Operation Fritham - Knowledge

1417: 1182: 1173:, to reconnoitre the settlements on the island and survey a possible convoy route to the islands along the edge of the polar ice between Jan Mayen and Svalbard, to check on the icing in the fiords of Spitsbergen and look for signs of German occupation. Isfjorden was bathed in sunshine when the Catalina arrived and Sverdrup and Glen could see the coal dumps at Grumantbayen and Barentsburg smouldering from the Operation Gauntlet demolitions but no smoke over Longyearbyen. No footprints or other signs of habitation could be seen in the snow around the settlements; Sverdrup and Glen reported that the islands were uninhabited and that a landing would be unopposed. The 2,500 mi (4,000 km) round-trip from Sullom Voe took 26 hours, at an unusually early time of year for flights so far north. 1661: 51: 1325: 1402:, arms, ammunition, food, clothes and the wireless had been lost. Barentsburg was only a few hundred yards across the ice and the evacuation during Operation Gauntlet eight months earlier, had left the houses untouched. Plenty of food was found because it was the Svalbard custom to stock up before winter and a larder of flour, butter, coffee, tea, sugar and mushrooms was soon assembled. During Gauntlet, the local swine herd has been slaughtered but the arctic cold had preserved the meat and wild duck could be plundered for eggs. An infirmary was also found for the wounded, which was still stocked with dressings. 1752: 168: 1042: 1245: 1497:"). The parties could not conceal their ski tracks at Coles Valley but criss-crossed them to mislead the Germans and returned to Barentsburg unharmed, certain that the Germans were not numerous enough to attack. The wounded looked forward to the arrival of a Catalina. A signal station was established in a hut north of Barentsburg close to Cape Heer and the mouth of Green Harbour, in anticipation of the British aircraft flying down Isfjorden. The three watchers had shelter, warmth and a convenient mine entrance for a bolthole. An 591: 1208:

taxiing back and forth, compacting snow under the wheels but not causing ruts. At first it took full power to move but after six runs it was possible to attempt to take off; there was a river terrace below the end of the strip and falling off this gave the Heinkel enough speed to remain airborne. An icy wind blew through the holes in the cockpit glazing, the starboard engine began to lose oil and the wireless broke down but the aircraft reached Banak; the bullet damage was found to be worse than thought.

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side, another result of Operation Gauntlet. At the edge of the settlement, two masts and tracks around nearby buildings were seen; the pilot followed ski tracks along the valley and spotted a He 111 with people around it. The Catalina gunners fired 1,500 rounds and claimed the destruction of the bomber; the gunners also reported that they hit some of the men and a hut. To conserve fuel, the British broke off, headed home and cancelled the look at Bear Island. The aircraft reached North Unst in

154: 940: 1076:, a branch of Krossfjord in the north-western Spitsbergen. Aircraft landings were riskier in winter, when the landing ground or an ice-covered bay was frozen solid, because soft snow on top could pile up in front of the wheels of the aircraft and jerk it to a stop or prevent it from reaching take-off speed when departing. The blanket of snow could also cover holes, into which a wheel could fall, potentially to damage the undercarriage or propeller. 1034:(Longyear Town) was close by. A north-west to south-east airstrip with dimensions of about 1,800 by 250 yd (1,650 by 230 m) was marked out, which was firm when dry and hard when frozen but liable to become boggy after rain and the spring thaw. The Germans used the Hans Lund Hut as a control room and wireless station, the Inner Hjorthamn Hut to the south-east being prepared as a substitute. The site was given the code name 1643:, containing details of the situation of Fritham Force, whether reinforcements would achieve the objectives of the operation, an assessment of the German strength on the island and the likelihood of the personnel being replaced by an automatic weather station, to the Director of Naval Intelligence. The Admiralty decided to terminate Fritham and begin Operation Gearbox, a Norwegian venture supplied by the navy and co-ordinated with 142: 1703: 767: 861: 1578: 1311:

rest of the voyage. Glen and Godfrey flew to Akureyri by Catalina, rendezvoused with the expedition and the ships sailed on 8 May, with a copy of the ice report made after the reconnaissance flight three days earlier. The ships had to take a more easterly course than intended but were able to hug the polar ice, with little risk of being seen by an aircraft once north-east of Jan Mayen.

1481: 1867:(toad), a nickname for an automatic, unmanned weather station, containing a thermometer, barometer and a radio powered by nickel-cadmium batteries to transmit data. The first type used in 1942 was compact and could be carried by an aircraft. A 1943 model had a longer-range aerial and was small enough to be delivered by the torpedo-tube of a U-boat. 1713:

and sighting reports, protected Wharman and his apparatus for research into the ionosphere and prepared to attack German weather stations wherever they could be found. The survivors of Operation Fritham provided excellent local knowledge and with the arrival of the Gearbox personnel, could do more than subsist and dodge attacks by German aircraft.

960:(25 August – 3 September 1941) the British had expected the Germans to occupy Svalbard as a base for attacks on Arctic convoys. The Germans were more interested in meteorological data, the Arctic being the origin of much of the weather over western Europe. By August 1941, the Allies had eliminated German weather stations on Greenland, 1720:(Hopen) another 100 nmi (190 km; 120 mi) and follow the edge of the polar ice as far as possible before turning to Grasnaya on the Kola Inlet or Lake Lakhta near Archangelsk in north Russia. After resting, the crew were to fly the aircraft back to where they had left off, fly to a point halfway between 1548:

streamers and be filled with items hard to break. Carrying the extra weight along with the fuel for such long flights led the crew to dump everything not essential, including their parachutes. The crew expected that the party would be eating frozen food and packed medical supplies, clothing and creature comforts, a

1088:("toad"), an automatic weather station connected to a long-range radio. As soon as weather permitted, it was to be flown to Bansö and the Moll party brought back. It took until 12 May for a favourable weather report to reach Banak and a He 111 and a Ju 88 were sent with supplies and the technicians to install the 608:. The islands are mountainous, with permanently snow-covered peaks, some glaciated; there are occasional river terraces at the bottom of steep valleys and some coastal plains. In winter, the islands are covered in snow and the bays ice over. Spitsbergen Island has several large fiords along its west coast and 1772:

if sighted by a U-boat near Jan Mayen Island. The ships then turned north, to approach Isfjorden from the west and arrived on 2 July. The ships kept their engines running as the Norwegians and 116 long tons (118 t) of supplies, including short-wave wireless, anti-aircraft guns, skis, sledges and

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and flew at 150 ft (46 m) to fly under any German radar against a headwind and took ten hours to reach Bear Island. The crew saw no ice until 40 nmi (74 km; 46 mi) north of the island but drift ice further on made a convoy course north of Bear Island impractical. The Catalina

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The bags were thrown out and then the Catalina landed; two men went ashore with the mail and other stores as the crew on the boat fended off ice floes, as the six wounded Norwegians were ferried out by boat, which was sent back with a 2 imp gal (9.1 L; 2.4 US gal) jar of rum,

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The Admiralty received no message from the Fritham party and on 22 May a Catalina crew were briefed to reconnoitre Spitsbergen with the itinerary Isfjorden, Cape Linné, Barentsburg, Advent Bay and Kings Fjord but not informed that the Admiralty already knew what had happened through Ultra intercepts.

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four FW 200 Condor long-range reconnaissance bombers appeared. With such high valley sides the bombers arrived without warning and near-missed the ships on the first and second bombing runs, the bombs bouncing on the ice before exploding, return fire from the Oerlikon guns having no effect. The third

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On 11 April, a flight "to the limit of endurance" was ordered to find the edge of the ice between Jan Mayen and Bear Island, to survey a possible convoy route north of the island. At Longyearbyen, in Advent Bay, pylons of the conveyor system that removed coal from mines could be seen toppled on their

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The Germans reported the 27 June Catalina attack on the Ju 88 which left it a write-off and claimed to have damaged the British aircraft with return fire. On 30 June the party sent a message that the airstrip was dry enough for Ju 52 aircraft and supply flights resumed. The flights were watched by a

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Other aircraft flew to Svalbard but the puddles became holes and on 18 May a Heinkel snagged a wheel as it landed and the propeller was damaged; the undercarriage sank further and the aircraft became stranded. Flights had to be cancelled until the airstrip at Bansö had been cleared of snow and dried

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weather reconnaissance aircraft were diverted to Isfiorden to drop messages and supplies. One of the early flights overflew the two Fritham ships which were taken for a Soviet Special Forces unit and led to the attack by the Condors. A flight on 15 May found that the second ship was still alight and

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but the warning from the Admiralty about German aircraft was not received. A party went ashore at Cape Linné and reported no signs of human habitation, after which the ships sailed east along Isfiorden and found that they could not reach Advent Bay because of the ice. The ships turned south to Green

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After the reconnaissance flight with Sverdrup and Glen in early April, followed by a failure to penetrate the fog on 4 May, plus the Admiralty interest in the position of the Arctic ice, another ice survey from Bear Island to Svalbard, thence to Jan Mayen and the area west of Bear Island was ordered

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An inspection by the Heinkel pilot revealed that it had been hit by only thirty bullets and none of the 14 men present had been wounded. The aircraft had been holed in several places but seemed airworthy and was quickly unloaded. The pilot and wireless operator got on board and flattened the snow by

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Landing in a fiord would have to wait until the ice melted and parachuting supplies from a Catalina were not possible; kit and parachute bags would have to be dropped from the blister positions into snowdrifts, during low, slow passes along the slopes near the fiord. The bags would have long orange

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Most days a German aircraft flew east towards Advent Bay or north to Kings Bay and the time taken for the return flight showed that the aircraft had landed, suggesting that both places were occupied by the Germans. When the damaged Heinkel had flown back to Banak on 13 May, twelve men had been left

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The remainder of Fritham Force at Barentsburg was consolidated by the reinforcements of Operation Gearbox, a weather station was set up and wireless contact with the Admiralty regained. Ullring reported the oversight with the Colt machine-guns, arranged for Catalina supply fights, provided weather

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anti-aircraft gun but none of the party had been trained in their use. The wireless equipment was patently inadequate; Whatman repaired and operated the set but had little hope that it would work much beyond Jan Mayen Island; the set broke down on the voyage to Iceland and was not reliable for the

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British eavesdropping on German Enigma messages revealed that German reconnaissance aircraft had flown over Svalbard on 26 and 27 April. On 3 May the flight plan prepared by Healy to Svalbard was amended to include a look at Isfjorden and an attempt to land Glen and Godfrey at Cape Linné. Sverdrup

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flew to Polyarny and Miles established a British military mission in Moscow. Vian reported that Murmansk was close to German-held territory, that its air defences were inadequate and that the prospects of offensive operations on German shipping were poor. Vian was sent to look at the west coast of

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and after a careful examination of the ground, the Heinkel pilot eventually landed, keeping its tail well up out of the snow. The main wheels quickly pushed a drift of packed snow in front of them and the aircraft almost nosed over. The ten crew and passengers joined the ground party who welcomed

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aircraft by mistake. By the end of May, the rival parties were in improvised bases in fjords heading south from Isfjorden, ten minutes' flying time apart but the land journey between was too rough for a serious expedition by either side. The Germans were only 500 mi (800 km) from their

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The settlements attracted colonists of different nationalities and the treaty of 1920 neutralised the islands and recognised the mineral and fishing rights of the participating countries. Before 1939, the population consisted of about 3,000, mostly Norwegian and Russian people, who worked in the

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The results of the ice reconnaissance were too sensitive to send by wireless and P-Peter took off for a six-hour flight Sullom Voe, where the results could be sent by telephone. Glen had been on Spitsbergen for six weeks and was called to the Admiralty along with the Catalina pilot to deliver a

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the wounded were taken to the sick bay and then flown to the Norwegian hospital in Edinburgh. In London, the Admiralty had received the reconnaissance reports of 26 and 29 May, which with the dispatches from Fritham Force persuaded them to reinforce the island by a warship sortie. The Admiralty

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operational. The Heinkel pilot, who had been strafed by the Catalina, flew along the west coast to avoid a risky climb over the mountains and to take a look at Barentsburg. The second ship had sunk, there were tracks around buildings but no people to be seen; most significant was the absence of

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on 29 May and the Catalina was flown at 100 kn (190 km/h; 120 mph) as the bags were dropped near huts at the bottom of the valley slope as the crew kept watch for German aircraft. Receiving lamp signals from the ground was difficult because, unbeknownst to the Catalina crew, the

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with the sun not entirely set. The crew took photographs up the west coast to Isfjorden where drifting ice meant that a landing was impossible. At Longyearbyen the crew saw signs of the demolitions made by Operation Gauntlet then saw the He 111 that had been damaged on 18 May still on the ice,

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took a renewed interest in Svalbard, encouraged by representations from the Norwegians, concerned about deterioration in the state of the coal mines. The Norwegians anticipated a big increase in demand for their coal once the war was over. The Norwegians offered a small number of men, local to

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5 aircraft crew spotted the ships as they prepared to land and the thirty men at Adventfjorden quickly were flown to safety by the aircraft and two Ju 52 transport aircraft. Adventfjorden was deserted when the British arrived but some code books were recovered; when the ships left, the Germans

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and men were seen waving from a hut .5 mi (0.80 km) north of town. The bags were thrown out and the aircraft landed, took Glen, Ross and a Norwegian soldier on board and took off to check the polar ice west of the island towards Jan Mayen, where ice was seen 25 nmi (46 km;

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could break but only slowly. Godfrey wanted to unload the ships at once and sledge the stores ashore but Sverdrup ordered a rest break first, the men having been cooped up on the voyage. The ice breaking was delayed until after midnight on 14 May and parties were sent to scout Barentsburg and

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sent aircraft to Spitsbergen each day but until 26 June, they were warned off with red flares by the ground party. The flight next day was also sent back and the Germans considered using floatplanes instead but the east end of Isfjorden and Advent Bay were full of drifting ice. As midsummer

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was around and made plans for offensive action once they had been reinforced. Small parties went out on 16 and 17 May to reconnoitre the Germans in Advent Bay, lightly equipped, camouflaged by any white sheets or garments they could find and living off supplies in huts along the route. From

1728:(78° north) then return via Cape Nassau on Novaya Zemlya, to search for survivors from PQ 17. During PQ 18, the shorter-range destroyer escorts were able to refuel from the oilers in Lowe Sound, which was made possible by the RAF reconnaissance flights, Operation Fritham and its sequels. 1017:

After the wireless station on Spitsbergen had mysteriously ceased transmission in early September, German reconnaissance flights from Banak discovered the Canadian demolitions, burning coal dumps and saw one man, a conscientious objector who had refused to leave, waving to them. Dr

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supported by the tail and wing tips. The pilot flew the Catalina west along Isfjorden and near green Harbour; smoke was seen followed by the channel cut by Isbjørn and the smoke as seen coming from coal dumps. A light was seen flashing near some huts and messages were passed until

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was warned that there were probably Germans at Kings Bay the day before the party sailed from Iceland and a landing there was cancelled; the vessels made for Isfiorden to land at Green Harbour, where the ice might have melted. The ships were soundly built and each carried a

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tracks to Longyearbyen, which meant that landing would not be interfered with. The Heinkel landed on the ice but the pilot saw that puddles formed which meant that the ice was unsafe. The ground party used a tractor to pull sledges with the supplies from the aircraft. The

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The Germans at Bansö had reported the British flight of 26 May and on 12 June, reported that the landing ground was dry enough for a landing attempt. A Ju 88 flew to the island and landed but damaged its propellers as it taxied, increasing the German party to 18 men. The

1125:, ships brought from Svalbard by Operation Gauntlet. The Norwegians assured the British that their men would need only a basic military training, since they were islanders returning to their homeland, not an invasion force, a fact which would also honour the terms of the 870:

As Operation Dervish, the first Arctic convoy, was assembling in Iceland, Vian sailed with Force A for Svalbard on 19 August in Operation Gauntlet. Norwegian and Russian civilians were to be evacuated using the same two cruisers, with five destroyer escorts, an oiler and

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The Moll party at Adventfjorden called for aircraft when the weather was adequate and after making low and slow passes, to check the landing ground for obstructions, the pilot decided whether to land. On 2 May 1942 an aircrew dropped off a box at Banak containing a

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The Germans left the Svalbard islands alone during the invasion of Norway in 1940 and apart from a few Norwegians taking passage on Allied ships, little changed; wireless stations on the islands continued to broadcast weather reports. From 25 July to 9 August 1940,

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The Norwegians could see the German party and several men went to the Hans Lund Hut, quietly to withdraw when they heard a generator. The party burst into a different hut, to be confronted by a dog, which was placated when Glen said "Hello" (the dog was called

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warms the waters and the sea is ice-free during the summer. Settlements were established at Longyearbyen and Barentsburg in inlets along the south shore of Isfjorden, in Kings Bay (Quade Hock) further north along the coast and in Van Mijenfiord to the south.

1026:) was chosen for its broad valley, a safer approach for aircraft; its subsoil of alluvial gravel was acceptable for a landing ground. The south-eastern orientation of the high ground did not impede wireless communication with Banak and the settlement of 1235:

wireless signal from Svalbard, saw smoke over Barentsburg and took photographs, which revealed no sign of footprints or ski tracks. Moments after warning off a Ju 88 from landing, the Germans at Bansö heard another aircraft approaching from the north.

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crews spotted ski tracks in Coles Valley and overflew Barentsburg on the way to dropping supplies to the party at Bansö. Command of the Norwegians had devolved to Lieutenant Ove Roll Lund who sent 35 men to Sveagruva, over Grøndalen, Reindalen, the

1274:) to Spitsbergen, the main island of the Svalbard Archipelago, via a stop at Akureyri on the north coast of Iceland, to take on supplies. The party from the Norwegian Brigade was accompanied by Glen, Lieutenant-Colonel A. S. T. Godfrey and Major 666:) settings used by surface ships and U-boats could quickly be read. On 1 February 1942, the Enigma machines used in U-boats in the Atlantic and Mediterranean were changed but German ships and the U-boats in Arctic waters continued with the older 1363:

a Ju 88 flew from Cape Linné to Advent Bay along Isfiorden at 600 ft (180 m). The aircraft did not deviate from its course but the ships could not have gone unseen. The scouting parties found no one at their objectives but took until

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were linked to the shore by overhead cable tracks or rails and coal dumped over the winter was collected by ship after the summer thaw. By 1939 production was about 500,000 long tons (510,000 t) a year, split between Norway and Russia.

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on 10 May. A reconnaissance of Isfiorden, Cape Linné and Advent Bay was to be flown before 12 May. Healy was absent and a 210 Squadron Catalina crew led by Flight Lieutenant G. G. Potier flew the sortie. The route of the Catalina was from

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By autumn, the Allied foothold on Svalbard had been consolidated and the Navy used Spitsbergen as a temporary base to refuel Arctic convoy escorts. On 22 September, a Catalina delivered new wireless equipment and in November, the cruiser

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Barentsburg the parties moved to Cape Laila, across Coles Valley to the mines between Endalen and Advent Valley. The parties met on the south-east slopes of Longyearbyen from which the airstrip at Bansö could be watched.

2676:. Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Vol. I (online 2008, Dept. of National Defence, Directorate of History and Heritage ed.). Ottawa: Authority of the Minister of National Defence. 1682:

Norwegian party on an abortive expedition to destroy the German wireless at Advent Bay. On clear days the German pilots flew direct over the mountains and if heavily laden took the coast route past Barentsburg and a

1129:(1925). The local concerns of the Norwegians and the strategic interests of the Admiralty in supporting Arctic convoys to the USSR coincided and a reconnaissance flight by a Catalina from Sullom Voe was arranged. 1688:

was installed on the north side of Advent bay at Hjorthamn. The last Germans on Spitsbergen, including the weather-reporting party that had been in residence since late1941, were flown back to Norway on 9 July.

1055:, which was made easier by German willingness to make routine use of radio communication. Four British minesweepers en route from Archangelsk were diverted to investigate and reached Isfjorden on 19 October. A 1038:(from Banak and Spitsbergen Öya); ferry flights of men, equipment and supplies began on 25 September. He 111, Ju 88 and Ju 52 pilots gained experience of landing on soft ground, cut with ruts and boulders. 835:

and two destroyers departed Iceland on 27 July but Vian judged the apparent advantages of Spitsbergen as a base to be mistaken. The force closed on the Norwegian coast twice and each time was discovered by

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was still burning and thirteen men were dead, including Sverdrup and Godfrey. Nine men had been wounded (two men died later of their wounds) and sixty members of the party survived unharmed. The cargo in

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had cut a long channel in the ice but was still well short of Finneset. Sverdrup insisted on making for the landing stage at Barentsburg to unload quicker. After bashing through the ice for 15 hours, at

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troops sailed from Scotland on 30 April 1942, to reoccupy the island and eject a German meteorological party. On 14 May four German reconnaissance bombers sank the ships in Green Harbour; the commander,

1294:, which varied in speed from year to year. Fog, often freezing, usually appeared at the edge of the ice and the melt rate after the winter freeze was to be studied for two months. On 30 April 1942, 1014:

5 ranged over the Arctic Ocean, past Spitsbergen and Jan Mayen, towards Greenland; the experience gained made the unit capable of the transport and supply of manned and automatic weather stations.

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but found only a Finnish freighter. On 12 July 1941, the Admiralty was ordered to assemble a force of ships to operate in the Arctic in co-operation with the USSR, despite objections from Admiral

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delivered Operation Gearbox, 57 Norwegian reinforcements for Fritham Force. The ships arrived at Seidisfjord in Iceland on 28 June and departed on 30 June, to appear part of the escort force of

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base, were in wireless contact and confident of relief once their landing strip drained. The Norwegians had come home but help was 1,000 mi (1,600 km) away and they were out of touch.

970:) and the civil weather reports from Spitsbergen. The Germans used weather reports from U-boats, reconnaissance aircraft, trawlers and other ships but these were too vulnerable to attack. The 911:. The two cruisers diverted towards the Norwegian coast to hunt for German ships and in stormy weather and poor visibility early on 7 September, found a German convoy off Porshanger near the 1539:

on 26 May. The condition of Fritham Force had been discovered, the ice edge from Bear Island to Spitsbergen Island and for 150 mi (240 km) east of Jan Mayen had been surveyed.

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on 25 May and flew under the cloud base beyond the most northerly RAF map at 71° 31' north and continued by navigating with an Admiralty chart, reaching the South Cape of Spitsbergen at

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that the German party at Bansö had marked a runway on the ice in Advent Bay. The bomber managed to land and take off, which was the beginning of the supply flights necessary to get the

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could give fairly accurate details of German reconnaissance sorties and sometimes predicted attacks twenty minutes before they were detected by radar. In February 1942, the German

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to sabotage the coal industry, evacuate the Norwegian and Soviet civilians and commandeer any shipping that could be found. About 2,000 Russians were taken to Archangelsk in

1282:, a specialist wireless operator. The flights by Healy and his crew were part of the operation but had another objective, laid down in a memorandum of 24 April 1942 from HQ 821:, the main island of the Svalbard Archipelago, which was mostly ice-free and 450 mi (720 km) from northern Norway, to assess its potential as a base. The cruisers 272: 907:, a tug and two fishing boats. The Canadian landing parties re-embarked on 2 September and the force sailed for home on 3 September, with 800 Norwegian civilians and the 3026: 1556:

on 28 May into fog and navigated by dead reckoning and radar bearings to avoid freezing fog, at heights between 150–380 ft (46–116 m). Landfall was made after

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hours in the air, due to icing about 200 mi (320 km) from Bear Island. It was certain that the conditions were the same all the way to Spitsbergen and at

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was soon set on fire, members of the party being thrown into the air by explosions or jumping onto the ice, as the gun crew exchanged fire with the bombers.

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other Arctic warfare equipment were unloaded. Cranes were pulled back from the quay, boats hidden and the stores camouflaged. By 5 July, four Oerlikons and

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returned. After 38 supply flights Dr Albrecht Moll and three men arrived to spend the winter of 1941–1942 transmitting weather reports. On 29 October 1941,

2991: 1470:. The journey took the fastest skiers 36 hours and one man was lost down a crevasse. The fitter men left behind tended the wounded, lay low when the 794: 2986: 265: 1416: 1063: 527:

bomber caught on the ground. More sorties delivered supplies, attacked German weather bases, evacuated wounded and rescued shipwrecked sailors.

3021: 258: 886:, escorted by one of the cruisers and the three destroyers, which rendezvoused with the rest of Force A off Barentsburg on 1 September. 894: 1389:

The men scattered to evade the bombers' strafing runs and the Condors flew away after about thirty minutes. There was nothing left of

1181: 1022:, a former Polar explorer, commanded an operation to install a manned station on the islands but winter was imminent. Advent Bay ( 449: 38: 1501:

was refurbished and powered by accumulators and Russian batteries; the three men waited, hoping that they would not signal to a

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and eleven others were killed, eleven more members of the party were wounded and most of the supplies were lost with the ships.

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and revealed only to Healy. Glen briefed the crew that the purpose of ice reconnaissance was to track the recession of the

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5 (Weather Squadron 5) flew a sortie over Advent Bay to reconnoitre the extent of the Allied interference with the German

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them enthusiastically, having been alone for six months; the Ju 88 pilot was warned off by a flare and returned to Banak.

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Normal business was kept up at the Barentsburg wireless station by the Norwegian Military Governor Designate, Lieutenant

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surveyed land sites for weather stations in the range of sea and air supply, some to be manned and others automatic.

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for Spitsbergen, flying low again. With a higher cloud base than usual the crew saw what looked like a He 111 at

1154: 1324: 1644: 454: 1793:(automatic weather station). As the aircraft flew low towards Hjorthamn and made a steep turn, Niks Langbak a 1634:

29 mi) short of the island, through which no convoy could sail. P-Peter landed at Akureyri in Iceland at

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Fritham party could hear a German aircraft above the clouds and were not sure which aircraft to reply to. At

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needed to know if there was a channel through the ice from Bear Island to Spitsbergen and Jan Mayen Island.

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operations. In 1941, interception parties code-named Headaches were embarked on warships and from May 1942,

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Officer and Prisoner of War: Norwegian Officers in German War Captivity: From Colonel John Schiøtz's Diary

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Harbour to land at Finneset instead. The bay was covered in ice up to 4 ft (1.2 m) thick, which

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flying boat, was flown to Spitsbergen; the crew made contact with Fritham Force and destroyed a German

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P-Peter turned for home in the same flying conditions plus a tail wind and were back at Sullom Voe by

758:(MND, Naval Intelligence Service) broke Naval Cypher No 3 and was able to read it until January 1943. 709:

W/T signals which could not be intercepted by land stations in Britain. The Admiralty sent details of

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Offiser og krigsfange: Norske offiserer i tysk krigsfangenskap – fra oberst Johannes Schiøtz' dagbok

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machine-guns had been set up. On 3 July an aircraft was heard flying to and from Longyearbyen and a

855: 1169:(RNVR), leader of the Oxford University Arctic Expedition, 1935–1936. The flight was logged as a 2981: 2976: 1716:

Catalina N-Nuts flew to Spitsbergen on 13 July with the Colt parts and other supplies, thence to

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The British and Norwegians planned Operation Fritham, the dispatch of a party of 92 men from the

985: 2607:. History of the Second World War, Military Series. Vol. II (pbk. ed.). London: HMSO. 1844: 1275: 1073: 554: 459: 312: 1797:

gunner, shot down the bomber; the crew were buried and code books salvaged from the wreckage.

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The Royal Navy and Soviet Seapower, 1930–1950: Intelligence, Naval Cooperation and Antagonism

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Ju 88 and He 111 bombers returned on 15 May but the Fritham party took cover in mine shafts.

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and about the same distance from Norway. The operation was intended to deny the islands to

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Map of the Barents Sea showing Svalbard, Novaya Zemlya, Franz Joseph Land and north Russia

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and their report to Coastal Command HQ was forwarded to the Admiralty, which signalled to

8: 1814: 1283: 1041: 1005: 912: 878:, a troop transport carrying 645 men, mainly Canadian infantry. The expedition landed at 690: 564:(6–9 September 1943) Barentsburg was bombarded by a German naval squadron, including the 532: 352: 1244: 250: 957: 890: 851: 477: 411: 376: 345: 2951: 2841: 2788: 2520:

British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations

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when the Catalina had to turn for home, flying through freezing fog before landing at

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on 31 May, P-Peter took off with arms and ammunition but was forced to abort, after

1522:

After a test flight on 23 May to try new navigational equipment the sortie began at

16:

Allied military operation during WW2 to secure the coal mines on Spitsbergen in 1942

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and 3,000 rounds of ammunition, food, medical supplies and the post, took off at

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out; until then the German meteorological party was stuck. On their flights the

1150: 657: 649: 513: 213: 186: 159: 2961: 2956: 2850:. Vol. X (online ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Little, Brown and Co. 2748: 1008:

in northern Norway, once the facilities were ready. The He 111s and Ju 88s of

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approached, the ice further west near the Allied positions cleared faster.

1126: 1029: 999: 945: 746: 622: 601: 501: 173: 1817:, 527 Canadians, 25 Norwegians (Captain Aubert), 93 British including 57 1774: 1552:

and flare gun with ammunition and a signalling code. P-Peter took off at

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delivered 57 more Norwegians and 116 long tons (118 t) of supplies.

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and the Catalina was airborne ten minutes later, reaching Sullom Voe at

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worked as soon as it was switched on and the Heinkel returned to Banak.

1346:

The Norwegian ships reached Svalbard on 13 May and entered Isfjorden at

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Storms prevented flying for several days and the crew was able to rest.

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sailed with the cruiser admirals in command of convoy escorts, to read

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Holding the Line: The Royal Navy's Home Fleet in the Second World War

2766:(PhD thesis). University of Kent at Canterbury (University of Kent). 2373: 2371: 2274: 2272: 1142:

Catalina flying boat J-Johnnie (Flight-Lieutenant D. E. Hawkins) of

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was damaged, thought to have hit a wreck but the naval force reached

685: 485: 2522:. History of the Second World War (2nd rev. abr. ed.). London: 2233: 2083: 786: 1467: 1221:

in the Shetland Islands, to Jan Mayen to check the ice edge in the

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wireless frequencies, call signs and the daily local codes to the

2930:(4th, pbk. Phoenix ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 2221: 2209: 2185: 2010: 2008: 1250: 2816:(PhD thesis). University of Wales Swansea (Swansea University). 2245: 2173: 2146: 2119: 2071: 1915: 147: 80: 2908:] (in Norwegian) (1st ed.). Kjeller: Genesis forlag. 2443: 2431: 2005: 1930: 860: 766: 2673:

Six Years of War: The Army in Canada, Britain and the Pacific

2107: 2095: 1769: 2545:(6th ed.). online: CreateSpace Independent Publishing. 1954: 1577: 2650:

Arctic Airmen: The RAF in Spitsbergen and North Russia 1942

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Arctic Airmen: The RAF in Spitsbergen and North Russia 1942

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View of Longyearbyen, Adventsfjorden and Adventdalen (2006)

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but two troop transports, with 1,500 men aboard, escaped.

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History of United States Naval Operations in World War II

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On 24 August 1942, the Knoespel group was repatriated by

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from 1942, Dolphin to the British). By mid-1941, British

571:, and a landing party disembarked to destroy facilities. 280: 2163: 2161: 2047: 1117:

Svalbard and well used to Arctic conditions, along with

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The British followed events from Bletchley Park through

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and Svalbard, to intercept British ships returning from

560:

and five destroyers delivered more Norwegian troops. In

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Battles and operations of World War II involving Norway

1978: 2032: 2419: 2158: 2136: 2134: 2059: 1993: 1966: 2020: 1511: 1149:(RAF) flew to Svalbard on 4–5 April, carrying Major 2957:

YouTube video of an attack on a Ju 88 by a Catalina

3027:Amphibious operations involving the United Kingdom 2962:YouTube video of a visit to the wreck of the Ju 88 2501:The Weather Machine: A Journey inside the Forecast 2131: 1781:was seen later in the day. On 23 July, a Ju 88 of 496:Archipelago, 650 mi (1,050 km) from the 1485:Panorama of Longyearbyen from Advent Fjord (2008) 1132: 2968: 2922: 2763:Coastal Command 1939–1945 The Cinderella Service 2600: 2191: 2648:Schofield, Ernest; Nesbit, Roy Conyers (2005). 2647: 2629:Schofield, Ernest; Nesbit, Roy Conyers (1987). 2628: 2477: 2461: 2449: 2437: 2413: 2401: 2389: 2377: 2362: 2350: 2338: 2326: 2314: 2302: 2290: 2278: 2263: 2251: 2239: 2227: 2215: 2203: 2179: 2152: 2125: 2113: 2101: 2089: 2077: 1960: 1924: 1492: 1158: 1027: 965: 3002:Military history of Norway during World War II 1650: 915:. The cruisers sank the gunnery training ship 785:sailed from Trondheim to search the area from 761: 2601:Richards, Denis; Saunders, H. St G. (1975) . 2543:Arctic Interlude: Independent to North Russia 934: 652:housed a small industry of code-breakers and 266: 2843:The Atlantic Battle Won, May 1943 – May 1945 2503:. New York, NY: Ecco Press (Harpercollins). 1862: 1788: 1782: 1683: 1672: 1651: 1502: 1471: 1452: 1442: 1435: 1428: 1403: 1230: 1089: 1082: 1067: 1056: 1009: 997: 991: 983: 977: 971: 916: 865:Defunct coal transporter, Longyearbyen, 2008 837: 778: 751: 744: 738: 730: 720: 710: 704: 694: 683: 673: 667: 661: 2604:Royal Air Force 1939–1945: The Fight Avails 1607:The landing party returned with reports at 1569:after a flight of 24 hours and 38 minutes. 612:is up to 10 mi (16 km) wide. The 2992:Arctic military operations of World War II 1225:, thence to Isfiorden, making landfall at 1066:and five weathermen were installed by the 693:transmissions and give advance warning of 273: 259: 1107: 164: 2747: 1750: 1731: 1701: 1659: 1576: 1479: 1415: 1323: 1243: 1180: 1094:. The aircraft reached Adventfjorden at 1040: 938: 859: 765: 589: 55:Global view of Norway (Svalbard circled) 2987:Arctic naval operations of World War II 2952:Free Norwegian Merchant Fleet 1939–1945 2899: 2836: 2759: 2700: 2570:The War at Sea 1939–1945: The Defensive 2559: 2517: 2065: 2053: 2041: 2014: 1999: 1987: 1972: 1948: 1936: 1849:, after being attacked by a party from 629: 476:(30 April – 14 May 1942) was an Allied 450:British occupation of the Faroe Islands 2969: 2786: 2666: 2540: 2465: 2425: 2167: 2026: 3022:Amphibious operations of World War II 1665:Example of a Ju 52 transport aircraft 845: 604:650 mi (1,050 km) from the 282:Military operations, Arctic 1941–1945 254: 2869: 2806: 2498: 2140: 1898:the pilot turned back and landed at 1736: 1314: 2652:(2nd ed.). London: W. Kimber. 1830:After the war it was surmised that 1161:Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani 719:. Combined with their knowledge of 600:The Svalbard Archipelago is in the 13: 2879:(PhD thesis). University of Hull. 2743: 14: 3038: 2945: 1582:Ross rifle (photographed in 2010) 1512:Reconnaissance and supply flights 1249:Radar photograph of Spitsbergen ( 1171:Special flight - secret operation 646:Government Code and Cypher School 166: 152: 140: 49: 2928:Enigma: The Battle For The Code 2575:History of the Second World War 1870: 1856: 1837: 1824: 1807: 1133:British reconnaissance flights 743:, Observation Service) of the 682:were able to receive and read 122: 1: 2753:Monument to Operation Fritham 2728:Andre Verdenskrig på Svalbard 2486: 1619: 1462:mountains and then down into 1165:) of Svalbard and Lieutenant 574: 2192:Richards & Saunders 1975 1909: 1692: 1542: 1411: 1319: 1137: 7: 2887:. Docket uk.bl.ethos.321124 2824:. Docket uk.bl.ethos.493885 2774:. Docket uk.bl.ethos.404542 2478:Schofield & Nesbit 2005 2462:Schofield & Nesbit 2005 2450:Schofield & Nesbit 2005 2438:Schofield & Nesbit 2005 2414:Schofield & Nesbit 2005 2402:Schofield & Nesbit 2005 2390:Schofield & Nesbit 2005 2378:Schofield & Nesbit 2005 2363:Schofield & Nesbit 2005 2351:Schofield & Nesbit 2005 2339:Schofield & Nesbit 2005 2327:Schofield & Nesbit 2005 2315:Schofield & Nesbit 2005 2303:Schofield & Nesbit 2005 2291:Schofield & Nesbit 2005 2279:Schofield & Nesbit 2005 2264:Schofield & Nesbit 2005 2252:Schofield & Nesbit 2005 2240:Schofield & Nesbit 2005 2228:Schofield & Nesbit 2005 2216:Schofield & Nesbit 2005 2204:Schofield & Nesbit 2005 2180:Schofield & Nesbit 1987 2153:Schofield & Nesbit 2005 2126:Schofield & Nesbit 2005 2114:Schofield & Nesbit 2005 2102:Schofield & Nesbit 2005 2090:Schofield & Nesbit 2005 2078:Schofield & Nesbit 2005 1961:Schofield & Nesbit 2005 1925:Schofield & Nesbit 2005 1697: 1641:Report on Operation Fritham 1572: 1382:which sank immediately and 1186:Example of a Heinkel He 111 1176: 762:Naval operations, 1940–1941 656:. By June 1941, the German 595:Topographic map of Svalbard 579: 10: 3043: 3017:20th century in the Arctic 2760:Hendrie, A. W. A. (2004). 2701:Woodman, Richard (2004) . 1740: 1599:and reached the island by 1587:Catalina P-Peter, with 24 1333:of the type that sank D/S 1102: 935:Operation Bansö, 1941–1942 849: 633: 583: 455:Petsamo–Kirkenes offensive 21:North Atlantic weather war 18: 2206:, pp. 53–54, 99–104. 1516: 1211: 842:reconnaissance aircraft. 492:, the main island of the 288: 232: 200: 180: 133: 59: 48: 36: 31: 2703:Arctic Convoys 1941–1945 2518:Hinsley, F. H. (1994) . 2480:, pp. 164–167, 175. 2017:, pp. 10–11, 35–36. 1939:, pp. 141, 145–146. 1800: 1604:cigarettes and tobacco. 1331:Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor 1229:The British picked up a 856:Operation Dervish (1941) 2705:. London: John Murray. 1629:reached Barentsburg at 1393:but a hole in the ice, 1262:in the ice-breaker D/S 1239: 986:Wettererkundungsstaffel 754:Marinenachrichtendienst 566:German battleship 549:began on 17 September. 3012:Military in the Arctic 2924:Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh 2787:Lawson, S. H. (2001). 2755: 2541:Hutson, H. C. (2012). 1863: 1789: 1783: 1758: 1756:Jan Mayen location map 1709: 1684: 1673: 1667: 1652: 1584: 1503: 1493: 1487: 1472: 1453: 1443: 1436: 1429: 1423: 1404: 1343: 1302:sailed from Greenock. 1255: 1231: 1188: 1167:Alexander (Sandy) Glen 1159: 1108:Naval operations, 1942 1090: 1083: 1068: 1057: 1048: 1028: 1010: 998: 992: 984: 978: 972: 966: 953: 917: 867: 838: 779: 773: 752: 745: 739: 731: 721: 711: 705: 695: 684: 674: 668: 662: 597: 519:On 26 May, P-Peter, a 460:Liberation of Finnmark 227:Focke-Wulf 200 Kondors 181:Commanders and leaders 67:30 April – 14 May 1942 2900:Schiøtz, Eli (2007). 2751: 2633:. London: W. Kimber. 2499:Blum, Andrew (2019). 2242:, pp. 63, 94–95. 2092:, pp. 64–67, 95. 1813:Commander: Brigadier 1754: 1732:Subsequent operations 1705: 1663: 1580: 1483: 1419: 1368:to get back, by when 1327: 1247: 1184: 1044: 964:Island, Bear Island ( 942: 863: 769: 660:machine Home Waters ( 648:(GC&CS) based at 593: 233:Casualties and losses 196:(killed 23 July 1942) 102:78.24667°N 15.67722°E 2870:Ryan, J. F. (1996). 2735:24 July 2011 at the 2464:, pp. 162–164; 1951:, pp. 126, 135. 1624:P-Peter took off at 1272:Royal Norwegian Navy 1157:(former director of 636:Ultra (cryptography) 630:Signals intelligence 562:Operation Zitronella 547:Operation Gearbox II 189:(killed 14 May 1942) 3007:History of Svalbard 2468:, pp. 124–125. 2416:, pp. 166–167. 2404:, pp. 134–135. 2392:, pp. 144–150. 2380:, pp. 135–144. 2365:, pp. 131–133. 2353:, pp. 127–131. 2341:, pp. 115–127. 2329:, pp. 112–114. 2317:, pp. 110–112. 2305:, pp. 110–111. 2293:, pp. 106–110. 2281:, pp. 105–110. 2266:, pp. 145–106. 1204:to alert Sverdrup. 1112:Early in 1942, the 801:, commander of the 444:Associated articles 98: / 2756: 2230:, pp. 99–103. 2218:, pp. 99–104. 1759: 1710: 1668: 1656:, 14 June – 9 July 1585: 1488: 1424: 1344: 1270:(Lieutenant H. Øi 1256: 1189: 1049: 958:Operation Gauntlet 954: 868: 852:Operation Gauntlet 846:Operation Gauntlet 774: 733:Beobachtungsdienst 598: 538:and the destroyer 478:military operation 107:78.24667; 15.67722 2915:978-82-476-0336-9 2807:Levy, J. (2001). 2730:(Svalbard Museum) 2712:978-0-7195-5752-1 2659:978-1-86227-291-0 2640:978-0-7183-0660-1 2614:978-0-11-771593-6 2552:978-1-4810-0668-2 2533:978-0-11-630961-7 2510:978-1-4434-3859-9 2254:, pp. 94–95. 2194:, pp. 83–84. 2182:, pp. 61−62. 2155:, pp. 95–99. 2128:, pp. 95–96. 2080:, pp. 63–64. 2056:, pp. 35–36. 1990:, pp. 10–11. 1927:, pp. 61–62. 1851:Operation Gearbox 1743:Operation Gearbox 1737:Operation Gearbox 1726:Franz Joseph Land 1460:Nordenskiöld Land 1421:Barentsburg, 1923 1315:Operation Fritham 1155:Norwegian Brigade 1074:Lilliehöökfjorden 931:on 10 September. 900:, the icebreaker 884:Empress of Canada 875:Empress of Canada 799:John (Jack) Tovey 621:mining industry. 529:Operation Gearbox 474:Operation Fritham 468: 467: 249: 248: 129: 128: 32:Operation Fritham 3034: 2941: 2919: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2878: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2815: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2716: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2684:. Archived from 2663: 2644: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2565:Butler, J. R. M. 2556: 2537: 2514: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2093: 2087: 2081: 2075: 2069: 2063: 2057: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2012: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1976: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1934: 1928: 1922: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1885: 1879: 1874: 1868: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1841: 1835: 1828: 1822: 1811: 1792: 1786: 1687: 1676: 1655: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1614: 1610: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1506: 1496: 1475: 1464:Van Mijenfjorden 1456: 1446: 1439: 1432: 1407: 1376: 1367: 1362: 1349: 1234: 1228: 1199: 1164: 1097: 1093: 1086: 1071: 1060: 1033: 1013: 1003: 995: 989: 981: 975: 969: 944:Location map of 922: 841: 784: 771:Isfjorden (2012) 757: 750: 742: 736: 725:procedures, the 724: 714: 708: 698: 689: 677: 671: 665: 654:traffic analysts 482:Second World War 292:Continuation War 283: 275: 268: 261: 252: 251: 245:4 (23 July 1942) 242:2 died of wounds 176: 172: 170: 169: 158: 156: 155: 146: 144: 143: 113: 112: 110: 109: 108: 103: 99: 96: 95: 94: 91: 61: 60: 53: 43:Second World War 29: 28: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3032: 3031: 2967: 2966: 2948: 2938: 2916: 2890: 2888: 2876: 2860: 2858: 2827: 2825: 2813: 2797: 2795: 2777: 2775: 2754: 2746: 2744:Further reading 2741: 2737:Wayback Machine 2713: 2691: 2689: 2688:on 1 April 2019 2660: 2641: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2591: 2589: 2553: 2534: 2511: 2489: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2460: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2400: 2396: 2388: 2384: 2376: 2369: 2361: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2313: 2309: 2301: 2297: 2289: 2285: 2277: 2270: 2262: 2258: 2250: 2246: 2238: 2234: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2210: 2202: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2178: 2174: 2166: 2159: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2132: 2124: 2120: 2112: 2108: 2100: 2096: 2088: 2084: 2076: 2072: 2064: 2060: 2052: 2048: 2040: 2033: 2025: 2021: 2013: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1986: 1979: 1971: 1967: 1959: 1955: 1947: 1943: 1935: 1931: 1923: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1906: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1861: 1857: 1842: 1838: 1834:had hit a mine. 1829: 1825: 1819:Royal Engineers 1812: 1808: 1803: 1757: 1749: 1741:Main articles: 1739: 1734: 1708: 1700: 1695: 1666: 1658: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1622: 1612: 1608: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1583: 1575: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1553: 1545: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1486: 1422: 1414: 1374: 1365: 1360: 1347: 1342: 1322: 1317: 1292:Arctic ice pack 1284:Coastal Command 1276:Amherst Whatman 1266:and the sealer 1254: 1242: 1226: 1214: 1197: 1187: 1179: 1147:Royal Air Force 1140: 1135: 1110: 1105: 1095: 1047: 1004:, was based at 952: 937: 891:Ragnvald Tamber 866: 858: 850:Main articles: 848: 772: 764: 642: 634:Main articles: 632: 596: 588: 582: 577: 471: 470: 469: 464: 441: 284: 281: 279: 241: 239: 217: 207: 167: 165: 153: 151: 150: 141: 139: 106: 104: 100: 97: 92: 89: 87: 85: 84: 83: 54: 39:Arctic Campaign 23: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3040: 3030: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2982:1943 in Norway 2979: 2977:1942 in Norway 2965: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2947: 2946:External links 2944: 2943: 2942: 2936: 2920: 2914: 2897: 2867: 2838:Morison, S. E. 2834: 2804: 2793:Warsailors.com 2784: 2752: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2739: 2718: 2717: 2711: 2698: 2664: 2658: 2645: 2639: 2626: 2613: 2598: 2561:Roskill, S. W. 2557: 2551: 2538: 2532: 2515: 2509: 2495: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2482: 2470: 2454: 2452:, p. 206. 2442: 2440:, p. 168. 2430: 2428:, p. 125. 2418: 2406: 2394: 2382: 2367: 2355: 2343: 2331: 2319: 2307: 2295: 2283: 2268: 2256: 2244: 2232: 2220: 2208: 2196: 2184: 2172: 2170:, p. 124. 2157: 2145: 2130: 2118: 2106: 2094: 2082: 2070: 2058: 2046: 2044:, p. 489. 2031: 2029:, p. 304. 2019: 2004: 2002:, p. 488. 1992: 1977: 1975:, p. 260. 1965: 1953: 1941: 1929: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1869: 1855: 1836: 1823: 1805: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1755: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1706: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1664: 1657: 1649: 1621: 1618: 1581: 1574: 1571: 1544: 1541: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1484: 1420: 1413: 1410: 1328: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1308:20 mm Oerlikon 1248: 1241: 1238: 1213: 1210: 1185: 1178: 1175: 1151:Einar Sverdrup 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1045: 943: 936: 933: 864: 847: 844: 814:Geoffrey Miles 808:Rear-admirals 781:Admiral Hipper 770: 763: 760: 650:Bletchley Park 631: 628: 594: 584:Main article: 581: 578: 576: 573: 514:Einar Sverdrup 509:Free Norwegian 484:to secure the 466: 465: 463: 462: 457: 452: 440: 439: 432: 417: 416: 409: 402: 395: 388: 381: 365: 364: 357: 350: 327: 326: 325: 324: 317: 310: 289: 286: 285: 278: 277: 270: 263: 255: 247: 246: 243: 235: 234: 230: 229: 223: 214:transport ship 203: 202: 198: 197: 190: 187:Einar Sverdrup 183: 182: 178: 177: 162: 160:United Kingdom 136: 135: 131: 130: 127: 126: 119: 115: 114: 75: 73: 69: 68: 65: 57: 56: 46: 45: 34: 33: 27: 26: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3039: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2939: 2937:0-75381-130-8 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2874: 2868: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2823: 2819: 2812: 2811: 2805: 2794: 2790: 2789:"D/S Isbjørn" 2785: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2750: 2738: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2723: 2722: 2714: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2674: 2669: 2668:Stacey, C. P. 2665: 2661: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2616: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2599: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2493: 2479: 2474: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2451: 2446: 2439: 2434: 2427: 2422: 2415: 2410: 2403: 2398: 2391: 2386: 2379: 2374: 2372: 2364: 2359: 2352: 2347: 2340: 2335: 2328: 2323: 2316: 2311: 2304: 2299: 2292: 2287: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2265: 2260: 2253: 2248: 2241: 2236: 2229: 2224: 2217: 2212: 2205: 2200: 2193: 2188: 2181: 2176: 2169: 2164: 2162: 2154: 2149: 2143:, p. 48. 2142: 2137: 2135: 2127: 2122: 2116:, p. 95. 2115: 2110: 2104:, p. 67. 2103: 2098: 2091: 2086: 2079: 2074: 2068:, p. 36. 2067: 2062: 2055: 2050: 2043: 2038: 2036: 2028: 2023: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2001: 1996: 1989: 1984: 1982: 1974: 1969: 1963:, p. 62. 1962: 1957: 1950: 1945: 1938: 1933: 1926: 1921: 1919: 1914: 1873: 1865: 1859: 1852: 1848: 1847: 1840: 1833: 1827: 1820: 1816: 1810: 1806: 1798: 1796: 1791: 1785: 1780: 1779:Junkers Ju 52 1776: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1722:Novaya Zemlya 1719: 1714: 1704: 1690: 1686: 1679: 1675: 1662: 1654: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1617: 1605: 1590: 1579: 1570: 1551: 1540: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1455: 1448: 1445: 1438: 1431: 1418: 1409: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1371: 1357: 1354: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1326: 1312: 1309: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1280:Royal Signals 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1252: 1246: 1237: 1233: 1224: 1223:Greenland Sea 1220: 1219:Muckle Flugga 1209: 1205: 1203: 1195: 1183: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1162: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1100: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1077: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1064:Hans Knoespel 1059: 1054: 1043: 1039: 1037: 1032: 1031: 1025: 1024:Adventfjorden 1021: 1020:Erich Etienne 1015: 1012: 1007: 1002: 1001: 994: 988: 987: 980: 974: 968: 963: 959: 951: 947: 941: 932: 930: 926: 921: 920: 914: 910: 906: 905: 899: 898: 892: 887: 885: 881: 877: 876: 862: 857: 853: 843: 840: 834: 833: 827: 826: 820: 815: 811: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 783: 782: 768: 759: 756: 755: 749: 748: 741: 735: 734: 728: 723: 718: 713: 707: 702: 697: 692: 688: 687: 681: 676: 670: 664: 659: 655: 651: 647: 641: 637: 627: 624: 618: 615: 611: 607: 603: 592: 587: 572: 570: 569: 563: 559: 558: 550: 548: 544: 543: 537: 536: 530: 526: 522: 517: 515: 510: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 447: 446: 445: 438: 437: 433: 431: 430: 426: 425: 424: 423: 422: 415: 414: 410: 408: 407: 403: 401: 400: 396: 394: 393: 389: 387: 386: 382: 380: 379: 375: 374: 373: 372: 370: 363: 362: 358: 356: 355: 351: 349: 348: 344: 343: 342: 341: 340: 339:Fleet Air Arm 336: 332: 323: 322: 318: 316: 315: 311: 309: 308: 304: 303: 302: 301: 297: 296: 295: 293: 287: 276: 271: 269: 264: 262: 257: 256: 253: 244: 237: 236: 231: 228: 224: 221: 215: 211: 205: 204: 199: 195: 194:Erich Etienne 191: 188: 185: 184: 179: 175: 163: 161: 149: 138: 137: 132: 124: 120: 117: 116: 111: 82: 78: 74: 71: 70: 66: 63: 62: 58: 52: 47: 44: 40: 35: 30: 25: 22: 2927: 2905: 2901: 2889:. 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1597:11:21 a.m. 1528:11:10 p.m. 1524:11:38 a.m. 1499:Aldis lamp 1356:Finneset. 929:Scapa Flow 913:North Cape 803:Home Fleet 680:Y-stations 606:North Pole 575:Background 557:Tuscaloosa 535:Manchester 498:North Pole 486:coal mines 406:Zitronella 399:Gearbox II 321:Polarfuchs 240:15 wounded 93:15°40′38″E 90:78°14′48″N 19:See also: 2926:(2001) . 2822:502551844 2772:500111663 2682:317352934 2670:(1956) . 2587:881709135 2563:(1957) . 2141:Blum 2019 1910:Footnotes 1900:5:04 p.m. 1896:8:54 a.m. 1693:Aftermath 1674:Luftwaffe 1653:Luftwaffe 1636:9:30 a.m. 1631:9:03 p.m. 1626:8:55 a.m. 1609:8:00 p.m. 1601:5:01 p.m. 1593:7:21 a.m. 1567:5:00 p.m. 1563:6:40 a.m. 1558:4:00 a.m. 1554:4:32 p.m. 1543:28–29 May 1537:2:27 p.m. 1533:1:45 a.m. 1504:Luftwaffe 1473:Luftwaffe 1454:Luftwaffe 1430:Luftwaffe 1412:16–31 May 1405:Luftwaffe 1375:8:30 p.m. 1366:5:00 p.m. 1361:5:00 a.m. 1348:8:00 p.m. 1320:13–15 May 1232:Luftwaffe 1227:5:50 a.m. 1198:4:00 p.m. 1138:4−5 April 1114:Admiralty 1096:5:45 a.m. 979:Luftwaffe 962:Jan Mayen 873:RMS 839:Luftwaffe 830:HMS 823:HMS 727:computers 722:Luftwaffe 717:computers 712:Luftwaffe 706:Luftwaffe 701:computers 696:Luftwaffe 686:Luftwaffe 610:Isfjorden 555:USS 540:HMS 533:HMS 436:Nordlicht 238:12 killed 123:Aftermath 2885:60137725 2856:59074150 2840:(1956). 2733:Archived 2721:Websites 1698:Analysis 1573:6–7 June 1468:Bellsund 1288:18 Group 1194:Shetland 1177:11 April 976:and the 967:Bjørnøya 950:Svalbard 902:SS 895:MS 740:B-Dienst 640:B-Dienst 586:Svalbard 580:Svalbard 521:Catalina 494:Svalbard 413:Haudegen 378:Gauntlet 369:Svalbard 347:Benedict 201:Strength 72:Location 2567:(ed.). 1889:⁄ 1832:Nigeria 1784:Wekusta 1766:Eclipse 1400:Isbjørn 1391:Isbjørn 1380:Isbjørn 1370:Isbjørn 1353:Isbjørn 1337:and MS 1335:Isbjørn 1296:Isbjørn 1264:Isbjørn 1253:, 2011) 1251:Envisat 1202:Isbjørn 1153:of the 1123:Isbjørn 1103:Prelude 1058:Wekusta 1011:Wekusta 993:Wekusta 925:Nigeria 904:Isbjørn 825:Nigeria 795:Petsamo 669:Heimish 663:Heimish 568:Tirpitz 542:Eclipse 392:Gearbox 385:Fritham 307:Rentier 220:Isbjørn 174:Germany 125:section 41:of the 2934: 2912: 2891:2 June 2883: 2861:1 June 2854: 2828:2 June 2820: 2798:1 June 2778:3 June 2770: 2709: 2692:1 June 2680: 2656: 2637: 2620:1 June 2611: 2592:1 June 2585: 2549: 2530: 2507: 1517:25 May 1212:12 May 956:After 919:Bremse 909:prizes 832:Aurora 787:Tromsø 658:Enigma 361:Orator 206:82 men 171: 157: 148:Norway 145: 118:Result 81:Norway 2904:[ 2877:(pdf) 2814:(pdf) 2492:Books 1864:Kröte 1846:U-435 1801:Notes 1795:Selis 1790:Kröte 1770:PQ 17 1685:Kröte 1466:near 1444:Kröte 1437:Kröte 1395:Selis 1384:Selis 1339:Selis 1300:Selis 1268:Selis 1119:Selis 1091:Kröte 1084:Kröte 1053:Ultra 1036:Bansö 1006:Banak 897:Selis 675:Hyrad 525:Ju 88 429:Birke 210:Selis 2932:ISBN 2910:ISBN 2893:2018 2881:OCLC 2863:2018 2852:OCLC 2830:2018 2818:OCLC 2800:2018 2780:2018 2768:OCLC 2707:ISBN 2694:2018 2678:OCLC 2654:ISBN 2635:ISBN 2622:2018 2609:ISBN 2594:2018 2583:OCLC 2579:HMSO 2547:ISBN 2528:ISBN 2524:HMSO 2505:ISBN 1764:and 1745:and 1724:and 1494:Ullo 1298:and 1240:Plan 1121:and 854:and 812:and 638:and 121:See 64:Date 1876:At 1359:At 1196:at 1072:at 990:5 ( 789:to 691:W/T 488:on 331:RAF 218:SS 208:SS 192:Dr 2973:: 2846:. 2791:. 2581:. 2573:. 2526:. 2370:^ 2271:^ 2160:^ 2133:^ 2034:^ 2007:^ 1980:^ 1917:^ 1882:17 1647:. 1329:A 1278:, 828:, 504:. 354:EF 337:, 335:RN 333:, 225:4 79:, 2940:. 2918:. 2895:. 2865:. 2832:. 2802:. 2782:. 2715:. 2696:. 2662:. 2643:. 2624:. 2596:. 2555:. 2536:. 2513:. 1891:2 1887:1 1884:+ 1853:. 1821:. 1491:" 1341:. 737:( 672:( 274:e 267:t 260:v 216:) 212:(

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