facility in
1773:
1754:
1565:
1499:
1385:
1322:
1221:
1033:
996:(SRBs) were used to take the vehicle to an altitude of roughly 140,000 feet.
854:
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538:
523:
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350:
316:
292:
268:
80:
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4551:
4513:
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was first launched on May 7, 1992. It flew 25 spaceflights, the final being
1498:(1998), the flight vehicles' markings were modified to incorporate the NASA
39:
10230:
10114:
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9709:
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3462:
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1628:
1342:
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1216:
1204:
1174:
958:
613:
605:
593:
431:
5454:", 121 photos, 14 measured drawings, 28 photo caption pages
2788:
Structural test article used for stress and thermal testing, later became
1483:), and its unique black chines for the remainder of its operational life.
464:
was the first space-worthy orbiter; it made its inaugural flight in 1981.
10235:
9909:
9173:
8425:
8380:
8370:
5273:"Space Shuttle Discovery: 5 Surprising Facts About NASA's Oldest Orbiter"
2797:
2571:
1837:
1577:
1479:, but retained its original wing markings until its last overhaul (after
1353:
1346:
1302:
1291:
740:
629:
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5523:
5472:
5465:
5458:
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3854:
2898:
1422:
1093:
that absorbed and redirected heat back out into the air, and covered in
940:(SSMEs) were mounted on the orbiter's aft fuselage in the pattern of an
707:
for the launch and ascent propulsion. Final assembly was carried out at
438:
company's North American Aircraft Operations branch. The first orbiter,
5475:", 20 photos, 2 measured drawings, 8 photo caption pages
4967:"Replica on the runway: Mock orbiter lands on real space shuttle strip"
4575:
Hale, Wayne; Lane, Helen; Chapline, Gail; Lulla, Kamlesh, eds. (2011).
3849:. AIAA Infotech@Aerospace. September 26–29, 2005. Arlington, Virginia.
2019: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1744:
1680:
6 passengers (up to three mission and up to three payload specialists)
1330:
1271:
1130:
1045:
988:, including insertion, circularization, transfer, rendezvous, deorbit,
700:
597:
443:
427:
360:
346:
101:
7710:
6335:
5276:
5006:
4147:"STS-113 Space Shuttle Processing Questions & Answers (NASA KSC)"
3737:
Young, John W.; Hansen, James R. (2012). "Part IV. The Shuttle Era".
3552:
Stevens, William K.; Times, Special To the New York (April 6, 1981).
1939:
1931:
1923:
1852:, and reaching 4.5:1 at subsonic speeds during approach and landing.
1449:
also had black tiles on the tip of its vertical stabilizer much like
1369:
1126:
1025:
1009:
1005:
962:
954:
660:
4174:"Mysterious $ 100 'supernote' counterfeit bills appear across world"
2541:
1994:
723:
534:
450:
and released for a series of atmospheric test flights and landings.
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
6800:
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5904:
5381:
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2350:
1978:
1860:
1535:
1469:
1365:
1110:
1048:
1021:
1013:
884:
589:
585:
541:
2958:
Most except left-wing, vertical stabilizer, and payload bay doors
7574:
7569:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7449:
7444:
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7253:
7227:
6353:
6189:
5675:
4937:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4901:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4865:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4829:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4793:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4757:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4735:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4713:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4671:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4608:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4561:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4523:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4410:"Retired Space Shuttle Simulator to 'Fly' Again at Texas A&M"
4299:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4267:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4213:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3723:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3388:
3340:
3292:
3193:
2672:
2658:
2633:
2560:
2511:
2461:
2360:
1764:
1426:
Gray NASA "worm" logotype used on the orbiters from 1982 to 1998.
1215:
During landing, the Shuttle nose wheel could be steered with the
1122:
895:
888:
688:
672:
656:
637:
516:
327:
303:
54:
4652:. NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center. August 1999. Archived from
4338:"NASA Space Shuttle Trainer Lands at seattle's Museum of Flight"
4284:. National Museum of the United States Air Force. March 14, 2016
4246:"NASA Announces New Homes For Shuttle Orbiters After Retirement"
7278:
7268:
7263:
7248:
7222:
7217:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
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7172:
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6882:
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6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6816:
6811:
6358:
6348:
5652:
4315:"A detailed photo tour of NASA's space shuttle cockpit trainer"
4014:
3380:
2550:
1495:
1480:
1137:. This was especially true in the interior of the payload bay.
1134:
1086:
617:
484:
shortly after its 10th launch, killing all seven crew members.
5005:
Chen, Adam (2012). Wallack, William; Gonzalez, George (eds.).
4727:
SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM HAER No. TX-116, page 59, note 205
3439:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6660:
6655:
6375:
5813:
5718:
3590:"Rockwell International Space Division 1975 Promo Film 68804"
3584:
3582:
3236:
3185:
2606:
was first launched on April 4, 1983. On January 28, 1986, it
2451:
2399:
1748:
1539:
1326:
1306:
1287:
1279:
1208:
lowered by manual controls, and not by any automatic system.
1118:
1106:
1052:
755:
279:
4952:"Historic Space Shuttle Mockup Stored in Downey, California"
1486:
849:
383:, returning its crew and any on-board payload to the Earth.
5223:
5198:
5082:
4117:
2756:
2589:
was first launched on April 12, 1981. On February 1, 2003,
2092:
1767:
368:
90:
5510:
4433:"A piece of NASA history lands at Keystone Heights museum"
4361:"No shuttle for Adler, but museum will fly with simulator"
3579:
1829:
in 1999 at 50,162 lb (22,753 kg), including its
1646:
1044:
The orbiter's computer system consisted of five identical
792:
The orbiter's OMS and RCS fuel is monomethyl hydrazine (CH
766:. These were all operations that required more thrust and
616:
that was swept back at a 45-degree angle. There were four
3077:
1737:: 60 × 15 ft (18.3 × 4.6 m)
777:
RCS rockets. The aft RCS engines were located in the two
1635:, and the Guidance and Navigation Simulator went to the
476:
followed in 1983, 1984, and 1985 respectively. In 1986,
5466:
Space Transportation System, Orbiter Endeavour (OV-105)
5452:
Space Transportation System, Orbiter Discovery (OV-103)
3871:
5473:
Space Transportation System, Space Shuttle Main Engine
5459:
Space Transportation System, Orbiter Atlantis (OV-104)
5011:. Washington, D.C., United States: NASA. p. 280.
4239:
4237:
4111:"Orbiter Thermal Protection System, Thermal Materials"
4049:
495:
s successor, and was first launched in 1992. In 2003,
4574:
4483:. Tribute to the Space Shuttle. European Space Agency
3554:"New Generation of Astronauts Poised for Shuttle Era"
1149:, although the engine thrust structure was made from
5324:"Space Shuttle Atlantis Blasts Off: Five Fast Facts"
5290:
5096:
4749:
SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM HAER No. TX-116, page 55
4023:
Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing
3842:
3477:
2472:
Broke up on reentry due to wing damage during launch
1844:
varied considerably with speed, ranging from 1:1 at
1016:
and was also converted into 115 volt 400 Hz AC
5395:
4642:
4234:
3739:
Forever Young: A Life of Adventure in Air and Space
2636:, in March 2011. It is currently on display at the
1797:
120–600 mi (190–960 km, 100–520 nmi)
1627:. The Motion Base Simulator was transferred to the
1055:programming language was used for orbiter systems.
746:, which utilized computationally intensive digital
5343:
5237:
4694:Reference Guide to the International Space Station
2474:on February 1, 2003. Remains of orbiter stored at
1803:607,000–2,110,000 ft (185,000–643,000 m)
1791:17,320 mph (27,870 km/h, 15,050 kn)
695:for the orbital insertion and deorbit propulsion,
3547:
3545:
3453:for program history and description of operations
2770:Testbed for propulsion and fuel delivery systems
1607:. The Mission Simulation and Training Facility's
608:and 45 degrees at their outer leading edges. The
507:completed its final flight on March 9, 2011, and
10357:
4055:
3955:
3843:Kulkarni, Nilesh; Krishnakumar, Kalmaje (2005).
2521:Displayed at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in
2420:Disintegrated due to faulty solid rocket booster
1514:, still bear these markings as museum displays.
1145:The orbiter's structure was made primarily from
727:Space Shuttle forward reaction control thrusters
6605:
5045:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5035:
1008:was provided by a set of three hydrogen-oxygen
6168:Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL)
5008:Celebrating 30 years the Space Shuttle Program
3542:
1984:
1918:), and they were also numbered using the NASA
1757:, 418,000 lbf (1,860 kN) thrust each
1241:
800:), and the oxidizer is dinitrogen tetroxide (N
7696:
6591:
5746:
5496:
5468:", 22 photos, 5 photo caption pages
5461:", 24 photos, 5 photo caption pages
5321:
5224:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
5199:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
5157:
5130:
5083:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
4615:
4020:
3990:
3988:
3741:(Kindle eBook). University Press of Florida.
1864:Shuttle launch profiles. From left to right:
5586:(OV-101, atmospheric tests, retired in 1979)
5104:"Fast Facts on the Space Shuttle Enterprise"
5032:
4568:
4508:. NASA/Langley Research Center. p. 10.
4459:"NASA Offers Space Shuttle Tiles to Schools"
4056:Finckenor, M. M.; Dooling, D. (April 1999).
3836:
3551:
2610:73 seconds after launch on its 10th mission.
1611:Fixed Base Simulator originally went to the
1203:The Space Shuttle orbiter had three sets of
1199:landing gear are deployed following STS-122.
902:(EMU) space suits, to depressurize before a
750:. This control system carried out the usual
511:completed its final flight on June 1, 2011.
5298:"Orbiter, Space Shuttle, OV-103, Discovery"
5264:
4678:
4473:
4058:"Multilayer Insulation Material Guidelines"
3927:
3736:
1776:, 6,000 lbf (26.7 kN) thrust each
1219:in the cockpit. During the construction of
7703:
7689:
6598:
6584:
5753:
5739:
5503:
5489:
5315:
5270:
5212:
5071:
4836:
4543:Space Shuttle Technical Conference, Part 1
4312:
4103:
3985:
3800:"Human Space Flight (HSF) – Space Shuttle"
3668:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3434:
2570:Displayed at California Science Center in
2559:
2549:
2510:
2500:
2460:
2450:
2408:
2398:
2359:
2349:
718:
6326:Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle
5760:
5370:
4908:
4872:
4764:
4684:
4495:
4149:. NASA. November 15, 2002. Archived from
3862:
3779:Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum
2079:Learn how and when to remove this message
632:was attached at the trailing edge of the
584:, the Space Shuttle orbiter resembled an
503:, leaving just three remaining orbiters.
363:system that was part of the discontinued
27:Spaceplane component of the Space Shuttle
5378:"The Space Shuttle Endeavour Fact Sheet"
4964:
4800:
4456:
4407:
4384:
4335:
4282:"Space Shuttle Crew Compartment Trainer"
3885:. NASA Human Spaceflight. Archived from
3027:
1962:) had slightly more cargo capacity than
1859:
1650:
1485:
1421:
1352:
1316:
1312:
1246:The Space Shuttle orbiter did not carry
1188:
1062:
990:abort to orbit, and to abort once around
924:
860:
848:
722:
624:of the delta wings, and the combination
5000:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4981:"A "Resolution" That Could Not be Kept"
4685:Kitmacher, Gary H., ed. (August 2006).
4650:"Chandra X-ray Observatory Quick Facts"
4539:
4535:
4533:
4501:
3963:"Automotive Design & Manufacturing"
3901:
3792:
3642:
3608:
2723:Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory
2292:
2198:Vibro Acoustic Structural Test Article
2160:Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory
1690:122 ft 2.0 in (37.237 m)
1647:Shuttle Orbiter Specifications (OV-105)
1460:had its wing markings changed to match
739:thrusters and their very sophisticated
588:in its design, with a standard-looking
14:
10358:
6522:Rendezvous: A Space Shuttle Simulation
4965:Pearlman, Robert Z. (April 29, 2016).
4577:"The Space Shuttle and Its Operations"
4408:Pearlman, Robert (December 29, 2011).
4358:
4243:
3775:"Seat, Commander/Pilot, Space Shuttle"
2422:on January 28, 1986. Debris buried at
2321:
2315:
1399:, originally had the same markings as
1368:used on the Space Shuttle orbiter was
1266:. The orbiter always landed at either
1032:Additionally, the fuel cells provided
647:factory, the payload bay doors in its
7684:
6579:
6564:When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions
5734:
5484:
5051:"NASA Facts: Space Shuttle Era Facts"
4540:Chaffee, Norman, ed. (January 1985).
4457:Pearlman, Robert (December 3, 2010).
3994:
3089:
3076:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
1708:2,690 sq ft (249.9 m)
1597:National Museum of the U.S. Air Force
1058:
953:(APU). The APUs chemically converted
687:for the attitude control propulsion,
5445:Historic American Engineering Record
5165:"Fast Facts: Space Shuttle Columbia"
5004:
4987:
4530:
3933:
3621:"Orbiter Manufacturing and Assembly"
3596:. PeriscopeFilm LLC. January 6, 2020
3020:
2824:Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum
2372:Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex
2017:adding citations to reliable sources
1988:
1631:Aerospace Engineering Department in
1586:Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex
944:. These three liquid-fueled engines
844:
515:completed the final Shuttle flight,
386:Six orbiters were built for flight:
375:, perform in-space operations, then
72:(North American Aircraft Operations)
6543:Space Shuttle: A Journey into Space
5138:"Space: The Space Shuttle Columbia"
4430:
4385:Pearlman, Robert (August 3, 2016).
4171:
2699:
1702:58 ft 7 in (17.86 m)
1696:78 ft 1 in (23.79 m)
1453:, which the other orbiters lacked.
1089:fibers, which made it efficient at
1039:
999:
24:
5717:
5522:
5171:. February 2, 2003. Archived from
4230:(Documentary). September 12, 2007.
2643:Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, near
651:factory, and the body flap in its
550:external cryogenic propellant tank
25:
10412:
10146:Apollo command and service module
5426:
4626:. Astronautix.com. Archived from
4336:Pearlman, Robert (July 1, 2012).
4313:Hutchinson, Lee (June 26, 2015).
4120:. 2006. p. 3. Archived from
4035:10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.02.016
3459:(USSR's reusable shuttle program)
1729:: 24,310 kg (53,590 lb)
1720:242,508 lb (110,000 kg)
1619:but was later transferred to the
1133:, woven silica fibers covered in
1073:ventral thermal protection system
1036:for the crew during the mission.
1004:Electric power for the orbiter's
655:factory. Subcontractors included
132:110,000 kg (240,000 lb)
5245:"Space Shuttle Challenger Facts"
4932:
4896:
4860:
4824:
4788:
4752:
4730:
4708:
4666:
4621:
4603:
4556:
4518:
4294:
4262:
4244:Weaver, David (April 12, 2011).
4208:
4172:Fan, Linjin (January 11, 2008).
3934:Lohr, Steve (February 7, 2003).
3718:
3680:Canoga Park Neighborhood Council
3524:"Facts About the Space Shuttles"
3480:
3152:
3149:
3127:
2999:
2976:
2951:
2924:
2897:
2870:
2796:
2775:
2755:
2729:
2708:
2679:
2540:
2491:
2441:
2389:
2340:
2281:Retroactive honorary designation
1993:
1714:171,961 lb (78,000 kg)
1538:and the 30th anniversary of the
1360:displaying the orbiter markings.
837:spacecraft maneuvering systems.
709:United States Air Force Plant 42
367:. Operated from 1981 to 2011 by
140:78,000 kg (172,000 lb)
38:
6288:Spartan Packet Radio Experiment
5403:"Space Shuttle Endeavour Facts"
5187:
4973:
4958:
4944:
4742:
4720:
4554:. NASA CP-2342-Pt-1; N85-16889.
4450:
4424:
4401:
4378:
4352:
4329:
4306:
4274:
4220:
4188:
4165:
4139:
4074:
3810:
3502:Unofficial honorary designation
3496:
2275:
2262:
2004:needs additional citations for
1684:25,060 kg (55,250 lb)
1637:Wings of Dreams Aviation Museum
1621:Stafford Air & Space Museum
1395:The first operational orbiter,
1325:orbiter ranks second among the
1274:or at the Kennedy Space Center
1260:Federal Aviation Administration
1184:
1077:The orbiters were protected by
785:, or formerly with the Russian
735:(RCS) was composed of 44 small
212:24,310 kg (53,590 lb)
6557:Orbiter Space Flight Simulator
5936:Multi-Purpose Logistics Module
5322:Fletcher, Dan (May 14, 2010).
4502:Wilhite, Alan W. (June 1977).
4196:"Space Shuttle Night Landings"
3767:
3730:
3694:
3516:
3010:Columbia Memorial Space Center
2962:Columbia Memorial Space Center
2748:U.S. Space & Rocket Center
2465:January 16 – February 1, 2003
2180:ECLSS Structural Test Article
2098:designation was composed of a
1906:", had its name changed after
1580:arriving on October 14, 2012.
1081:(TPS) materials (developed by
699:for the surrounding pods, and
575:
171:37.237 m (122.17 ft)
13:
1:
6512:(2020 documentary miniseries)
6283:Inflatable Antenna Experiment
5302:National Air and Space Museum
5271:Wall, Mike (April 19, 2012).
5220:"Challenger (STA-099, OV-99)"
4844:"Challenger (STA-099, OV-99)"
4359:Mullen, W. (April 12, 2011).
4029:(6–7). Elsevier BV: 702–708.
3509:
2641:National Air and Space Museum
2594:disintegrated during re-entry
1525:
1113:-filled resins and coated in
920:
841:and orbiter during re-entry.
671:for the vertical stabilizer,
552:. Additionally, two reusable
10371:Tailless delta-wing aircraft
6509:Challenger: The Final Flight
6410:Space Shuttle design process
6252:Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit
6247:Extravehicular Mobility Unit
5058:John F. Kennedy Space Center
4516:. NASA TM X-3492; 77N-25189.
3995:Oakes, Ryan (June 2, 2003).
3818:"Orbital Maneuvering System"
3468:SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)
2645:Dulles International Airport
2632:completed its last mission,
2577:
2528:
2429:
2377:
2239:Main Propulsion Test Article
1809:Variable with speed, 1:1 at
1140:
932:s main engines during launch
900:Extravehicular Mobility Unit
857:(simulated, composite image)
770:than mere attitude control.
7:
7671:indicates failure missions.
6607:U.S. Space Shuttle missions
6432:International Space Station
6216:Journalist in Space Project
6163:Orbiter Processing Facility
5656:(BTS-02, atmospheric tests)
3969:. 40 Years of Innovations.
3909:"General-Purpose Computers"
3444:
3049:
1985:Orbiter Vehicle Designation
1554:Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center
1518:became the property of the
1415:also had distinctive black
1407:also had black tiles which
1242:Lack of navigational lights
783:International Space Station
187:23.79 m (78.1 ft)
179:17.86 m (58.6 ft)
51:International Space Station
18:Orbiter Vehicle Designation
10:
10417:
6635:Approach and Landing Tests
6550:Space Shuttle Mission 2007
6090:Approach and Landing Tests
5819:Orbital Maneuvering System
4687:"Transportation/Logistics"
2832:
1902:, originally to be named "
1552:went to the Smithsonian's
1018:three-phase electric power
982:Orbital Maneuvering System
938:Space Shuttle Main Engines
779:Orbital Maneuvering System
693:Rancho Cordova, California
570:Orbital Maneuvering System
10339:
10168:
10138:
10102:
10066:
10050:
10034:
9923:
9897:
9851:
9805:
9725:
9718:
7723:
7667:
7588:
7515:
7460:
7238:
6857:
6645:
6624:
6613:
6485:Columbia: The Tragic Loss
6402:
6384:
6306:
6270:
6262:Advanced Crew Escape Suit
6239:
6198:
6185:Shuttle Training Aircraft
6135:
6098:
6054:
6046:Shuttle Training Aircraft
6041:Shuttle Mission Simulator
6036:Rendezvous pitch maneuver
5994:
5944:
5926:Remote Controlled Orbiter
5921:Extended Duration Orbiter
5897:
5842:
5829:Thermal protection system
5791:
5768:
5715:
5632:(OV-105, retired in 2011)
5622:(OV-104, retired in 2011)
5612:(OV-103, retired in 2011)
5531:
5520:
5471:HAER No. TX-116-I, "
5464:HAER No. TX-116-C, "
5457:HAER No. TX-116-B, "
5450:HAER No. TX-116-A, "
5438:February 9, 2021, at the
4481:"Shuttle Technical Facts"
4082:"STS-6 Press Information"
4001:UW Departments Web Server
3973:(9): 26. September 1998.
3879:"Electrical Power System"
3650:"Marquardt Van Nuys Site"
3417:
3405:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3083:
3073:
3070:
3032:
2842:
2686:
2476:Vehicle Assembly Building
2299:
2258:
2254:
2126:
2123:
1977:, at the federally owned
1916:a series of US Navy ships
1827:Chandra X-ray Observatory
1609:Shuttle Mission Simulator
1574:California Science Center
1390:flag of the United States
1381:flag of the United States
1079:Thermal Protection System
501:destroyed during re-entry
335:
311:
287:
263:
255:
245:
237:
229:
224:
220:
216:
208:
200:
195:
191:
183:
175:
167:
162:
158:
154:
144:
136:
128:
120:
115:
111:
107:
96:
86:
76:
65:
61:
37:
6293:Shuttle pallet satellite
6221:Teacher in Space Project
6173:Shuttle Carrier Aircraft
6153:Mobile Launcher Platform
5979:Shuttle Landing Facility
5834:Booster separation motor
5680:(1.02, 95–97% completed)
4751:Retrieved June 24, 2014
3883:Shuttle Reference Manual
3473:
2987:Shuttle Landing Facility
2946:Inspiration (California)
2675:, launched May 16, 2011.
2596:on its 28th spaceflight.
1855:
1536:first human space flight
1284:White Sands Space Harbor
1276:Shuttle Landing Facility
1103:reinforced carbon–carbon
915:carbon dioxide scrubbing
705:Canoga Park, Los Angeles
528:liquid-propellant rocket
448:Shuttle Carrier Aircraft
6501:The Challenger Disaster
5824:Reaction control system
4729:Retrieved June 8, 2017
3435:Flight history timeline
2908:Six Flags Great America
2904:Most except right-wing
2028:"Space Shuttle orbiter"
1674:2 (commander and pilot)
1665:General characteristics
1560:which was moved to the
1520:Smithsonian Institution
1333:, preceded only by the
1020:(for systems that used
1012:which produced 28 volt
975:flight control surfaces
733:Reaction Control System
719:Attitude control system
562:Reaction Control System
482:destroyed in a disaster
377:re-enter the atmosphere
10366:Space Shuttle orbiters
7716:Rockwell International
5969:Space Launch Complex 6
5722:
5696:(partially dismantled)
5642:(OV-098, ground tests)
5527:
4918:. NASA. Archived from
4882:. NASA. Archived from
4846:. NASA. Archived from
4810:. NASA. Archived from
4774:. NASA. Archived from
4248:. NASA. Archived from
3911:. NASA. Archived from
3820:. NASA. Archived from
3704:. NASA. Archived from
3654:Mark A Reynosa Website
3623:. NASA. Archived from
3526:. NASA. Archived from
1895:
1836:The orbiter's maximum
1655:
1633:College Station, Texas
1491:
1427:
1375:The prototype orbiter
1361:
1350:
1268:Edwards Air Force Base
1200:
1153:. The later orbiters (
1083:Rockwell Space Systems
1074:
933:
873:
858:
728:
582:McDonnell Douglas DC-9
558:hypergolic propellants
436:Rockwell International
70:Rockwell International
10381:Space Shuttle program
6529:Space Shuttle Project
6516:Space Shuttle America
6427:Payload Assist Module
6084:(engine test article)
5762:Space Shuttle program
5721:
5539:Space Shuttle program
5526:
5079:"Enterprise (OV-101)"
4983:. September 18, 2012.
3997:"Space Shuttle Tiles"
2972:Inspiration (Florida)
2300:Operational Orbiters
1914:, itself named after
1863:
1654:
1625:Weatherford, Oklahoma
1532:Charles F. Bolden Jr.
1489:
1425:
1356:
1320:
1313:Markings and insignia
1294:during all launches.
1248:anti-collision lights
1192:
1091:refractory insulation
1066:
994:solid rocket boosters
951:auxiliary power units
928:
878:Apollo command module
864:
852:
744:flight control system
726:
681:Marquardt Corporation
669:Farmingdale, New York
612:of the orbiter had a
554:solid rocket boosters
530:system, but both the
365:Space Shuttle program
343:Space Shuttle orbiter
33:Space Shuttle orbiter
6422:Inertial Upper Stage
6298:Wake Shield Facility
6278:Freestar experiments
5804:Solid Rocket Booster
5175:on November 19, 2012
4916:"Endeavour (OV-105)"
4880:"Discovery (OV-103)"
4656:on February 12, 2022
4601:. NASA SP-2010-3409.
4583:. NASA. p. 59.
4184:on January 17, 2008.
4178:The Kansas City Star
4127:on February 12, 2023
3708:on February 10, 2001
2935:Space Center Houston
2881:Space Center Houston
2424:Cape Canaveral LC-31
2293:Operational orbiters
2013:improve this article
1975:Palmdale, California
1831:Inertial Upper Stage
1807:Maximum glide ratio:
1735:Cargo bay dimensions
1386:NASA "worm" logotype
1337:and followed by the
942:equilateral triangle
737:liquid-fueled rocket
713:Palmdale, California
685:Van Nuys, California
663:for the midsection,
580:About the size of a
524:Space Shuttle System
519:, on July 21, 2011.
446:airliner called the
424:Palmdale, California
422:. All were built in
10401:Reusable spacecraft
6371:Space Launch System
6143:Crawler-transporter
5984:Abort landing sites
5195:"Columbia (OV-102)"
4886:on February 9, 2021
4808:"Atlantis (OV-104)"
4778:on February 9, 2021
4706:. NASA SP-2006-557.
4437:The Gainesville Sun
4153:on January 14, 2010
3855:10.2514/6.2005-7123
3806:on August 31, 2000.
3702:"HSF – The Shuttle"
3036: Test vehicle
2523:Chantilly, Virginia
1718:Max takeoff weight:
1605:Seattle, Washington
1500:"meatball" insignia
1335:North American X-15
1309:in September 1983.
1252:navigational lights
992:. At lift-off, two
634:vertical stabilizer
610:vertical stabilizer
546:main rocket engines
34:
6496:(2010 documentary)
6488:(2004 documentary)
6480:(1994 documentary)
6464:(1985 documentary)
6461:The Dream Is Alive
6456:(1982 documentary)
6158:NASA recovery ship
6148:Mate-Demate Device
5723:
5528:
5511:Space Shuttle and
5143:The New York Times
4814:on August 28, 2011
4772:"Orbiter Vehicles"
3941:The New York Times
3558:The New York Times
3488:Spaceflight portal
3412:1,330d 18h 9m 44s
2826:in New York City.
2515:February 24, 2011
2455:April 12–14, 1981
2354:October 3–7, 1985
2319:Number of flights
2268:Formerly known as
1896:
1842:lift-to-drag ratio
1656:
1492:
1428:
1362:
1351:
1278:, Florida, except
1201:
1179:American banknotes
1099:borosilicate glass
1075:
1059:Thermal protection
934:
874:
859:
729:
677:Bethpage, New York
665:Fairchild Aircraft
645:Downey, California
600:at an angle of 81
32:
10386:Crewed spacecraft
10353:
10352:
10164:
10163:
9874:XA2J Super Savage
9762:F-100 Super Sabre
9743:F-82 Twin Mustang
7678:
7677:
7511:
7510:
6573:
6572:
6257:Launch Entry Suit
6085:
6077:
6067:
6012:
5952:Launch Complex 39
5917:
5909:
5728:
5727:
5712:
5711:
5705:
5697:
5689:
5681:
5671:
5668:destroyed in 2002
5657:
5643:
5633:
5623:
5613:
5603:
5599:destroyed in 2003
5587:
5577:
5573:destroyed in 1986
5118:on March 14, 2016
5018:978-0-16-090202-4
4598:978-0-16-086846-7
4431:Winston, Hannah.
4252:on March 24, 2023
3867:. AIAA 2005-7123.
3748:978-0-8130-4281-7
3627:on April 25, 2021
3530:on April 17, 2019
3429:
3428:
3371:296d 03h 34m 02s
3323:306d 14h 12m 43s
3297:24 February 2011
3275:364d 22h 39m 29s
3176:300d 17h 47m 15s
3048:
3047:
3021:Flight statistics
3018:
3017:
3006:Forward fuselage
2877:Forward fuselage
2830:
2829:
2581:
2580:
2413:January 28, 1986
2290:
2289:
2124:Orbiter vehicles
2089:
2088:
2081:
2063:
1850:supersonic speeds
1846:hypersonic speeds
1617:Chicago, Illinois
1613:Adler Planetarium
1379:originally had a
1171:aluminum silicate
1109:impregnated with
986:orbital maneuvers
946:could be swiveled
845:Pressurized cabin
787:Mir space station
697:McDonnell Douglas
548:were fed from an
349:component of the
339:
338:
77:Country of origin
16:(Redirected from
10408:
9723:
9722:
7705:
7698:
7691:
7682:
7681:
6622:
6621:
6600:
6593:
6586:
6577:
6576:
6477:Destiny in Space
6083:
6075:
6065:
6021:Mission timeline
6006:
5915:
5907:
5778:List of missions
5755:
5748:
5741:
5732:
5731:
5703:
5695:
5687:
5679:
5665:
5655:
5641:
5631:
5621:
5611:
5595:
5585:
5569:
5534:
5533:
5505:
5498:
5491:
5482:
5481:
5433:Orbiter Vehicles
5420:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5388:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5319:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5114:. Archived from
5108:Fox News Insider
5100:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5075:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5055:
5047:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5002:
4985:
4984:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4962:
4956:
4955:
4948:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4912:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4876:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4840:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4804:
4798:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4768:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4746:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4724:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4691:
4682:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4630:on July 12, 2016
4619:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4589:2060/20110011792
4572:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4552:2060/19850008580
4537:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4514:2060/19770018245
4499:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4310:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4278:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4241:
4232:
4231:
4224:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4180:. Archived from
4169:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4126:
4115:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4094:
4092:
4086:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4062:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
3992:
3983:
3982:
3979:2060/20110003618
3967:NASA Tech Briefs
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:2060/20060019188
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3824:on June 29, 2011
3814:
3808:
3807:
3802:. Archived from
3796:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3734:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3682:. August 8, 2016
3672:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3632:
3617:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3586:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3549:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3520:
3503:
3500:
3490:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3377:16d 15h 08m 48s
3329:13d 20h 12m 44s
3281:15d 02h 48m 08s
3249:28 January 1986
3233:08d 05h 23m 33s
3227:62d 07h 56m 15s
3218:
3198:16 January 2003
3182:17d 15h 53m 18s
3167:
3147:26 October 1977
3116:
3050:
3025:
3024:
3003:
2980:
2955:
2928:
2901:
2874:
2840:
2839:
2800:
2779:
2759:
2733:
2712:
2684:
2683:
2575:
2544:
2526:
2505:August 30, 1984
2495:
2479:
2445:
2427:
2403:April 4–9, 1983
2393:
2375:
2364:July 8–21, 2011
2344:
2297:
2296:
2282:
2279:
2273:
2266:
2121:
2120:
2084:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2021:
1997:
1989:
1815:supersonic speed
1811:hypersonic speed
1801:Service ceiling:
1784:
1667:
1601:Museum of Flight
1237:
1224:
1198:
1072:
1040:Computer systems
1000:Electrical power
871:
752:attitude control
748:Kalman filtering
494:
319:
295:
283:(April 12, 1981)
271:
124:Crewed, reusable
42:
35:
31:
21:
10416:
10415:
10411:
10410:
10409:
10407:
10406:
10405:
10396:NASA spacecraft
10376:Glider aircraft
10356:
10355:
10354:
10349:
10335:
10160:
10134:
10098:
10062:
10046:
10030:
9919:
9893:
9847:
9801:
9714:
7726:"Charge Number"
7725:
7719:
7709:
7679:
7674:
7663:
7584:
7507:
7456:
7234:
6853:
6641:
6615:
6609:
6604:
6574:
6569:
6415:studied designs
6398:
6380:
6341:Shuttle-Centaur
6302:
6266:
6235:
6211:Getaway Special
6194:
6131:
6094:
6050:
5996:
5990:
5940:
5893:
5838:
5787:
5764:
5759:
5729:
5724:
5713:
5708:
5646:
5550:Buran programme
5548:Soviet/Russian
5529:
5516:
5515:-class orbiters
5509:
5440:Wayback Machine
5429:
5424:
5423:
5413:
5411:
5401:
5400:
5396:
5386:
5384:
5376:
5375:
5371:
5361:
5359:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5334:
5332:
5320:
5316:
5306:
5304:
5296:
5295:
5291:
5281:
5279:
5269:
5265:
5255:
5253:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5228:
5226:
5218:
5217:
5213:
5203:
5201:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5178:
5176:
5163:
5162:
5158:
5148:
5146:
5136:
5135:
5131:
5121:
5119:
5102:
5101:
5097:
5087:
5085:
5077:
5076:
5072:
5062:
5060:
5053:
5049:
5048:
5033:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5003:
4988:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4969:. collectSPACE.
4963:
4959:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4933:
4925:
4923:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4897:
4889:
4887:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4861:
4853:
4851:
4850:on May 23, 2019
4842:
4841:
4837:
4825:
4817:
4815:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4789:
4781:
4779:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4753:
4747:
4743:
4731:
4725:
4721:
4709:
4704:
4689:
4683:
4679:
4667:
4659:
4657:
4648:
4647:
4643:
4633:
4631:
4624:"Space Shuttle"
4620:
4616:
4604:
4599:
4573:
4569:
4557:
4538:
4531:
4519:
4500:
4496:
4486:
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4479:
4478:
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4462:
4455:
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4439:
4429:
4425:
4415:
4413:
4406:
4402:
4392:
4390:
4383:
4379:
4369:
4367:
4365:Chicago Tribune
4357:
4353:
4343:
4341:
4334:
4330:
4320:
4318:
4311:
4307:
4295:
4287:
4285:
4280:
4279:
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4263:
4255:
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4226:
4225:
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4209:
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4189:
4170:
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4156:
4154:
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4128:
4124:
4113:
4109:
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4104:
4090:
4088:
4084:
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4079:
4075:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4054:
4050:
4019:
4015:
4005:
4003:
3993:
3986:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3946:
3944:
3932:
3928:
3918:
3916:
3915:on June 8, 2001
3907:
3906:
3902:
3892:
3890:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3841:
3837:
3827:
3825:
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3768:
3749:
3735:
3731:
3719:
3711:
3709:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3685:
3683:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3659:
3657:
3656:. June 14, 2000
3648:
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3643:
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3628:
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3609:
3599:
3597:
3588:
3587:
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3570:
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3543:
3533:
3531:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3486:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3447:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3431:
3337:3 October 1985
3289:30 August 1984
3211:
3160:
3139:12 August 1977
3109:
3080:
3068:Longest flight
3023:
2835:
2682:
2661:, in July 2011.
2569:
2568:
2563:
2553:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2504:
2470:
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2402:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2353:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2267:
2263:
2104:Orbiter Vehicle
2085:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2022:
2020:
2010:
1998:
1987:
1934:Command Module
1926:Command Module
1920:Orbiter Vehicle
1858:
1780:
1663:
1649:
1641:Starke, Florida
1562:Intrepid Museum
1528:
1315:
1244:
1235:
1220:
1196:
1187:
1143:
1121:felt coated in
1115:silicon carbide
1095:silicon borides
1070:
1061:
1042:
1002:
923:
872:aft flight deck
869:
847:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
721:
679:for the wings,
649:Tulsa, Oklahoma
620:mounted at the
604:at their inner
578:
572:(OMS) engines.
532:liquid hydrogen
492:
373:low Earth orbit
331:(July 21, 2011)
330:
326:
315:
312:Last retirement
306:
302:
291:
282:
278:
267:
250:
203:Low Earth orbit
149:Low Earth orbit
121:Spacecraft type
100:Crew and cargo
57:
49:approaches the
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10414:
10404:
10403:
10398:
10393:
10388:
10383:
10378:
10373:
10368:
10351:
10350:
10348:
10347:
10345:Aero Commander
10340:
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10328:
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9901:
9899:
9895:
9894:
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9891:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9864:A-36 "Mustang"
9861:
9855:
9853:
9849:
9848:
9846:
9845:
9840:
9838:XB-70 Valkyrie
9835:
9830:
9825:
9820:
9818:B-25 Mitchell
9815:
9809:
9807:
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9802:
9800:
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7765:
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7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7729:
7727:
7721:
7720:
7712:North American
7708:
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6363:
6362:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6316:Saturn-Shuttle
6312:
6310:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6274:
6272:
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5604:
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5578:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5546:
5537:United States
5532:
5530:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5508:
5507:
5500:
5493:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5442:
5428:
5427:External links
5425:
5422:
5421:
5394:
5369:
5342:
5314:
5300:. Smithsonian
5289:
5263:
5236:
5211:
5186:
5156:
5129:
5095:
5070:
5031:
5017:
4986:
4972:
4957:
4943:
4922:on May 1, 2011
4907:
4871:
4835:
4799:
4763:
4741:
4719:
4702:
4677:
4641:
4614:
4597:
4567:
4529:
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4423:
4400:
4389:. collectSPACE
4377:
4351:
4328:
4317:. Ars Technica
4305:
4273:
4233:
4219:
4187:
4164:
4138:
4102:
4073:
4048:
4013:
3984:
3954:
3926:
3900:
3889:on May 4, 2001
3870:
3835:
3809:
3791:
3766:
3747:
3729:
3693:
3667:
3641:
3607:
3578:
3560:. p. A1.
3541:
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3207:
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3190:12 April 1981
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3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3004:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2984:
2981:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2959:
2956:
2949:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2932:
2929:
2922:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2902:
2895:
2887:
2886:
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2878:
2875:
2868:
2862:
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2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2834:
2831:
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2804:
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2793:
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2768:
2765:
2760:
2752:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2734:
2726:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2687:Test Articles
2681:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2663:
2662:
2649:
2648:
2612:
2611:
2598:
2597:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2548:
2545:
2538:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2499:
2496:
2489:
2481:
2480:
2466:
2459:
2456:
2449:
2446:
2439:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2414:
2407:
2404:
2397:
2394:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2365:
2358:
2355:
2348:
2345:
2338:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2274:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2233:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2214:
2211:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2162:(SAIL) mockup
2157:
2154:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2127:Test articles
2125:
2087:
2086:
2001:
1999:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1857:
1854:
1822:
1821:
1819:subsonic speed
1804:
1798:
1792:
1789:Maximum speed:
1778:
1777:
1771:liquid-fuelled
1758:
1752:liquid-fuelled
1738:
1731:
1730:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1675:
1648:
1645:
1590:Merritt Island
1527:
1524:
1314:
1311:
1264:U.S. Air Force
1262:(FAA) and the
1256:landing lights
1243:
1240:
1186:
1183:
1167:graphite epoxy
1165:) substituted
1151:titanium alloy
1147:aluminum alloy
1142:
1139:
1060:
1057:
1041:
1038:
1001:
998:
971:flight control
967:hydraulic pump
922:
919:
853:Space Shuttle
846:
843:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
720:
717:
653:Columbus, Ohio
622:trailing edges
577:
574:
544:for its three
379:and land as a
353:, a partially
337:
336:
333:
332:
313:
309:
308:
307:(July 8, 2011)
289:
285:
284:
265:
261:
260:
257:
253:
252:
247:
243:
242:
239:
235:
234:
231:
227:
226:
222:
221:
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
206:
205:
198:
197:
193:
192:
189:
188:
185:
181:
180:
177:
173:
172:
169:
165:
164:
160:
159:
156:
155:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
116:Specifications
113:
112:
109:
108:
105:
104:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
67:
63:
62:
59:
58:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10413:
10402:
10399:
10397:
10394:
10392:
10389:
10387:
10384:
10382:
10379:
10377:
10374:
10372:
10369:
10367:
10364:
10363:
10361:
10346:
10342:
10341:
10338:
10332:
10329:
10327:
10324:
10322:
10319:
10317:
10314:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10299:
10297:
10294:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10232:
10229:
10227:
10224:
10222:
10219:
10217:
10214:
10212:
10209:
10207:
10204:
10202:
10199:
10197:
10194:
10192:
10189:
10187:
10184:
10182:
10179:
10177:
10174:
10173:
10171:
10167:
10157:
10156:Space Shuttle
10154:
10152:
10149:
10147:
10144:
10143:
10141:
10137:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10107:
10105:
10101:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10087:
10085:
10082:
10080:
10077:
10075:
10072:
10071:
10069:
10065:
10059:
10056:
10055:
10053:
10049:
10043:
10040:
10039:
10037:
10033:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9928:
9926:
9922:
9916:
9913:
9911:
9908:
9906:
9903:
9902:
9900:
9896:
9890:
9889:A-5 Vigilante
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9856:
9854:
9850:
9844:
9841:
9839:
9836:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9819:
9816:
9814:
9811:
9810:
9808:
9804:
9798:
9795:
9793:
9790:
9788:
9785:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9773:
9772:XF-108 Rapier
9770:
9768:
9765:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9753:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9730:
9728:
9724:
9721:
9717:
9711:
9708:
9706:
9703:
9701:
9698:
9696:
9693:
9691:
9688:
9686:
9683:
9681:
9678:
9676:
9673:
9671:
9668:
9666:
9663:
9661:
9658:
9656:
9653:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9571:
9568:
9566:
9563:
9561:
9558:
9556:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9422:
9420:
9417:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9280:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9047:
9045:
9042:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7730:
7728:
7724:Manufacturer
7722:
7717:
7713:
7706:
7701:
7699:
7694:
7692:
7687:
7686:
7683:
7670:
7669:
7666:
7660:
7659:
7655:
7653:
7652:
7648:
7646:
7645:
7641:
7637:
7636:investigation
7634:
7632:
7629:
7628:
7627:
7626:
7622:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7609:
7608:
7607:
7603:
7601:
7600:
7596:
7595:
7593:
7591:
7587:
7581:
7578:
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7571:
7568:
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7536:
7533:
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7523:
7522:
7520:
7518:
7514:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
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7489:
7488:
7486:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7468:
7466:
7465:
7463:
7459:
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7443:
7441:
7438:
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7427:
7425:
7421:
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7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7402:
7400:
7396:
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7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7382:
7380:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7362:
7360:
7356:
7353:
7352:
7350:
7345:
7342:
7341:
7339:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7311:
7309:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
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7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7276:
7274:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
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7250:
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7244:
7243:
7241:
7237:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7215:
7213:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
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5783:List of crews
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3455:
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3071:First flight
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2680:Test articles
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2656:
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2646:
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2639:
2638:Smithsonian's
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2609:
2608:disintegrated
2605:
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2600:
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2574:, California.
2573:
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2564:May 16, 2011
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2370:Displayed at
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2316:First flight
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2096:Space Shuttle
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2044:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030: –
2029:
2025:
2024:Find sources:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2002:This section
2000:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1942:Lunar Module
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
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1913:
1911:
1905:
1901:
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1774:rocket engine
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1755:rocket engine
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1728:
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1712:Empty weight:
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1629:Texas A&M
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1566:New York City
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1497:
1494:Beginning in
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1392:ahead of it.
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1323:Space Shuttle
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1234:
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1222:Space Shuttle
1218:
1217:rudder pedals
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1047:
1037:
1035:
1034:potable water
1030:
1027:
1023:
1019:
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1011:
1007:
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964:
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10316:Twin Mustang
10286:Super Savage
10155:
10067:Experimental
9915:OV-10 Bronco
9828:B-45 Tornado
9823:XB-28 Dragon
9733:P-51 Mustang
7656:
7649:
7642:
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6393:Independence
6392:
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6062:
5997:and training
5887:
5880:
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5704:(dismantled)
5688:(incomplete)
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5414:December 15,
5412:. Retrieved
5406:
5397:
5387:December 15,
5385:. Retrieved
5372:
5362:December 15,
5360:. Retrieved
5354:
5345:
5335:December 15,
5333:. Retrieved
5327:
5317:
5307:February 26,
5305:. Retrieved
5292:
5282:December 15,
5280:. Retrieved
5266:
5256:December 14,
5254:. Retrieved
5248:
5239:
5227:. Retrieved
5214:
5202:. Retrieved
5189:
5179:December 14,
5177:. Retrieved
5173:the original
5159:
5147:. Retrieved
5141:
5132:
5122:December 14,
5120:. Retrieved
5116:the original
5107:
5098:
5086:. Retrieved
5073:
5063:December 14,
5061:. Retrieved
5022:. Retrieved
5007:
4975:
4960:
4946:
4924:. Retrieved
4920:the original
4910:
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4884:the original
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4812:the original
4802:
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4776:the original
4766:
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4722:
4693:
4680:
4658:. Retrieved
4654:the original
4644:
4632:. Retrieved
4628:the original
4622:Wade, Mark.
4617:
4580:
4570:
4542:
4504:
4497:
4485:. Retrieved
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4463:. Retrieved
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4391:. Retrieved
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4276:
4254:. Retrieved
4250:the original
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4182:the original
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3913:the original
3903:
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3887:the original
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3838:
3826:. Retrieved
3822:the original
3812:
3804:the original
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3782:. Retrieved
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3732:
3710:. Retrieved
3706:the original
3696:
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3658:. Retrieved
3653:
3644:
3636:
3629:. Retrieved
3625:the original
3598:. Retrieved
3593:
3569:. Retrieved
3557:
3532:. Retrieved
3528:the original
3518:
3498:
3463:Dream Chaser
3430:
3393:16 May 2011
3359:
3345:8 July 2011
3311:
3263:
3213:
3162:
3131:00d 00h 05m
3125:00d 00h 19m
3111:
3074:Last flight
3062:Flight time
3056:Designation
2996:Resolution!
2971:
2945:
2919:Independence
2918:
2891:
2865:
2836:
2817:
2806:
2789:
2739:
2666:
2652:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2601:
2590:
2584:
2554:May 7, 1992
2534:
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2435:
2383:
2334:
2322:Last flight
2277:
2269:
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2248:
2228:
2216:
2206:
2188:
2170:
2149:
2138:Designation
2132:Designation
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2090:
2075:
2066:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2023:
2011:Please help
2006:verification
2003:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1909:
1904:Constitution
1903:
1899:
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1584:went to the
1581:
1572:went to the
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1549:
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1540:first flight
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1343:SpaceShipOne
1296:
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1210:
1205:landing gear
1202:
1193:
1185:Landing gear
1175:fused silica
1162:
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1031:
1003:
979:
959:liquid state
957:fuel from a
935:
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866:
865:A window on
839:
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772:
764:eccentricity
730:
642:
614:leading edge
596:wings, both
594:double delta
579:
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432:Pennsylvania
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340:
322:
298:
274:
251:135 missions
97:Applications
66:Manufacturer
44:
29:
10391:Spaceplanes
10281:Super Sabre
10026:Ranger 2000
10021:T-2 Buckeye
10011:T-28 Trojan
9898:Observation
9782:FJ-2/3 Fury
9752:F-86D Sabre
6504:(2013 film)
6472:(1990 film)
6308:Derivatives
6271:Experiments
6240:Space suits
6226:Shuttle-Mir
6076:(simulator)
6063:Inspiration
6031:Abort modes
5814:Main engine
5229:October 27,
5204:October 27,
5149:October 19,
5088:October 19,
5024:October 11,
4461:. Space.com
4412:. Space.com
4340:. Space.com
3947:January 18,
3919:January 18,
3893:February 1,
3385:7 May 1992
3044: Lost
2991:On Display
2966:In storage
2939:On Display
2854:Replicates
2572:Los Angeles
2374:in Florida.
1838:glide ratio
1817:- 4.5:1 at
1782:Performance
1761:Powerplant:
1741:Powerplant:
1724:Payload to
1578:Los Angeles
1347:Boeing X-37
1331:spaceplanes
1299:floodlights
1292:West Africa
1105:, which is
741:fly-by-wire
630:speed brake
598:swept wings
576:Description
288:Last launch
201:Payload to
129:Launch mass
10360:Categories
10343:See also:
10271:Sabreliner
10256:Roadrunner
10139:Spacecraft
10035:Transports
9976:AT-6 Texan
9843:B-1 Lancer
7658:Enterprise
7606:Challenger
6469:Challenger
6442:Retirement
6231:Hitchhiker
6107:Challenger
6073:Pathfinder
5995:Operations
5867:Challenger
5853:Enterprise
5792:Components
5638:Pathfinder
5582:Enterprise
5566:Challenger
4660:January 5,
4634:January 5,
4487:January 5,
3757:1039310141
3631:August 19,
3510:References
3214:Challenger
3112:Enterprise
3014:Abandoned
2808:Enterprise
2790:Challenger
2741:Pathfinder
2622:Challenger
2603:Challenger
2468:Destroyed.
2416:Destroyed.
2384:Challenger
2218:Pathfinder
2172:Enterprise
2151:Challenger
2112:Enterprise
2108:Challenger
2069:April 2021
2039:newspapers
1968:Challenger
1944:Challenger
1900:Enterprise
1873:Challenger
1747:Block 2-A
1745:Rocketdyne
1706:Wing area:
1558:Enterprise
1526:Retirement
1516:Enterprise
1476:Challenger
1462:Challenger
1458:Enterprise
1447:Challenger
1431:Challenger
1409:Enterprise
1401:Enterprise
1377:Enterprise
1358:Enterprise
1345:, and the
1303:spotlights
1272:California
1173:glass and
1131:beta cloth
1046:IBM AP-101
1010:fuel cells
1006:subsystems
921:Propulsion
701:Rocketdyne
560:for their
490:Challenger
478:Challenger
466:Challenger
452:Enterprise
444:Boeing 747
440:Enterprise
428:Pittsburgh
401:Challenger
389:Enterprise
361:spacecraft
347:spaceplane
259:2 orbiters
249:5 orbiters
225:Production
163:Dimensions
102:spaceplane
10326:Vigilante
10266:Sabre Dog
10206:Hound Dog
9981:T-6 Texan
9869:AJ Savage
9787:FJ-4 Fury
7651:Endeavour
7644:Discovery
7517:Cancelled
6614:Completed
6437:Criticism
6336:Shuttle-C
6099:Disasters
6026:Rollbacks
5888:Endeavour
5874:Discovery
5628:Endeavour
5608:Discovery
5596:(OV-102,
5570:(OV-099,
5277:Space.com
4926:March 13,
4890:March 13,
4854:March 13,
4818:March 13,
4782:March 13,
4256:April 12,
4228:Helvetica
4131:March 16,
4091:March 16,
4043:1359-835X
4006:March 24,
3566:0362-4331
3534:March 16,
3360:Endeavour
3264:Discovery
3087:dockings
3081:dockings
2866:Adventure
2857:Location
2668:Endeavour
2630:Discovery
2617:Discovery
2535:Endeavour
2486:Discovery
2250:Endeavour
2235:MPTA-098
2208:Discovery
2116:Endeavour
1981:complex.
1960:Endeavour
1952:Discovery
1940:Apollo 17
1936:Endeavour
1932:Apollo 15
1924:Apollo 11
1910:Star Trek
1891:Endeavour
1879:Discovery
1848:, 2:1 at
1813:- 2:1 at
1694:Wingspan:
1678:Capacity:
1659:Data from
1570:Endeavour
1550:Discovery
1512:Endeavour
1504:Discovery
1456:In 1983,
1443:Endeavour
1435:Discovery
1370:Helvetica
1329:'s first
1233:Endeavour
1228:Endeavour
1163:Endeavour
1155:Discovery
1141:Structure
1127:elastomer
1068:Discovery
1026:cryogenic
963:gas state
955:hydrazine
930:Atlantis'
867:Endeavour
661:San Diego
566:thrusters
509:Endeavour
505:Discovery
486:Endeavour
470:Discovery
426:, by the
419:Endeavour
407:Discovery
53:(ISS) on
46:Discovery
10321:Valkyrie
10221:Mitchell
10103:Missiles
9924:Trainers
9726:Fighters
7718:aircraft
7631:disaster
7625:Columbia
7612:disaster
7599:Atlantis
7590:Orbiters
7560:STS-61-J
7555:STS-61-M
7550:STS-62-A
7545:STS-61-H
7540:STS-61-G
7535:STS-61-F
7530:STS-61-E
7525:STS-41-F
6801:STS-51-L
6796:STS-61-C
6786:STS-61-B
6781:STS-61-A
6776:STS-51-J
6771:STS-51-I
6766:STS-51-F
6761:STS-51-G
6756:STS-51-B
6751:STS-51-D
6746:STS-51-C
6736:STS-51-A
6731:STS-41-G
6726:STS-41-D
6721:STS-41-C
6716:STS-41-B
6385:Replicas
6122:disaster
6120:Columbia
6109:disaster
6066:(design)
6009:canceled
6004:Missions
5931:Spacehab
5913:Canadarm
5905:Spacelab
5881:Atlantis
5860:Columbia
5844:Orbiters
5618:Atlantis
5592:Columbia
5554:orbiters
5543:orbiters
5436:Archived
5382:CBS News
5169:Fox News
5112:Fox News
4696:. NASA.
4546:. NASA.
4202:July 23,
4157:July 17,
4098:blanket.
4066:April 1,
3828:July 17,
3784:July 30,
3712:July 17,
3571:July 14,
3445:See also
3333:STS-51-J
3312:Atlantis
3285:STS-41-D
3245:STS-51-L
3163:Columbia
3090:Sources
3059:Flights
3053:Shuttle
2912:Removed
2885:Removed
2851:Picture
2843:Mockups
2818:Intrepid
2782:STA-099
2763:MPTA-098
2736:OV-098
2692:Picture
2654:Atlantis
2626:Columbia
2591:Columbia
2586:Columbia
2567:Retired.
2518:Retired.
2502:STS-41-D
2436:Columbia
2410:STS-51-L
2367:Retired.
2351:STS-51-J
2335:Atlantis
2325:Status
2308:Picture
2230:Atlantis
2213:OV-098
2195:STA-097
2190:Columbia
2177:STA-096
2146:OV-099
2141:Vehicle
2135:Vehicle
1979:Plant 42
1964:Columbia
1956:Atlantis
1928:Columbia
1912:starship
1885:Atlantis
1867:Columbia
1768:AJ10-190
1582:Atlantis
1544:Columbia
1508:Atlantis
1474:loss of
1470:STS-61-C
1466:Columbia
1451:Columbia
1439:Atlantis
1413:Columbia
1405:Columbia
1397:Columbia
1366:typeface
1194:Atlantis
1159:Atlantis
1111:graphite
1049:avionics
1022:AC power
1014:DC power
917:system.
885:STS-61-A
756:orbiting
592:and two
590:fuselage
586:airplane
542:oxidizer
537:and the
513:Atlantis
497:Columbia
474:Atlantis
462:Columbia
413:Atlantis
395:Columbia
355:reusable
323:Atlantis
299:Atlantis
275:Columbia
246:Launched
196:Capacity
184:Wingspan
137:Dry mass
87:Operator
10301:Tornado
10251:Redhead
10226:Mustang
10211:Invader
10196:Harvard
10186:Buckeye
10169:By name
10110:SSM-N-4
9966:Harvard
9806:Bombers
9719:By role
7575:STS-400
7570:STS-3xx
7565:STS-144
7501:STS-135
7496:STS-134
7491:STS-133
7481:STS-132
7476:STS-131
7471:STS-130
7450:STS-129
7445:STS-128
7440:STS-127
7435:STS-125
7430:STS-119
7420:STS-126
7415:STS-124
7410:STS-123
7405:STS-122
7395:STS-120
7390:STS-118
7385:STS-117
7375:STS-116
7370:STS-115
7365:STS-121
7355:STS-114
7344:STS-107
7334:STS-113
7329:STS-112
7324:STS-111
7319:STS-110
7314:STS-109
7304:STS-108
7299:STS-105
7294:STS-104
7289:STS-100
7284:STS-102
7259:STS-106
7254:STS-101
7228:STS-103
6617:(crews)
6536:Shuttle
6403:Related
6366:Liberty
6331:Jupiter
6199:Special
6190:STS-3xx
6178:flights
6136:Support
6055:Testing
5898:Add-ons
5799:Orbiter
5676:Ptichka
5666:(1.01,
3686:July 3,
3660:July 3,
3600:July 3,
3594:YouTube
3415:21,158
3389:STS-134
3365:OV-105
3341:STS-135
3317:OV-104
3293:STS-133
3269:OV-103
3221:OV-099
3194:STS-107
3170:OV-102
3119:OV-101
3101:Flight
3095:Flight
3065:Orbits
2892:America
2860:Status
2833:Mockups
2822:at the
2820:(CV-11)
2803:OV-101
2715:OV-095
2673:STS-134
2659:STS-135
2634:STS-133
2561:STS-134
2547:OV-105
2512:STS-133
2498:OV-103
2462:STS-107
2448:OV-102
2396:OV-099
2361:STS-135
2347:OV-104
2270:STA-099
2245:OV-105
2225:OV-104
2203:OV-103
2185:OV-102
2167:OV-101
2156:OV-095
2053:scholar
1765:Aerojet
1700:Height:
1688:Length:
1290:and in
1282:at the
1123:silicon
896:airlock
889:STS-400
775:vernier
768:impulse
689:Aerojet
673:Grumman
657:Convair
638:reentry
618:elevons
602:degrees
517:STS-135
458:stack.
434:-based
358:orbital
345:is the
328:STS-135
304:STS-135
233:Retired
55:STS-121
10311:Trojan
10306:Torito
10291:Taurus
10276:Savage
10246:Rapier
10241:Ranger
10236:Navion
10231:Navaho
10216:Lancer
10181:Bronco
10176:Apache
10130:AGM-53
10125:AGM-28
10120:GAM-77
10058:MQM-42
10051:Drones
10042:NAC-60
9852:Attack
9797:XFV-12
9710:NA-704
9700:NA-431
9695:NA-430
9690:NA-420
9685:NA-407
9680:NA-406
9675:NA-405
9670:NA-404
9665:NA-403
9660:NA-402
9655:NA-401
9650:NA-400
9645:NA-399
9640:NA-398
9635:NA-397
9630:NA-396
9625:NA-395
9620:NA-394
9615:NA-393
9610:NA-392
9605:NA-391
9600:NA-390
9595:NA-389
9590:NA-388
9585:NA-387
9580:NA-386
9575:NA-385
9570:NA-384
9565:NA-383
9560:NA-382
9555:NA-381
9550:NA-380
9545:NA-379
9540:NA-378
9535:NA-377
9530:NA-376
9525:NA-375
9520:NA-374
9515:NA-373
9510:NA-372
9505:NA-371
9500:NA-370
9495:NA-369
9491:NA-368
9487:NA-367
9482:NA-366
9477:NA-365
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8989:NA-267
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8964:NA-262
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8954:NA-260
8949:NA-259
8944:NA-258
8939:NA-257
8934:NA-256
8929:NA-255
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8914:NA-252
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8831:NA-235
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8626:NA-194
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8616:NA-192
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8601:NA-189
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8591:NA-187
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8581:NA-185
8576:NA-184
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8531:NA-175
8526:NA-174
8521:NA-173
8516:NA-172
8511:NA-171
8506:NA-170
8501:NA-169
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8466:NA-162
8461:NA-161
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8241:NA-117
8236:NA-116
8231:NA-115
8226:NA-114
8221:NA-113
8216:NA-112
8211:NA-111
8206:NA-110
8201:NA-109
8196:NA-108
8191:NA-107
8186:NA-106
8181:NA-105
8176:NA-104
8171:NA-103
8166:NA-102
8161:NA-101
8156:NA-100
7617:report
7580:Others
7279:STS-98
7269:STS-97
7264:STS-92
7249:STS-99
7223:STS-93
7218:STS-96
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7203:STS-95
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7193:STS-90
7188:STS-89
7178:STS-87
7173:STS-86
7168:STS-85
7163:STS-94
7158:STS-84
7153:STS-83
7148:STS-82
7143:STS-81
7133:STS-80
7128:STS-79
7123:STS-78
7118:STS-77
7113:STS-76
7108:STS-75
7103:STS-72
7093:STS-74
7088:STS-73
7083:STS-69
7078:STS-70
7073:STS-71
7068:STS-67
7063:STS-63
7053:STS-66
7048:STS-68
7043:STS-64
7038:STS-65
7033:STS-59
7028:STS-62
7023:STS-60
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7003:STS-51
6998:STS-57
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6988:STS-56
6983:STS-54
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6958:STS-46
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6943:STS-45
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6903:STS-37
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6847:STS-33
6842:STS-34
6837:STS-28
6832:STS-30
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6812:STS-26
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5653:OK-GLI
5015:
4700:
4595:
4465:May 1,
4442:May 1,
4416:May 1,
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4370:May 1,
4344:May 1,
4321:May 1,
4288:May 1,
4198:. NASA
4041:
3762:doors.
3755:
3745:
3564:
3406:Total
3381:STS-49
3374:4,677
3326:4,848
3278:5,830
3179:4,808
3143:ALT-16
3135:ALT-12
2703:Notes
2551:STS-49
2100:prefix
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2026:
1938:, and
1888:, and
1795:Range:
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1481:STS-93
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1236:'s
1197:'s
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870:'s
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7963:NA-61
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7933:NA-55
7928:NA-54
7923:NA-53
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7913:NA-51
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7823:NA-33
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7803:NA-29
7798:NA-28
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7733:NA-15
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7467:2010
7461:2010s
7426:2009
7401:2008
7381:2007
7361:2006
7351:2005
7340:2003
7310:2002
7275:2001
7245:2000
7239:2000s
7214:1999
7184:1998
7139:1997
7099:1996
7059:1995
7019:1994
6979:1993
6934:1992
6899:1991
6864:1990
6858:1990s
6823:1989
6808:1988
6792:1986
6742:1985
6712:1984
6706:STS-9
6701:STS-8
6696:STS-7
6691:STS-6
6687:1983
6681:STS-5
6676:STS-4
6671:STS-3
6667:1982
6661:STS-2
6656:STS-1
6652:1981
6646:1980s
6631:1977
6625:1970s
6376:OmegA
6345:Ares
6082:MPTA
6016:Crews
5945:Sites
5916:(CSA)
5908:(ESA)
5662:Buran
5513:Buran
5054:(PDF)
4690:(PDF)
4125:(PDF)
4114:(PDF)
4085:(PDF)
4061:(PDF)
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1107:rayon
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961:to a
832:+ 12H
828:+ 4CO
711:near
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320:
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280:STS-1
272:
238:Built
10331:Yale
10191:Fury
10151:DC-3
10089:X-31
10084:X-30
10079:X-15
10074:X-10
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9986:NJ-1
9971:BC-2
9961:BC-1
9956:Yale
9941:BT-9
9910:L-17
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9859:A-27
9833:B-64
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9738:P-64
9705:D481
7714:and
5701:2.03
5693:2.02
5685:2.01
5416:2012
5389:2012
5364:2012
5337:2012
5329:Time
5309:2016
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5258:2012
5231:2012
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5181:2012
5151:2012
5124:2012
5090:2012
5065:2012
5026:2012
5013:ISBN
4928:2013
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4820:2013
4784:2013
4698:ISBN
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4636:2019
4593:ISBN
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4418:2020
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4290:2020
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4204:2011
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4118:NASA
4093:2023
4068:2023
4039:ISSN
4008:2023
3949:2014
3921:2014
3895:2013
3830:2009
3786:2024
3753:OCLC
3743:ISBN
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3688:2024
3662:2024
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3602:2024
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3230:995
3028:Key
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2032:news
1958:and
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1301:and
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980:Two
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812:NHNH
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628:and
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535:fuel
499:was
480:was
369:NASA
341:The
256:Lost
209:Mass
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