367:
of the views therein set forth, that he proposed, in a letter to Sir
Charles Lyell, to obtain Mr. Wallace's consent to allow the Essay to be published as soon as possible. Of this step we highly approved, provided Mr. Darwin did not withhold from the public, as he was strongly inclined to do (in favour of Mr. Wallace), the memoir which he had himself written on the same subject, and which, as before stated, one of us had perused in 1844, and the contents of which we had both of us been privy to for many years. On representing this to Mr. Darwin, he gave us permission to make what use we thought proper of his memoir, &c.; and in adopting our present course, of presenting it to the Linnean Society, we have explained to him that we are not solely considering the relative claims to priority of himself and his friend, but the interests of science generally".
266:
of business that had been dealt with, or possibly due to polite reluctance to speak out against a theory which the eminent Lyell and Hooker were supporting. Bentham noted that the audience appeared fatigued. Hooker later said there was "no semblance of a discussion", though "it was talked over with bated breath" at tea afterwards, and in his reminiscences many years later thought "the subject too ominous for the old school to enter the lists before armouring." Although Bell apparently disapproved, the Vice-President promptly removed all references to immutability from his own paper which was awaiting publication.
160:. This made guarded comments about evolution, and in the spring of 1856 it was noticed by Lyell who drew it to the attention of Darwin who was then working out a strategy for presenting his theory. Darwin apparently mistook Wallace's meaning, writing "nothing very new ... Uses my simile of tree, it seems all creation with him". However, he spelt out the details of Natural Selection to Lyell, who found the idea hard to accept but urged Darwin to publish to establish priority. On 14 May 1856 Darwin began what became his draft for a book titled
330:
neither of them having published his views, though Mr. Darwin has for many years past been repeatedly urged by us to do so, and both authors having now unreservedly placed their papers in our hands, we think it would best promote the interests of science that a selection from them should be laid before the
Linnean Society. Taken in the order of their dates, they consist of:—
180:
abstract!" While
Wallace had not asked for publication, Darwin would, "of course, at once write and offer to send to any journal" that Wallace chose. He sadly added that "all my originality, whatever it may amount to, will be smashed". Lyell's immediate response urged Darwin to publish his own ideas, and in his reply of 25 June Darwin agreed that he could point to his own
134:, he became an able geologist as well as collecting plant and animal specimens, and fossils of gigantic extinct mammals. By the return journey, he was connecting patterns of geographical and historical distribution, and starting to doubt the stability of Species. In September 1838 he conceived his theory of
265:
was persuaded by Hooker to step down so that the Darwin and
Wallace papers were first on the agenda, followed by six other papers on botanical and zoological topics. Bell had introduced discussions at the end of meetings, but there was no discussion of natural selection, perhaps because of the amount
385:
in his presidential report of May 1859 wrote that "The year which has passed has not, indeed, been marked by any of those striking discoveries which at once revolutionize, so to speak, the department of science on which they bear". Years later, Darwin could only recall one review; Professor
Haughton
188:
of 1857 showing that he was still developing the ideas, "so that I could most truly say and prove that I take nothing from
Wallace. I should be extremely glad now to publish a sketch of my general views in about a dozen pages or so. But I cannot persuade myself that I can do so honourably... I would
419:
of the steam engine, which checks and corrects any irregularities almost before they become evident; and in like manner no unbalanced deficiency in the animal kingdom can ever reach any conspicuous magnitude, because it would make itself felt at the very first step, by rendering existence difficult
366:
The communication letter briefly describes the first two, and regarding
Wallace's paper states that he sent to Darwin "with the expressed wish that it should be forwarded to Sir Charles Lyell, if Mr. Darwin thought it sufficiently novel and interesting. So highly did Mr. Darwin appreciate the value
329:
The gentlemen having, independently and unknown to one another, conceived the same very ingenious theory to account for the appearance and perpetuation of varieties and of specific forms on our planet, and both fairly claim the merit of being original thinkers in this important line of inquiry; but
325:
MY DEAR SIR,—The accompanying papers, which we have the honour of communicating to the
Linnean Society, and which all related to the same subject, viz. the Laws which affect the Production of Varieties, Races, and Species, contain the results of the investigations of two indefatigable naturalists,
269:
Darwin wrote to
Wallace to explain what had occurred, enclosing a letter which Hooker wrote at Darwin's request. His next action was to get his family away from the danger of infection, both himself and Emma exhausted by sickening fear about the safety of their children. The day after the funeral
167:
Wallace collected specimens and corresponded with Darwin from Borneo. In
December 1857, he wrote to ask if Darwin's book would delve into human origins, to which Darwin responded that "I think I shall avoid the whole subject, as so surrounded with prejudices, though I fully admit that it is the
179:
in February 1858 and sent it to Darwin with a request to send it on to Lyell. Darwin received it on 18 June 1858, and wrote to Lyell that "your words have come true with a vengeance,... forestalled" and "If Wallace had my MS. sketch written out in 1842, he could not have made a better short
142:, then as well as developing his career as a geologist and writer worked privately on finding evidence and answering possible objections. He wrote out his ideas in an 1842 "pencil sketch", then in an essay written in 1844. He discussed transmutation with his friend
217:
on 10 June 1858, and was to be held on 1 July. On the afternoon of 30 June Mrs. Hooker copied out extracts from the handwritten documents they had just received from Darwin, then that evening Lyell and Hooker handed them in to the secretary with a covering letter.
197:
on 28 June. On the morning of the 29th he acknowledged Hooker's letters, writing "I cannot think now", then that night he read the letters, and though "quite prostrated", got his servant to take to Hooker Wallace's essay, the letter to Asa Gray and the
189:
far rather burn my whole book than that he or any man should think that I had behaved in a paltry spirit", also requesting that Hooker be invited to give a second opinion. Darwin was overwrought by a deepening crisis of illness of his baby son
1212:
432:
would observe in the 1970s that, although seeing it only as an illustration, Wallace had "probably said the most powerful thing that’d been said in the 19th century". Bateson revisited the topic in his 1979 book
168:
highest & most interesting problem for the naturalist". He encouraged Wallace's theorising, saying "without speculation there is no good & original observation", adding that "I go much further than you".
381:, whose judgement was "on asking myself, 'What does all this prove?' the only answer I could make was, 'A possibility'." It was commented on in some reviews and letters. The Linnean Society President
340:
consisting of a portion of a Chapter entitled, "On the Variation of Organic Beings in a state of Nature; on the Natural Means of Selection; on the Comparison of Domestic Races and true Species."
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146:, who read the essay in 1847. After turning his attention to biology and completing eight years of work on barnacles, Darwin intensified work on his theory of species in 1854.
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234:. Neither author was present. Darwin was attending the funeral of his son, and Wallace was still in Borneo. The meeting was chaired by the president of the society,
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The autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809–1882. With the original omissions restored. Edited and with appendix and notes by his grand-daughter Nora Barlow.
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and Darwin pressed on, with the facts he felt necessary to support his "abstract" expanding far beyond the thirty pages Hooker had originally suggested.
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About thirty were present, including two unnamed guests from overseas, with many there to hear an obituary notice for the former president and botanist
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dated 30 June 1858, giving information on the three sections of the papers. The introduction is shown below, along with the section headings:
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75:; and appeared in print on 20 August 1858. The presentation of the papers spurred Darwin to write a condensed "abstract" of his "big book",
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213:. The last meeting of the society before the summer recess had been postponed following the death of former president the botanist
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given by Lyell. Wallace's natural history agent Samuel Stevens happened to be present, while Darwin's friends there included
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On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection
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23:" is the title of a journal article, comprising and resulting from the joint presentation of two
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and Arthur Henfry would later support evolution, while Cuthbert Collingwood became an opponent.
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290:, planning a short paper in response to Hooker's urging to publish a scientific paper in the
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of Dublin claimed that "all that was new in them was false, and what was true was old."
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777:. Complexity (publisher Wiley Periodicals, Inc.) Volume 10, No 2, 2004. Archived from
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Despite illness, Darwin pressed on with writing the "abstract" of his "big book" on
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took a break between graduating and starting his career as a clergyman to study the
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of Wallace's paper together with an extract from Darwin's essay and his letter to
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The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter.
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The foundations of The origin of species: Two essays written in 1842 and 1844.
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721:"On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely From the Original Type"
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In a largely overlooked passage from Wallace's essay (p.62), he says of the
238:, who had written up the description of Darwin's reptile specimens from the
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1037:
The Works of Charles Darwin: An Annotated Bibliographical Handlist. 2nd edn
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On the Tendency of Varieties to depart indefinitely from the Original Type.
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On The Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type
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On The Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type
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67:. The article was the first announcement of the Darwin–Wallace theory of
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Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle.
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The paper, consisting of the letter and papers, was published in the
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The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom
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The paper was reprinted and reviewed in several magazines including
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Presentation and analysis of these Wallace and Darwin texts on
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Works originally published in science and technology magazines
1033:"Darwin Online: On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties"
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The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms
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The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species
1058:(for English version of the analysis, click 'à télécharger')
156:, had a paper on the "introduction" of species published in
393:; this condensed version was published in November 1859 as
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Lyell and Hooker had decided on a joint publication at the
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of 1844, leaving matters in the hands of Lyell and Hooker.
647:"(Review of) On the Tendency of Species to Form Varieties"
628:"(Review of) On the Tendency of Species to Form Varieties"
482:"Shipping timetables debunk Darwin plagiarism accusations"
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The action of this principle is exactly like that of the
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The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication
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of 1844 which Hooker had read in 1847, and a letter to
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of South America, an interest he had developed at the
750:. CoEvolutionary Quarterly, June 1976. Archived from
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The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
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1329:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
1006:"On the Origin of a Theory: Science & Nature"
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313:The paper consisted of a communication letter by
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336:Extract from an unpublished Work on Species, by
1584:Works originally published in British magazines
1265:Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands
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1345:On the Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants
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1249:The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
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354:Boston, US, dated Down, September 5th, 1857.
282:. At first they stayed in the King's Hotel,
1442:Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation
326:Mr. Charles Darwin and Mr. Alfred Wallace.
308:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 3
41:Extract from an unpublished Work on Species
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420:and extinction almost sure soon to follow.
1449:The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection
946:, London: Michael Joseph, Penguin Group,
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862:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
809:Charles Darwin: vol. 2 The Power of Place
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79:. This was published in November 1859 as
1273:Geological Observations on South America
968:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
836:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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1398:The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin
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270:they moved to his sister-in-law's in
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89:Events leading up to the publication
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906:The Autobiography of Charles Darwin
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875:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1858.tb02500.x
435:Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity
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480:Ball, Philip (12 December 2011).
230:on 1 July 1858, by the Secretary
1233:Extracts from Letters to Henslow
59:, and an introductory letter by
1559:Evolutionary biology literature
1456:History of evolutionary thought
1369:The Power of Movement in Plants
775:"Wallace's Unfinished Business"
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1406:More Letters of Charles Darwin
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403:As an influence on cybernetics
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99:Publication of Darwin's theory
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488:. Nature News & Comment.
832:, in Darwin, Francis (ed.),
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226:The papers were read to the
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748:"For God's Sake, Margaret"
362:By ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE.
251:William Benjamin Carpenter
152:, a naturalist working in
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931:) Retrieved on 2006-12-15
908:) Retrieved on 2007-01-14
811:, London: Jonathan Cape,
653:. pp. 17: 6474–6475.
634:. pp. 17: 6357–6359.
614:Darwin & Wallace 1858
371:Impact of the publication
346:Abstract of a Letter from
228:Linnean Society of London
207:Linnean Society of London
29:Linnean Society of London
1296:Fertilisation of Orchids
1288:On the Origin of Species
1241:The Voyage of the Beagle
1155:On the Origin of Species
719:Wallace, Alfred Russel.
602:Desmond & Moore 1991
578:Desmond & Moore 1991
495:10.1038/nature.2011.9613
468:Desmond & Moore 1991
396:On the Origin of Species
171:Wallace wrote his paper
82:On the Origin of Species
1569:Works by Charles Darwin
1476:things named for Darwin
1031:Freeman, R. B. (1977).
645:Hussey, Arthur (1859).
124:University of Cambridge
120:University of Edinburgh
1415:List of described taxa
1108:Darwin–Wedgwood family
854:Wallace, Alfred Russel
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409:evolutionary principle
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257:. Amongst the others,
1148:Publication of theory
1143:Development of theory
902:, London: John Murray
626:Boyd, Thomas (1859).
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191:Charles Waring Darwin
150:Alfred Russel Wallace
132:Principles of Geology
95:Alfred Russel Wallace
37:Alfred Russel Wallace
1337:Insectivorous Plants
1184:Insectivorous Plants
1039:. Dawson: Folkestone
1011:Smithsonian Magazine
604:, pp. 470, 471.
417:centrifugal governor
315:Joseph Dalton Hooker
310:(20 August): 46–50.
255:William Henry Fitton
144:Joseph Dalton Hooker
61:Joseph Dalton Hooker
53:Abstract of a Letter
1209:Portraits of Darwin
1138:Inception of theory
428:and anthropologist
232:John Joseph Bennett
984:has generic name (
781:on 29 January 2009
773:Smith, Charles H.
253:and the geologist
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1312:Natural Selection
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925:, London: Collins
568:, pp. 40, 41
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391:Natural Selection
348:C. DARWIN, Esq.,
288:Natural Selection
162:Natural Selection
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77:Natural Selection
73:natural selection
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1213:caricatures
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703:Darwin 1958
688:Keynes 2000
676:Browne 2002
664:Browne 2002
590:Browne 2002
566:Browne 2002
554:Browne 2002
539:Darwin 1887
524:Darwin 1887
509:26 February
457:Darwin 1844
383:Thomas Bell
236:Thomas Bell
222:The reading
1553:Categories
1513:Eclipse of
1461:Pangenesis
881:14 January
840:14 January
797:References
705:, p.
690:, p.
541:, p.
526:, p.
276:Portsmouth
110:the young
1503:Universal
1483:Darwinism
1436:Dysgenics
1166:Variation
1125:Education
917:Barlow, N
894:Darwin, F
504:178946874
445:Citations
302:The paper
140:evolution
69:evolution
1431:Eugenics
1283:" (1858)
1224:Writings
1177:Emotions
1043:11 March
974:citation
942:(1991),
915:(1958),
892:(1887),
856:(1858),
828:(1844),
807:(2002),
731:18 April
284:Shanklin
278:and the
211:Asa Gray
186:Asa Gray
122:and the
57:Asa Gray
1493:Quantum
1424:Related
1307:(1868)
1162:Orchids
1022:25 June
919:(ed.),
896:(ed.),
296:Sandown
292:Linnean
177:Ternate
103:On the
39:and an
27:to the
1522:Beagle
1498:Social
1488:Neural
1452:(1930)
1409:, 1903
1401:, 1887
1388:(1887)
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1199:Health
1132:Beagle
1054:BibNum
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944:Darwin
815:
785:11 May
502:
486:Nature
272:Sussex
240:Beagle
154:Borneo
107:Beagle
1204:Women
1188:Worms
500:S2CID
358:III.
200:Essay
182:Essay
49:Essay
43:from
1520:HMS
1101:Life
1045:2009
1024:2008
986:help
948:ISBN
883:2007
842:2007
813:ISBN
787:2007
760:2010
733:2009
511:2012
424:The
344:II.
317:and
97:and
63:and
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870:doi
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