264:
415:
122:
102:
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1115:
336:
terrestrial. They vary in size from the relatively small long–tailed porcupine with body lengths of 27.9 to 48 cm (11.0 to 18.9 in), and a weight of 1.5 to 2.3 kg (3.3 to 5.1 lb), to the much larger crested porcupines, which are 60 to 83 cm (24 to 33 in) long, discounting the tail, and weigh from 13 to 27 kg (29 to 60 lb).
398:
until 13 to 19 weeks after birth. The young remain with the colony until they reach sexual maturity at around two years of age, and share the burrow system with their parents and siblings from other litters. Males, in particular, help defend the colony from intruders, although both sexes are
335:
Old World porcupines are stout, heavily built animals, with blunt, rounded heads, fleshy, mobile snouts, and coats of thick cylindrical or flattened spines, which form the whole covering of their bodies, and are not intermingled with ordinary hairs. The habits of most species are strictly
504:
includes the brush-tailed porcupines which are much smaller animals, with long tails tipped with bundles of flattened spines. One species is found in the Malay region and one in
Central and West Africa. The latter species, the African brush-tailed porcupine, is often hunted for its
441:, and a short tail, tipped with numerous slender-stalked open quills, which make a rattling noise whenever the animal moves. When threatened, most porcupines will wag their tails, making a louder rattling noise to scare off predators. The
263:
393:
system. The young are born more or less fully developed, and the spines, which are initially soft, harden within a few hours of birth. Although they begin to take solid food within two weeks, they are not fully
1283:
460:), a typical representative of the Old World porcupines, occurs throughout the south of Europe and North and West Africa. It is replaced in southern and central Africa by the
966:
Jori, F.; López-Béjar, M.; Houben, Patrick (2004). "The biology and use of the
African brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus africanus, Gray, 1842)as a food animal. A review".
2179:
406:
or collar-bones, cleft upper lip, rudimentary first front-toes, smooth soles, six teats arranged on the side of the body, and many cranial characters.
389:
period between 90 and 112 days, depending on the species. Females typically give birth only once a year, in a grass-lined underground chamber within a
343:, eating fruit, roots, and bulbs. Some species also gnaw on dry bones, perhaps as a source of calcium. Like other rodents, they have powerful gnawing
2030:
2082:
1318:
2169:
1147:
2004:
2043:
487:
Besides these large-crested species, several smaller species without crests occur in northeast India, and the Malay region from
2061:
1053:
1018:
868:
2048:
1410:
1085:
1035:
1983:
2087:
1996:
2164:
1230:
1222:
754:
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442:
1125:
2069:
1140:
1119:
2056:
1926:
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1931:
121:
2126:
1305:
1133:
449:) will simultaneously raise sharp quills, 40 cm (16 inches) in length, on its back and sides.
109:
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860:
853:
2113:
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2035:
1917:
1403:
1363:
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773:
518:
2136:
2100:
2159:
1952:
1378:
1332:
918:
657:
379:
884:
8:
2174:
1787:
1043:
567:
316:
267:
Relief of a porcupine in an
Egyptian desert, detail of a wall fragment from the grave of
238:
215:
1628:
1340:
1003:
983:
701:
667:
116:
907:
Vaughn, T., J. Ryan, N. Czaplewski. 2000. Mammalogy, Fourth
Edition. USA: Brooks/Cole.
402:
These rodents are also characterized by the imperfectly rooted cheek-teeth, imperfect
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1939:
1612:
1297:
1262:
1081:
1059:
1049:
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864:
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619:
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709:
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375:
324:
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1991:
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1202:
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609:
461:
371:
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979:
529:, but differs from the members of that genus in many cranial characteristics.
271:
at
Saqqara, Egypt, Old Kingdom, 5th Dynasty, c. 2500 BCE. Neues Museum, Berlin
2153:
1902:
1859:
1811:
1511:
1039:
535:
species are also known from Africa and
Eurasia, with one of the oldest being
327:
Rodentia, they are quite different and are not particularly closely related.
221:
59:
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1843:
1559:
1466:
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2017:
1911:
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481:
34:
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1819:
1759:
1744:
1644:
1636:
1620:
1544:
1534:
1527:
549:. However, it was probably not a direct ancestor of modern porcupines.
291:
covering from which they take their name. They range over the south of
268:
207:
183:
101:
79:
44:
2022:
1965:
1827:
1689:
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386:
352:
340:
245:
133:
84:
2009:
1873:
1048:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1538–1600.
370:
allows the lips to be drawn inwards while gnawing. Similar to other
1970:
1896:
1795:
1767:
1605:
1498:
1490:
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1438:
1184:
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423:
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367:
153:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
1751:
1652:
1045:
Mammal
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
767:
542:
513:
395:
344:
252:
89:
64:
1551:
1444:
1432:
1420:
1190:
1172:
1114:
532:
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296:
292:
284:
173:
163:
143:
2121:
1957:
1718:
488:
469:
438:
304:
1803:
374:, their chewing muscles are unique. Through an arm of the
1501:(Squirrels, chipmunks, marmots, susliks and prairie dogs)
525:) of Borneo. This species is externally very similar to
385:
One or two (or, rarely, three) young are born after a
1418:
965:
943:"Porcupine Facts And More About That Rattling Noise"
433:
is characterized by an inflated skull, in which the
1000:
1002:
852:
1623:(Zokors, bamboo rats, mole rats, blind mole rats)
1078:Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level
2151:
1080:. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp.
1033:
919:"Erethizon dorsatum (North American porcupine)"
850:
1076:McKenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. 1997.
1404:
1141:
851:van Aarde, Rudi (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.).
885:"Nature - Skulls - Mammals' dental formulae"
517:, the last genus, contains one species, the
2180:Taxa named by Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim
1411:
1397:
1148:
1134:
557:The extant species and fossil genera are:
100:
399:aggressive towards unrelated porcupines.
480:). The latter also lives throughout the
413:
382:, chewing movements are very efficient.
262:
2152:
1598:(Jerboas, jumping mice and birch mice)
1034:Woods, C.A.; Kilpatrick, C.W. (2005).
1005:Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide
437:is often considerably larger than the
1878:
1877:
1562:(Kangaroo rats and mice, pocket mice)
1392:
1129:
846:
844:
2127:C32887CB-FFD6-BA25-FF3D-F921FD1FED5F
1997:60a2b1ae-117a-4c07-aedd-7e58ba282111
1027:
1009:. New York: Facts on File. pp.
994:
859:. New York: Facts on File. pp.
1001:Savage, RJG & Long, MR (1986).
13:
841:
476:) and Indian (crested) porcupine (
339:The various species are typically
330:
319:families belong to the infraorder
315:. Although both the Old World and
14:
2191:
1095:
916:
2170:Extant Miocene first appearances
1113:
1101:
418:African brush-tailed porcupine (
120:
32:
1231:Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine
1223:African brush-tailed porcupine
1070:
968:Biodiversity & Conservation
947:www.african-safari-pictures.com
552:
959:
935:
910:
901:
877:
832:
807:
755:Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine
745:African brush-tailed porcupine
443:African brush-tailed porcupine
1:
1639:(Malagasy rats and relatives)
800:
1838:(Spiny rats, coypus, hutias)
7:
1862:(Chinchillas and viscachas)
1655:(House mouse and relatives)
1036:"Infraorder Hystricognathi"
855:The Encyclopedia of Mammals
788:
10:
2198:
1780:(New World hystricognaths)
1292:(Hystrix africaeaustralis)
815:"Topical Bible: Porcupine"
472:by the Malayan porcupine (
409:
1886:
1701:
1664:
1571:
1510:
1465:
1427:
1419:Extant families in order
1375:
1352:
1242:
1211:
1167:
1156:Extant species of family
234:
229:
213:
206:
117:Scientific classification
115:
108:
99:
23:
1647:(Hamsters and relatives)
1306:Indian crested porcupine
838:ADW Animal Diversity Web
283:, are large terrestrial
110:Indian crested porcupine
1325:Thick-spined porcupine
980:10.1023/A:1008853113835
287:, distinguished by the
1814:(Agoutis and acouchis)
1790:(New World porcupines)
1737:(Old World porcupines)
1364:Long-tailed porcupine
1327:(Hystrix crassispinis)
1160:(Old World porcupines)
1042:; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
648:Thick-spined porcupine
426:
378:, passing through the
272:
2165:Hystricognath rodents
2109:Paleobiology Database
1846:(Degus and relatives)
1631:(Mouse-like hamsters)
1366:(Trichys fasciculata)
1333:Philippine porcupine
1233:(Atherurus macrourus)
1225:(Atherurus africanus)
774:Long-tailed porcupine
519:long-tailed porcupine
429:Of the three genera,
417:
266:
1992:Fauna Europaea (new)
1122:at Wikimedia Commons
923:Animal Diversity Web
917:Weber, Christopher.
889:wildwoodtracking.com
658:Philippine porcupine
380:infraorbital foramen
277:Old World porcupines
24:Old World porcupines
1341:Sumatran porcupine
1265:(Hystrix brachyura)
681:Hystrix arayanensis
614:H. africaeaustralis
466:H. africaeaustralis
422:) sold for meat in
420:Atherurus africanus
317:New World porcupine
199:Fischer de Waldheim
1729:(Laotian rock rat)
1709:("Porcupine-like")
1672:("Anomalure-like")
1615:(Oriental dormice)
1613:Platacanthomyidae
1343:(Hystrix sumatrae)
1300:(Hystrix cristata)
1298:crested porcupine
1273:(Hystrix javanica)
1263:Malayan porcupine
702:Hystrix primigenia
668:Sumatran porcupine
562:Family Hystricidae
427:
273:
2147:
2146:
2096:Open Tree of Life
1880:Taxon identifiers
1871:
1870:
1863:
1855:
1854:(Chinchilla rats)
1847:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1807:
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1624:
1616:
1599:
1582:
1563:
1555:
1538:
1521:
1502:
1494:
1486:
1485:(Mountain beaver)
1476:
1473:("Squirrel-like")
1386:
1385:
1161:
1118:Media related to
1055:978-0-8018-8221-0
1020:978-0-8160-1194-0
974:(11): 1417–1426.
870:978-0-87196-871-5
694:Hystrix paukensis
620:Crested porcupine
582:Malayan porcupine
454:crested porcupine
261:
260:
202:
16:Family of rodents
2187:
2140:
2139:
2130:
2129:
2117:
2116:
2104:
2103:
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2090:
2078:
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2075:NHMSYS0000376777
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2064:
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2039:
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1813:
1805:
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1769:
1761:
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1719:Ctenodactylidae
1711:
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1706:
1691:
1683:
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1669:
1654:
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1554:(Pocket gophers)
1553:
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1520:
1519:
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1500:
1492:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1457:Euarchontoglires
1413:
1406:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1335:(Hystrix pumila)
1308:(Hystrix indica)
1271:Sunda porcupine
1159:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1117:
1106:Data related to
1105:
1089:
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858:
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839:
836:
830:
829:
827:
825:
811:
687:Hystrix depereti
630:Indian porcupine
458:Hystrix cristata
376:masseter muscles
366:. The prominent
365:
364:
363:
360:
197:
125:
124:
104:
94:
31:
30:Miocene – recent
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
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2008:
2003:
1995:
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1982:
1977:
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1930:
1925:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1882:
1872:
1867:
1788:Erethizontidae
1708:
1707:
1705:
1697:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:Anomaluromorpha
1660:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1567:
1518:("Beaver-like")
1517:
1516:
1514:
1506:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1461:
1423:
1417:
1387:
1382:
1371:
1348:
1290:Cape porcupine
1238:
1207:
1163:
1154:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1075:
1071:
1056:
1032:
1028:
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878:
871:
849:
842:
837:
833:
823:
821:
813:
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808:
803:
791:
710:Hystrix refossa
652:H. crassispinis
592:Sunda porcupine
555:
545:of present-day
412:
357:
356:
333:
331:Characteristics
311:as far east as
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196:
119:
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67:
62:
57:
52:
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29:
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5:
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2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2131:
2118:
2105:
2092:
2079:
2066:
2053:
2040:
2027:
2014:
2001:
1988:
1979:Fauna Europaea
1975:
1962:
1949:
1936:
1923:
1908:
1892:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1860:Chinchillidae
1857:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1812:Dasyproctidae
1809:
1801:
1793:
1785:
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1768:Thryonomyidae
1765:
1757:
1749:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1732:
1724:
1715:
1713:
1703:Hystricomorpha
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1676:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1650:
1642:
1634:
1626:
1618:
1610:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1593:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1579:("Mouse-like")
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1568:
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1565:
1557:
1549:
1547:
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1540:
1532:
1530:
1524:
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1507:
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1504:
1496:
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1483:Aplodontiidae
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1240:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1228:
1219:
1217:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1203:Hystricognathi
1199:
1197:Hystricomorpha
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1111:
1110:at Wikispecies
1097:
1096:External links
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778:T. fasciculata
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523:T. fasciculata
462:Cape porcupine
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408:
372:hystricomorphs
353:dental formula
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321:Hystricognathi
309:Southeast Asia
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1692:(Springhares)
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1682:Anomaluridae
1680:
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1629:Calomyscidae
1627:
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1560:Heteromyidae
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56:
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41:
36:
22:
19:
1887:
1852:Abrocomidae
1830:(Tuco-tucos)
1828:Ctenomyidae
1804:Cuniculidae
1778:Caviomorpha
1762:(Dassie rat)
1735:Hystricidae
1734:
1727:Diatomyidae
1684:(Anomalures)
1467:Sciuromorpha
1455:Superorder:
1449:Infraclass:
1377:
1365:
1353:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1317:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1291:
1282:
1280:
1272:
1264:
1255:
1253:
1243:
1232:
1224:
1212:
1201:Infraorder:
1158:Hystricidae
1157:
1077:
1072:
1044:
1040:Wilson, D.E.
1029:
1004:
996:
971:
967:
961:
950:. Retrieved
946:
937:
926:. Retrieved
922:
912:
903:
892:. Retrieved
888:
879:
854:
834:
822:. Retrieved
819:biblehub.com
818:
809:
777:
766:
759:A. macrourus
758:
749:A. africanus
748:
737:
732:Sivacanthion
730:
724:
718:
708:
700:
692:
686:
680:
671:
661:
651:
642:
633:
623:
613:
604:
595:
586:H. brachyura
585:
574:
566:
561:
556:
553:Species list
538:Sivacanthion
536:
531:
526:
522:
512:
511:
499:
497:
486:
477:
474:H. brachyura
473:
465:
457:
451:
447:A. africanus
446:
435:nasal cavity
430:
428:
419:
401:
384:
349:canine teeth
338:
334:
323:of the vast
280:
276:
274:
251:
244:
237:
214:
193:
18:
2160:Hystricidae
2018:iNaturalist
1918:Hystricidae
1912:Wikispecies
1888:Hystricidae
1836:Echimyidae
1820:Dinomyidae
1770:(Cane rats)
1645:Cricetidae
1637:Nesomyidae
1621:Spalacidae
1535:Castoridae
1528:Castoroidea
1120:Hystricidae
1108:Hystricidae
725:Xenohystrix
672:H. sumatrae
624:H. cristata
596:H. javanica
482:Middle East
341:herbivorous
281:Hystricidae
194:Hystricidae
180:Parvorder:
2175:Porcupines
2154:Categories
1822:(Pacarana)
1754:(Blesmols)
1745:Phiomorpha
1690:Pedetidae
1596:Dipodidae
1589:Dipodoidea
1552:Geomyidae
1545:Geomyoidea
1499:Sciuridae
1195:Suborder:
952:2020-12-10
928:2020-12-10
894:2020-12-10
824:28 January
801:References
719:Miohystrix
498:The genus
439:brain case
299:, most of
269:Pehenuikai
208:Type genus
184:Phiomorpha
1796:Caviidae
1573:Myomorpha
1537:(Beavers)
1493:(Dormice)
1491:Gliridae
1431:Kingdom:
1316:Subgenus
1281:Subgenus
1257:Acanthion
1254:Subgenus
1214:Atherurus
1171:Kingdom:
795:Porcupine
739:Atherurus
662:H. pumila
641:Subgenus
634:H. indica
603:Subgenus
576:Acanthion
573:Subgenus
541:from the
527:Atherurus
501:Atherurus
478:H. indica
468:, and in
404:clavicles
387:gestation
347:, and no
246:Atherurus
140:Kingdom:
134:Eukaryota
2062:13400042
1897:Wikidata
1798:(Cavies)
1721:(Gundis)
1653:Muridae
1606:Muroidea
1451:Eutheria
1445:Mammalia
1439:Chordata
1437:Phylum:
1433:Animalia
1421:Rodentia
1379:Category
1319:Thecurus
1191:Rodentia
1185:Mammalia
1179:Chordata
1177:Phylum:
1173:Animalia
1064:62265494
988:31673374
789:See also
643:Thecurus
547:Pakistan
424:Cameroon
368:diastema
351:. Their
345:incisors
295:and the
222:Linnaeus
190:Family:
174:Rodentia
164:Mammalia
154:Chordata
150:Phylum:
144:Animalia
130:Domain:
1903:Q302006
1806:(Pacas)
1443:Class:
1355:Trichys
1284:Hystrix
1245:Hystrix
1189:Order:
1183:Class:
1011:124–125
861:704–705
768:Trichys
605:Hystrix
568:Hystrix
543:Miocene
514:Trichys
431:Hystrix
410:Species
362:1.0.1.3
359:1.0.1.3
285:rodents
253:Trichys
239:Hystrix
230:Genera
216:Hystrix
170:Order:
160:Class:
2137:106380
2134:uBio:
2101:220323
2049:584571
2036:104225
1971:1HYSXF
1084:
1062:
1052:
1017:
986:
867:
533:Fossil
493:Borneo
396:weaned
391:burrow
313:Flores
307:, and
301:Africa
297:Levant
293:Europe
224:, 1758
201:, 1817
2122:Plazi
2114:42009
2088:10135
2031:IRMNG
2023:44167
1984:54066
1932:73305
1038:. In
984:S2CID
489:Nepal
470:India
325:order
305:India
289:spiny
279:, or
2083:NCBI
2044:ITIS
2010:9705
2005:GBIF
1966:EPPO
1958:8696
1927:BOLD
1082:ISBN
1060:OCLC
1050:ISBN
1015:ISBN
865:ISBN
826:2019
507:meat
452:The
275:The
35:PreꞒ
2070:NBN
2057:MSW
1953:EoL
1945:BC9
1940:CoL
976:doi
491:to
355:is
2156::
2124::
2111::
2098::
2085::
2072::
2059::
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2033::
2020::
2007::
1994::
1981::
1968::
1955::
1942::
1929::
1914::
1899::
1323::
1288::
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1013:.
982:.
970:.
945:.
921:.
887:.
863:.
843:^
817:.
509:.
495:.
484:.
464:,
303:,
85:Pg
1412:e
1405:t
1398:v
1149:e
1142:t
1135:v
1088:.
1066:.
1023:.
990:.
978::
972:7
955:.
931:.
897:.
873:.
828:.
780:)
776:(
761:)
757:(
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747:(
729:†
723:†
717:†
707:†
699:†
691:†
685:†
679:†
674:)
670:(
664:)
660:(
654:)
650:(
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632:(
626:)
622:(
616:)
612:(
598:)
594:(
588:)
584:(
521:(
456:(
445:(
90:N
80:K
75:J
70:T
65:P
60:C
55:D
50:S
45:O
40:Ꞓ
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