29:
259:
275:
297:
156:
247:
337:
164:
142:
axial rather than radial, and simplifies design of the piston crowns. In the Jumo 205 and its variants, the upper crankshaft serves the exhaust pistons, and the lower crankshaft the intake pistons. In designs using multiple cylinder banks, each big end bearing serves one inlet and one exhaust piston, using a forked connecting rod for the exhaust piston.
232:
in the United
Kingdom built large opposed-piston engines for marine use, with the first Doxford engine being installed in a ship in 1921. This diesel engine used a single crankshaft at one end of the cylinders and a crosshead for the opposing piston. After World War I, these engines were produced in
201:
around 1900. In April 1904, a Gobron-Brillié car powered by the opposed-piston engine was the first car ever to exceed 150 km/h with a "World's Record Speed" of 152.5 km/h (95 mph). On 17 July 1904, the Gobron-Brillié car became the first to exceed 100 mph (161 km/h) for the
325:
The latest (November 2021) version of the
Fairbanks-Morse 38 8-1/8 is known as the FM 38D 8-1/8 Diesel and Dual Fuel. This two-stroke opposed-piston engine retains the same extra-heavy-duty design and has a rated in-service lifespan of more than 40 years, but now the optional capability of burning
221:
In 1914, the
Simpson's Balanced Two-Stroke motorcycle engine was another opposed-piston engine using a single crankshaft beneath the centre of the cylinders with both pistons connected by levers. This engine was a crankcase compression design, with one piston used to uncover the transfer port, and
495:
A variation of the opposed-piston design is the free-piston engine, which was first patented in 1934. Free piston engines have no crankshaft, and the pistons are returned after each firing stroke by compression and expansion of air in a separate cylinder. Early applications were for use as an air
209:
car, which appears to have been first installed in their 10 hp buckboard c1900. The engine was described and illustrated in some detail in the account of their 12-15 hp car exhibited at the 1905 Olympia Motor-Show. The engine was a four-stroke with two cylinders (with opposed pistons in
141:
engines used one piston per cylinder to expose an intake port, and the other to expose an exhaust port. Each piston is referred to as either an intake piston or an exhaust piston, depending on its function in this regard. This layout gives superior scavenging, as gas flow through the cylinder is
217:
in Russia. The designer, Raymond A. Koreyvo, patented the engine in France on 6 November 1907 and displayed the engine at international exhibitions, but it did not reach production. The
Kolomna design used a typical layout of two crankshafts connected by gearing.
186:
In 1898, an
Oechelhäuser two-stroke opposed-piston engine producing 600 hp (447 kW) was installed at the Hoerde ironworks. This design of engine was also produced under licence by manufacturers including Deutsche Kraftgas Gesellschaft in Germany and
344:
Also released in 1954 was the Napier Deltic engine for military boats. It uses three crankshafts, one at each corner, to form the three banks of double-ended cylinders arranged in an equilateral triangle. The Deltic engine was used in
361:
to take part in designing FDNY’s super pumper and its companion tender. DeLaval
Turbine was commissioned to design a multistage centrifugal pump with a Napier-Deltic T18-37C diesel to power the pumps.
1170:
56:. Petrol and diesel opposed-piston engines have been used mostly in large-scale applications such as ships, military tanks, and factories. Current manufacturers of opposed-piston engines include
130:
The main drawback was that the power from the two opposing pistons have to be geared together. This added weight and complexity when compared to conventional piston engines, which use a single
77:
322:, originally designed in Germany in the 1930s, was used in U.S. submarines in the 1940s and 1950s, and in boats from the 1930s-present. It was also used in locomotives from 1944.
431:
published a technical paper citing a 30% fuel economy improvement when its engine was benchmarked against a next-generation diesel engine equipped with advanced technologies.
104:
Compared to contemporary two-stroke engines, which used a conventional design of one piston per cylinder, the advantages of the opposed-piston engine have been recognized as:
258:
1131:
233:
a number of models, such as the P and J series, with outputs as high as 20,000 hp (14,914 kW). Production of
Doxford engines in the UK ceased in 1980.
1246:
137:
The most common layout was two crankshafts, with the crankshafts geared together (in either the same direction or opposing directions). The
Koreyvo, Jumo, and
274:
333:
three-cylinder diesel truck engines, released in 1954, have a single crankshaft beneath the centre of the cylinders with both pistons connected by levers.
1208:
368:
19 L (1,159 cu in) six-cylinder diesel engine was introduced. The L60 was produced in the United
Kingdom for use in the Chieftain tank.
481:
to complete the development of the
Advanced Combat Engine (ACE), a modular and scalable diesel engine solution that uses opposed-piston technology.
861:
958:
1239:
1109:
1148:
738:
194:
In 1901, the Kansas City Lightning Balanced Gas and Gasoline Engines were gasoline engines producing 4–25 hp (3–19 kW).
123:
designs (however later advancements have provided methods for achieving uniflow scavenging in conventional piston engine designs).
394:
Malyshev Factory continued development and production of opposed-piston engines for armored vehicles, such as the three-cylinder
240:
aircraft engine built in Germany, which had two crankshafts, not using a design similar to the 1900–1922 Gobron-Brillié engines.
319:
280:
1796:
1232:
1073:
410:
395:
376:
296:
202:
flying kilometre. The engine used a single crankshaft at one end of the cylinders and a crosshead for the opposing piston.
1042:
326:
dual fuels (gaseous and liquid fuels, with automatic switchover to full diesel if the gas supply runs out) is available.
179:, which has a power stroke on every rotation of the crankshaft (compared with every second rotation for the contemporary
176:
1806:
1357:
1050:
554:
1791:
391:
1801:
786:
722:
604:
246:
188:
800:
119:
movement of gas through the combustion chamber, which avoided the drawbacks associated with the contemporary
1005:
1450:
1377:
28:
782:
The Oechelhauser Gas Engine in Great Britain: Paper Read Before the Glasgow University Engineering Society
210:
each) with the crankshaft underneath and the pistons connected by lever arms to the two-throw crankshaft.
120:
1273:
847:
869:
116:
1786:
229:
112:
and valve-train, which reduces weight, complexity, cost, heat loss, and friction loss of the engine.
1527:
1367:
214:
666:
1197:"Diesel Air pamphlet" (Press release). Olney, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom: Diesel Air. 2002.
1522:
1477:
1387:
1320:
452:
1512:
1507:
1487:
1412:
1372:
1315:
1310:
966:
834:
350:
346:
1117:
1517:
1497:
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1402:
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1255:
1224:
8:
1751:
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1502:
1397:
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519:
460:
441:
1570:
1440:
1435:
1392:
1330:
490:
478:
632:
1560:
1445:
1430:
1407:
1046:
718:
550:
546:
45:
1209:"U.S. Army Awards Cummins Inc. $ 87M Contract to Deliver the Advanced Combat Engine"
265:
198:
1550:
1545:
586:
387:
237:
223:
168:
1081:
222:
the other to open the exhaust port. The advantage of this design was to avoid the
1565:
1555:
1469:
1422:
1325:
1036:
915:
780:
540:
448:
155:
65:
1335:
609:
467:
306:
206:
1720:
1715:
1690:
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658:
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1736:
1593:
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1259:
514:
445:
428:
284:
138:
109:
61:
53:
41:
980:
1278:
1095:
930:
688:
336:
1537:
1342:
1283:
590:
497:
415:
400:
381:
375:
tank, produced from 1963–1987, also used an opposed-piston diesel engine
365:
358:
302:
76:
20:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1352:
1305:
354:
330:
180:
131:
578:
213:
The first diesel engine with opposed pistons was a prototype built at
197:
An early opposed-piston car engine was produced by the French company
1695:
1632:
1620:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1175:
509:
163:
1761:
1756:
1741:
1677:
1585:
576:
463:
421:
16:
Combustion engine using disks compressing fuel in the same cylinder
801:"Struck by Lightning: The Kansas City Hay Press Co. - Gas Engines"
1213:
1013:
474:
456:
57:
577:
Foster, D.; Herold, R.; Lemke, J.; Regner, G.; Wahl, M. (2011).
542:
Opposed Piston Engines: Evolution, Use, and Future Applications
49:
1132:"The Greatest Fire Pumper the World Has Known (Fire Rescue 1)"
579:"Thermodynamic Benefits of Opposed-Piston Two-Stroke Engines"
434:
406:
1254:
205:
Another early opposed piston car engine was in the Scottish
779:
Stokes, Jason W. B.; Cunningham, Jason (11 November 1909).
605:"Start-Ups Work to Reinvent the Internal Combustion Engine"
372:
226:
for pistons used by most two-stroke engines at that time.
1110:"Rootes-Lister – TS3 Horizontally Opposed Piston Engine"
1171:"Two-stroke Opposed Piston Internal Combustion Engine"
236:
Later opposed-piston diesel engines include the 1932
175:
One of the first opposed-piston engines was the 1882
739:"Atkinson Differential Engine Replica - Gas Engines"
1143:
1141:
1096:"Fairbanks-Morse FM 38D 8-1/8 Diesel and Dual Fuel"
854:
409:, various upgrades of the 5TD and the six-cylinder
80:Schematic of a supercharged opposed-piston engine
1778:
1138:
981:"PatOP: Single-Crankshaft Opposed-Piston Engine"
898:"The New Arrol-Johnston Petrol Car – Part III".
778:
357:mine sweepers. Beginning in 1962, Gibbs invited
883:"The New Arrol-Johnston Petrol Car – Part II".
353:locomotives and to power fast patrol boats and
1041:. Mechanical Engineering Publications for the
183:engine), but it was not a commercial success.
1240:
953:
951:
659:"TROPE : Toroidal Opposed Piston Engine"
451:, designed and produced by Diesel Air Ltd of
159:Animation of the Atkinson differential engine
913:"A Horizontally Opposed Two-stroke Engine".
539:Pirault, Jean-Pierre; Flint, Martin (2010).
538:
444:is a two-cylinder 100 hp (75 kW)
32:A 1914 Simpson's balanced two-stroke engine
1247:
1233:
1102:
948:
715:Building the Atkinson Differential Engine
689:"OPRE: Opposed piston Pulling Rod Engine"
1034:
335:
268:opposed-piston engine with overhung yoke
162:
154:
75:
27:
712:
496:compressor or as a gas generator for a
94:7. Cylinder with inlet and outlet slots
1779:
764:"Large Gas Engines on the Continent".
585:. Vol. 1. PA: SAE International.
320:Fairbanks Morse 38 8-1/8 diesel engine
281:Fairbanks Morse 38 8-1/8 diesel engine
19:For horizontally-opposed engines, see
1228:
669:from the original on 21 December 2021
484:
477:was awarded an $ 87M contract by the
340:Animated diagram of the Napier Deltic
1074:"Fairbanks-Morse 38D8 Diesel Engine"
1043:Institution of Mechanical Engineers
313:
66:Fairbanks-Morse Defense (FMDefense)
13:
14:
1818:
150:
295:
273:
257:
245:
1201:
1190:
1163:
1124:
1088:
1066:
1028:
998:
973:
923:
906:
891:
876:
819:
793:
787:William Beardmore & Company
772:
717:. David J. Gingery Publishing.
392:dissolution of the Soviet Union
887:: 1467–1469. 25 November 1905.
757:
731:
706:
681:
651:
625:
597:
570:
532:
126:A reduced height of the engine
82:1. Intake for fuel-air mixture
1:
902:: 1495–1496. 2 December 1905.
525:
1797:Piston engine configurations
437:filed for a patent in 2017.
252:1898 Oechelhäuser gas engine
189:William Beardmore & Sons
177:Atkinson differential engine
7:
1035:Setright, L. J. K. (1975).
1006:"Doxford Engines 1878–1980"
503:
10:
1823:
959:"Marine Engines – Doxford"
768:: 1336–1337. 23 June 1905.
583:SAE Technical Paper Series
488:
145:
18:
1807:Two-stroke diesel engines
1729:
1676:
1584:
1536:
1468:
1459:
1421:
1266:
866:UniqueCarsAndParts.com.au
713:Gingery, Vincent (2000).
71:
1149:"Engine Design Timeline"
862:"Gobron-Brillie history"
215:Kolomna Locomotive Works
92:6. Inlet crank mechanism
191:in the United Kingdom.
98:9. Water cooling jacket
1792:Opposed piston engines
1388:Single-acting cylinder
1321:Double-acting cylinder
453:Olney, Buckinghamshire
390:in Kharkiv. After the
341:
172:
171:diesel aircraft engine
160:
101:
33:
1802:Piston ported engines
1256:Engine configurations
919:: 204. 6 August 1914.
900:The Automotor Journal
885:The Automotor Journal
827:The Automotor Journal
743:GasEngineMagazine.com
351:British Rail Class 23
347:British Rail Class 55
339:
166:
158:
134:as the power output.
90:5. Outlet crankshaft
88:4. Boost relief valve
79:
52:at both ends, and no
38:opposed-piston engine
31:
1358:Oscillating cylinder
1120:on 25 February 2008.
1038:Some unusual engines
931:"Index Doxford site"
829:: 421. 9 April 1904.
591:10.4271/2011-01-2216
230:Doxford Engine Works
1451:Two-and four-stroke
1353:Intake over exhaust
1016:on 24 December 2016
969:on 2 December 2013.
520:Split-single engine
442:Diesel Air Dair 100
121:crossflow-scavenged
1010:Doxford-Engine.com
872:on 25 August 2013.
491:Free-piston engine
485:Free-piston engine
479:United States Army
342:
173:
161:
102:
34:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1470:Inline / straight
1368:Overhead camshaft
842:Missing or empty
805:FarmCollector.com
665:. frankydevaere.
547:SAE International
117:uniflow-scavenged
1814:
1787:Locomotive parts
1466:
1465:
1461:Cylinder layouts
1249:
1242:
1235:
1226:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1155:. Archived from
1153:AchatesPower.com
1145:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1116:. Archived from
1106:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1080:. Archived from
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1012:. Archived from
1002:
996:
995:
993:
991:
977:
971:
970:
965:. Archived from
955:
946:
945:
943:
941:
927:
921:
920:
910:
904:
903:
895:
889:
888:
880:
874:
873:
868:. Archived from
858:
852:
851:
845:
840:
838:
830:
823:
817:
816:
814:
812:
797:
791:
790:
776:
770:
769:
761:
755:
754:
752:
750:
735:
729:
728:
710:
704:
703:
701:
699:
685:
679:
678:
676:
674:
655:
649:
648:
646:
644:
637:AchatesPower.com
633:"Opposed-Piston"
629:
623:
622:
620:
618:
601:
595:
594:
574:
568:
567:
565:
563:
536:
419:
404:
388:Malyshev Factory
385:
314:1940s to present
299:
277:
261:
249:
238:Junkers Jumo 205
224:deflector crowns
169:Junkers Jumo 205
108:Eliminating the
84:2. Supercharger
1822:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1766:
1725:
1672:
1580:
1532:
1455:
1417:
1262:
1253:
1223:
1222:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1159:on 13 May 2013.
1147:
1146:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1084:on 26 May 2006.
1072:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1053:
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1029:
1019:
1017:
1004:
1003:
999:
989:
987:
979:
978:
974:
957:
956:
949:
939:
937:
929:
928:
924:
916:The Motor Cycle
912:
911:
907:
897:
896:
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882:
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877:
860:
859:
855:
843:
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832:
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746:
745:. 13 March 2018
737:
736:
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670:
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656:
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626:
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614:
613:. 30 March 2011
603:
602:
598:
575:
571:
561:
559:
557:
537:
533:
528:
506:
493:
487:
449:aircraft engine
413:
398:
379:
316:
309:
305:as used in the
300:
291:
278:
269:
262:
253:
250:
153:
148:
99:
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24:
17:
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11:
5:
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1418:
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1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1373:Overhead valve
1370:
1365:
1363:Opposed-piston
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1281:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1260:piston engines
1252:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1200:
1189:
1162:
1137:
1123:
1101:
1087:
1065:
1051:
1027:
997:
972:
947:
922:
905:
890:
875:
853:
818:
792:
771:
756:
730:
723:
705:
680:
650:
639:. 22 July 2018
624:
610:New York Times
596:
569:
555:
530:
529:
527:
524:
523:
522:
517:
512:
505:
502:
489:Main article:
486:
483:
473:In July 2021,
468:light aircraft
407:BTR-4 Butsefal
315:
312:
311:
310:
307:Chieftain tank
301:
294:
292:
279:
272:
270:
266:Gobron-Brillié
263:
256:
254:
251:
244:
207:Arrol-Johnston
199:Gobron-Brillié
152:
151:1880s to 1930s
149:
147:
144:
128:
127:
124:
113:
100:10. Spark plug
73:
70:
44:in which each
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
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1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1423:Stroke cycles
1420:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
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1752:Split-single
1538:Flat / boxer
1398:Swing-piston
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1182:20 November
1058:20 November
990:29 November
940:26 November
811:26 November
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673:29 November
663:YouTube.com
643:29 November
617:29 November
562:20 November
498:gas turbine
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366:Leyland L60
359:Mack Trucks
303:Leyland L60
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1781:Categories
1446:Six-stroke
1431:Two-stroke
1348:Heron head
1306:Cam engine
935:Telenet.be
724:1878087231
526:References
461:home-built
355:Royal Navy
331:Commer TS3
181:Otto cycle
132:crankshaft
96:8. Exhaust
86:3. Airbox
1176:Espacenet
510:Junk head
464:kitplanes
427:In 2014,
290:submarine
287:Pampanito
285:USS
1378:Pentroof
1326:Flathead
1316:Compound
1294:Rotative
1078:PSRM.org
1020:28 March
667:Archived
504:See also
457:airships
422:BM Oplot
405:used in
46:cylinder
1586:V / Vee
1403:Uniflow
1336:Stelzer
1311:Camless
1289:Cornish
1214:Cummins
475:Cummins
283:on the
146:History
58:Cummins
1747:Radial
1737:Deltic
1383:Rotary
1301:Bourke
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446:diesel
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435:Volvo
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1267:Type
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