364:'s American license in 1912, Fairbanks Morse (FM) entered the large engine business. The company's larger Model Y semi-diesel became a standard workhorse, and sugar, rice, timber, and mine mills used the engine. The model Y was available in sizes from one through six cylinders, or 10 to 200 horsepower (150 kW). The Y-VA engine was the first high-compression, cold-start, full diesel developed by Fairbanks Morse without the acquisition of any foreign patent. This machine was developed in Beloit and introduced in 1924. The company expanded its line to the marine CO engine (Many 100 H.P. CO marine engines were used in the Philippine Islands to power ferry boats) as well as the mill model E, a modernized Y diesel. From this, Fairbanks-Morse became a major engine manufacturer and developed plants for
557:
181:
648:
402:
269:
256:, from which he expanded the company's territory of operation and widened its product line. As part of this expansion, Morse brought Wheeler and his Eclipse Windmill pumps into business with the Fairbanks company. Morse later became a partner in the Fairbanks Company and by the end of the nineteenth century, it was known as Fairbanks Morse & Company and was headquartered in Chicago. Canadian and American cities had branch dealerships, with Fairbanks first coming to
389:
385:
and larger H.P. engines could now run on
Kerosene. In 1928 The "Z" style "D" was introduced, and was entirely enclosed. The Z was made in incremental sizes of 3, 6, 12, 15 and up to 20 horsepower (15 kW). Over a half million units were produced in the following 30 years. In the early 1980s the line was sold off to Bell. The model Z found favor with farmers, and is a collectable today.
568:
Shortly after it won its first U.S. Navy contract, the company introduced its 5 inches (13 cm) bore by 6 inches (15 cm) stroke opposed piston diesel to the rail industry, installing the engine in various self-propelled railcars. This engine proved unreliable, and was superseded by a larger
592:
for its outsourced assembly location, in late 1945. The early locomotives soon proved unreliable, as high-stress railroad service exposed weaknesses in the engine that had not been seen in less demanding marine applications. In 1947, F-M reorganized its locomotive division, hiring new managers and
384:
1.5 horsepower (1.1 kW) Model to "Z" in July 1914, according to engine historian C.H. Wendel. On all "Z" engines the gasoline tank is located in the base. In 1917, they expanded the line to include more sizes. In 1918, they stopped making headless models and adapted the 1.5 H.P. to have a head,
661:
An inter-family feud for control of the company in 1956 between the sons of
Charles Morse weakened the company. Consequently, Fairbanks-Morse was merged with Penn-Western in 1958. The downhill slide continued for the next few decades, with assets being sold off, and branches of the company closed.
643:
Export offices were established in Rio de
Janeiro and Buenos Aires; a factory was opened in Mexico, where model Z engines were built well into the 1980s. An Australian branch factory, similar to the Canadian Branch operation, was opened; remote sheep stations benefited from their products. It dated
657:
The company sold and updated the
Eclipse model of windmill pumps in North America until they became obsolete with widespread rural electrification in the 1940s. Low-cost electricity from the grid eliminated the need for local power production by small and medium diesel plants. While many Fairbanks
715:
to reduce emissions and fuel consumption of
Fairbanks Morse proprietary and dual-fuel opposed-piston engines. The opposed-piston (OP) diesel engine once made by Fairbanks-Morse is still (August 2019) manufactured. Also, Fairbanks-Morse still (November 2021) manufactures large four-stroke diesel
670:
Fairbanks Morse and
Company merged with Penn-Texas Corporation in 1958 to form Fairbanks Whitney Corporation. Fairbanks Whitney was reorganized as Colt Industries in 1964, taking the name from Colt Manufacturing, the maker of firearms and an asset of Penn-Texas. In 1988, the Fairbanks Morse Pump
639:
Fairbanks Morse continued to build diesel and gas engines, as it had been doing for the first half of the twentieth century. This is in addition to the pump and engine division, which produced
Canadian Fairbanks Morse-branded products for farms, factories and mines.
662:
Regional sales offices were closed, and the one-shop model no longer appealed to buyers in the new consumer age. Automakers, tractor makers, and locomotive builders made inroads into
Fairbanks-Morse's market share. Thus the company spiraled down, and was sold.
304:
wasn't getting wind. The
Fairbanks Morse gas engine became a success with farmers. Electricity generation and oilfield work also used these engines. Small lighting plants built by the company were also popular. Fairbanks Morse power plants evolved by burning
584:(WPB) denied it permission, citing the national interest of F-M's production of submarine engines and a locomotive market supplied by existing manufacturers. In 1943, the WPB approved F-M's plans to sell locomotives, and it introduced the 1,000 hp switcher
292:, pumps, tractors, and a variety of warehouse and bulk shipping tools. The company became an industrial supplier distributing complete "turn-key" systems: tools, plumbing, gauges, gaskets, parts, valves, and pipe. Its 1910 catalog contained over 800 pages.
455:
proved unworkable, they were replaced with World War II-style
Fairbanks-Morse engines, and these remained standard on US diesel-powered submarines through the early 1960s. These and other Fairbanks-Morse OP engines were also used as backup power on US
693:
As a result, there are now three companies using either the Fairbanks or Fairbanks Morse trademarks, with lineage to the original Fairbanks Morse and Company. Fairbanks Scale and Fairbanks Morse Pump claim lineage back to E & T Fairbanks Company.
862:
Wayne appreciates that in his youthful exuberance he may have gotten a few facts wrong, chiefly the introduction of the Z series, which he dated to September 1916: It's believed to have been introduced two years earlier, in July
137:
There are three separate corporate entities that could be considered successors to the company, none of which is a complete and direct descendant of the original company. All claim the heritage of Fairbanks Morse and Company:
428:, a large order of 60 30 H.P. CO marine engines were installed in British decoy fishing ships to lure German submarines within range of their 6" naval guns. In 1939 Fairbanks-Morse developed a marine engine using an unusual
328:
business by acquiring the Audiola Radio Co. After a 1939 factory fire FM decided to exit the radio business. Fairbanks-Morse radios are well known for their colorfulness. The company also had brief forays into building
204:
dressing business for which he built the machinery. Though unsuccessful in fabricating for fiber factories, another of Morse's inventions, the platform scale, formed the basis for the later company. It was
299:
engines in the 1890s with the purchase of the Charter line of engines (the first commercially available gas engine). They had the idea that an engine could be used as backup power for when one of their
616:, and the Consolidated Line fared particularly poorly as cab units fell out of favor on American railroads. In 1951 F-M began designing a new large locomotive, and in 1953 it introduced the 2,400 hp
440:, ranging from 4 to 12 cylinders. This engine was delivered to the U.S. Navy in large numbers, often for use in fleet submarines, which used 9- or 10-cylinder versions as main engines in
675:
as part of an acquisition of General Signal Pump Group in 1997. In 1988, the scale business was sold off by Colt Industries and became Fairbanks Scales, still an independent company.
2041:
631:
In 1958, F-M built its last locomotive for the American market, followed in 1963 by its final delivery to a Mexican customer. In total, it sold 1,460 diesel locomotives.
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and began developing plans for a 1,000 hp switcher and a 2,000 hp multipurpose locomotive. While the company was ready to begin production of the units in 1940, the
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2011:
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Morse engines dutifully served into the late twentieth century, they could not compete with modernization, regional plant closures, and electricity.
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from 1902, when Cooper Sheep Shearing Machinery Ltd was set up in Sydney, and became an agent for Fairbanks Morse in that hemisphere.
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1950:
608:, were introduced to replace the Erie-builts in its catalog. None of the late-1940s models sold as well as competing units from
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5-cylinder 8 inches (20 cm) bore by 10 inches (25 cm) stroke engine that produced 800 hp and was installed in the
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has had Fairbanks-Morse diesels in operation on its submarines almost continuously since 1938. They remain in service on
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In 1935, F-M launched a long-term plan to build locomotives in-house. It hired electrical engineer John K. Stotz from
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1965:
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930:
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EnPro was then the parent company of Fairbanks Morse Engine until January 21, 2020, when Fairbanks Morse was sold to
577:
110:
was an American manufacturing company in the late 19th and early 20th century. Founded in 1823 as a manufacturer of
985:
2076:
1975:
1628:
679:
213:, the E. & T. Fairbanks & Company was selling thousands of scales, first in the United States, later in
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556:
1920:
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division was sold off to private investors to become Fairbanks Morse Pump. It was subsequently purchased by
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1987:
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to make the FM | ALCO line. In October 2013, FM signed a joint development and licensing agreement with
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E. & T. Fairbanks & Company Factory, Sleepers River, Saint Johnsbury, Caledonia County, VT
1228:
Zoia, David (January 2, 2014) “Achates Finding Traction with Opposed-Piston Engine”, WardsAuto.com
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628:: the H12-44TS ("TS" for "Terminal Switcher"). They remained in service until the early 1970s.
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244:. Soon half a million windmills dotted the landscape throughout the West and as far away as
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of the 1990s. Fairbanks-Morse ranked 60th among United States corporations in the value of
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ordered three specialized units, based on the H12-44, for terminal switching in Chicago's
8:
1955:
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1399:", 15 photos, 2 measured drawings, 2 data pages, 1 photo caption page
1100:
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620:, then the highest-powered locomotive available. It also proved unpopular. In 1956, the
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engines such as the FM 48/60 CR series, which ranges from 7,200 to 19,200 kWm in output.
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232:, former missionary Leonard Wheeler designed a durable windmill for pumping water, the
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682:, Inc. and became Coltec Industries, Inc., which later became a subsidiary of
225:. Fairbanks scales won 63 medals over the years in international competition.
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In 1990, Colt Industries sold its firearms business to C.F. Holdings Corp as
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Power in the Past, Vol. 2; A History of Fairbanks-Morse and Co. (reprint)
1212:"Fairbanks-Morse H12-44TS locomotive: A special diesel for a special job"
425:
350:
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in 1924. The Model N was popular in stationary industrial applications.
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372:, tug, and ship in the 1930s fostered the expansion of the company.
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In 1947, F-M introduced two new road switcher models, the 1,500 hp
570:
436:. The most common variant for submarines through the 1990s was the
310:
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832:"Fairbanks, Morse & Co.; Chicago manufacturer in USA, Model T"
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has dropped the Morse from the name as most scales made by FM had.
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Scales, Windmills, Engines, Tractors, Radios, Pumps, Locomotives.
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248:. At about the same time, a Fairbanks & Company employee,
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E. & T. Fairbanks & Company, Two-Story Covered Bridge
1392:", 4 photos, 1 data page, 1 photo caption page
1041:. Tugboat Enthusiasts Society of the Americas. Archived from
540:
Other World War II era models are the 875 hp 5-cylinder
325:
196:, to manufacture two of his patented inventions: a cast iron
123:
877:"Fairbanks Morse Z technical history (not totally accurate)"
774:"Silberstein Sighting Penn-Texas Control Of Fairbanks Morse"
915:
U.S. Submarines Through 1945: An Illustrated Design History
708:
201:
197:
1358:
Fairbanks Morse: 100 Years of Engine Technology (reprint)
276:
In the late nineteenth century, business expanded in the
604:. In late 1949, the company's new cab units, named the
188:
Fairbanks Morse and Company began in 1823 when inventor
806:
588:
in 1944, followed by the 2,000 hp cab unit, dubbed the
209:
in June 1832, and a generation later, with his brother
1696:
2042:
Defunct locomotive manufacturers of the United States
1104:
The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis
260:, Canada, in 1876 and later opening a factory there.
295:
The Fairbanks Morse Company began producing oil and
73:
Fairbanks Scales, Fairbanks Morse, Fairbanks Nijhuis
1336:
280:, as did the company's catalog. It grew to include
969:
652:Fairbanks-Morse warehouse, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
1066:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947-1995
593:building a dedicated factory the following year.
142:Fairbanks Scales is a privately owned company in
1998:
1113:
994:
368:and marine applications. The development of the
2037:Historic American Engineering Record in Vermont
1286:
976:. Crescent Books (Random House). 1998. p.
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2012:Locomotive manufacturers of the United States
1682:
1418:
1291:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
887:
175:
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939:
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2027:Manufacturing companies established in 1823
1289:Evolution of the American Diesel Locomotive
2032:Electrical generation engine manufacturers
2022:Manufacturing companies based in Wisconsin
1689:
1675:
1425:
1411:
1341:. Kalmbach Publishing Co., Milwaukee, WI.
847:"Timeline of the Fairbanks-Morse Z Engine"
634:
200:and a heating stove. In 1829 he started a
2087:Engine manufacturers of the United States
962:
496:. In addition to OP engines (used in the
434:series of German Junkers aircraft diesels
432:(OP) design, similar in arrangement to a
1369:. Stemgas Publishing Co., Lancaster, PA.
1360:. Stemgas Publishing Co., Lancaster, PA.
1314:"Fairbanks-Morse 38D8 Diesel Locomotive"
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357:, but output was small in these fields.
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160:, that manufactures and services engines
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2082:American companies established in 1823
1999:
1536:Fairbanks Morse 38 8-1/8 diesel engine
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744:Fairbanks Morse 38 8-1/8 diesel engine
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1526:Canon Ranch Railroad Eclipse Windmill
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1129:Photographic History of the U.S. Navy
1024:
1010:Photographic History of the U.S. Navy
972:Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II
874:
697:
324:In 1934, Fairbanks-Morse entered the
1386:Historic American Engineering Record
1432:
1189:
1177:
1161:
1143:
739:List of Fairbanks-Morse locomotives
471:military production contracts. The
263:
114:, it later diversified into pumps,
13:
1306:
896:"Fairbanks Morse and Company 1918"
807:"Investing in Critical Industries"
504:), Fairbanks-Morse license builds
30:Fairbanks scales, Eclipse Windmill
14:
2103:
1374:
1339:The Second Diesel Spotter's Guide
1237:
948:The Second Diesel Spotter's Guide
893:
578:Westinghouse Electric Corporation
520:-class amphibious transport docks
444:. When the innovative but faulty
392:Advertisement for 1916 "Z" engine
272:Fairbanks Morse Type T gas engine
2057:Locomotive engine manufacturers
1280:
1270:"Fairbanks Morse - FM 48/60 CR"
1262:
1240:"Fairbanks Morse - Trident OP™"
1231:
1222:
1210:Lustig, David (April 1, 2023).
1203:
1090:
1057:
950:. Kalmbach Books. p. 323.
252:, opened a Fairbanks office in
163:Fairbanks Nijhuis is a part of
906:
875:Morse, Fairbanks (July 1981).
838:
824:
799:
766:
420:(on display in San Francisco).
380:Fairbanks-Morse renamed their
22:Fairbanks, Morse & Company
16:American manufacturing company
1:
923:United States Naval Institute
811:Arcline Investment Management
754:
688:Arcline Investment Management
560:Canadian Locomotive Company "
154:Arcline Investment Management
59:Arcline Investment Management
1639:Garlock Sealing Technologies
1629:Colt's Manufacturing Company
1337:Pinkepank, Jerry A. (1973).
759:
680:Colt's Manufacturing Company
446:EMD 16-338 "pancake" engines
108:Fairbanks, Morse and Company
7:
2062:Marine engine manufacturers
2052:Diesel engine manufacturers
1988:List of locomotive builders
732:
10:
2108:
946:Pinkpank, Jerry A (1973).
492:nuclear submarines of the
176:Founding and early history
152:, a subsidiary company of
146:, that manufactures scales
2072:Two-stroke diesel engines
1984:
1776:
1706:
1621:
1613:Fairbanks-Morse Warehouse
1605:
1549:
1541:Moriarty Eclipse Windmill
1518:
1440:
1131:. NavSource Naval History
1064:Gardiner, Robert (1995).
1035:"Fairbanks-Morse Company"
1012:. NavSource Naval History
913:Friedman, Norman (1995).
513:-class dock landing ships
236:. Wheeler set up shop in
97:
87:
77:
69:
53:
34:
26:
2047:Gas engine manufacturers
1287:Lamb, J. Parker (2007).
845:Grenning, Wayne (2018).
360:After the expiration of
192:opened an ironworks in
184:Fairbanks-Morse windmill
171:, and manufactures pumps
156:, is a company based in
1395:HAER No. VT-1-A, "
1388:(HAER) No. VT-1, "
1381:Fairbanks Morse website
1318:PSRM Diesel Locomotives
1108:Harvard Business School
749:Fairbanks Morse Defense
635:Post-war power products
150:Fairbanks Morse Defense
2077:Opposed piston engines
1644:GGB Bearing Technology
1244:www.fairbanksmorse.com
684:EnPro Industires, Inc.
654:
565:
421:
412:on the WWII submarine
393:
273:
194:St. Johnsbury, Vermont
185:
65:as of January 21, 2020
1365:Wendel, C.H. (1987).
1356:Wendel, C.H. (1993).
1074:Naval Institute Press
1039:Marine Diesel Engines
881:gasenginemagazine.com
666:Corporate disposition
650:
559:
404:
397:Marine diesel engines
391:
278:Western United States
271:
183:
144:Kansas City, Missouri
63:Enpro Industries Inc.
1577:Charles Hosmer Morse
1450:FM Consolidated line
1101:Scherer, Frederic M.
1045:on February 21, 2013
618:H-24-66 Train Master
582:War Production Board
552:Railroad locomotives
317:in 1913 and to full
250:Charles Hosmer Morse
1324:on October 25, 2014
1070:Annapolis, Maryland
919:Annapolis, Maryland
851:Gas Engine Magazine
315:semi-diesel engines
169:Kansas City, Kansas
122:, coffee grinders,
23:
2067:Pump manufacturers
1572:Franklin Fairbanks
1557:Thaddeus Fairbanks
1250:on August 18, 2018
1238:Morse, Fairbanks.
894:Morse, Fairbanks.
778:The New York Times
698:Modern descendants
655:
573:railcars in 1939.
566:
544:installed in some
458:nuclear submarines
422:
394:
274:
190:Thaddeus Fairbanks
186:
21:
2017:Beloit, Wisconsin
1994:
1993:
1891:Mount Clare Shops
1761:GE Transportation
1664:
1663:
1562:Erastus Fairbanks
1298:978-0-253-34863-0
780:. March 5, 1957.
726:Fairbanks Nijhuis
606:Consolidated Line
600:and the 2,000 hp
370:diesel locomotive
313:in 1905, then to
302:Eclipse windmills
211:Erastus Fairbanks
158:Beloit, Wisconsin
105:
104:
2099:
2092:Fairbanks family
1691:
1684:
1677:
1668:
1667:
1654:Technetics Group
1634:EnPro Industries
1592:Francis G. Parks
1567:Horace Fairbanks
1531:Eclipse windmill
1427:
1420:
1413:
1404:
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1320:. Archived from
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1246:. Archived from
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720:Fairbanks Scales
626:Dearborn Station
537:design engines.
438:38D 8-1/8 engine
405:Fairbanks-Morse
264:Market expansion
258:Montreal, Quebec
234:Eclipse windmill
24:
20:
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2007:Fairbanks-Morse
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1841:Fairbanks-Morse
1772:
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1697:North American
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1587:Ephraim Paddock
1582:Lambert Packard
1545:
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1434:Fairbanks-Morse
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1307:Further reading
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1121:"NavSource USS
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1114:
1097:Peck, Merton J.
1095:
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1084:
1076:. p. 603.
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1002:"NavSource USS
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705:Fairbanks Morse
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378:
376:"Z" Engine Line
266:
240:just after the
178:
112:weighing scales
90:
83:
39:Saint Johnsbury
17:
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2019:
2014:
2009:
1992:
1991:
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1968:
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1958:
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511:Whidbey Island
430:opposed piston
418: (SS-383)
410:diesel engines
407:opposed piston
398:
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319:diesel engines
265:
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223:Imperial China
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713:Achates Power
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508:(used in the
507:
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362:Rudolf Diesel
358:
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355:refrigerators
352:
348:
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339:corn shellers
336:
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82:United States
80:
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68:
64:
60:
57:Purchased by
56:
52:
48:
47:United States
44:
40:
37:
33:
29:
25:
19:
1966:Westinghouse
1921:Rhode Island
1896:Mount Savage
1840:
1597:Asa P. Blunt
1470:FM H-12-44TS
1433:
1366:
1357:
1338:
1326:. Retrieved
1322:the original
1317:
1288:
1281:Bibliography
1264:
1252:. Retrieved
1248:the original
1243:
1233:
1224:
1205:
1133:. Retrieved
1128:
1122:
1115:
1103:
1092:
1065:
1059:
1047:. Retrieved
1043:the original
1038:
1014:. Retrieved
1009:
1003:
996:
987:0517-67963-9
971:
964:
947:
941:
914:
908:
899:
889:
880:
870:
861:
854:. Retrieved
850:
840:
826:
814:. Retrieved
810:
801:
789:. Retrieved
777:
768:
728:makes pumps.
725:
719:
707:merged with
704:
692:
677:
669:
660:
656:
642:
638:
630:
595:
575:
567:
562:Train Master
541:
539:
529:
517:
510:
499:
487:
482:
477:
469:World War II
462:
460:through the
450:
442:World War II
423:
415:
379:
359:
323:
294:
275:
227:
187:
136:
107:
106:
78:Headquarters
18:
1941:Schenectady
1766:MotivePower
1442:Locomotives
1328:October 25,
1200:Lamb, p. 99
1186:Lamb, p. 96
1174:Lamb, p. 88
1158:Lamb, p. 85
542:Model 37E16
528:USCGC
518:San Antonio
478:Los Angeles
426:World War I
351:televisions
343:hammermills
331:automobiles
290:velocipedes
286:hand trucks
282:typewriters
132:locomotives
89:Area served
27:Predecessor
2001:Categories
1986:See also:
1976:Willamette
1906:Pittsburgh
1876:Manchester
1806:Bombardier
1724:Brookville
1699:locomotive
1606:Facilities
1510:FM H-24-66
1505:FM P-12-42
1495:FM H-20-44
1490:FM H-16-66
1485:FM H-16-44
1480:FM H-15-44
1475:FM H-12-46
1465:FM H-12-44
1460:FM H-10-44
1254:August 17,
755:References
590:Erie-built
546:T1 tankers
288:, railway
1946:St. Louis
1831:Davenport
1746:Railpower
856:March 27,
786:0362-4331
760:Footnotes
530:Polar Sea
526:(used in
506:Pielstick
416:Pampanito
414:USS
309:in 1893,
246:Australia
242:Civil War
230:Wisconsin
167:Water in
120:windmills
70:Successor
1971:Whitcomb
1956:Tredegar
1931:Richmond
1916:Portland
1701:builders
1500:FM OP800
1216:Kalmbach
1135:March 4,
1049:March 3,
1016:March 3,
956:66-22894
733:See also
622:Santa Fe
500:Hamilton
382:headless
335:tractors
311:coal gas
307:kerosene
207:patented
128:tractors
98:Products
1951:Taunton
1861:Hinkley
1836:Dickson
1801:Baldwin
1789:Alco-GE
1777:Defunct
1751:Siemens
1707:Current
1622:Related
1125:LSD 41"
1106:(1962)
1006:SS-230"
1004:Finback
816:July 9,
791:May 27,
673:Pentair
602:H-20-44
598:H-15-44
586:H-10-44
564:", 1953
533:), and
494:US Navy
485:-, and
483:Seawolf
473:US Navy
463:Seawolf
448:of the
424:During
366:railway
353:, and
254:Chicago
165:Pentair
126:, farm
116:engines
43:Vermont
35:Founded
1961:Vulcan
1936:Rogers
1911:Porter
1901:Norris
1866:Jewett
1821:Climax
1811:Brooks
1756:Wabtec
1714:Alstom
1649:Stemco
1550:People
1345:
1295:
1099:&
1080:
984:
954:
929:
784:
535:M.A.N.
498:USCGC
490:-class
347:cranes
297:naptha
238:Beloit
221:, and
215:Europe
124:radios
49:(1823)
1881:Mason
1856:Grant
1851:Globe
1826:Cooke
1796:Atlas
1110:p.619
863:1914.
571:OP800
502:class
465:class
453:class
326:radio
93:World
61:from
1871:Lima
1784:ALCO
1729:NREC
1343:ISBN
1330:2014
1293:ISBN
1256:2018
1137:2013
1078:ISBN
1051:2013
1018:2013
982:ISBN
952:LCCN
927:ISBN
858:2020
818:2024
793:2020
782:ISSN
709:ALCO
614:Alco
612:and
524:Alco
515:and
488:Ohio
451:Tang
202:hemp
198:plow
54:Fate
1886:MLW
1846:GMD
1816:CLC
1739:EMD
978:290
610:EMD
522:),
481:-,
228:In
2003::
1316:.
1242:.
1214:.
1191:^
1179:^
1163:^
1145:^
1127:.
1072::
1068:.
1037:.
1026:^
1008:.
980:.
921::
917:.
898:.
879:.
860:.
849:.
809:.
776:.
690:.
548:.
349:,
345:,
341:,
337:,
333:,
284:,
217:,
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1683:t
1676:v
1426:e
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1351:.
1332:.
1301:.
1272:.
1258:.
1218:.
1139:.
1086:.
1053:.
1020:.
990:.
958:.
935:.
902:.
883:.
834:.
820:.
795:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
