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804:, map scale and data quality match. The use of centralized data sources removes the burden for individual organizations to maintain copies of the same data sets. The downside is that one has to rely on and trust the external data sources. In addition, with detailed information available and the combination of distributed data sources, it is possible to find out and combine a lot of private and personal information of individual persons. Properties and estates of individuals are now accessible through high resolution aerial and satellite images throughout the world to anyone.
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opened up new possibilities to those who might struggle with a vision disorder. More than a quarter of the world’s population (about 2.2 billion people) suffer from vision impairment. Web mapping has accommodated this large population by adding a speaking feature. When you enter a destination, you can turn your volume on and the maps will speak your directions to you. This is not only convenient for visually impaired people, but also helps limit distractions while navigating.
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their behaviors while the private sector keeps records of personal information. This issue continues to be challenged and negotiated as web mapping has become more relevant. As the use of web mapping has increased, so has the amount of distractions while driving. Drivers can alter their focus away from the road to their device very easily, which could result in a multitude of negative social consequences and safety concerns.
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atlases or paper maps that were accessed could have been outdated. With web mapping, in real time, users are able to get step by step directions to a location based on where they currently are located with the most current geographical information. It also allows you to choose routes with distances and estimated times of travel for each. You can even choose your mode of transportation like driving or walking.
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availability of free and commercial tools to create web mapping and web GIS applications, it is still a more complex task to create interactive web maps than to typeset and print images. Many technologies, modules, services and data sources have to be mastered and integrated The development and debugging environments of a conglomerate of different web technologies is still awkward and uncomfortable.
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harmful data can be inserted into web maps. There may also be less threatening situations like when web maps may not be updated on a crash or traffic conditions, or may not take you on the most efficient route. To prevent more of these issues from happening, it is important to report unsafe road conditions or any limitations or uncertainties of any web mapping features.
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for the majority of their lifetimes. This can make it difficult for the older generation to understand how to use web mapping when planning their travels. They will often resort to paper maps or a GPS, as that is what is comfortable to them, even though those resources are less efficient and are more outdated than web mapping.
784:, etc.), a map update takes serious efforts, triggering a reprint or remastering as well as a redistribution of the media. With web maps, data and product updates are easier, cheaper, and faster, and occur more often. Perhaps owing to this, many web maps are of poor quality, both in symbolization, content and data accuracy.
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To prevent these issues from happening, mostly in a work setting, you need to encrypt your data, use secure protocols and servers, and apply access control and authentication mechanisms. Another possible barrier created by web mapping that may challenge web map security is data integrity and quality.
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There have been concerns raised about the privacy and confidentiality of personal information while using web mapping. Web maps contain personal information such as locations, identities, or attributes of people, places, or things. If not properly secured, your information can be accessed, copied, or
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Another benefit is that web mapping has allowed more of the general population to access this technology because it is free and accessible to anyone with an internet connection. It also gives us real-time updates about traffic and road conditions which can lead to safer travels. Although not a common
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This technology might also be limiting to certain generations, as well. Younger generations have been cultured in technology for the majority of their lives, so web mapping is an easy resource for them to use. However, older generations tend to be less efficient with technology, as it was not around
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As much as web mapping has helped simplify our lives, there are also negative social consequences to the use of web mapping. There have been concerns raised about the privacy of personal information while using web mapping. It allows government agencies to create massive databases on individuals and
1500:
Web maps rely entirely on data sources that could potentially be inaccurate, outdated, or corrupted. If the data is not verified and updated regularly, it can affect the reliability of the web maps. Web mapping can also be vulnerable to data tempering, spoofing, or injection attacks, where false or
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Web mapping allows you to choose a route of travel with provided directions and real time traffic and road condition updates. Of course, this is only possible with an internet connection. Populations that are associated with lower incomes may not have access to a mobile device with internet as they
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use, web mapping can be used to learn more about culture and history. You can explore historical maps, cultural landmarks, natural features, parks, trails, report issues, natural hazards, pollution, and much more. By doing this, we are able to create a safer and more welcoming community to live in.
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demanding (among other things) a certain type of map. Web mapping has allowed for a more environmentally conscious way of navigating location. With the creation of web mapping, people do not have to use paper maps anymore, as it is accessible through the internet, benefiting our environment. Also,
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in a map, a label text, etc. can provide hyperlinks to additional information. As an example a map showing public transport options can directly link to the corresponding section in the online train time table. However, development of web maps is complicated enough as it is: Despite the increasing
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As web mapping has become more advanced, they have added a walking feature. This has created an opportunity for the population who might not have access to and/or afford to have a car. They are still able to take advantage of this technology to get to a destination by foot. Web mapping has also
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are usually object relational databases enhanced with geographic data types, methods and properties. They are necessary whenever a web mapping application has to deal with dynamic data (that changes frequently) or with huge amount of geographic data. Spatial databases allow spatial queries, sub
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While there are many benefits to web mapping allowing anyone to access, create, and distribute maps, many have raised ethical concerns. The web facilitates the spread of misinformation, and people without strong understanding of cartography can publish seemingly authoritative products that may
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community. As with other open projects, quality assurance is very important, however, and the reliability of the internet and web server infrastructure is not yet good enough. Especially if a web map relies on external, distributed data sources, the original author often cannot guarantee the
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Analytical web maps offer GIS analysis. The geodata can be a static provision, or need updates. The borderline between analytical web maps and web GIS is fuzzy. Parts of the analysis can be carried out by the GIS geodata server. As web clients gain capabilities processing is distributed.
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are a developing potential. In proprietary or open source collaborative software, users collaborate to create and improve the web mapping experience. This type of web mapping is the most popular or familiar amongst the population today. Some collaborative web mapping projects are:
754:, on the other hand, is not; satellites and fleets of automobiles use expensive equipment to collect the information on an ongoing basis. Perhaps owing to this, many people are still reluctant to publish geodata, especially in places where geodata are expensive. They fear
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are also becoming more popular—Google and Apple have both transitioned to vector tiles. Mapbox.com also offers vector tiles. This new style of web mapping is resolution independent, and also has the advantage of dynamically showing and hiding features depending on the
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manipulated by unauthorized parties. This allows government agencies to create massive databases on individuals and their behaviors while the private sector keeps records of personal information. It can also lead to privacy breaches, data loss, or legal liabilities.
826:). Despite this, as with paper, web maps have the problem of limited screen space, but more so. This is in particular a problem for mobile web maps; the equipment carried usually has a very small screen, making it less likely that there is room for personalisation.
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generate maps using parameters for user options such as the order of the layers, the styling and symbolization, the extent of the data, the data format, the projection, etc. The OGC standardized these options. Another WMS server standard is the
581:. These service providers allow users to create and share maps by uploading data to their servers (cloud storage). The maps are created either by using an in browser editor or writing scripts that leverage the service providers API's.
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goes through a remarkably large transition when hosted on the web. Atlases can cease their printed editions or offer printing on demand. Some atlases also offer raw data downloads of the underlying geospatial data sources.
404:
launched an open source library, Torque, which enables the creation of dynamic animated maps with millions of records. Twitter uses this technology to create maps to reflect how users reacted to news and events worldwide.
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Parker, C.J., May, A.J. and
Mitchell, V. (2012), “Understanding Design with VGI using an Information Relevance Framework”, Transactions in GIS, Transactions in GIS: GISRUK Special Issue, Vol. 16 No. 4, pp.
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processing aspects more involved with design aspects such as data acquisition and server software architecture such as data storage and algorithms, than it does the end-user reports themselves. The term
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are gaining analytical capabilities from Web GIS, however Web GIS has more applications than web mapping, and web mapping can be accomplished without Web GIS. Web GIS emphasizes
1962:
509:. These maps were often used before technological advancements allowed the user to interact. These files are created once, often manually, and infrequently updated. Typical
1996:
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issues can be treated in the same way. If users can store their favourite colors and patterns they can avoid color combinations they can't easily distinguish (e.g. due to
1452:, making information inaccessible. Unlike physical maps, this can have major impacts on the historical record if the web map is the only source for the data it presents.
384:(only a few seconds or minutes delay). They are usually animated. Data is collected by sensors and the maps are generated or updated at regular intervals or on demand.
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Online atlases are collections of maps in a specific period of time like general reference maps, thematic maps, and geographical information. The traditional
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show changes in the map over time by animating one of the graphical or temporal variables. Technologies enabling client-side display of animated web maps include
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or other user agent capable of client-server interactions. Questions of quality, usability, social benefits, and legal constraints are driving its evolution.
1233:. This mapping application became highly popular on the web, also because it allowed other people to integrate google map services into their own website.
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mislead the public. This saw significant attention during the COVID-19 pandemic, where the prevalence of improper maps on dashboards contributed to the
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based) markup language allows users to integrate their own personal content. This virtual globe needs special software and doesn't run in a web browser.
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based) markup language allows users to integrate their own personal content. This virtual globe needs special software and doesn't run in a web browser.
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2227:
765:
1266:, The first version of Google Earth was released building on the virtual globe metaphor. Terrain and buildings can be viewed 3 dimensionally. The
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2231:
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Web mapping technologies require both server-side and client-side applications. The following is a list of technologies utilized in web mapping.
605:
1945:
1050:-based MultiMap website launched offering online mapping, routing and location based services. Grew into one of the most popular UK web sites.
1385:" is a standard geometry data model and operator set for spatial databases. Part 2 of the specification defines an implementation using SQL.
2303:
1463:
and must guess the location. The game was received with success upon its launch in May 2013, and skyrocketed to viral popularity during the
819:
1995:
Brown, M.; Sharples, Sarah; Harding, Jenny; Parker, Christopher J.; Bearman, N.; Maguire, M.; Forrest, D.; Haklay, M.; Jackson, M. (2013).
2061:"User-centred design of neogeography: the impact of volunteered geographic information on users' perceptions of online map 'mashups'"
248:
The advent of web mapping can be regarded as a major new trend in cartography. Until recently, cartography was restricted to a few
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would allow the user to select a geographic extent, a raster base layer, and number of vector layers to create personalized map.
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993:, from the U.S. Census Bureau, the first national street-level web map, and the first major web map from the U.S. government.
986:, The prototype version of the Gazetteer for Scotland was released. The first geographical database with interactive mapping.
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that loads data from distributed resources across the internet. Terrain and buildings can be viewed 3 dimensionally. The (
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are often used interchangeably, but the terms are distinct. Web GIS uses and enables web maps, and end users who are
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63:
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2932:. This book discusses various Open Source Web Mapping projects and provides hints and tricks as well as examples.
1082:
796:
1515:
17:
2493:
2788:"geoguessr.com." similarweb, www.similarweb.com/website/geoguessr.com/#overview. Retrieved 28 Dec. 2023.
1978:
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Compared to traditional techniques, mapping software has many advantages. The disadvantages are also stated.
2411:
1982:
1942:, in: Kraak and Allan Brown (eds), Web Cartography, Francis and Taylor, New York, p. 3–4. see also webpage
236:(Web GIS). A web map or an online map is both served and consumed, thus, web mapping is more than just web
49:
394:(SVG), Adobe Flash, Java, QuickTime, and others. Web maps with real-time animation include weather maps,
1525:
852:, etc. enable distributed data acquisition and collaborative efforts. Examples for such projects are the
845:
712:, allowing patrons to minimize their waiting time at stops or stations, or be aware of delays in service.
2803:
2591:
1702:
1377:, Microsoft SQL Server (with the spatial extensions), and IBM DB2 are the commercial alternatives. The
256:, requiring relatively expensive and complex hardware and software as well as skilled cartographers and
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288:
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818:, users can configure and design their own maps, if the web mapping systems supports personalization.
994:
514:
2701:"Normalizing the pandemic: exploring thecartographic issues in state government COVID-19 dashboards"
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web maps. Today there is an increased number of dynamic web maps types, and static web map sources.
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This section contains some of the milestones of web mapping, online mapping services and atlases.
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1963:
Capturing
Volunteered Information for Inclusive Service Design: Potential Benefits and Challenges
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1103:
609:
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Practical ethics for PGIS practitioners, facilitators, technology intermediaries and researchers
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selects, reprojections, and geometry manipulations and offer various import and export formats.
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973:, The first version of the National Atlas of Canada was released. Can be regarded as the first
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Process of using the maps delivered by geographic information systems (GIS) in World Wide Web
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of the same physical size, and might be unreadable when displayed on screens at the wrong
8:
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Understanding the
Changing Planet: Strategic Directions for the Geographical Sciences
2532:"Hong Kong police warn striking Foodpanda workers to disperse or face possible force"
2518:"The Popularity of Google Maps: Trends in Navigation Apps in 2018 | August 2021"
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2019:
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Web mapping has brought many geographical datasets, including free ones generated by
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2985:. Vol. 7478 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Ch. 7, pp. 87–101.
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was released. One of the first popular WMS. This service is a joint effort of USGS,
1035:, The first popular online Address Matching and Routing Service with mapping output.
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764:. Because web maps distribute both logic and data with each request or loading,
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1997:"Usability of Geographic Information: Current challenges and future directions"
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1892:"Towards Self-Service GIS—Combining the Best of the Semantic Web and Web GIS"
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Adams, Aaron M.; Chen, Xiang; Li, Weidong; Chuanrong, Zhang (27 July 2023).
1305:
released as open source software for tiling of geographic data for web maps.
1059:, Autodesk acquired Argus Technologies.and introduced Autodesk MapGuide 2.0.
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can happen every time the web user reloads the application. In traditional
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2398:"Since the National Atlas Program has ended, is any data still available?"
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Web maps have become an essential tool for many, as illustrated by a 2021
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1225:, The first version of Google Maps. Based on raster tiles organized in a
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has also been conceived and implemented alongside proprietary tools like
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by other people using their data without proper requests for permission.
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1335:'s own Google Maps client as the default mapping app for its platforms.
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879:, web maps can act like an index to other information on the web. Any
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paper maps not designed as screen maps. Paper maps have a much higher
3013:
2902:. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie. 101(4), 422–436.
2468:"How Apple's new vector-based Maps leave Google Maps looking jittery"
2328:
History of the World Wide Web#1980–1991: Invention and implementation
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1285:, the first version of the open source Javascript library OpenLayers.
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240:, it is a service where consumers may choose what the map will show.
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Web cartography : map design for interactive and mobile devices
772:, when dealing with printed maps or interactive maps distributed on
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2655:"Mapping COVID-19: How web-based maps contribute to the infodemic"
2494:"How Apple Maps won on UK iPhones over Google Maps - despite Waze"
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1331:, the first vector-tile based mapping app, is launched, replacing
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Web mapping is also used in geography games, notably of which is
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1772:"Web Mapping with Free Software Tools · Richard A. Lent, Ph.D."
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may not be able to afford it, limiting them of this resource.
1459:. A popular browser based game, users are shown an image from
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Web maps require the internet to host, so they are subject to
1961:
Parker, C.J., May, A., Mitchell, V. and
Burrows, A. (2013), “
1857:
Ezekiel, Kuria; Kimani, Stephen; Mindila, Agnes (June 2019).
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Realtime maps show the situation of a phenomenon in close to
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consumer goods and services. Web mapping usually involves a
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964:, allowed reprojection styling and definition of map extent.
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1010:
Center for
Advanced Spatial Technologies Interactive Mapper
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2555:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. 2010-06-23.
1994:
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results, as soon as the election results become available.
2804:"How does GIS web mapping affect you and your community?"
2592:"How does GIS web mapping affect you and your community?"
2277:"LibGuides: Collaborative Mapping: Collaborative Mapping"
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as many content creators streamed themselves playing it.
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received the mandate to coordinate and create the online
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Various companies now offer web mapping as a cloud based
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3033:, the world body for mapping and GIScience professionals
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Webmapping with SVG, Postgis and UMN MapServer tutorials
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Rowland, Alexandra; Folmer, Erwin; Beek, Wouter (2020).
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2246:"GitHub - CartoDB/torque: Temporal mapping for CartoDB"
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display rendered maps made up of raster image "tiles".
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Rambaldi G, Chambers R., McCall M, And Fox J. 2006.
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1411:. Standard image formats include PNG, JPEG, GIF and
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A first classification of web maps has been made by
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is the process of using, creating, and distributing
2620:"Maps on Stone: The Web and Ethics in Cartography"
2158:
1965:”, The Design Journal, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 197–218.
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1653:Zhang, Chuanrong; Zhao, Tian; Li, Weidong (2015).
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1110:ForNet Project. Grew out of the need to deliver
909:Technical events directly related to web mapping
697:using traffic data collected by sensor networks.
1859:"A Framework for Web GIS Development: A Review"
1737:, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 1261–1269,
2349:Cartography and Geographic Information Science
1896:ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information
1863:International Journal of Computer Applications
299:for serving maps on the web has been lowered.
1703:"Web maps—ArcGIS Online Help | Documentation"
788:Web maps can combine distributed data sources
3031:International Cartographic Association (ICA)
2907:Web Cartography – Developments and prospects
2653:Mooney, Peter; Juhász, Levente (July 2020).
2652:
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2226:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1621:(2 ed.). Redlands, Calif.: ESRI Press.
832:similar to web mapping technologies such as
814:, personal filters and personal styling and
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1971:
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1369:is a prominent example; it is open source.
671:. If maps are generated automatically from
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2836:Modern GIS and Geospatial Ideas and Guides
2230:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1471:How Web Maps Interact With Human Variation
3014:UMN MapServer documentation and tutorials
2905:Kraak, Menno-Jan and Allan Brown (2001):
2900:Neogeography and the Palimpsests of Place
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1733:, in Shekhar, Shashi; Xiong, Hui (eds.),
762:Product updates can easily be distributed
675:, they can display information in almost
639:Learn how and when to remove this message
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194:Learn how and when to remove this message
176:Learn how and when to remove this message
121:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1551:Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI)
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619:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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84:This article includes a list of general
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1373:also implements some spatial features.
945:for the exchange of research documents.
700:A map showing the current locations of
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14:
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2687:
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2345:"Web Cartography in the United States"
2274:
2194:Muehlenhaus, Ian, 1976- (2013-12-10).
2134:"What is Analytical Maps | IGI Global"
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1940:Settings and needs for web cartography
790:. Using open standards and documented
683:, mastered and distributed. Examples:
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232:(the Web), usually through the use of
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1255:introduced as open source by Autodesk
1005:, First introduced as Argus MapGuide.
830:Web maps enable collaborative mapping
561:and information density than typical
2885:Web GIS: Principles and Applications
2448:. National Library of Scotland. 2009
2442:"Using MapTiler to Create a Tileset"
2342:
1724:
1722:
1577:Web GIS: Principles and Applications
1521:Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
1419:
1174:, NASA World Wind Released. An open
750:tools exist for producing web maps.
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132:
70:
29:
2993:History of Web Mapping - slide deck
2982:Toward web mapping with vector data
2950:Peterson, Michael P. (ed.) (2003):
2935:Peterson, Michael P. (ed.) (2014):
2924:, O'Reilly, Sebastopol, 350 pages,
1088:National Atlas of the United States
1078:US Online National Atlas Initiative
1068:National Atlas of the United States
655:A surface weather analysis for the
355:web maps and further distinguished
24:
3037:Comparison of Online Mapping Tools
2976:. PLA 54:106-113, IIED, London, UK
2909:, Taylor & Francis, New York,
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2577:
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808:Web maps allow for personalization
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267:and proprietary datasets owned by
234:Web geographic information systems
148:tone or style may not reflect the
90:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
3064:
3002:
2997:History of Web Mapping - mind map
2857:"Vision impairment and blindness"
1731:"Web Mapping and Web Cartography"
1719:
800:) different data sources, if the
458:
45:This article has multiple issues.
2830:Forrest, Matt (March 24, 2023).
1581:. Redlands, Calif.: ESRI Press.
1541:Public Participation GIS (PPGIS)
861:availability of the information.
593:
398:and vehicle monitoring systems.
158:guide to writing better articles
137:
75:
34:
2987:DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-33024-7_7
2849:
2782:
2524:
2510:
2485:
2460:
2434:
2404:
2390:
2268:
2258:
2238:
2187:
2150:
2126:
2059:Parker, Christopher J. (2014).
2052:
1988:
1977:For technological context, see
1955:
1802:. New York: The Guiford Press.
1573:Fu, Pinde; Sun, Jiulin (2011).
1350:
1229:scheme, data loading done with
956:, The first mapserver based on
869:to other information on the web
243:
53:or discuss these issues on the
2492:Arthur, Charles (2013-11-26).
1824:
1764:
1743:10.1007/978-0-387-35973-1_1485
1695:
1516:Comparison of web map services
746:is cheaply available and many
669:deliver up to date information
585:Advantages of Mapping Software
289:free software to generate maps
13:
1:
2832:"A Brief History of Web Maps"
2726:10.1080/17445647.2023.2235385
2618:Peterson, Michael P. (1999).
2446:Visualising Urban Geographies
2304:"Web Maps Explained | Mapbox"
1979:History of the World Wide Web
1794:Peterson, Michael P. (2014).
1104:University of Minnesota (UMN)
2887:. ESRI Press. Redlands, CA.
2754:Dialogues in Human Geography
2659:Dialogues in Human Geography
2077:10.1080/00140139.2014.909950
2016:10.1016/j.apergo.2012.10.013
1983:History of computer hardware
1379:Open Geospacial Consortium's
970:The National Atlas of Canada
7:
1526:List of online map services
1504:
10:
3069:
2883:Fu, P., and J. Sun. 2010.
2412:"National Atlas home page"
2369:10.1559/152304007781002235
983:The Gazetteer for Scotland
903:Cartography-related events
888:
412:
347:in 2001. He distinguished
2748:Everts, Jonathan (2020).
2624:Cartographic Perspectives
2157:Powers, Shelley. (2008).
1981:and related topics under
1729:Neumann, Andreas (2008),
1663:10.1007/978-3-319-17801-1
287:, and others. A range of
2920:Mitchell, Tyler (2005):
2767:10.1177/2043820620935355
2750:"The dashboard pandemic"
2672:10.1177/2043820620934926
2110:"Temporal Animated Maps"
1320:free on its smartphones.
1114:data across the web for
914:General technical events
679:. They don't need to be
602:This article or section
513:for static web maps are
392:scalable vector graphics
338:
2922:Web Mapping Illustrated
2275:Strickland, Katherine.
1655:Geospatial Semantic Web
1617:Getting to Know Web GIS
756:copyright infringements
396:traffic congestion maps
324:location-based services
105:more precise citations.
2343:Plew, Brandon (2007).
1952:. Accessed 2007-01-04.
1876:10.5120/ijca2019918863
1162:
1138:(mainly b+w) and USGS
1071:
871:. Just like any other
738:for web maps is cheap.
695:traffic congestion map
660:
488:
409:Collaborative web maps
214:
2952:Maps and the Internet
2416:www.nationalatlas.gov
2326:More details are in:
2281:guides.lib.utexas.edu
1836:ESRI Newsroom Insider
1775:richardlent.github.io
1381:(OGC) specification "
1199:world map founded by
1157:
1066:
991:Tiger Mapping Service
952:Xerox PARC Map Viewer
654:
606:synthesis of material
579:software as a service
553:files. These include
479:
454:web mapping proposals
415:Collaborative mapping
376:Animated and realtime
209:
2937:Mapping in the Cloud
1838:. ESRI. 10 June 2016
1798:Mapping in the Cloud
1557:Notes and references
1511:Online cadastral map
1488:Web mapping barriers
1251:MapGuide Open Source
667:Web maps can easily
573:Web GIS in the cloud
295:. As a result, the
2717:2023JMaps..19Q...1A
2534:. 16 November 2021.
2361:2007CGISc..34..133P
1917:10.3390/ijgi9120753
1908:2020IJGI....9..753R
1735:Encyclopedia of GIS
1102:, Developed at the
918:Events relating to
895:
794:one can integrate (
659:on October 21, 2006
367:Analytical web maps
210:A web map app in a
3024:2017-06-11 at the
2972:2011-07-16 at the
2422:on 5 December 2008
2138:www.igi-global.com
2004:Applied Ergonomics
1948:2018-09-29 at the
1657:. Cham: Springer.
1613:Fu, Pinde (2016).
1461:Google Street View
1163:
1072:
893:
661:
616:to the main topic.
610:verifiably mention
604:possibly contains
489:
452:Wikimedia movement
420:Collaborative maps
215:
3039:, Duke University
2991:Feldman, S 2010.
2979:Gaffuri J, 2012.
2945:978-1-462-51041-2
2898:Graham, M. 2010.
2570:978-0-309-15075-0
1832:"Web GIS, Simply"
1809:978-1-4625-1041-2
1752:978-0-387-35973-1
1672:978-3-319-17800-4
1588:978-1-58948-245-6
1465:COVID-19 pandemic
1420:Impact on society
1361:Spatial databases
995:Wikimedia Commons
927:
926:
865:Web maps support
802:projection system
704:vehicles such as
686:A map displaying
649:
648:
641:
563:computer displays
252:, institutes and
204:
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186:
185:
178:
152:used on Knowledge
150:encyclopedic tone
131:
130:
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68:
16:(Redirected from
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2808:www.linkedin.com
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2418:. Archived from
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2161:Painting the Web
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2034:. Archived from
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1936:Kraak, Menno Jan
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1409:Tile Map Service
1158:Screenshot from
935:Birth of the WWW
896:
892:
644:
637:
633:
630:
624:
597:
596:
589:
511:graphics formats
433:Here Map Creator
428:Google Map Maker
297:barrier to entry
254:mapping agencies
199:
192:
181:
174:
170:
167:
161:
160:for suggestions.
156:See Knowledge's
141:
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101:this article by
92:inline citations
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2880:
2878:Further reading
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2705:Journal of Maps
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2474:. 3 August 2012
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1383:Simple Features
1353:
1231:XMLHttpRequests
1170:NASA World Wind
1160:NASA World Wind
1132:Web Map Service
1106:as Part of the
891:
856:project or the
824:color blindness
766:product updates
645:
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608:which does not
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