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botched and subsequently there were several near accidents. The fact that the
British forces could penetrate Argentine air defences and attack the airfield had the desired effect in relation to preventing fast jet usage of the Port Stanley airstrip as the Argentine military command could not risk stationing its fast jets and the infrastructure necessary to operate them on the islands if they could be destroyed on the ground, irrespective of the operational status of the runway. Admiral Woodward considered it vital to keep fast jets from using Port Stanley, to reduce the threat of air attack on the British aircraft carriers. Starting on 1 May, the Royal Navy attacked Port Stanley with aerial bombing by Sea Harriers and naval bombardment, in order to hamper Argentinian repair efforts. The Argentinians left the runway covered with piles of earth during the day, leading to claims this caused British intelligence to surmise that repairs were still in progress and misleading the British as to the condition of the airfield and the success of their raids.
1045:. As they passed the British Task Force, the crew signalled the code word "superfuse" indicating a successful attack at 0746Z. Their journey continued within range of the South American coast to the rendezvous with a Victor flown by Squadron Leader Barry Neal. After contacting control with an update, the tanker was sent further south. To help bring the two planes together, one of Ascension's two Nimrod maritime reconnaissance aircraft flew from Wideawake to the area. Without an in-flight refuelling system, it was unable to remain for long. Tuxford, who had continued to maintain radio silence lest he compromise the mission, picked up the "superfuse" signal and radioed Ascension for help. A Victor flown by his squadron commander, Wing Commander Colin Seymour, flew out to meet him, and refuelled Tuxford's Victor, enabling him to return to Ascension 14 hours and 5 minutes after he had left. Meanwhile, with the help of the Nimrod, Withers made the rendezvous with Neal, and all three aircraft returned to Ascension safely. Withers touched down at 1452Z.
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takeoff weight of 204,000 pounds (93,000 kg). On the warm
Ascension Island, the Bristol Olympus 301 engines had to be run at 103 per cent of their rated power in order to get the Vulcans airborne. Shortly after takeoff, Reeve suffered a failure. A rubber seal on the captain's "direct vision" side window had perished. Unable to close or seal the window and pressurise the crew cabin, he was forced to return to Ascension. The Vulcan lacked the ability to dump fuel, and it was far too heavy even for an emergency landing, so the crew were forced to remain airborne in a cold and noisy cabin until sufficient fuel had been consumed. Withers took over as the primary Vulcan. Twenty minutes later, one of the Victor tankers returned to Ascension with a faulty refuelling hose system, and its place was taken by the reserve.
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962:
542:
533:, the recapture of South Georgia. At 0400Z on 20 April, a Victor piloted by Squadron Leader J. G. Elliott, took off from Ascension, accompanied by four supporting tankers to supply fuel for the outbound journey. Another flight of four tankers supplied fuel for the return journey. Two more reconnaissance missions to the South Georgia area were carried out on 22–23 April and on 24–25 April. These missions demonstrated the capability of the Victor tanker fleet, flying out of Ascension, to support operations in the South Atlantic.
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flights to continue after Black Buck One, but that he "did not care too much about that" at the time since, unlike fast jets, they were not a direct threat to the naval forces. The
British were aware that Hercules flights continued to use the airfield and attempted to interdict these flights, leading to the downing of a Hercules on 1 June. In view of the airport's lack of impact on the ultimate outcome of the campaign, the British targeting of Stanley airport was questionable.
732:, and they were retrieved from there. Locating sufficient bombs also proved difficult, and only 167 could be located. Some had cast bomb cases rather than machined ones, which was problematic as they tended to shatter, and this mission required bombs that would penetrate into the ground. Training of crews in conventional bombing and in-flight refuelling was carried out from 14 to 17 April, when Military Air Traffic Controllers from the Military Area Service (M.A.S.) suite at
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tankers peeled off and returned, reducing the force to just three: Withers's Vulcan, a Victor flown by
Squadron Leader Bob Tuxford, and a Victor flown by Flight Lieutenant Steve Biglands. As a result of the fuel demand and problems in flight with refuelling, two of the Victors had to fly further south than planned, reducing their own reserves. At the final refuelling bracket, the sortie flew into a violent thunderstorm, during which Biglands's refuelling probe failed.
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480:
1316:, the commander of 801 NAS, who flew a Sea Harrier to protect Black Buck One from fighter attack, was highly critical of Operation Black Buck. He calculated that for the quantity of fuel expended by Black Buck One to drop 21 bombs, which he estimated at 1,800,000 litres (400,000 imp gal) at a cost of £3.3 million, the Sea Harriers of the carrier force could have carried out 785 sorties that would have delivered 2,357 bombs. Ward dismissed as RAF
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attack on the radar with Shrike missiles could only succeed if the targeted radar continued transmitting until struck, so a Sea
Harrier raid was staged to coincide with the attack to force the defenders to turn on the radar. At 0845Z two Shrikes were launched at it. The first missile impacted 10 to 15 yards (9.1 to 13.7 m) from the target, causing minor blast damage, but not disabling the radar. The second missile missed by a greater margin.
22:
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the single Vulcan before and after its attack on the
Falklands. Two Vulcans were assigned to the mission: one, commanded by Reeve, was the lead with another, captained by Withers, as the reserve, which would return to Ascension once Reeve had successfully completed its first aerial refuelling. The plan called for 15 Victor sorties and 18 aerial refuellings. At the time it was the longest bombing mission ever attempted. (
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place as soon as possible afterwards. Woodward signalled that if the photo reconnaissance was essential to Black Buck, then his recommendation was that Black Buck should be cancelled. The following day he was informed that Black Buck had been approved, and that the photo reconnaissance was required not just for damage assessment, but to refute
Argentine allegations of indiscriminate bombing.
754:, left Waddington at 0900Z on 29 April and arrived at Wideawake at 1800Z after a non-stop nine-hour flight during which they were twice refuelled by Victor tankers. Two other Vulcans subsequently deployed to Wideawake: one commanded by Squadron Leader Alastair Montgomery arrived on 14 May, and another, commanded by Squadron Leader Neil McDougall, on 27 May. It carried out trials with the
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wounded. The cratering at the western end of the runway prevented
Argentine engineers from extending it sufficiently to make it capable of accommodating high-performance combat aircraft. The runway remained in use by Hercules and light transport aircraft, allowing the Argentinians to fly in critical supplies and evacuate wounded personnel.
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redeployed to
Wideawake on 15 May to be the primary aircraft for Black Buck Three. Another, that had arrived from Waddington on 14 May, was the reserve aircraft for the mission. Scheduled for 16 May, Black Buck Three was cancelled before takeoff due to strong headwinds. The two Vulcans returned to Waddington on 20 and 23 May.
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the approach to Port
Stanley over the final 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) was made at low altitude, with a final "pop-up" to a higher altitude, 16,000 feet (4,900 m), for the bomb run in order to avoid the now fully alert Argentine anti-aircraft defences, particularly the Argentine
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Planning for the raid called for a bomb run in a 35° cut across the runway, with the aim of placing at least one bomb on the runway and possibly two. The main purpose in doing so was to prevent the use of the runway by fast jets; in this respect the raid was successful as the repair to the runway was
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helicopters. Brazil came under pressure from Argentina, and the United States agreed to intervene to preserve the secrets of the Shrike missile. The crew and aircraft were permitted to fly to Ascension on 10 June. A new refuelling probe was fitted there, and the aircraft flew back to Waddington on 13
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to attack targets on East Falkland. Nine of the aircraft struck Port Stanley Airport and dropped 27 bombs on the airfield and its defences. The bombs set a stockpile of fuel on fire and may have slightly damaged the runway. One of the Sea Harriers was struck by a 20 mm anti-aircraft round, which
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before either the Vulcan or the last tanker arrived back at Ascension. The bombardment is believed to have killed three Argentinian personnel at the airport and injured several more. One bomb exploded on the runway and caused a large crater which proved difficult to repair, and the other bombs caused
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indicated that seven bombs would not be enough, but a full load of twenty-one would have a 90 per cent probability of putting one crater in the runway, with a 75 per cent chance of two craters. An attack was also expected to do damage to the dispersal areas and aircraft parked nearby. To minimise the
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group heading south, on 11 April for recommendations for targets to attack in the Falkland Islands led to reconsideration of the possibility of attacks using Vulcans. Options for attacks on airfields and ports on the Argentine mainland were discarded as politically provocative and unlikely to produce
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The Black Buck Four mission was due to be the first using American-supplied Shrike anti-radar missiles, which were mounted on the Vulcans using improvised underwing pylons. These weapons had not previously been used by Vulcans, but arrangements for fitting them to the aircraft and the trials program
1018:, 33 miles (53 km) west of Stanley, before the automated bombing control system was engaged. Withers made the final approach at 10,000 feet (3,000 m), with an airspeed of 330 knots (610 km/h). The Vulcan's electronic countermeasures defeated the radar systems controlling the defending
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In the 34 minutes between the first and second refuellings, Withers's Vulcan burned through 9,200 pounds (4,200 kg) of fuel, at the rate of 16,250 pounds (7,370 kg) per hour. All this time its weight never dropped below the theoretical maximum. At the end of the second refuelling, two more
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The first surprise attack on the islands, on 30 April – 1 May, was the first significant offensive action made by British forces against the Argentine forces in the Falklands. It was aimed at the main runway at Port Stanley Airport. Carrying twenty-one 1,000-pound bombs, the bomber was to fly across
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from Woodward's task force. One of the reasons for the use of the Vulcans was to conserve Sea Harrier resources for the air defence of the naval forces, but the plan required them to conduct a daylight photo reconnaissance sortie over the airfield for the purpose of damage assessment. If they had to
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The raids did minimal damage to the runway and damage to radars was quickly repaired. A single crater was produced on the runway, rendering it impossible for the airfield to be used by fast jets. Argentinian ground crew repaired the runway within twenty-four hours, to a level of quality suitable for
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The most critical judgement of the use of the Vulcan centres on the argument that their use was "...largely to prove had some role to play and not to help the battle in the least." This illustrates the practice of armed services to actively seek a "piece of the action" when a conflict arises, even
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surface-to-air missiles. As a result, all the bombs missed the runway. This was not known for several days, as the weather conditions precluded photo-reconnaissance missions. According to Argentine sources, which also confirm impacts near the western end of the airstrip, two Argentine soldiers were
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Tuxford was supposed to return after this refuelling with 64,000 pounds (29,000 kg) of fuel while Biglands flew on with the Vulcan, but Tuxford now took Biglands's place. A quick calculation showed that he did not have enough fuel to make it back to Ascension. It fell to Tuxford to conduct the
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The eleven Victors and two Vulcans began taking off from Wideawake at 2350Z at one-minute intervals, with Reeve's Vulcan the eleventh to lift off and Withers's the last. With a full load of bombs and fuel, a sixth crew member and a fresh coat of paint, the Vulcans were well over their rated maximum
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proposed that Harriers be used to suppress the airfield radars prior to the Vulcan attack in addition to conducting the post-attack photo reconnaissance. On 29 April, Woodward was informed that the Black Buck raid would occur at 0700Z, and that he was to arrange for the photo reconnaissance to take
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transport aircraft until the end of the war, although after 1 May only 70 tonnes (69 long tons) of supplies and 340 troops were delivered, and early flights were suspended after 4 May, as Black Buck missions occurred in the early morning hours. Woodward has stated that he "fully expected" Hercules
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Black Buck Six was flown on 3 June by McDougall, whose Vulcan was now armed with four Shrike missiles instead of just two. Montgomery again flew the reserve aircraft. McDougall loitered over the target for 40 minutes in a vain effort to engage the AN/TPS-43, which was not switched on. Finally, the
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During the night of 3–4 May, a Vulcan flown by Squadron Leader John Reeve and his crew of No. 50 Squadron, flew a near-identical mission to the first. This time, a Vulcan piloted by Squadron Leader Alastair Montgomery, acted as flying reserve aircraft, but was not required. As with Black Buck One,
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could contain 9,200 imperial gallons (42,000 L) weighing 74,000 pounds (34,000 kg) in fourteen pressurised bag tanks, five in each wing and four in the fuselage. Based upon estimates of the Vulcan's fuel need, eleven Victor tankers, including two reserve aircraft, were assigned to refuel
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K2 tankers. Originally 34 Victors had been built as bombers; 24 had subsequently been converted to tankers. One had been lost in an accident at Marham on 28 September 1976, leaving the RAF with a force of just 23. These were the only tankers in British service in April 1982; nine VC10s were in the
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deployed during April to guard the airspace surrounding the Falkland Islands. The warning that this radar gave enabled the Argentine defenders to conceal mobile Exocet missile launchers. It also gave Argentine Hercules transports the warning they needed to continue using the runway at Stanley. An
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The primary aircraft was a Vulcan flown by Squadron Leader Neil McDougall and his crew from No. 50 Squadron that arrived at Wideawake on 27 May, with Montgomery flying the reserve aircraft. The mission was scheduled for 28 May, but was also cancelled, but only some five hours after they had taken
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Following Black Buck Two there was a break in Vulcan operations as the tankers were needed to support submarine-hunting missions conducted by Nimrods; each Nimrod sortie to protect the naval task force required 18 supporting tanker sorties. The two Vulcans returned to Waddington on 7 May, but one
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The first five Victors deployed to Ascension on 18 April. They were followed by four more the following day. Another six more deployed by the end of the month, bringing the Victor tanker force to fourteen, since one had returned to Marham on 26 April. Each was refuelled by another Victor before
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The final Black Buck mission was flown on 12 June by Withers, and with the same crew as for Black Buck One except that Flight Lieutenant Peter Standing acted as Air-to-Air Refuelling Instructor instead of Russell. Montgomery once again flew the reserve aircraft. This time the mission targeted
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While the Vulcans were capable of carrying conventional munitions, this had not been done for a long time. To carry twenty-one bombs, the Vulcan required three sets of bomb carriers, each of which held seven bombs. Their release was controlled by a panel at the navigator's station, known as a
491:
The tanker crews were well-trained for their wartime role, as their peacetime role involved refuelling fighters scrambled in response to incursions into British airspace, usually by bombers from the Soviet Union at a rate of five per week. However, long-range flights over the unfamiliar South
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On its return flight McDougall was forced to divert to Rio de Janeiro after his in-flight refuelling probe broke. One of the missiles he was carrying was ditched into the ocean to reduce drag, but the other remained stuck on the pylon and could not be released. Sensitive documents containing
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transports. The British were aware that the runway remained in use. It has been suggested that the Black Buck raids were undertaken by the RAF because the British armed forces had been cut in the late 1970s and the RAF may have desired a greater role in the conflict to prevent further cuts.
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Now alone, Withers flew on to the Falklands. He made his approach at low level, dropping to 300 feet (91 m) before climbing to 1,000 feet (300 m) for the bomb run 40 miles (64 km) from the target. To verify their position and minimise the risk of civilian casualties, the
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Esta misión se concretó a las 05:33 hs, sobre la BAM Malvinas, sobrevolándola con rumbo N-NE y lanzando diecisiete bombas con retardo de hasta dos horas, que impactaron a 45º de la cabecera 08, pero sin afectar la pista, aunque hiriendo levemente a dos soldados del Ejército Argentino
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long-range 3D radar in the Port Stanley area. Shrikes hit two of the less valuable and rapidly replaced secondary fire control radars, causing some casualties among the Argentine crews. One Vulcan was almost lost when a breakdown of its refueling system forced it to land in Brazil.
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This mission was completed at 05:33 am, over the Malvinas BAM, flying over it heading N-NE and dropping seventeen bombs with a delay of up to two hours, which hit 45º from the 08 header, but without affecting the runway, although wounding slightly to two soldiers of the Argentine
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were completed in just ten days. Vulcans equipped with Shrike allowed the Vulcan to carry an additional 16,000 pounds (7,300 kg) of fuel in bomb bay tanks, which extended their range and reduced the number of refuelling contacts needed on the flight to the Falklands to four.
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to protect the Vulcan, but were not required as no Argentine aircraft were in the area at the time of the attack. The Sea Harriers went into action shortly after the Vulcan raid. Two of the aircraft flew over Port Stanley airport to photograph the damage caused by the Vulcan.
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in Australia, a much greater distance, but that was with pre-positioned aerial tankers along the route, which would not be possible flying from Ascension. All consideration at this point was about how it could be done; no targets were identified in the Falklands or Argentina.
604:. Whether it would be worth the effort was debated. Beetham initially proposed an attack in which a single Vulcan would drop seven 1,000-pound (450 kg) bombs. This light bomb load would keep the refuelling requirements down to a minimum. However, tests conducted at the
723:, that monitored the electrical connections to each bomb, and was said to provide 90 different sequences for releasing the 1,000-pound bombs. None of the Vulcans at Waddington were fitted with the bomb racks or the 90-way. A search of the supply dumps at Waddington and
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301 engines were considered suitable. Six aircraft were selected: two each from Nos. 44, 50 and 101 Squadrons. In the event, one was not used. Five crews were chosen, one each from Nos. 44 and 101 Squadrons, two from No. 50 Squadron, and one from the recently disbanded
1353:
The British intended to convince the Argentinian forces that an amphibious assault on Port Stanley was imminent, and Admiral Woodward saw Black Buck One as an important contribution to this effort, alongside naval attacks and deception efforts. The author of
1338:] Buenos Aires was well within range as well and was vulnerable to similar attacks. I never went along with that baloney. A lone Vulcan or two running into attack Buenos Aires without fighter support would have been shot to hell in quick time.
1121:
P. I. Taylor (co-pilot), Flight Lieutenant R. D. Wright (radar plotter), Flight Lieutenant G. C. Graham (navigator), Flight Lieutenant H. Prior (air electronics officer) and Flight Lieutenant R. J. Russell (air-to-air refuelling instructor)—were
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and severe damage to another two. The pilot of the destroyed aircraft and five maintenance personnel were killed. Neither of the two damaged aircraft flew again. The three British aircraft did not encounter any opposition and safely returned to
353:
anti-radar missiles externally. Of the five Black Buck raids flown to completion, three were against Stanley Airfield's runway and operational facilities, while the other two were anti-radar missions using Shrike missiles against a Westinghouse
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final refuelling. Withers received 7,000 pounds (3,200 kg) less than he expected. This meant that he would be making the return fuelling rendezvous with 7,000 pounds (3,200 kg) in his tanks instead of 14,000 pounds (6,400 kg).
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This was a potentially embarrassing international incident, as it revealed that the United States had supplied the British with Shrike missiles. British diplomats negotiated for the release of the Vulcan and its crew, who were interned at
427:
Argentine codes had been broken, and in March 1982 intelligence warnings about possible Argentine activity in the South Atlantic accumulated. The RAF began examining whether it was possible to carry out long-range operations with
1424:
if their capabilities or mission are not compatible with the circumstances of the conflict. Using Black Buck as an example shows the effects of this practice can be trivial and the results not worth the effort involved.
1194:
Black Buck Five was flown by McDougall with Montgomery reprising his role flying the reserve aircraft. This was the first completed anti-radar mission equipped with Shrike missiles. The main target was a Westinghouse
1110:. After the aircraft were refuelled, 800 NAS began launching Sea Harriers on combat air patrol sorties. 801 NAS maintained a four-aircraft combat air patrol to the east of Port Stanley throughout the operation.
338:, close to the Equator. The Vulcan was designed for medium-range missions in Europe and lacked the range to fly to the Falklands without refuelling several times. The RAF's tanker planes were mostly converted
727:
located the 90-way panels, which were fitted and tested, but finding enough septuple bomb carriers proved harder, and at least nine were required. Someone remembered that some had been sold to a scrapyard in
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Argentine troop positions and facilities around the airport instead of the runway. The bombs were fused in error to explode on impact; the end of the war was in sight and the intention had been for them to
396:
that lay 3,700 nautical miles (4,300 mi; 6,900 km) from the UK and 6,300 nautical miles (7,200 mi; 11,700 km) from the Falklands. Without aircraft able to cover the long distance, the
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the line of the runway at about 35 degrees. The bomb release system was timed to drop bombs sequentially from 10,000 feet (3,000 m), so that at least one bomb would hit the runway. The Vulcan's
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responsible for training personnel to operate Victor tankers was added to each Vulcan crew during operational missions; this officer was responsible for supervising the refuelling contacts.
1294:
Aerial reconnaissance photo of Port Stanley Airport. The craters from Black Buck One's bombs are visible in the middle. Black Buck Two's craters are visible more clearly to the left.
617:, the raids would be carried out at night, preferably in bad weather. Damage to the surrounding area, possibly including parked aircraft, would make the raid worthwhile. While the
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to add to the defences there following the Vulcan raids on the islands." Apparently, the logic behind this statement was that if the Vulcan could hit Port Stanley, the [
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D. W. Maurice-Jones assumed command of the Victor detachment at Ascension until 22 April, when he was relieved by Wing Commander A. W. Bowman, the commander of No. 57 Squadron.
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bombers with similar range, so they too had to be refuelled in the air. A total of eleven tankers were required for two Vulcans (one primary and one reserve), a daunting
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The military effectiveness of Black Buck remains controversial, with some independent sources describing it as "minimal". The runway continued to be used by Argentine
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operations after the Falkland Islands were recaptured. In the event, all 21 bombs missed the intended targets. The Argentine ground forces surrendered two days later.
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anti-aircraft cannons. The twenty-one bombs were dropped. Once all were away, Withers put the Vulcan into a 60-degree bank to the left, subjecting the crew to 2
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The attacking Vulcan was refuelled seven times on the outward journey and once on the return journey. Grey lines indicate reserve aircraft to replace casualties.
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were not so certain, and there were political implications to using the base at Ascension for offensive purposes, as Wideawake was technically a USAF base. The
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One of the most challenging tasks was reinstating the aerial refuelling system, which had been blocked off. This involved replacing the 4-inch (100 mm)
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1130:, while his crew—Squadron Leader E. F. Wallis, Flight Lieutenant M. E. Beer, Flight Lieutenant J. N. Keable and Flight Lieutenant G. D. Rees—received the
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off. One of the supporting Victor refuelling aircraft suffered a failure of the hose-and-drogue refuelling unit, and the flight had to be recalled.
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Withers climbed away from the airfield and headed nearly due north to a planned rendezvous with a Victor some way off the Brazilian coast near
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was led to believe that Black Buck One was the prelude to a full-scale landing by the British. As a consequence, he ordered Rear Admiral
1114:
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There is no evidence that Mirage IIIs were withdrawn from southern Argentina to protect Buenos Aires. On 29 April, Argentine radars at
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by Brazilian authorities with less than 2,000 pounds (910 kg) of fuel remaining, not enough to complete a circuit of the airport.
573:(NATO) for nuclear operations; neither aerial refuelling nor conventional bombing had been practised for several years. A request from
629:
was consulted, and affirmed that it had no objection. Authority to proceed with the operation, codenamed Black Buck, was given by the
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process of being converted to tankers, but conversion of the first was not completed until 22 June. Of these, twelve were assigned to
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401:(RAF) could not envisage carrying out operations in the South Atlantic. Activities in the South Atlantic would be carried out by the
384:. Nonetheless, at six-monthly intervals the Defence chiefs reviewed other possible areas of conflict around the globe, including the
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503:. The tankers were themselves capable of being refuelled in flight, which meant that it was possible to set up relays of aircraft.
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and was quickly repaired. The Argentine air defence headquarters incorrectly assessed British losses as three aircraft destroyed.
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received the "superfuse" message by 0830Z and the Ministry of Defence shortly thereafter. Beetham was informed by his deputy,
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be risked, then there were political advantages in using them to carry out the attack on the airport instead. Rear Admiral
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leaving UK airspace. While the Victors deployed to Ascension, their normal refuelling mission in the air was undertaken by
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Initial long-range operations by the RAF involved the use of Victor aircraft for reconnaissance of the region surrounding
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were fitted to the wings of the Vulcans on improvised pylons, using the attachment points originally intended for the
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Atlantic Ocean necessitated upgrades to the Victors' navigational equipment, notably the installation of the
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1412:. Thereafter the Argentine Navy withdrew to territorial waters and played no further part in the conflict.
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crew fired two of the four Shrikes, which destroyed a Skyguard fire-control radar of the Argentine Army's
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argued that the Vulcan threat would cause the Argentinians to retain fighters in the north of Argentina.
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Air Power in the Falklands Conflict: An Operational Level Insight Into Air Warfare in the South Atlantic
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Air Power in the Falklands Conflict: An Operational Level Insight Into Air Warfare in the South Atlantic
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were scrambled from Santa Cruz Airfield and intercepted the Vulcan. The aircraft was cleared to land at
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were convinced that the operation was feasible and stood a good chance of success, the civilians at the
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Badsey, Stephen (March 2013). "An Overview of the Falklands War: Politics, Strategy and Operations".
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Burden, Rodney A.; Draper, Michael I.; Rough, Douglas A.; Smith, Colin R.; Wilton, David L. (1986).
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388:. The consensus was that they were indefensible. The nearest airfield usable for operations was on
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Performed; primary aircraft cabin failed to pressurise shortly after takeoff, replaced by reserve
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in operational use for bombing, but by March 1982 there were only three squadrons remaining, Nos.
331:) and 16 hours for the round trip, were the longest-ranged bombing raids in history at that time.
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The Vulcans carried either twenty-one 1,000-pound (450 kg) bombs internally or two or four
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to destroy aircraft and stores without damaging the runway, which would soon be needed for RAF
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440:
393:
96:
1976:
315:. Five of the missions completed attacks. The objective of the missions was to attack
3344:
3222:
3208:
3008:
2998:
2978:
2968:
2948:
2938:
2918:
2908:
2891:
2881:
2864:
2848:
2836:
2816:
2804:
2794:
2786:
2774:
2764:
2747:
2737:
2720:
1375:
1240:
were jettisoned into the sea via the crew hatch, and a "Mayday" signal was sent. Two
1177:, showing mission markings from its two Black Buck missions and Brazilian internment.
1067:
748:
736:
in West Drayton, Middlesex, took the Vulcan bombers and Victor tankers 250 miles off
610:
590:
436:
261:
154:
71:
1249:
605:
3352:
3236:
3229:
2828:
1144:
1098:
1079:
1060:
755:
674:
581:
389:
385:
312:
144:
139:
657:
Vulcans were selected based upon their engines; only those with the more powerful
3482:
1381:
1071:
minor damage to aircraft and equipment. The shortened runway remained in action.
729:
707:
697:
658:
594:
398:
285:
280:
were seven extremely long-range ground attack missions conducted during the 1982
541:
2990:
1510:"How the CIA used Crypto AG encryption devices to spy on countries for decades"
1299:
1279:
1118:
1042:
741:
577:
566:
493:
364:
293:
2922:
2895:
2832:
1549:
1346:
detected a suspected British air strike and aircraft from there were moved to
681:. The five aircraft were fitted with the Carousel inertial navigation system.
565:. All three were scheduled to be disbanded by 1 July 1982. They were based at
3492:
3051:
3012:
2982:
2952:
2840:
2808:
2791:
The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: Volume II - War and Diplomacy
2778:
2751:
2724:
1385:
1366:
1324:
Propaganda was, of course, used later to try to justify these missions: "The
1261:
1217:
1015:
993:
759:
737:
693:
650:
515:
350:
320:
281:
60:
1656:
1654:
1048:
2930:
1363:
1329:
1313:
1174:
1063:
724:
678:
645:
417:
406:
381:
1101:
shortly after the raid on Port Stanley, resulting in the destruction of a
1855:
1853:
1851:
1651:
1290:
1094:
966:
630:
429:
289:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2152:
2150:
2108:
2106:
1921:
1919:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1614:
1612:
1212:
479:
1325:
1317:
979:
682:
402:
1165:
463:
Long-range operations were entirely dependent upon the RAF's fleet of
21:
2222:
2210:
2147:
2103:
1916:
1865:
1828:
1666:
1609:
1310:
1275:
1196:
1052:
A Vulcan bomber makes an approach to land at Ascension Island at dusk
1011:
974:
355:
343:
328:
747:
The first two Vulcans, commanded by Squadron Leader John Reeve, and
455:
on 2 April 1982, the British Government resolved to recapture them.
376:
During the early 1980s, British defence planning was focused on the
2491:"Black Buck 6 – Uma missão de combate que acabou no Rio de Janeiro"
1229:
714:. This was the number four (right outermost) engine of Vulcan XM612
550:
377:
18:
Series of British long-range bombing raids during the Falklands War
1558:. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 22 June 1961. p. 1
1066:, an hour later. The news of the bombing raid was reported on the
1014:
was successfully locked on to the 2,313-foot (705 m) peak of
882:
Cancelled 5 hours into flight, due to a fault in the Victor fleet
636:
2819:(August 2007). "Revisiting the Falklands Intelligence Failures".
1244:
fighters from 2° Esquadrão do 1° Grupo de Aviação de Caça of the
1086:
damaged its fin and tailplane; the aircraft managed to return to
484:
3020:
2365:
1320:
the claim that the raids led to fear of attacks on the mainland:
28:
1693:
644:
The most controversial part of the plan was the involvement of
444:
432:
1722:
1720:
1093:
The other three 800 NAS Sea Harriers attacked the airfield at
1491:
1489:
700:. The undersides of the aircraft were painted Dark Sea Grey.
2198:
2125:
2123:
2121:
518:
J. S. B. Price, became the senior RAF officer at Ascension.
3443:
2632:
2552:
2513:
2276:
2274:
1892:
1732:
1717:
1641:
1639:
1030:(NAS) were held at readiness on board the aircraft carrier
1026:(20 m/s), twice the force of gravity. Sea Harriers of
324:
2668:
2620:
2542:
2540:
2497:(in Portuguese). No. 49. January 2008. Archived from
2408:
2406:
1486:
2525:
2239:
2118:
1599:
1597:
1334:
640:
Vulcan XM607, which carried out the first Black Buck raid
2692:
2430:
2271:
2162:
2135:
2091:
2079:
2067:
2055:
2043:
2007:
1995:
1904:
1816:
1804:
1792:
1780:
1636:
1624:
1582:
1532:
1530:
1451:
319:
and its associated defences. The raids, at almost 6,600
2680:
2656:
2596:
2537:
2442:
2403:
1705:
1550:"Vulcan Jet Bomber Smashes England To Australia Record"
1265:
June. The remaining Shrike missile remained in Brazil.
1078:
Sea Harriers were dispatched from the aircraft carrier
2863:. Barnsley, United Kingdom: Pen & Sword Military.
2758:
2233:
2216:
2156:
2112:
1925:
1886:
1859:
1768:
1687:
1660:
1618:
1594:
439:. In 1961, a Vulcan had flown non-stop from the UK to
3454:
2418:
1756:
1570:
1527:
1441:
1439:
1437:
2387:(in Spanish). Fuerza Aérea Argentina. Archived from
2186:
2174:
2031:
2019:
1132:
Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air
2644:
2608:
1744:
860:Cancelled before takeoff due to weather conditions
346:effort as all aircraft had to use the same runway.
3504:Aerial operations and battles of the Falklands War
2576:
1434:
982:bombers would surpass that record during the 2001
758:anti-radar missile before being equipped with the
1350:, but they still remained in southern Argentina.
677:. Twenty replacements were located on a shelf at
416:and logistic support of the base at Ascension by
3490:
2325:(1st supplement). 8 October 1982. p. 12855.
2305:(1st supplement). 8 October 1982. p. 12856.
2267:(1st supplement). 8 October 1982. p. 12854.
334:The Operation Black Buck raids were staged from
2578:"Offensive Air Operations Of The Falklands War"
3036:
2571:
2569:
2567:
44:
1472:"Air-to-air refuelling in the Falklands War"
2855:
2245:
2204:
2129:
1113:On 8 October 1982, Withers was awarded the
710:301 jet engine serial number 650179 in the
3043:
3029:
2564:
2291:
2289:
51:
37:
2485:
2483:
1117:for his part in the action, and his crew—
936:Port Stanley Airport stores and aircraft
3524:Military operations of the Falklands War
2989:
2907:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Air World.
2880:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Air World.
2785:
2686:
2638:
2602:
2558:
2546:
2519:
2448:
2412:
2371:
2315:
2295:
2257:
1898:
1738:
1726:
1711:
1588:
1495:
1457:
1328:were redrawn from Southern Argentina to
1289:
1211:
1164:
1047:
992:
960:
702:
635:
540:
478:
409:, with the RAF's role restricted to the
20:
2902:
2731:
2674:
2626:
2436:
2424:
2286:
1975:Haulman, Daniel L. (21 November 2016).
1974:
1762:
549:The Vulcan was the last of the British
3491:
2714:
2531:
2480:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1507:
453:Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands
3499:Aerial bombing operations and battles
3024:
2959:
2815:
2698:
2460:
2280:
2192:
2180:
2168:
2141:
2097:
2085:
2073:
2061:
2049:
2037:
2025:
2013:
2001:
1910:
1822:
1810:
1798:
1786:
1774:
1750:
1699:
1645:
1630:
1603:
1576:
1536:
1469:
1445:
311:, against Argentine positions in the
32:
2929:
2793:. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge.
2717:NIDS Military History Studies Annual
2662:
2650:
2614:
666:. An air-to-air instructor from the
1931:
1268:
1151:
514:. The station commander at Marham,
13:
1394:to the south and aircraft carrier
1189:
1160:
712:Aviation Museum of Central Finland
571:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
262:Thule & South Sandwich Islands
14:
3535:
3050:
2861:Argentine Fight for the Falklands
2763:. London: Arms and Armour Press.
1952:. Royal Air Force. Archived from
1508:Miller, Greg (11 February 2020).
1207:
1137:
956:
627:United States Department of State
536:
458:
58:
3476:
3464:
1981:Air & Spaces Forces Magazine
1232:, killing four radar operators.
600:Thinking coalesced on a raid on
25:Operation Black Buck on the map.
2454:
2377:
2329:
2309:
2251:
1968:
580:, the commander of the British
297:
296:Wing, comprising aircraft from
3519:History of the Royal Air Force
3291:Falkland Islands Defence Force
2935:Sea Harrier over the Falklands
1542:
1501:
1463:
734:London Terminal Control Centre
1:
2736:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
2707:
1470:Brice, Norman (12 May 2022).
1199:long-range 3D radar that the
371:
2734:Vulcan Units of the Cold War
848:Port Stanley Airport runway
826:Port Stanley Airport runway
804:Port Stanley Airport runway
545:The bomb bay of Vulcan XM598
7:
1983:. Vol. 99, no. 12
1230:601 Anti-Aircraft Battalion
1074:Later that morning, twelve
765:
668:operational conversion unit
606:Garvie Island bombing range
512:Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers
10:
3540:
2937:. London: Cassell and Co.
2466:"When the RAF went to Rio"
1702:, pp. 89–90, 123–126.
1417:United States Marine Corps
1405:was sunk by the submarine
1126:. Tuxford was awarded the
1115:Distinguished Flying Cross
984:Operation Enduring Freedom
770:
569:in the UK and assigned to
497:inertial navigation system
3396:
3299:
3247:
3180:
3104:
3081:Invasion of South Georgia
3076:Invasion of the Falklands
3058:
2833:10.1080/03071840701574755
1285:
1171:National Museum of Flight
807:30 April–1 May
686:electronic countermeasure
619:Chiefs of Staff Committee
68:
2967:. London: Bantam Press.
2732:Brookes, Andrew (2009).
2374:, pp. 296–297, 301.
1428:
1401:to the north. On 2 May,
585:worthwhile results. The
414:maritime patrol aircraft
3424:British nuclear weapons
2385:"Conflicto de Malvinas"
1169:XM597 preserved at the
1124:Mentioned in Dispatches
801:Black Buck 1
615:surface-to-air missiles
509:United States Air Force
501:Omega navigation system
422:Lockheed C-130 Hercules
380:confrontation with the
274:Operations Black Buck 1
2903:Shields, John (2021).
2876:Shields, John (2021).
2761:Falklands: The Air War
1950:"Operation Black Buck"
1426:
1340:
1295:
1242:Northrop F-5E Tiger II
1238:classified information
1224:
1221:anti-radiation missile
1178:
1076:800 Naval Air Squadron
1057:Northwood Headquarters
1053:
1028:801 Naval Air Squadron
998:
969:
715:
641:
587:Chief of the Air Staff
546:
488:
411:Hawker Siddeley Nimrod
26:
1421:
1419:study concluded that:
1322:
1293:
1258:Galeão Air Force Base
1215:
1168:
1051:
996:
964:
706:
639:
544:
482:
24:
3091:Total Exclusion Zone
1314:Nigel (Sharkey) Ward
914:Anti-aircraft radar
892:Anti-aircraft radar
870:Anti-aircraft radar
602:Port Stanley Airport
527:South Georgia Island
424:transport aircraft.
336:RAF Ascension Island
317:Port Stanley Airport
2997:. London: Fontana.
2857:Middlebrook, Martin
2701:, pp. 364–365.
2677:, pp. 214–215.
2665:, pp. 247–248.
2641:, pp. 138–139.
2629:, pp. 170–171.
2561:, pp. 652–653.
2534:, pp. 161–162.
2522:, pp. 542–543.
2464:(25 January 2016).
2283:, pp. 367–368.
2171:, pp. 344–348.
2144:, pp. 338–341.
2100:, pp. 324–328.
2088:, pp. 318–320.
2076:, pp. 306–311.
2064:, pp. 300–302.
2052:, pp. 291–296.
2016:, pp. 267–270.
2004:, pp. 266–267.
1913:, pp. 252–253.
1901:, pp. 274–277.
1825:, pp. 365–366.
1813:, pp. 237–240.
1801:, pp. 126–127.
1789:, pp. 148–149.
1741:, pp. 278–279.
1729:, pp. 275–277.
1663:, pp. 393–394.
1648:, pp. 150–157.
1633:, pp. 119–121.
1498:, pp. 274–275.
1398:Veinticinco de Mayo
1246:Brazilian Air Force
1201:Argentine Air Force
945:XM598 (Montgomery)
923:XM598 (Montgomery)
901:XM598 (Montgomery)
879:XM598 (Montgomery)
835:XM598 (Montgomery)
690:Blackburn Buccaneer
623:Ministry of Defence
465:Handley Page Victor
340:Handley Page Victor
90:Operation Corporate
3409:Argentine cemetery
2817:Lebow, Richard Ned
2787:Freedman, Lawrence
2583:GlobalSecurity.org
2344:RAF Museum Cosford
2322:The London Gazette
2302:The London Gazette
2264:The London Gazette
2234:Burden et al. 1986
2217:Burden et al. 1986
2157:Burden et al. 1986
2113:Burden et al. 1986
1926:Burden et al. 1986
1887:Burden et al. 1986
1860:Burden et al. 1986
1688:Burden et al. 1986
1661:Burden et al. 1986
1619:Burden et al. 1986
1566:– via Trove.
1555:The Canberra Times
1348:Comodoro Rivadavia
1296:
1225:
1179:
1054:
999:
970:
920:XM597 (McDougall)
898:XM597 (McDougall)
876:XM597 (McDougall)
716:
642:
611:anti-aircraft guns
547:
531:Operation Paraquet
489:
441:RAAF Base Richmond
394:Wideawake airfield
27:
3452:
3451:
3419:British logistics
3387:Atlantic Conveyor
3122:Many Branch Point
2974:978-0-593-07126-7
2914:978-1-3990-0752-8
2887:978-1-3990-0752-8
2743:978-1-84603-818-1
2439:, pp. 78–79.
2207:, pp. 77–78.
1777:, pp. 74–75.
1606:, pp. 85–86.
1591:, pp. 15–20.
1579:, pp. 62–63.
1539:, pp. 68–70.
1460:, pp. 62–63.
1344:Puerto San Julián
1068:BBC World Service
954:
953:
749:Flight Lieutenant
675:non-return valves
591:Air Chief Marshal
563:101 Squadrons RAF
483:Victor XM717 (in
437:aerial refuelling
270:
269:
208:Many Branch Point
175:Atlantic Conveyor
72:Operation Rosario
3531:
3509:Ascension Island
3481:
3480:
3479:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3460:
3414:British cemetery
3312:General Belgrano
3137:Mount Tumbledown
3045:
3038:
3031:
3022:
3021:
3016:
2995:One Hundred Days
2986:
2956:
2926:
2899:
2874:
2852:
2812:
2782:
2755:
2728:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2580:
2573:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2487:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2401:
2400:
2391:on 1 June 2008.
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2353:on 25 March 2009
2352:
2346:. Archived from
2341:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2293:
2284:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2255:
2249:
2246:Middlebrook 2009
2243:
2237:
2231:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2205:Middlebrook 2009
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2130:Middlebrook 2009
2127:
2116:
2110:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1956:on 17 April 2017
1946:
1929:
1923:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1863:
1857:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1664:
1658:
1649:
1643:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1607:
1601:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1403:General Belgrano
1391:General Belgrano
1379:
1269:Black Buck Seven
1152:Black Buck Three
1061:Air Vice Marshal
942:XM607 (Withers)
813:XM607 (Withers)
775:
774:
582:aircraft carrier
390:Ascension Island
386:Falkland Islands
313:Falkland Islands
299:
252:Mount Tumbledown
63:
53:
46:
39:
30:
29:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3477:
3475:
3465:
3463:
3455:
3453:
3448:
3429:Cultural impact
3392:
3295:
3243:
3176:
3100:
3054:
3049:
3019:
3005:
2991:Woodward, Sandy
2975:
2945:
2915:
2888:
2875:
2871:
2801:
2771:
2744:
2719:(16): 139–166.
2710:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2689:, pp. 132.
2685:
2681:
2673:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2653:, pp. 246.
2649:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2605:, pp. 138.
2601:
2597:
2587:
2585:
2575:
2574:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2538:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2501:on 4 April 2019
2489:
2488:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2459:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2411:
2404:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2314:
2310:
2294:
2287:
2279:
2272:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2128:
2119:
2111:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1948:
1947:
1932:
1924:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1866:
1858:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1667:
1659:
1652:
1644:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1610:
1602:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1514:Washington Post
1506:
1502:
1494:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1435:
1431:
1382:pincer movement
1373:
1362:, claimed that
1288:
1271:
1210:
1192:
1190:Black Buck Five
1163:
1161:Black Buck Four
1154:
1140:
1128:Air Force Cross
959:
790:Reserve Vulcan
787:Primary Vulcan
773:
768:
730:Newark-on-Trent
708:Bristol Olympus
698:Skybolt missile
659:Bristol Olympus
595:Michael Beetham
539:
474:No. 57 Squadron
470:No. 55 Squadron
461:
399:Royal Air Force
374:
286:Royal Air Force
271:
266:
64:
59:
57:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3537:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3486:
3485:
3473:
3471:United Kingdom
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3382:
3374:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3342:
3334:
3323:
3320:Alférez Sobral
3315:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3152:Wireless Ridge
3149:
3144:
3142:Top Malo House
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3048:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3025:
3018:
3017:
3003:
2987:
2973:
2961:White, Rowland
2957:
2943:
2927:
2913:
2900:
2886:
2869:
2853:
2813:
2799:
2783:
2769:
2756:
2742:
2729:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2691:
2679:
2667:
2655:
2643:
2631:
2619:
2617:, p. 302.
2607:
2595:
2563:
2551:
2549:, p. 631.
2536:
2524:
2512:
2479:
2462:White, Rowland
2453:
2451:, p. 542.
2441:
2429:
2417:
2415:, p. 421.
2402:
2376:
2364:
2328:
2308:
2285:
2270:
2250:
2238:
2236:, p. 194.
2221:
2219:, p. 193.
2209:
2197:
2195:, p. 343.
2185:
2183:, p. 337.
2173:
2161:
2159:, p. 395.
2146:
2134:
2117:
2115:, p. 210.
2102:
2090:
2078:
2066:
2054:
2042:
2040:, p. 285.
2030:
2028:, p. 280.
2018:
2006:
1994:
1967:
1930:
1928:, p. 394.
1915:
1903:
1891:
1889:, p. 367.
1864:
1862:, p. 365.
1827:
1815:
1803:
1791:
1779:
1767:
1755:
1743:
1731:
1716:
1714:, p. 275.
1704:
1692:
1690:, p. 363.
1665:
1650:
1635:
1623:
1621:, p. 393.
1608:
1593:
1581:
1569:
1541:
1526:
1500:
1485:
1462:
1450:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1371:Gualter Allara
1300:C-130 Hercules
1287:
1284:
1270:
1267:
1250:Galeão Airport
1209:
1208:Black Buck Six
1206:
1191:
1188:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1139:
1138:Black Buck Two
1136:
1119:Flying Officer
1043:Rio de Janeiro
958:
957:Black Buck One
955:
952:
951:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
930:
929:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
908:
907:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
886:
885:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
864:
863:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
842:
841:
839:
836:
833:
832:XM607 (Reeve)
830:
827:
824:
820:
819:
817:
814:
811:
810:XM598 (Reeve)
808:
805:
802:
798:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
772:
769:
767:
764:
760:Shrike missile
752:Martin Withers
742:Atlantic Ocean
664:No. 9 Squadron
578:Sandy Woodward
567:RAF Waddington
538:
537:Vulcan bombers
535:
529:in support of
520:Wing Commander
494:Delco Carousel
472:and eleven to
460:
459:Victor tankers
457:
373:
370:
365:C-130 Hercules
327:; 12,200
321:nautical miles
294:RAF Waddington
290:Vulcan bombers
268:
267:
265:
264:
259:
254:
249:
247:Wireless Ridge
244:
239:
234:
227:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
198:Top Malo House
195:
190:
185:
178:
171:
164:
159:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
125:
118:
111:
104:
99:
86:
85:
80:
69:
66:
65:
56:
55:
48:
41:
33:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3536:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3484:
3474:
3472:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3172:Cortley Ridge
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:Mount Longdon
3130:
3128:
3127:Mount Harriet
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3052:Falklands War
3046:
3041:
3039:
3034:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3004:0-00-637841-2
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2944:0-304-35542-9
2940:
2936:
2932:
2931:Ward, Sharkey
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2870:9781844158881
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2800:0-7146-5207-5
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2770:0-85368-842-7
2766:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2700:
2695:
2688:
2687:Woodward 1992
2683:
2676:
2671:
2664:
2659:
2652:
2647:
2640:
2639:Woodward 1992
2635:
2628:
2623:
2616:
2611:
2604:
2603:Woodward 1992
2599:
2584:
2579:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2560:
2559:Freedman 2005
2555:
2548:
2547:Freedman 2005
2543:
2541:
2533:
2528:
2521:
2520:Freedman 2005
2516:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2468:. Brazil Wire
2467:
2463:
2457:
2450:
2449:Freedman 2005
2445:
2438:
2433:
2427:, p. 77.
2426:
2421:
2414:
2413:Freedman 2005
2409:
2407:
2399:
2398:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2373:
2372:Freedman 2005
2368:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2332:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2248:, p. 79.
2247:
2242:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2218:
2213:
2206:
2201:
2194:
2189:
2182:
2177:
2170:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2143:
2138:
2132:, p. 78.
2131:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2099:
2094:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2070:
2063:
2058:
2051:
2046:
2039:
2034:
2027:
2022:
2015:
2010:
2003:
1998:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1912:
1907:
1900:
1899:Freedman 2005
1895:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1824:
1819:
1812:
1807:
1800:
1795:
1788:
1783:
1776:
1771:
1765:, p. 69.
1764:
1759:
1753:, p. 74.
1752:
1747:
1740:
1739:Freedman 2005
1735:
1728:
1727:Freedman 2005
1723:
1721:
1713:
1712:Freedman 2005
1708:
1701:
1696:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1632:
1627:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1590:
1589:Freedman 2005
1585:
1578:
1573:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1545:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1496:Freedman 2005
1492:
1490:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1458:Freedman 2005
1454:
1448:, p. 35.
1447:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1386:light cruiser
1383:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1367:Juan Lombardo
1365:
1361:
1360:Rowland White
1357:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1292:
1283:
1281:
1280:Phantom FGR.2
1277:
1266:
1263:
1262:Westland Lynx
1259:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1223:on a trolley.
1222:
1219:
1218:AGM-45 Shrike
1214:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1158:
1149:
1146:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1099:cluster bombs
1096:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:Mount Usborne
1013:
1007:
1003:
995:
991:
987:
985:
981:
976:
968:
963:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
933:Black Buck 7
932:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
911:Black Buck 6
910:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
889:Black Buck 5
888:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
867:Black Buck 4
866:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
845:Black Buck 3
844:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
823:Black Buck 2
822:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
799:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
776:
763:
761:
757:
753:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
726:
722:
713:
709:
705:
701:
699:
695:
694:RAF Honington
691:
687:
684:
680:
676:
671:
669:
665:
660:
655:
652:
651:Derek Reffell
647:
638:
634:
633:on 27 April.
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
603:
598:
596:
592:
588:
583:
579:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
543:
534:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
516:Group Captain
513:
510:
504:
502:
498:
495:
486:
481:
477:
475:
471:
466:
456:
454:
449:
446:
442:
438:
434:
431:
425:
423:
419:
415:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
369:
366:
360:
357:
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
309:101 Squadrons
306:
302:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:Falklands War
279:
275:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
242:Cortley Ridge
240:
238:
237:Mount Longdon
235:
233:
232:
228:
226:
225:
221:
219:
216:
214:
213:Mount Harriet
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
183:
179:
177:
176:
172:
170:
169:
165:
163:
160:
158:
157:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
135:Pebble Island
133:
131:
130:
126:
124:
123:
119:
117:
116:
112:
110:
109:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
93:
92:
91:
84:
81:
79:
78:South Georgia
76:
75:
74:
73:
67:
62:
61:Falklands War
54:
49:
47:
42:
40:
35:
34:
31:
23:
16:
3386:
3378:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3346:
3338:
3330:
3325:
3319:
3311:
3306:
3272:
3254:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3194:
3188:
2994:
2964:
2934:
2904:
2877:
2860:
2827:(4): 68–73.
2824:
2821:RUSI Journal
2820:
2790:
2760:
2733:
2716:
2694:
2682:
2675:Shields 2021
2670:
2658:
2646:
2634:
2627:Shields 2021
2622:
2610:
2598:
2586:. Retrieved
2582:
2554:
2527:
2515:
2503:. Retrieved
2499:the original
2494:
2470:. Retrieved
2456:
2444:
2437:Brookes 2009
2432:
2425:Brookes 2009
2420:
2395:
2392:
2389:the original
2379:
2367:
2355:. Retrieved
2348:the original
2331:
2320:
2311:
2300:
2262:
2253:
2241:
2212:
2200:
2188:
2176:
2164:
2137:
2093:
2081:
2069:
2057:
2045:
2033:
2021:
2009:
1997:
1985:. Retrieved
1980:
1970:
1958:. Retrieved
1954:the original
1906:
1894:
1818:
1806:
1794:
1782:
1770:
1763:Brookes 2009
1758:
1746:
1734:
1707:
1695:
1626:
1584:
1572:
1560:. Retrieved
1553:
1544:
1517:. Retrieved
1513:
1503:
1476:. Retrieved
1474:. RAF Museum
1465:
1453:
1422:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1364:Vice Admiral
1355:
1352:
1341:
1333:
1330:Buenos Aires
1323:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1272:
1254:
1234:
1226:
1193:
1184:
1180:
1175:East Fortune
1155:
1141:
1112:
1107:
1092:
1087:
1081:
1073:
1064:Kenneth Hayr
1055:
1040:
1033:
1023:
1008:
1004:
1000:
988:
971:
746:
725:RAF Scampton
720:
717:
692:aircraft at
679:RAF Stafford
672:
656:
646:Sea Harriers
643:
609:danger from
599:
575:Rear Admiral
548:
524:
505:
490:
462:
450:
426:
418:Vickers VC10
407:British Army
382:Soviet Union
375:
361:
348:
333:
323:(7,600
278:Black Buck 7
277:
273:
272:
257:Port Stanley
230:
223:
181:
173:
167:
155:
128:
121:
114:
107:
101:
88:
87:
70:
15:
3514:Avro Vulcan
3379:Sir Galahad
3147:Two Sisters
3117:Goose Green
2532:Badsey 2013
2495:Força Aérea
2317:"No. 49134"
2297:"No. 49134"
2259:"No. 49134"
1960:20 December
1384:, with the
1374: [
1326:Mirage IIIs
1095:Goose Green
967:RAF Cosford
796:References
631:War Cabinet
430:Avro Vulcan
231:Sir Galahad
218:Two Sisters
188:Goose Green
3493:Categories
3434:Land mines
3307:Argentine:
3255:Argentine:
3196:Black Buck
3181:Operations
3167:Bluff Cove
3162:Mount Kent
3112:San Carlos
3086:Occupation
3066:Background
2965:Vulcan 607
2923:1310247587
2896:1310247587
2708:References
2699:White 2012
2357:5 February
2281:White 2012
2193:White 2012
2181:White 2012
2169:White 2012
2142:White 2012
2098:White 2012
2086:White 2012
2074:White 2012
2062:White 2012
2050:White 2012
2038:White 2012
2026:White 2012
2014:White 2012
2002:White 2012
1977:"44 Hours"
1911:White 2012
1823:White 2012
1811:White 2012
1799:White 2012
1787:White 2012
1775:White 2012
1751:White 2012
1700:White 2012
1646:White 2012
1631:White 2012
1604:White 2012
1577:White 2012
1537:Lebow 2007
1446:White 2012
1356:Vulcan 607
1318:propaganda
1034:Invincible
980:B-2 Spirit
975:fuel tanks
948:Performed
904:Performed
838:Performed
738:Land's End
688:pods from
683:AN/ALQ-101
403:Royal Navy
372:Background
344:logistical
203:Bluff Cove
193:Mount Kent
150:San Carlos
102:Black Buck
83:Occupation
3404:Aftermath
3377:RFA
3371:Glamorgan
3369:HMS
3361:HMS
3353:HMS
3345:HMS
3337:HMS
3331:Sheffield
3329:HMS
3318:ARA
3310:ARA
3203:Corporate
3189:Algeciras
3157:Seal Cove
3096:Surrender
3013:802639508
2983:941503520
2953:606040010
2859:(2009) .
2849:219629077
2841:0307-1847
2809:249889816
2779:159813718
2752:154800055
2725:1345-5117
2663:Ward 2000
2651:Ward 2000
2615:Ward 2000
1478:29 August
1409:Conqueror
1407:HMS
1396:ARA
1389:ARA
1311:Commander
1276:air burst
1197:AN/TPS-43
1080:HMS
1032:HMS
1012:H2S radar
965:XM598 at
551:V bombers
356:AN/TPS-43
224:Glamorgan
162:Seal Cove
129:Sheffield
3483:Aviation
3439:Memorial
3385:SS
3363:Coventry
3339:Antelope
3326:British:
3273:British:
3217:Paraquet
3059:Timeline
2993:(1992).
2963:(2012).
2933:(2000).
2789:(2005).
1562:26 March
1519:26 March
1020:Skyguard
939:12 June
829:3–4 May
778:Mission
766:Missions
499:and the
487:in 1984)
405:and the
378:Cold War
182:Coventry
168:Antelope
115:Belgrano
108:Santa Fe
97:Paraquet
3457:Portals
3397:Related
3224:Rosario
3210:Keyhole
3105:Battles
2337:"XM598"
917:3 June
895:31 May
873:28 May
851:13 May
781:Target
771:Summary
740:in the
485:Bermuda
433:bombers
292:of the
3347:Ardent
3281:Ground
3263:Ground
3248:Forces
3238:Mikado
3231:Sutton
3071:Causes
3011:
3001:
2981:
2971:
2951:
2941:
2921:
2911:
2894:
2884:
2867:
2847:
2839:
2807:
2797:
2777:
2767:
2750:
2740:
2723:
2588:23 May
2505:26 May
2472:28 May
1286:Effect
1145:Roland
1108:Hermes
1103:Pucará
1088:Hermes
1082:Hermes
857:XM612
854:XM607
793:Notes
756:Martel
721:90-way
451:After
445:Sydney
435:using
351:Shrike
288:(RAF)
156:Ardent
145:Sutton
140:Mikado
122:Sobral
3355:Arrow
3300:Ships
3286:Naval
3268:Naval
2845:S2CID
2351:(PDF)
2340:(PDF)
1987:1 May
1429:Notes
1378:]
1097:with
784:Date
443:near
3444:Yomp
3009:OCLC
2999:ISBN
2979:OCLC
2969:ISBN
2949:OCLC
2939:ISBN
2919:OCLC
2909:ISBN
2892:OCLC
2882:ISBN
2865:ISBN
2837:ISSN
2805:OCLC
2795:ISBN
2775:OCLC
2765:ISBN
2748:OCLC
2738:ISBN
2721:ISSN
2590:2018
2507:2018
2474:2018
2397:Army
2359:2009
1989:2023
1962:2013
1564:2020
1521:2020
1480:2023
613:and
593:Sir
561:and
420:and
307:and
298:Nos.
3276:Air
3258:Air
2829:doi
2825:152
1335:sic
1216:An
1173:in
986:.)
284:by
276:to
3495::
3007:.
2977:.
2947:.
2917:.
2890:.
2843:.
2835:.
2823:.
2803:.
2773:.
2746:.
2581:.
2566:^
2539:^
2493:.
2482:^
2405:^
2342:.
2319:.
2299:.
2288:^
2273:^
2261:.
2224:^
2149:^
2120:^
2105:^
1979:.
1933:^
1918:^
1867:^
1830:^
1719:^
1668:^
1653:^
1638:^
1611:^
1596:^
1552:.
1529:^
1512:.
1488:^
1436:^
1415:A
1376:es
1358:,
1134:.
762:.
589:,
559:50
557:,
555:44
476:.
329:km
325:mi
305:50
303:,
301:44
3459::
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3030:v
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2985:.
2955:.
2925:.
2898:.
2873:.
2851:.
2831::
2811:.
2781:.
2754:.
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2592:.
2509:.
2476:.
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1991:.
1964:.
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1482:.
1024:g
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