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in continued ground suppression of air defense crews directly below them. For their leadership and heroism, Kane and
Johnson were awarded the Medal of Honor. Lt. Col. James T. Posey took 21 of the 44th's aircraft on a separate assigned attack run on the Creditul Minier refinery, just south of PloieČti. Although air defense batteries had already heavily engaged the 93rd, Posey's aircraft also received heavy fire from the same emplacements. Maintaining a continued low-level approach into the target area took some of the still heavily laden aircraft through tall grass, and damage was caused by low-level obstructions. Posey and his aircraftâequipped with heavier 1,000 lb (450 kg) bombsâmanaged to find their marks at Creditul Minier without loss to the formation.
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1125:, who had already flown a full tour of duty while stationed in England, also broke formation and led several B-24s to their targets. Hit by flak, they jettisoned their bombs to maintain the lead position of the formation over their target at the Columbia Aquila refinery. Despite heavy losses by the 93rd, Baker and Jerstad maintained course and, once clear, began to climb away. Realizing the aircraft was no longer controllable, they kept climbing to let their crew abandon the aircraft. Although none survived, Baker and Jerstad were posthumously awarded the
873:
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1253:, an important landmark for the plan. Though the group took a wrong turn, Wood's navigator corrected it, and the group continued to their target. The attack on Steaua RomânÄ was more complicated than the others, as it required the group to split into three detachments and hit several objectives. The attack proceeded as rehearsed at Benghazi. The damage caused by the 376th and 389th attacks heavily affected the refinery. The 389th lost four aircraft over the target area, including B-24
245:
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1054:. In the process, Ent and Compton went against the advice of their airplane's navigator and the Halverson Project (HALPRO) veteran Cpt. Harold Wicklund. Now facing disaster, many crews chose to break radio silence and draw attention to the navigational error. Meanwhile, both groups had to face Gerstenberg's extensive air defenses around the Bucharest area in addition to those awaiting them around PloieČti.
1430:, and the Luftwaffe, 89. The Americans lost 53 Liberators (including that landed in Turkey and were interned) and 55 more were damaged. The Romanians claimed 20 confirmed or probable air victories for the loss of one IAR 80B and one Bf 110, plus 15 more claimed by Romanian AA guns. Even if optimistic, the Romanian claims compared favorably with the American sevenfold-plus exaggerations during
1148:, was shot down by a Romanian IAR 80 fighter, which went into a half roll and moved swiftly under the B-24 upside down, raking its belly with bullets. The bomber crashed into PloieČti Women's Prison. Of the 101 civilians killed and 238 injured in this raid, about half died when this three-story building exploded in flames. Forty women survived, but there were no survivors from
1228:" ("the caterpillar"), a disguised flak train. At treetop level, around 50 ft (15 m) above the ground, the 98th would find themselves to the left and the 44th on the right. The advantage, however, would rest with the 98th and 44th, whose gunners quickly responded to the threat, disabling the locomotive and killing multiple air defense crews.
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attacks deemed so important by Smart. Mission leaders deemed these concerns to be less important than maintaining security through radio silence. Although the
Americans' orders would have allowed them to break radio silence to rebuild their formations, the strike proceeded without correction, and this proved costly. While in flight towards
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models, practice raids over a mock-up of the target in the Libyan desert, and practical exercises over a number of secondary targets in July to prove the viability of such a low-level strike. The bombers to be used were re-equipped with bomb-bay fuel tanks to increase their fuel capacity to 3,100 US
1476:
visited PloieČti and Câmpina. Following this visit, it was decided to form a
Special Intervention Corps with the task of responding to attacked areas and reducing the damage caused in future raids. Other passive defense measures were taken, such as forming new camouflaging units based on the German
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only 30 feet over the target area, the detonation of previously dropped bombs had ignited fuel leaking from the B-24. Hughes maintained course for bombardier 2nd Lt. John A. McLoughlin to bomb, and the B-24 subsequently crash-landed in an explosive cartwheel in a river bed. Hughes (who posthumously
1231:
With the effects of the 93rd and 376th's runs causing difficulties locating and bombing their primary targets, both Kane and
Johnson did not deviate from their intended targets, with the aircraft they were leading taking heavy losses in the process. Their low approach even enabled gunners to engage
1434:
and subsequent raids. The system of air victory confirmations of the Royal
Romanian Air Force was stricter than that of the Luftwaffe at the time of the raid. Luftwaffe losses amounted to five aircraft. Another 11 fighters were damaged (two Romanian and nine German), and 19 military personnel were
1000:
mountains, which were shrouded in cloud cover. Although all five groups made the climb around 11,000 ft (3,400 m), the 376th and 93rd, using high power settings, pulled ahead of the trailing formations, causing variations in speed and time which disrupted the synchronization of the group
1223:
of the 44th Bomb Group made their prescribed turn at FloreČti and proceeded to their respective targets at the Astra RomânÄ and
Columbia Aquila refineries. Both groups would find German and Romanian defenses on full alert and faced the full effects of now-raging oil fires, heavy smoke, secondary
643:
in
Alabama concluded that the bombing campaign in PloieČti was "one of the bloodiest and most heroic missions of all time". One of the downed American planes crashed into a female prison in PloieČti, resulting in about half of the civilian casualties from the total of 101 killed and 238 injured.
1422:
flew a reconnaissance mission to PloieČti to record the results of Tidal Wave. Another flight took place on 19 August. Circa
September, the Enemy Oil Committee appraisal of PloieČti bomb damage indicated "...no curtailment of overall product output..." because many of the refineries had been
1410:
for valor were awarded. The Allies estimated a loss of 40% of the refining capacity at the PloieČti refineries, although some refineries were largely untouched. Most of the damage was repaired within weeks, after which the net output of fuel was greater than before the raid. On 3 August, a
934:, enter southwestern Romania, and turn east toward PloieČti. Reaching PloieČti, they were to locate predetermined checkpoints, approach their targets from the north, and strike all targets simultaneously. The five main refineries of PloieČti were designated as targets White 1-5, while the
1144:, encountering heavy smoke over Columbia Aquila, led additional aircraft of the 93rd and successfully dropped their bombs over the Astra RomânÄ, Unirea Orion, and Columbia Aquila refineries. In all, the 93rd lost 11 aircraft over their targets in PloieČti. One of the bombers,
995:
The resulting confusion was compounded by the inability to regain cohesion due to orders to maintain strict radio silence. Ten other aircrews returned to friendly airfields after the incident, and the remaining aircraft faced the 9,000 ft (2,700 m) climb over the
984:, belonging to the 376th Bombardment Group (the lead group, about 40 B-24s) and piloted by Lt. Brian Flavelle, began to fly erratically before plunging into the sea due to an unexplained malfunction. Lt. Guy Iovineâa friend of Flavelle who was piloting aircraft #23
1079:
earlier, were directed to fly at 5,000 m (16,000 ft), as the bombers were expected at high altitude. This error was soon corrected and the fighters were instructed to attack the low-flying bombers. The first contact with the B-24s was made by IAR 80s of
1097:, broke off from the 376th Group's formation and attempted to bomb the refineries alone. Badly hit by flak, the aircraft jettisoned its bombs on an empty factory while trying to escape. Soon after, the damaged bomber was engaged by a Bf 109 of 1./JG4, flown by
909:
Originally the operation was to consist of 154 bombers, but the final number reached 178, with a total of 1,751 aircrew, one of the largest commitments of
American heavy bombers and crewmen up to that time. The planes were to fly from airfields near
1016:
Earlier that day, a German signal station picked up a message from the Ninth Air Force regarding the departure of a large bomber formation. While the destination of the bombers could not be determined, the information was relayed further to other
1248:
The last Tidal Wave attack bombed the Steaua RomânÄ refinery, 8 mi (13 km) northwest of PloieČtiat Câmpina. The 389th attack, led by Col. Jack Wood, ran into some navigation problems as cloud cover made it difficult to spot the
830:'s idea of the low-altitude attack was ultimately accepted. The code name for the mission was Operation Statesman, which was later changed to Operation Soapsuds, and finally to Operation Tidal Wave. In charge of the operation was General
1224:
explosions, and delayed-fuse bombs dropped by Baker's 93rd Bomb Group on their earlier run. Both Kane and
Johnson's approach, parallel to the FloreČti-to-PloieČti railway, had the unfortunate distinction of encountering Gerstenberg's "
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begins in Operation Tidal Wave, where the book's protagonist is one of the many pilots shot down over PloieČti. While parachuting, he feels a curious dizziness, and when landing, he finds himself not in Romania but in a very strange
1423:
operating below maximum capacity. Out of all the bombed refineries, only the Creditul Minier refinery and the Columbia Aquila restarted production in late 1944, while Steaua RomânÄ partially restarted production from January 1944.
1199:. The group of bombers heading to Concordia Vega, led by Lt. Norman Appold, dropped their bombs on a distillation plant of the refinery. At Câmpina, air defenses on overlooking hills were able to fire down into the formation.
1038:, all five groups made the navigational checkpoint 65 mi (105 km) from PloieČti. As planned, the 389th Bomb Group departed for its separate, synchronized approach to the mission target. Continuing from PiteČti, Col.
3114:
216 of the deceased airmen were recovered by the Romanian Government of whom only 27 could be identified; the remainder were buried as Unknowns in the Hero Section of the Civilian and Military Cemetery of Bolovani, PloieČti,
1065:
973:. Large amounts of dust kicked up during takeoff caused limited visibility and strained engines already carrying the burden of large bomb loads and additional fuel. These conditions contributed to the loss of one aircraft,
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694:
and many more small-caliber guns. The latter were concealed in haystacks, railroad cars, and mock buildings. German and Romanian AA artillery at PloieČti consisted of 36 heavy (88 mm) and 16 medium and light
880:
Based on HALPRO's experiences, the planners decided Tidal Wave would be executed by day and that the attacking bombers would approach at low altitude during the last leg of their run to avoid detection by German
339:
714:(21 heavy, 10 medium and light batteries) and the Romanian 7th AA Regiment (15 heavy, 6 medium and light batteries). Half of the manpower of the German 5th Flak Division was Romanian. Additionally,
1383:
Only 88 B-24s returned to Libya, of which 55 had battle damage. Losses included 44 to air defenses and additional B-24s that ditched in the Mediterranean or were interned after landing in neutral
3267:
3237:
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and other commanders were persuaded to continue the air campaign targeting Romania's oil production after Tidal Wave. The objective was set to lower the production by 60â70%. As part of General
1395:. One B-24 with 365 bullet holes in it landed in Libya 14 hours after departing; its survival was due to the light armament of the Bulgarian Avia B-534 (only four 7.92 mm machine guns).
656:
since the 1800s. It was one of the largest producers in Europe, and PloieČti was a major part of that production. The PloieČti oil refineries provided about 30% of all Axis oil production.
811:, who believed that destroying them would deal the "knockout blow" to the German war effort. However, due to a lack of resources for organizing other attacks, the plans were put on hold.
992:, piloted by Lt. John Palm. No survivors were seen, and due to the additional weight of fuel, Iovine was unable to regain altitude to rejoin the formation and resume course to PloieČti.
1319:
332:
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898:, which were operated by the pilot. The ordnance carried by the bombers consisted of 500 lb (230 kg) and 1,000 lb (450 kg) high-explosive bombs, supplemented by
2241:
1500:. Until August 1944, the Royal Romanian Air Force and Romanian flak shot down 223 American and British bombers as well as 36 fighters. Romanian losses amounted to 80 aircraft.
627:, with 53 aircraft and 500 aircrewmen lost. It was proportionally the most costly major Allied air raid of the war, and its date was later referred to as "Black Sunday". Five
325:
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1175:, was also damaged and set on fire after shooting down another B-24. While the pilot was trying to bail out, the IAR collided with the propeller of a B-24, which severed its
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1980:
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1314:
1195:". Most of the 376th B-24s bombed the Steaua RomânÄ refinery at Câmpina from the east, and five headed directly into the already smoldering conflagration over the
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Given the large and unbalanced loss of aircraft and the limited damage to the targets, Operation Tidal Wave is considered a strategic failure by the Allies.
363:
1050:, Compton followed the incorrect railway line for his turn toward PloieČti, setting his group and Lt. Col. Addison Baker's 93rd Bomb Group on a course for
1402:'s partisans in Yugoslavia. Three of the five Medals of Honor (the most for any single air action in history) were awarded posthumously. Additionally, 56
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249:
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commissioned his staff to continue their development. Two plans were conceived: one called for a medium-scale high-altitude attack to be launched from
1207:
771:: 1, 2, 3./JG4 (Bf 109G) and 11./NJG6 (Bf 110). These defenses made PloieČti the third or fourth most heavily defended target in Axis Europe, after
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For the Americans, 310 air crewmen were killed or missing, 108 were captured by the Axis, 78 were interned in Turkey, and four were taken in by
1300:
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632:
680:) attacked PloieČti. Though damage was small, Germany and Romania responded by putting strong anti-aircraft defenses around PloieČti.
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96:
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built one of the heaviest and best-integrated air defense networks in Europe. The defenses included several hundred large-caliber
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On the morning of 1 August 1943, the five groups comprising the strike force began lifting off from their home airfields around
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1918:
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pilots shot down 66 more Western Allied aircraft. Total Western Allied casualties amounted to 1,706 killed and 1,123 captured.
1034:, the B-24s descended to 2,300 ft (700 m) and continued at low altitude. Although now well strung out on approach to
2117:, ANEIR â Foreign Trade Promotion Centre S.A., National Association of Romanian Exporters and Importers (ANEIR), aneir-cpce.ro
3282:
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Pintilie, Dan Ovidiu (2013). "Bombardarea rafinÄriei Brazi a SocietÄĹŁii "Creditul Minier" la 1 august 1943 Či ĂŽn anul 1944".
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For political reasons, the Allied planners decided to avoid the city of PloieČti so that it would not be bombed by accident.
605:
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1179:. Anastasescu, who was thrown clear of the IAR as the airplane crashed in a field, later made a full recovery in hospital.
485:
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1987:
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526:
417:
195:
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635:, along with numerous other awards, went to Operation Tidal Wave crew members. A 1999 research report prepared for the
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32:
849:) was responsible for the overall conduct of the raid. To reach the necessary number of bombers, the partially formed
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758:
653:
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1619:
1110:, being the first B-24 shot down over Romania. The eight surviving crewmen, including Palm, were taken prisoner.
1023:
442:
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2519:
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2986:
Repez, Filofteia (2 April 2011). "O paginÄ din istoria oraČului PloieČti: 1 august 1943 sau duminica neagrÄ".
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used to transport oil to Germany. From May 1944, oil targets became the priority again and several
1188:
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1005:, the bomber formations were detected by German radar. The bombers were also spotted by Bulgarian
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On their way over Bulgaria, the B-24s were intercepted by three fighter groups, ten Bf 109s from
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407:
2619:"IAR 80 nr. 222 pilotat de slt. Carol Anastasescu - Coliziune cu un B 24 - adevÄr sau legendÄ"
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Other losses occurred over Yugoslavia, where two B-24s collided with each other, and over the
1630:
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killed, with another 97 injured. The American Ninth Air Force was expelled from the theatre.
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and 20 mm) anti-aircraft batteries. The heavy batteries were further supplemented by 15
543:
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Through emergency bomb drops on secondary targets, there were casualties at Drenta, Elena,
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received the Medal of Honor) and six crew members were killed, while two gunners and the
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903:
2535:"512th Bombardment Squadron (H) B-24D 41-28294 'Brewery Wagon', 1st Lt. John D. Palm SS"
2242:"Bombardamentul de la 1 august 1943. Amintirile generalului-maior (rtr.) Teodor Temelcu"
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The formation reached the Adriatic Sea without further incident; however, aircraft #28,
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1943 U.S. strategic bombing campaign of oil refineries in PloieČti, Romania during WWII
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were replaced with low-level bombsights and the lead B-24s were also fitted with two
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911:
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226:
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1592:
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988:âdescended from the formation to look for survivors, narrowly missing aircraft
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Columbia Aquila refinery after the bombing, with bomb craters, largely intact.
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bases, while the other called for a massive low-altitude attack launched from
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Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941â1945
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1027:. The American leaders were unaware that the Germans knew of their presence.
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2911:(in Romanian). BrÄila: Editura Istros a Muzeului BrÄilei. pp. 434â437.
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Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving the United States
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of the war. The new fighter aces were personally decorated afterwards by
1296:
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784:
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were deployed. The Axis had 57 fighters within flight range of PloieČti (
617:
2799:
2768:"1943 â Operation Tidalwave, the Low-level bombing of the Ploesti Oil R"
2333:
593:
86:
54:
3152:
2969:"OperaČiunea "Pointblank" Či ieČirea României din rÄzboi (1943 â 1944)"
1507:
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1353:
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1006:
977:, during takeoff, but 177 of the planned 178 aircraft departed safely.
931:
886:
754:
750:
746:
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1955:
1035:
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620:. The mission resulted in "no curtailment of overall product output".
82:
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803:
The case for targeting Romania's oil refineries was set forth at the
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437:
2381:
Video: American Bombers Smash Axis Oil Fields In Romania Etc. (1943)
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Flames from the distillation plant of Steaua RomânÄ after the raid.
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Ploesti 1943: The great raid on Hitler's Romanian oil refineries
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model, while the air defenses of the region were also improved.
1240:
3268:
World War II aerial operations and battles of the Eastern Front
3238:
Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving Germany
3233:
Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving Romania
3201:
1699:
1392:
1384:
1031:
997:
865:). Due to the distance involved, all the bombers employed were
776:
772:
734:
3119:, Romania. As of 2023, 52 unknown airmen have been identified.
3028:
The Axis Air Forces: Flying in Support of the German Luftwaffe
2434:"ModificÄri ale avioanelor B 24 pentru OperaČiunea Tidal Wave"
710:
The defenses were divided between two regiments of the German
1835:
Fortress Ploesti: The Campaign to Destroy Hitler's Oil Supply
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1364:
1010:
939:
919:
882:
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783:, and thus the most heavily defended Axis target outside the
623:
This operation was one of the costliest for the USAAF in the
585:
347:
90:
1978:
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1802:'s oil infrastructure named after the failed WW2 operation.
1426:
The Royal Romanian Air Force carried out 59 sorties during
1215:
With the 93rd and 376th engaged over the target area, Col.
1202:
780:
3088:"OfiČer Echipaj Cl. aâII-a, Lt. Av. Georgescu A. Pompiliu"
2482:
2480:
2164:
2162:
2160:
1948:"The Truth about the Alleged Wrong Turn during Tidal Wave"
965:
Approximate route of flight to PloieČti on August 1, 1943.
3273:
Battles and operations of World War II involving Bulgaria
2568:
2566:
2282:
MoroČanu, Teodor Liviu; Melinte, Dan (30 November 2010).
2009:
2007:
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3006:
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2495:
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2157:
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Noticing the navigation error, Lt. John Palm, piloting
2988:
Buletinul UniversitÄČii NaČionale de ApÄrare "CAROL I"
2563:
2004:
1604:
2344:
2266:
Volume 1 (Tragic Victories), Book II (The Big League)
2048:
1866:
Ploesti: The Great Ground-Air Battle of 1 August 1943
1862:
1498:
air attacks were conducted on the Romanian refineries
3049:
2862:
2821:"Airman Accounted For From World War II (Gotts, H.)"
2492:
2462:
2221:
1508:
Ninth Air Force and Eighth Air Force order of battle
1356:
were awarded a month later from the German embassy.
853:
from England provided three additional bomb groups (
3157:(1st ed.). Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing.
814:The plans were resumed in April 1943, when General
2882:
2128:
1042:and Gen. Ent made a costly navigational error. At
1981:"Estimated Refinery Output in Axis Europe â 1943"
1337:Hristo Krastev, gained their first kills for the
1187:Air defenses were heavy over the 376th's target (
885:. Training included extensive review of detailed
3214:
2658:
1580:("Sky Scorpions"), Col. Jack W. Wood°°, 2nd Lt.
1363:, where five B-24s were shot down by Bf 109s of
3278:Military history of Romania during World War II
2938:"Efectele bombardamentelor asupra rafinÄriilor"
2281:
1781:world, where the rest of the plot takes place.
1492:, the raids restarted in April 1944, initially
914:. They were to cross the Mediterranean and the
2595:
2593:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1235:
1191:), and Gen. Ent instructed Compton to attack "
1183:Concordia Vega and first Steaua RomânÄ attacks
906:varying in time from 45 seconds to six hours.
876:A formation of B-24s in Libya on 20 July 1943.
3228:Aerial operations and battles of World War II
2205:
2203:
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2199:
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2191:
2189:
1974:
1972:
668:88 mm anti-aircraft gun battery near PloieČti
333:
305:11 fighters damaged (2 Romanian and 9 German)
2792:"Operation Tidal Wave â The Ploesti Mission"
2740:Slovakian and Bulgarian Aces of World War II
2259:
2257:
2255:
737:fighters). For the defense of PloieČti, the
2590:
2362:"Operation Tidal Wave Takes Aim at Ploesti"
1902:
1075:The Romanian and German fighters, although
890:gallons (12,000 L). Additionally, the
3258:Battles of World War II involving Bulgaria
2277:
2275:
2186:
2079:"Raport Subsecretariat de Stat al Aerului"
1969:
1106:. The bomber crash-landed in a field near
351:Romanian military actions in World War II
340:
326:
186:
3303:BulgariaâUnited States military relations
3223:Battles of World War II involving Romania
2967:Corneanu, Constantin (28 November 2016).
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2065:
2063:
172:
158:
3298:GermanyâUnited States military relations
3293:RomaniaâUnited States military relations
3141:
2966:
2954:
2901:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2168:
2126:
2013:
1952:The Awesome Low Level Attack on PloieČti
1374:
1239:
1211:The attack on the Astra RomânÄ refinery.
1206:
1203:Astra RomânÄ and Columbia Aquila attacks
1061:
960:
871:
794:
663:
3150:
2880:
2737:
2572:
2359:
2327:
2325:
2272:
2180:
2054:
1863:Dugan, James; Stewart, Carroll (2002).
1858:
1856:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
3215:
3171:
3055:
3024:
3012:
2925:
2868:
2704:
2692:
2680:
2501:
2486:
2471:
2407:Rooney, Andrew A. (23 November 1943).
2406:
2305:
2303:
2227:
2060:
1941:
1939:
1798:, a US-led military operation against
3128:October and August 1944, respectively
2985:
2772:Air Force Historical Support Division
2647:
2583:
2581:
2240:TurturicÄ, Sorin (19 February 2020).
1986:. Enemy Oil Committee. Archived from
1979:Western Axis Subcommittee (c. 1943).
1831:
321:
2322:
1853:
1812:
1046:, halfway to the next checkpoint at
956:
659:
580:was an air attack by bombers of the
312:101 civilians killed and 238 injured
3263:Military operations of World War II
2992:Carol I National Defence University
2300:
1936:
1605:Romanian and German order of battle
13:
2881:Maclean, Steve (1 February 2017).
2578:
2211:"Cronologie OperaČiune Tidal Wave"
1791:Bombing of Romania in World War II
733:, plus assorted types of Romanian
476:Western Allied Campaign in Romania
33:Western Allied Campaign in Romania
14:
3314:
3194:
2848:Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency
2827:. August 12, 2019. Archived from
2825:Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency
2284:Romanian Fighter Colors 1941-1945
1494:attacking the rail infrastructure
533:As part of the Allies (1944â1945)
3200:
3067:
2331:
2309:
1945:
1649:Escadrila 51 VânÄtoare de Noapte
1273:
1219:of the 98th Bomb Group and Col.
942:was designated target Blue, and
765:). The Germans had another four
364:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
298:190 aircrew captured or interned
243:
232:
220:
209:
188:
174:
160:
146:
39:
3135:
3122:
3108:
3094:(in Romanian). 12 October 2019.
3080:
3070:"Jagdabschnittsfßhrer Rumänien"
3061:
3018:
2979:
2960:
2895:
2874:
2835:
2813:
2784:
2760:
2731:
2629:
2611:
2545:
2527:
2507:
2444:
2426:
2409:"He Won Highest American Award"
2400:
2372:
2233:
2120:
2101:
2089:
1578:389th Bombardment Group (Heavy)
1531:376th Bombardment Group (Heavy)
790:
654:major power in the oil industry
647:
380:As part of the Axis (1941â1944)
2557:American Air Museum in Britain
2520:American Air Museum in Britain
2268:. Airpower. pp. 157, 161.
2096:Romanian Oil Industry: History
2019:
1889:
1832:Stout, Jay A (November 2003).
1564:93rd Bombardment Group (Heavy)
1554:44th Bombardment Group (Heavy)
1521:98th Bombardment Group (Heavy)
1352:, the first time in 25 years.
55:PloieČti Astra RomânÄ refinery
1:
3179:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
2705:McLain, James (Summer 2013).
1838:. p. 318. Archived from
1806:
1757:
1556:("Flying Eight Balls"), Col.
1404:Distinguished Service Crosses
1132:Maj. Ramsay D. Potts, flying
633:Distinguished Service Crosses
582:United States Army Air Forces
296:310 aircrew killed or missing
3283:Oil campaign of World War II
2601:"Slt. av. Carol Anastasescu"
2098:, Romanian Consulate, Boston
1919:"When Heroes Filled The Sky"
1464:
1387:. Some were diverted to the
1159:, IAR 80B no. 222, flown by
1155:The aircraft that shot down
1117:aircraft, flown by Lt. Col.
1009:, which took off to protect
676:of the "Halverson project" (
278:16 light/medium AA batteries
7:
2718:Air Force Museum Foundation
2587:Dugan & Stewart. p. 127
2416:Second Air Division Journal
2360:McGowan, Sam (2015-08-07).
2027:"The Hall of Valor Project"
1784:
1599:Distinguished Service Cross
1566:("Flying Circus"), Lt.Col.
1236:Second Steaua RomânÄ attack
950:was designated target Red.
600:, on 1 August 1943, during
57:during Operation Tidal Wave
53:during a bomb run over the
10:
3319:
3253:Battles involving Bulgaria
3146:. London: Arms and Armour.
2944:(in Romanian). 2023-05-17.
2707:"Tidal Wave Recollections"
2643:(in Romanian). 2023-03-10.
2625:(in Romanian). 2021-07-03.
2607:(in Romanian). 2020-08-25.
2515:"41-24294 - Brewery Wagon"
2440:(in Romanian). 2023-01-26.
2264:Jablonski, Edward (1971).
2217:(in Romanian). 2023-04-04.
2085:(in Romanian). 2023-05-17.
1620:Jagdfliegerfßhrer Rumänien
1290:, and 10 Avia B-534s from
1057:
1024:Jagdfliegerfßhrer Rumänien
918:, pass near the island of
799:The refineries of PloieČti
2366:warfarehistorynetwork.com
2286:. MMPBooks. p. 176.
2031:The Hall of Valor Project
1370:
1270:became prisoners of war.
1030:As they were passing the
606:strategic bombing mission
359:
311:
303:(2 Romanian and 5 German)
284:
262:
202:
139:
61:
38:
30:
25:
3288:PloieČti in World War II
3101:
2843:"Recently accounted for"
2135:(1 ed.). New York:
936:Creditul Minier refinery
896:.50-caliber machine guns
847:376th Bombardment Groups
739:Royal Romanian Air Force
3151:Schultz, Duane (2007).
3142:Axworthy, Mark (1995).
2884:"South African Mossies"
2553:"42-40994 Hell's Wench"
2334:"Nachtjagdgeschwader 6"
2127:Atkinson, Rick (2013).
1796:Operation Tidal Wave II
1458:, Lom, and Oak-Tulovo.
1197:Concordia Vega refinery
741:had aircraft from five
292:(35 claimed in Romania)
3025:Joseph, Frank (2011).
2738:Rajlich, JiĹĂ (2004).
2131:The Guns at Last Light
1743:Escadrila 45 VânÄtoare
1722:Escadrila 62 VânÄtoare
1717:Escadrila 61 VânÄtoare
1684:Escadrila 53 VânÄtoare
1380:
1315:Tschudomir Toplodolski
1245:
1212:
1193:targets of opportunity
1121:and his co-pilot Maj.
1072:
966:
902:. All were armed with
877:
800:
669:
641:Maxwell Air Force Base
307:19 dead and 97 wounded
203:Commanders and leaders
2668:airandspaceforces.com
2539:aircrewremembered.com
2452:"retrieved 2010-4-30"
2246:culoriletrecutului.ro
1762:The plot of the 1966
1631:Nachtjagdgeschwader 6
1533:("Liberandos"), Gen.
1523:("Pyramiders"), Col.
1413:de Havilland Mosquito
1378:
1346:Boris III of Bulgaria
1243:
1210:
1070:
964:
875:
805:Casablanca Conference
798:
667:
285:Casualties and losses
276:36 heavy AA batteries
273:(162 over the target)
3209:at Wikimedia Commons
3207:Operation Tidal Wave
2905:Armata Či mass-media
1582:Lloyd Herbert Hughes
1482:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1259:Lloyd Herbert Hughes
1071:Newsreel of the raid
904:delayed action fuses
578:Operation Tidal Wave
301:7 fighters destroyed
26:Operation Tidal Wave
2990:(in Romanian) (2).
2957:, pp. 310â311.
2662:(1 December 2007).
1779:alternative history
1732:Flotila 3 VânÄtoare
1696:Flotila 2 VânÄtoare
1339:Bulgarian Air Force
1257:, flown by 2nd Lt.
1177:vertical stabilizer
1129:for these actions.
652:Romania had been a
616:-based fuel to the
108: /
2637:"Trenul german AA"
2386:Universal Newsreel
2312:"Jagdgeschwader 4"
2113:2016-03-03 at the
1774:Philip Jose Farmer
1738:Grupul 4 VânÄtoare
1706:Grupul 6 VânÄtoare
1381:
1246:
1213:
1086:at 11:50 AM, near
1083:Grupul 6 VânÄtoare
1073:
967:
878:
801:
703:stations used for
688:Alfred Gerstenberg
670:
527:2nd JassyâKishinev
512:1st JassyâKishinev
502:DnieperâCarpathian
290:53 B-24s destroyed
239:Alfred Gerstenberg
3205:Media related to
3173:Zaloga, Steven J.
3015:, pp. 85â87.
2942:iar80flyagain.org
2744:Osprey Publishing
2641:iar80flyagain.org
2623:iar80flyagain.org
2605:iar80flyagain.org
2438:iar80flyagain.org
2293:978-83-89450-90-6
2215:iar80flyagain.org
2183:, pp. 64â65.
2150:978-0-8050-6290-8
2083:iar80flyagain.org
1946:Fili, William J.
1166:Carol Anastasescu
1104:Wilhelm Steinmann
1068:
1021:units, including
957:Flight to Romania
930:, cross southern
922:, cross over the
892:Norden bombsights
832:Lewis H. Brereton
809:Winston Churchill
745:(Squadrons): 61 (
712:5th Flak Division
672:In June 1942, 13
660:Axis air defenses
608:and part of the "
584:(USAAF) based in
572:
571:
316:
315:
250:Gheorghe Jienescu
216:Lewis H. Brereton
135:
134:
112:44.933°N 26.017°E
3310:
3204:
3190:
3168:
3147:
3129:
3126:
3120:
3112:
3096:
3095:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2934:
2923:
2922:
2910:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2831:on 27 June 2019.
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2798:. Archived from
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2716:. Dayton, Ohio:
2711:
2702:
2696:
2695:, p. 45â46.
2690:
2684:
2683:, p. 64â66.
2678:
2672:
2671:
2660:Boyne, Walter J.
2656:
2645:
2644:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2597:
2588:
2585:
2576:
2570:
2561:
2560:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2490:
2489:, p. 41â44.
2484:
2475:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2413:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2357:
2342:
2341:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2279:
2270:
2269:
2261:
2250:
2249:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2207:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2155:
2154:
2134:
2124:
2118:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2075:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1954:. Archived from
1943:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1923:homeofheroes.com
1915:
1900:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1829:
1769:The Gate of Time
1662:Jagdgeschwader 4
1568:Addison E. Baker
1548:Eighth Air Force
1539:Keith K. Compton
1469:After the raid,
1350:Order of Bravery
1323:
1309:
1261:. After hits to
1189:Româno-Americana
1174:
1069:
1040:Keith K. Compton
924:Pindus Mountains
900:incendiary bombs
851:Eighth Air Force
720:barrage balloons
716:smoke generators
625:European Theater
354:
352:
342:
335:
328:
319:
318:
294:55 B-24s damaged
258:
248:
247:
237:
236:
225:
224:
214:
213:
198:
194:
192:
191:
184:
180:
178:
177:
170:
166:
164:
163:
152:
150:
149:
123:
122:
120:
119:
118:
113:
109:
106:
105:
104:
101:
63:
62:
43:
23:
22:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3213:
3212:
3197:
3187:
3165:
3138:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3068:Holm, Michael.
3066:
3062:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3035:. p. 174.
3023:
3019:
3011:
3007:
2984:
2980:
2965:
2961:
2953:
2949:
2936:
2935:
2926:
2919:
2908:
2900:
2896:
2879:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2805:
2803:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2776:
2774:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2720:
2714:Friends Journal
2709:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2657:
2648:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2599:
2598:
2591:
2586:
2579:
2571:
2564:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2500:
2493:
2485:
2478:
2470:
2463:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2411:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2389:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2358:
2345:
2332:Holm, Michael.
2330:
2323:
2310:Holm, Michael.
2308:
2301:
2294:
2280:
2273:
2262:
2253:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2209:
2208:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2167:
2158:
2151:
2125:
2121:
2115:Wayback Machine
2106:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2077:
2076:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2005:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1977:
1970:
1961:
1959:
1944:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1903:
1894:
1890:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1861:
1854:
1845:
1843:
1830:
1813:
1809:
1787:
1764:science fiction
1760:
1607:
1572:John L. Jerstad
1558:Leon W. Johnson
1515:Ninth Air Force
1510:
1467:
1373:
1331:Stoyan Stoyanov
1317:
1303:
1276:
1251:Dealu Monastery
1238:
1221:Leon W. Johnson
1205:
1185:
1168:
1138:George S. Brown
1123:John L. Jerstad
1062:
1060:
959:
912:Benghazi, Libya
867:B-24 Liberators
839:Ninth Air Force
816:Henry H. Arnold
793:
674:B-24 Liberators
662:
650:
637:Air War College
629:Medals of Honor
575:
574:
573:
568:
559:BratislavaâBrno
355:
350:
348:
346:
306:
304:
302:
297:
295:
293:
291:
279:
277:
272:
252:
242:
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116:
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107:
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99:
97:
95:
94:
93:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3316:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3248:1943 in Europe
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3211:
3210:
3196:
3195:External links
3193:
3192:
3191:
3185:
3169:
3164:978-1594160516
3163:
3148:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3130:
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3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3079:
3060:
3048:
3041:
3017:
3005:
2978:
2975:(in Romanian).
2959:
2947:
2924:
2917:
2894:
2873:
2861:
2834:
2812:
2783:
2759:
2752:
2746:. p. 75.
2730:
2697:
2685:
2673:
2646:
2628:
2610:
2589:
2577:
2575:, p. 133.
2562:
2544:
2526:
2506:
2491:
2476:
2461:
2443:
2425:
2399:
2371:
2343:
2321:
2299:
2292:
2271:
2251:
2248:(in Romanian).
2232:
2220:
2185:
2173:
2171:, p. 313.
2156:
2149:
2119:
2100:
2088:
2059:
2057:, p. xii.
2047:
2035:Military Times
2018:
2016:, p. 311.
2003:
1968:
1935:
1901:
1899:-3, pp. 31â47"
1888:
1876:978-1574885101
1875:
1852:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1793:
1786:
1783:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1713:, with IAR 80
1692:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1669:, with Bf 109
1657:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1638:, with Bf 110
1606:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1593:Medal of Honor
1588:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1575:
1561:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1528:
1509:
1506:
1466:
1463:
1452:Veliko Tarnovo
1372:
1369:
1294:. The pilots,
1275:
1272:
1237:
1234:
1204:
1201:
1184:
1181:
1127:Medal of Honor
1059:
1056:
958:
955:
828:Jacob E. Smart
792:
789:
731:night fighters
701:WĂźrzburg radar
692:88mm flak guns
661:
658:
649:
646:
590:oil refineries
570:
569:
567:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
535:
534:
530:
529:
524:
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117:44.933; 26.017
77:
75:
71:
70:
67:
59:
58:
47:B-24 Liberator
36:
35:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3315:
3304:
3301:
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3259:
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3254:
3251:
3249:
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3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3188:
3186:9781472831965
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3154:Into The Fire
3149:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3107:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3058:, p. 13.
3057:
3052:
3044:
3042:9780313395901
3038:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3021:
3014:
3009:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2955:Axworthy 1995
2951:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2920:
2918:9786066540865
2914:
2907:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2885:
2877:
2871:, p. 80.
2870:
2865:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2838:
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2826:
2822:
2816:
2802:on 2011-05-14
2801:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2755:
2753:9781841766522
2749:
2745:
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2554:
2548:
2540:
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2530:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2510:
2504:, p. 45.
2503:
2498:
2496:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2474:, p. 38.
2473:
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2243:
2236:
2230:, p. 21.
2229:
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2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
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2169:Axworthy 1995
2165:
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2028:
2022:
2015:
2014:Axworthy 1995
2010:
2008:
1993:on 2009-03-27
1989:
1982:
1975:
1973:
1958:on 1999-09-02
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1940:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1898:
1892:
1878:
1872:
1869:. Brassey's.
1868:
1867:
1859:
1857:
1842:on 2010-06-22
1841:
1837:
1836:
1828:
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1811:
1801:
1800:Islamic State
1797:
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1775:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1749:, with IAR 80
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1162:Sublocotenent
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1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
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1096:
1095:Brewery Wagon
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990:Brewery Wagon
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944:Steaua RomânÄ
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507:UmanâBotoČani
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
492:Kerch-Eltigen
490:
487:
483:
482:
477:
474:
472:
471:
470:Little Saturn
467:
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154:United States
144:
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130:
127:
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92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:
72:
69:1 August 1943
68:
65:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
42:
37:
34:
29:
24:
19:
3176:
3153:
3143:
3136:Bibliography
3124:
3110:
3091:
3082:
3073:
3063:
3051:
3027:
3020:
3008:
2987:
2981:
2972:
2962:
2950:
2941:
2904:
2897:
2888:
2876:
2864:
2852:. Retrieved
2846:
2837:
2829:the original
2815:
2804:. Retrieved
2800:the original
2796:airartnw.com
2795:
2786:
2775:. Retrieved
2771:
2762:
2739:
2733:
2721:. Retrieved
2713:
2700:
2688:
2676:
2667:
2664:"Tidal Wave"
2640:
2631:
2622:
2613:
2604:
2573:Schultz 2007
2556:
2547:
2538:
2529:
2518:
2509:
2455:
2446:
2437:
2428:
2419:
2415:
2402:
2392:February 21,
2390:. Retrieved
2380:
2374:
2365:
2337:
2315:
2283:
2265:
2245:
2235:
2223:
2214:
2181:Schultz 2007
2176:
2130:
2122:
2103:
2091:
2082:
2055:Schultz 2007
2050:
2038:. Retrieved
2030:
2021:
1995:. Retrieved
1988:the original
1960:. Retrieved
1956:the original
1951:
1926:. Retrieved
1922:
1891:
1880:. Retrieved
1865:
1844:. Retrieved
1840:the original
1834:
1767:
1761:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1721:
1716:
1704:
1695:
1694:
1682:
1660:
1648:
1629:
1618:
1613:Luftflotte 4
1611:
1610:
1546:
1525:John R. Kane
1513:
1501:
1479:
1468:
1460:
1448:Boychinovtsi
1437:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1408:Silver Stars
1397:
1389:RAF airfield
1382:
1358:
1354:Iron Crosses
1334:
1325:
1311:
1301:Peter Bochev
1295:
1277:
1263:Ole Kickapoo
1262:
1255:Ole Kickapoo
1254:
1247:
1230:
1225:
1217:John R. Kane
1214:
1186:
1160:
1157:Jose Carioca
1156:
1154:
1150:Jose Carioca
1149:
1146:Jose Carioca
1145:
1141:
1133:
1131:
1115:Hell's Wench
1114:
1112:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1081:
1074:
1029:
1022:
1018:
1015:
994:
989:
986:Desert Lilly
985:
981:
979:
974:
968:
952:
916:Adriatic Sea
908:
879:
836:
813:
802:
791:Mission plan
766:
742:
709:
705:fire control
681:
671:
651:
648:Preparations
622:
610:oil campaign
602:World War II
577:
576:
522:LublinâBrest
480:
479:
469:
463:Winter Storm
462:
455:
443:
396:
140:Belligerents
131:Axis victory
81:refineries:
50:
18:
3056:Zaloga 2019
3013:Zaloga 2019
2869:Zaloga 2019
2854:21 February
2723:October 31,
2693:Zaloga 2019
2681:Zaloga 2019
2502:Zaloga 2019
2487:Zaloga 2019
2472:Zaloga 2019
2228:Zaloga 2019
1928:14 February
1641:11./NJG6 â
1535:Uzal G. Ent
1486:Carl Spaatz
1420:60 Squadron
1335:Podporuchik
1318: [
1304: [
1297:Podporuchik
1288:Bozhurishte
1284:Avia B-534s
1169: [
1136:, and Maj.
1134:The Duchess
1007:Avia B-534s
982:Wongo Wongo
785:Third Reich
618:Axis powers
604:. It was a
280:57 fighters
253: [
227:Uzal G. Ent
115: /
3217:Categories
2806:2005-09-27
2777:2018-01-24
2139:. p.
2137:Henry Holt
1997:2009-03-21
1962:2008-10-28
1882:2009-03-26
1846:2009-02-04
1807:References
1758:In fiction
1647:12./NJG6 (
1597:°°Awarded
1432:Tidal Wave
1428:Tidal Wave
1361:Ionian Sea
1292:Vrashdebna
1268:bombardier
1044:TârgoviČte
932:Yugoslavia
887:sand table
826:. Colonel
761:) and 51 (
697:37 mm
612:" to deny
481:Tidal Wave
450:Stalingrad
418:Sevastopol
3092:iar80.org
3000:2065-8281
2456:lipper.cc
1591:°Awarded
1537:°°, Col.
1502:Luftwaffe
1465:Aftermath
1348:with the
1226:Die Raupe
1152:'s crew.
1140:, aboard
1100:Hauptmann
1077:scrambled
1052:Bucharest
1019:Luftwaffe
743:Escadrile
683:Luftwaffe
614:petroleum
486:Bucharest
444:Edelweiss
391:ConstanČa
386:Bucharest
3175:(2019).
3033:ABC-Clio
2973:aesgs.ro
2889:Key.Aero
2111:Archived
2040:1 August
1785:See also
1681:4./JG4 (
1636:ZiliČtea
1570:°, Maj.
1480:General
1327:Poruchik
1108:TÄtÄrani
1088:SÄbÄreni
1048:FloreČti
1003:Bulgaria
975:Kickapoo
971:Benghazi
768:Staffeln
686:General
594:PloieČti
588:on nine
554:Budapest
549:Debrecen
263:Strength
196:Bulgaria
87:PloieČti
79:Romanian
74:Location
31:Part of
3117:Prahova
2994:: 313.
2422:(2): 3.
2108:HISTORY
1747:TârgČor
1653:Otopeni
1643:Otopeni
1624:Otopeni
1471:Marshal
1456:Plovdiv
1415:of the
1406:and 41
1312:Kapitan
1282:, four
1280:Karlovo
1142:Queenie
1058:Attacks
1036:PiteČti
948:Câmpina
928:Albania
779:or the
763:Bf 110C
759:Bf 109G
757:), 53 (
755:IAR 80C
753:), 45 (
751:IAR 80B
749:), 62 (
747:IAR 80A
718:and 23
631:and 56
598:Romania
592:around
497:Dnieper
433:Kharkov
397:MĂźnchen
374:Treznea
182:Germany
168:Romania
100:44°56â˛N
83:Câmpina
51:Sandman
49:called
3183:
3161:
3074:ww2.dk
3039:
2998:
2915:
2750:
2388:. 1943
2338:ww2.dk
2316:ww2.dk
2290:
2147:
1873:
1766:novel
1711:Pipera
1700:Pipera
1678:3./JG4
1675:2./JG4
1672:1./JG4
1393:Cyprus
1385:Turkey
1371:Result
1333:, and
1032:Danube
998:Pindus
861:, and
820:Syrian
777:Vienna
773:Berlin
735:IAR 80
728:Bf 110
724:Bf 109
678:HALPRO
564:Prague
544:PÄuliČ
517:Crimea
456:Uranus
423:Rostov
408:Odessa
369:Diosig
193:
179:
165:
151:
128:Result
103:26°1â˛E
3102:Notes
2909:(PDF)
2710:(PDF)
2412:(PDF)
1991:(PDF)
1984:(PDF)
1897:AAFRH
1667:Mizil
1440:Byala
1365:JG 27
1322:]
1308:]
1286:from
1173:]
1119:Baker
1011:Sofia
946:from
940:Brazi
938:from
920:Corfu
883:radar
863:389th
824:Libya
586:Libya
539:Turda
428:Kerch
270:B-24s
257:]
91:Brazi
3181:ISBN
3159:ISBN
3037:ISBN
2996:ISSN
2913:ISBN
2856:2024
2748:ISBN
2725:2017
2394:2012
2288:ISBN
2145:ISBN
2042:2018
1930:2024
1871:ISBN
1651:) â
1628:IV./
1490:plan
1444:Ruse
1417:SAAF
1400:Tito
1343:Tsar
1113:The
859:93rd
855:44th
845:and
843:98th
837:The
781:Ruhr
775:and
438:Blue
413:Azov
403:Uman
268:177
66:Date
2141:354
1772:by
1659:I./
1488:'s
1391:on
926:in
807:by
639:at
3219::
3090:.
3072:.
3031:.
2971:.
2940:.
2927:^
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2666:.
2649:^
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2555:.
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2494:^
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2464:^
2454:.
2436:.
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2143:.
2081:.
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2033:.
2029:.
2006:^
1971:^
1950:.
1938:^
1921:.
1904:^
1855:^
1814:^
1745:â
1709:â
1665:â
1634:â
1617:â
1541:°°
1454:,
1450:,
1446:,
1442:,
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1320:bg
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1965:.
1932:.
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1687:)
1584:°
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1527:°
841:(
695:(
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334:t
327:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
