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which were readily traded for hand-woven Indian products. Usually two blankets were traded for one horse; more blankets were usually required for a mule, which were considered hardier. California had almost no wool-processing industry and few weavers, so woven products were a welcome commodity. The trading party usually left New Mexico in early
November to take advantage of winter rains to cross the deserts on the trail and would arrive in California in early February. The return party would usually leave California for New Mexico in early April to get over the trail before the water holes dried up and the melting snow raised the rivers too high. The return party often drove several hundred to a few thousand horses and mules.
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two deserts, and was often littered with the bones of horses that had died of thirst. The western portions of the Old
Spanish Trail could only be used semi-reliably in winter when rains or snows deposited water in the desert. In summer, there was often no water and the oppressive heat could kill. A single round trip per year was about all that was feasible. After 1848, the western parts of the trail were used for winter access between Utah and California when other trails were closed by snow.
492:, who were sold as domestic servants to Mexican ranchers and other settlers in both California and New Mexico. Mexican traders and Indian raiding parties both participated in this slave trade. The consequences of this human trafficking had a long-standing effect for those who lived along the trail, even after the trail was no longer in use. Intermittent Indian warfare along the trail often resulted from such slave raids by unscrupulous traders and raiding Indians.
80:
652:. Armijo waited there for his scouts to return, especially Rivera who had visited the Mohave villages downriver before. Rivera returned, having recognized the Mohave Trail that led westward to Southern California. Perhaps because the Mohave had been antagonistic to parties of mountain men in recent years, or to save time, Armijo attempted a short cut route southwest to the mouth of the Mojave River.
941:, where the Colorado River was forded, and then on west to join the Main Northern Route just east of the Green River. The North Branch later became an interest of explorers seeking viable routes for a transcontinental railroad along the 38th parallel. In 1853 alone, three separate expeditions explored the North Branch over Cochetopa Pass. These groups were led, in order, by
889:) and followed the route between the springs along the Mojave Trail to Soda Lake and the Mojave River. Later caravans could alternatively follow the Armijo Route diverting southwestward from the Colorado at Las Vegas Wash, to Resting Springs and to the Mojave River where it joined the Wolfskill/Yount Route, following that river upward to and over the
1677:
502:, in 1844 and named it in his reports prepared about 1848. The New Mexico-California trade continued until the mid-1850s, when a shift to the use of freight wagons and the development of wagon trails made the old pack trail route obsolete. By 1846 both New Mexico and California had been annexed as U.S. territories following its victory in the
957:
Use of the Old
Spanish Trail between 1829 and 1848 resulted in numerous variations as travelers adopted or blazed easier paths. But regardless of the route taken, the Old Spanish Trail crossed several mountain ranges, passed through dry sections with limited grass and sometimes limited water, crossed
423:
This commerce usually consisted of one mule pack train from Santa Fe with 20 to 200 members, with roughly twice as many mules, bringing New
Mexican goods hand-woven by Indians, such as serapes and blankets, to California. California had many horses and mules, many growing wild, with no local market,
207:
and southern
California. Approximately 700 mi (1,100 km) long, the trail ran through areas of high mountains, arid deserts, and deep canyons. It is considered one of the most arduous of all trade routes ever established in the United States. Explored, in part, by Spanish explorers as early
319:, explored and traded in the southern part of the region. They found shorter and less arduous routes through the mountains and deserts that connected Sonora to New Mexico and California, but these did not become part of the Old Spanish Trail, with the exception of some of the paths through the
1674:
526:
Place names used in this article refer to present-day states and communities. Few (if any) settlements existed along the trail, except in the coastal plains of Alta
California, before 1850, although many of the geologic features along the Trail retain their Spanish
398:
After this date, traders generally used the trail for a single, annual round trip. Word spread about Armijo's successful trade expedition, and some commerce began between Santa Fe and Los
Angeles. However, in 1830, due to resumed hostilities with the
386:
led a trade party of 60 men and a caravan of mules to Alta
California. Armijo’s group blazed a trade route using a network of indigenous routes, incorporating parts of Jedediah Smith’s routes of 1826 and 1827, and Rafael Rivera’s route of 1828 to the
456:. A number of Americans, most naturalized Mexican citizens in New Mexico, and formerly in the California trade over the Old Spanish Trail or in the fur trade, settled in Alta California. Several became influential residents in later years, such as
1418:
Warren, Elizbeth von Till (1974). "Armijo’s Trace
Revisited: A New Interpretation of the Impact of the Antonio Armijo Route of 1829-1830 on the Development of the Old Spanish Trail." (MA thesis). Las Vegas, Nevada: University of Nevada, Las
792:
He submitted a brief journal of his journey (itemizing the days with names of places where camps were made but not quantifying distances) to the government of New Mexico, and it was published by the
Mexican government in June 1830.
239:
since the 16th century. Frémont's report identified a trail that had already been used for about 15 years. The trail is important to New Mexico history because it established an arduous but usable trade route with California.
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Low-scale emigration from New Mexico to California used parts of the trail in the late 1830s when the trapping trade began to die. New Mexicans migrated to settle in Alta California by this route: some first settled in
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The trail was also used for illicit purposes. Some raiders attacked the California ranchos for horses and captives to sell in the extensive Indian slave trade. Mexicans, ex-trappers and Indian tribes, primarily the
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was not practical. A new route north of the river had to be found, which used the trails of the fur traders and trappers of New Mexico through the lands of the Ute. This route ran northwest to the Colorado and
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1097:
In 2001, the section of the Trail that runs across Nevada from the Arizona border to California was placed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Old Spanish Trail/Mormon Road Historic District.
805:, (who had returned to a state of hostilities after Armijo's trip), and the more difficult canyon country traversed by the Armijo Route around the Colorado River. First traveled in 1830 by a party led by
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Although few traces of the early traders' trail remain, the Trail is now commemorated in many local street and road names, and numerous historical markers in the states that it crossed. Portions of
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One last modification to this route was that followed by John C. Frémont eastward in 1844. His expedition left the Armijo Route at Resting Spring and turned northeastward after crossing the
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Another cutoff to the Armijo route of the Old Spanish Trail had developed before 1844, where the trail forked northeastward from the Mojave River and Mohave Trail, east of what is now
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Sometime before 1844, perhaps as early as 1830, a cut off developed on the Old Spanish Trail that cut the distance traveled along the upper Mojave River, by cutting across what is now
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was known to steal hundreds to thousands of horses in a single raid. Native Americans along the route were at risk of being taken captive, especially the women and children of the
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1391:
2023:
1066:. This route saved the large distances caused by the diversion of the Armijo and Main routes to follow the Colorado River, and would later become the route of the
632:
to the Virgin River again, which they followed for three days down to the Colorado River. They traveled west parallel to the river, over difficult terrain in the
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1871:
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The trail is a combination of a network of trails first established by indigenous people and later used by Spanish explorers, trappers, and traders with the
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The North Branch of the Old Spanish Trail was established by traders and trappers using Indian and Spanish colonial routes. It ran from Santa Fe north to
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2546:
735:
2601:
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1280:
Old Spanish Trail: Santa FĂ© to Los Angeles : with Extracts from Contemporary Records and Including Diaries of Antonio Armijo and Orville Pratt
983:
1537:
New Map Of The Territory Of Arizona, Southern California And Parts Of Nevada, Utah And Sonora., Payot, Upham & Company, San Francisco, 1877.
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2581:
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2251:
1825:
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Modern sign marking the Old Spanish Historical Trail across Pahrump Valley on the California-Nevada border. South Nopah Range in background.
841:, where a ferry crossed the deep and wide Colorado River and then turned northwest to a ferry crossing on the similarly sized and dangerous
359:
and eastward to the Colorado River. This same trail was used by the first Americans to reach California by land, via the expedition led by
2691:
2636:
2596:
1899:
1893:
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734:. They followed the river for six days (110 miles to its head from the mouth), having to kill a mule or horse each day to eat. Probably at
2701:
2441:
2366:
2326:
2059:
2706:
2586:
1516:"Report of the exploring expedition to the Rocky Mountains in the year 1842, and to Oregon and north California in the years 1843-'44"
2131:
1147:
343:, looking for a route to Monterey. Garcés returned to the Colorado River by following the whole length of the Mohave Trail from the
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Diario que formo yo el ciudando Antonio Armijo, como comandante, para el descubrimiento del camino para el punto de las Californias,
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1047:
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of the San Bernardino de Sena Estancia who had extra food. Armijo did not cross over the mountains by the Mohave Trail route over
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through Cajon Pass, Crowder Canyon and lower Cajon Canyon and across the coastal valleys to Mission San Gabriel and Los Angeles.
52:
2004:
1996:
1726:
1397:
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The Main Route (also referred to as the Central Route or the Northern Route) of the Old Spanish Trail avoided territory of the
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to the north bank of the Colorado River. There they could follow the Colorado River to Las Vegas Wash, then south through the
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on January 30, 1830. Armijo used the same route to return to his original town, traveling from March 1 to April 25, 1830.
395:. Armijo documented his route in a report to the governor, and this was published by the Mexican government in June 1830.
2551:
2508:
1843:
2376:
2316:
1200:
1152:
914:
774:
668:
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The Armijo Route of the Old Spanish Trail was established by an expedition led by Antonio Armijo in 1829–1830. Leaving
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445:
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2101:
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1022:. Frémont also used this route in 1844. The fork of the trails there on the Mojave River, later became known as
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and other indigenous tribes. The eastern parts of what became called the Old Spanish Trail, including southwest
2419:
2276:
2206:
2111:
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1177:
778:
536:
235:, from California to New Mexico. The name acknowledges that parts of the trail had been known and used by the
2151:
605:
465:
2381:
2361:
2176:
1969:
1304:
The Southwest Expedition of Jedediah S. Smith: His Personal Account of the Journey to California, 1826–1827
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1815:
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700:
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2427:
1927:
1719:
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on November 7, 1829 Armijo's expedition traveled a route northwest and west of Santa Fe, following the
522:
all along the trail, affecting both trade interests and tolerance for the slavery of American Natives.
1600:
1549:
2556:
2271:
2191:
2014:
1353:
61:
750:, but followed a route he called "Cañon de San Bernardino" from the upper Mojave River west through
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1939:
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938:
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866:
633:
621:
617:
554:
503:
348:
236:
1579:
Classified Structure Field Inventory Report-National Register of Historic Places Registration Form
1482:"Archaeology of the Old Spanish Trail/Mormon Road from Las Vegas, Nevada to the California border"
1123:
730:
By then short of food, Armijo sent some of his scouts ahead to get more food in the settlement at
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1981:
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westward across the Mojave Desert, between desert springs, until he turned northwestward to the
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1986:
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counties. The family of Antonio Armijo moved to Alta California, where his father acquired the
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in November 1826. The Mojave desert section of the Mohave Trail is now a jeep trail called the
280:
244:
1089:
550:
420:. It passed southward to the Santa Clara River, linking up with Armijo's route to California.
2156:
2116:
1914:
1712:
1622:
1574:
1484:. Las Vegas, Nev. : Bureau of Land Management, Las Vegas District Office. April 26, 1990
1209:
1186:
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987:
770:
763:
574:
469:
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316:
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2341:
2086:
1181:
1079:
1055:
826:
708:
625:
429:
379:
213:
200:
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from Old Spanish Trail Association website, oldspanishtrail.org accessed February 14, 2016
8:
2211:
2146:
1976:
1964:
1959:
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1393:
Old Spanish Trail National Historic Trail Feasibility Study and Environmental Assessment
312:
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1453:
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From Las Vegas Wash on the Colorado River, Armijo's expedition passed southwestward to
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822:
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184:
1329:
Official Register of the Government the United States of Mexico, 1830, pp. 205-206
2181:
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1693:
1686:
1681:
1364:
1242:
1235:
1070:, the wagon road through southern Nevada between Salt Lake City and Los Angeles.
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810:
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canyons to the mouth of Cajon Pass, where the trail reached the coastal plain of
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217:
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1853:
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766:. This route was undoubtedly known to the vaqueros of San Bernardino Estancia.
755:
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649:
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590:
457:
453:
383:
360:
336:
332:
1704:
416:, which it followed until crossing westward over mountains to the vicinity of
299:, which was just being settled, leaving Santa Fe in 1776 and making it to the
2535:
1954:
1949:
1934:
1245:
MuseumTrail.org, San Luis Valley Museum Association. Retrieved on 2008-08-05.
967:
882:
417:
328:
320:
308:
2632:
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in California
2607:
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico
263:
Timeline: Early exploration of the Old Spanish Trail (National Park Service)
2331:
1805:
1800:
1785:
1752:
878:
870:
862:
759:
724:
720:
609:
586:
566:
413:
392:
356:
324:
2612:
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado
719:. They had another waterless day beyond Soda Lake, where they reached the
208:
as the late 16th century, the trail was extensively used by traders with
2622:
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Arizona
2186:
1863:
1142:
1067:
1063:
1035:
854:
364:
300:
192:
2627:
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Nevada
378:, combining information from many explorers, was opened in 1829-30 when
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2196:
1457:
1172:
1168:
838:
751:
739:
582:
519:
499:
481:
375:
371:
284:
232:
209:
196:
113:
93:
2617:
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Utah
1433:
212:
from about 1830 until the mid-1850s. The area was part of Mexico from
2523:
National Register of Historic Places listings in Arches National Park
1277:
1051:
699:. From Salt Spring they crossed a two-day-long waterless stretch up
304:
268:
79:
2242:
Las Vegas High School Academic Building, Gymnasium, and Frazier Hall
1449:
978:
of the river. On April 20, 1844, following the advice of his guide,
2167:
Gold Strike Canyon-Sugarloaf Mountain Traditional Cultural Property
1620:
1015:
814:
272:
97:
1254:
227:’s Report of his 1844 journey (which crossed into Mexico) for the
1662:
1371:. (Summer 2004) by the Partnership for the National Trail System.
743:
485:
105:
982:
intercepted this route to the river, riding east southeast from
2682:
Roads on the National Register of Historic Places in California
2657:
Roads on the National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico
2090:
1117:
1113:
1093:
Old Spanish Trail Marker, Las Vegas, Nevada, near Whitney Mesa.
802:
515:
507:
400:
109:
1518:. Washington : Gales and Seaton, printers. April 26, 1845
1431:
813:, this route ran northwest from Santa Fe through southwestern
769:
Once through the pass, they turned west along the foot of the
2662:
Roads on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado
1835:
1675:
National Park Service: Historic Trail Maps, Old Spanish Trail
961:
641:
243:
In 2002 this trail was designated by Congress as part of the
2672:
Roads on the National Register of Historic Places in Arizona
2567:
National Register of Historic Places in Clark County, Nevada
1038:
through Emigrant Pass, through California Valley and across
723:, only intermittently dependable for potable water, and the
2677:
Roads on the National Register of Historic Places in Nevada
1651:
1306:. Lincoln and London, University of Nebraska Press, 1989.
511:
276:
101:
1073:
593:(then called the Rio Grande), the travelers forded at the
311:. Other expeditions, under another Franciscan missionary,
2667:
Roads on the National Register of Historic Places in Utah
952:
833:. The trail proceeded north through difficult terrain to
616:, the expedition followed the Virgin to the mouth of the
540:
Old Spanish Trail Historic Routes (National Park Service)
993:
2401:
National Register of Historic Places listings in Nevada
1058:
before rejoining the Main Route on the Virgin River at
1627:
National Register of Historic Places-Registration Form
484:, all participated in the horse raiding. With allies,
1389:
2247:
Las Vegas High School Neighborhood Historic District
853:, the northernmost reach of the Trail. Entering the
498:, "The Great Pathfinder", took the route, guided by
223:
The name of the trail comes from the publication of
2647:
Units of the National Landscape Conservation System
1302:Smith, Jedediah S., , and George R. Brooks (ed.).
1282:. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 109–129.
909:of Colorado. Caravans then headed west to today's
1623:"Old Spanish Trail-Mormon Road Historic District"
1018:to join the Armijo route near Salt Spring in the
531:
2533:
1539:from davidrumsey.com accessed November 19, 2015.
1278:Le Roy Reuben Hafen; Ann Woodbury Hafen (1954).
849:. The route then passed through (or around) the
620:, which they followed up to the vicinity of the
2292:Old Spanish Trail/Mormon Road Historic District
1734:
1367:Old Spanish Trail Association. Reproduced from
1502:Hafen, LeRoy, op. cit; pp131–154; Trail Makers
1476:
1474:
1412:
403:, the Armijo route west to the Colorado River
2642:National Historic Trails of the United States
2435:
2177:Grapevine Canyon Petroglyphs (AZ:F:14:98 ASM)
2067:
1720:
1621:McBride, Terri with Stanton D. Rolf (2001).
1267:BLM, blm.gov, Crossing the Old Spanish Trail
1105:after Congress adopted Senate Bill 1946 and
2562:Native American trails in the United States
2327:Sheep Mountain Range Archeological District
1572:
1471:
1101:The Old Spanish Trail became the fifteenth
861:, the trail turned southwest following the
565:basin. From the San Juan, they entered the
2442:
2428:
2074:
2060:
1727:
1713:
1510:
1508:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1358:"The Old Spanish National Historic Trail."
1062:after crossing what later became known as
1054:. He then crossed the dry 50 miles to the
1042:to Stump Spring and into the mountains to
962:Lower Narrows Crossing – Cajon Pass Cutoff
78:
2572:Trails and roads in the American Old West
2547:History of the Southwestern United States
2132:Brownstone Canyon Archaeological District
1826:Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route
1432:Hafen, LeRoy R.; Armijo, Antonio (1947).
1109:signed the legislation in December 2002.
432:then established the twin settlements of
44:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
2377:The "Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas" Sign
1668:Map: Old Spanish National Historic Trail
1427:
1425:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1321:
1319:
1122:
1088:
535:
258:
68: 31, 32, 33, 34, 139, 140, 141, 142
2602:Historic trails and roads in California
2577:Historic trails and roads in New Mexico
1505:
1374:
1074:Historic preservation and commemoration
2534:
2408:Nevada State Historic Places by county
1601:"National Register of Historic Places"
1550:"National Register of Historic Places"
1148:Bent's Old Fort National Historic Site
953:Modifications to the Trail before 1844
881:to join the Mojave Trail, west of the
796:
327:was first traveled by Garcés from the
2712:Native American history of California
2687:Native American history of New Mexico
2582:Historic trails and roads in Colorado
2423:
2055:
1708:
1422:
1334:
1316:
1165:Santa Fe And Salt Lake Trail Monument
994:Salt Spring – Fork of the Road Cutoff
715:("little spring of the badlands") on
295:unsuccessfully attempted the trip to
2592:Historic trails and roads in Arizona
2451:National Register of Historic Places
2257:Las Vegas Post Office and Courthouse
2083:National Register of Historic Places
1084:National Register of Historic Places
636:, to avoid the deep narrow gorge of
2692:Native American history of Colorado
2637:Protected areas established in 1988
2597:Historic trails and roads in Nevada
1872:Captain John Smith Chesapeake Trail
1699:Old Spanish National Historic Trail
1652:Old Spanish National Historic Trail
1078:In 1988, a section of the trail in
1029:
506:of 1846–1848. After 1848 numerous
249:Old Spanish National Historic Trail
84:The route of the Old Spanish Trail.
13:
2702:Native American history of Arizona
2317:Railroad Cottage Historic District
1561:Period of significance (1750-1849)
1201:Scenic byways in the United States
1153:Fort Larned National Historic Site
1120:in Utah are similarly designated.
943:Lieutenant Edward Fitzgerald Beale
896:
707:("Lake of the Miracle") (probably
624:. They crossed southward over the
412:rivers, then crossed over to the
150:31, 32, 33, 34, 139, 140, 141, 142
14:
2723:
2707:Native American history of Nevada
2587:Historic trails and roads in Utah
1771:El Camino Real de los Tejas Trail
1645:
1138:NM: Colfax County Historic Places
829:, entering Utah near present-day
777:; they followed it, crossing the
2509:Rock House-Custodian's Residence
2352:Tule Springs Archaeological Site
1776:El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
1236:History of The Old Spanish Trail
738:at the top of the river east of
2697:Native American history of Utah
2542:Old Spanish Trail (trade route)
2471:Wolfe Ranch Historical District
2267:LDS Moapa Stake Office Building
2142:Clark Avenue Railroad Underpass
1614:
1593:
1566:
1542:
1530:
1496:
921:, and then through present day
732:San Bernardino de Sena Estancia
679:, through what became known as
544:
444:the first towns in what became
2277:Mesquite High School Gymnasium
2207:John S. Park Historic District
2112:Boulder City Historic District
1390:National Park Service (2001).
1296:
1271:
1260:
1255:Old Spanish Trail Association.
1248:
1229:
1178:Santa Fe Trail Historical Park
947:Captain John Williams Gunnison
933:. The trail then followed the
569:area, and passed north of the
532:Description of the trail route
220:to the United States in 1848.
145:
121:
65:
1:
1663:Old Spanish Trail Association
1526:– via Internet Archive.
1492:– via Internet Archive.
1222:
510:immigrants began settling in
391:through the Mojave along the
2382:Willow Beach Gauging Station
2362:St. Thomas Memorial Cemetery
1438:Huntington Library Quarterly
1158:Fort Union National Monument
787:Mission San Gabriel Arcángel
589:into canyon country. At the
293:Silvestre VĂ©lez de Escalante
289:Francisco Atanasio DomĂnguez
195:that connected the northern
25:United States historic place
7:
2489:Courthouse Wash Pictographs
1781:Juan Bautista de Anza Trail
1736:U.S. National Trails System
1131:
970:, from the Cajon Pass to a
10:
2728:
2552:History of the Great Basin
2015:National Recreation Trails
1900:Star-Spangled Banner Trail
1894:Overmountain Victory Trail
1354:Warren, Elizabeth von Till
254:
15:
2517:
2479:
2461:
2395:
2272:Little Church of the West
2117:Old Boulder City Hospital
2097:
2033:
2013:
1995:
1913:
1880:
1862:
1834:
1816:Selma to Montgomery Trail
1751:
1742:
307:before returning via the
199:settlements of (or near)
167:
159:
154:
143:
120:NRHP reference
119:
89:
77:
73:
62:Nevada Historical Markers
59:
50:
41:
34:
30:
2494:Julien Inscription Panel
2237:Las Vegas Grammar School
2232:Las Vegas Grammar School
2102:B-29 Serial No. 45-21847
1940:Continental Divide Trail
1890:(motor, land, and water)
1744:National Historic Trails
1107:President George W. Bush
891:San Bernardino Mountains
349:San Bernardino Mountains
229:U.S. Topographical Corps
2347:Tim Springs Petroglyphs
2312:Pueblo Grande de Nevada
2172:Goodsprings Schoolhouse
2127:Boulder Dam Park Museum
1997:National Geologic Trail
1982:Pacific Northwest Trail
1654:(National Park Service)
1629:. National Park Service
1581:. National Park Service
1369:Pathways Across America
1257:Retrieved on 2008-08-05
1191:Trinidad History Museum
1103:national historic trail
949:, and John C. Frémont.
885:villages (below modern
595:Crossing of the Fathers
405:Crossing of the Fathers
205:Los Angeles, California
171:Nevada: August 22, 2001
168:Boundary increases
139: (increase 2)
134: (increase 1)
2504:Ringhoffer Inscription
2222:Jay Dayton Smith House
2192:Harrison's Guest House
2041:Triple Crown of Hiking
1987:Potomac Heritage Trail
1915:National Scenic Trails
1836:Natural surface trails
1196:Santa Fe Trail Remains
1128:
1094:
905:and on north into the
577:, east of present-day
541:
264:
245:National Trails System
188:
173:Nevada: March 21, 2008
53:U.S. Historic district
2332:Sloan Petroglyph Site
2252:Las Vegas Mormon Fort
1888:Lewis and Clark Trail
1400:on September 15, 2015
1210:Kansas City, Missouri
1187:Santa Fe Trail Museum
1126:
1092:
988:San Gabriel Mountains
771:San Gabriel Mountains
764:San Bernardino Valley
539:
470:Benjamin Davis Wilson
345:San Bernardino Valley
317:Juan Bautista de Anza
262:
189:Viejo Sendero Español
163:Utah: October 6, 1988
36:The Old Spanish Trail
2455:Arches National Park
2342:Thomas Leavitt House
2152:Desert Valley Museum
2005:Ice Age Floods Trail
1761:Butterfield Overland
1658:Map and Bibliography
1573:Mehls, S.F. (1986).
1182:El Monte, California
1080:Arches National Park
913:, crossing over the
626:Beaver Dam Mountains
622:Shivwits Reservation
561:. He crossed to the
504:Mexican–American War
281:Juan Maria de Rivera
214:Mexican independence
201:Santa Fe, New Mexico
16:For other uses, see
2212:Hidden Forest Cabin
2147:Corn Creek Campsite
1977:Pacific Crest Trail
1965:North Country Trail
1960:Natchez Trace Trail
1753:Scenic motor routes
1575:"Old Spanish Trail"
859:Salina Creek Canyon
797:Main Northern Route
640:, to the riverside
604:Continuing west to
581:. The trail ran to
389:San Gabriel Mission
279:, were explored by
2652:Mexican California
2463:Historic districts
2357:Tule Springs Ranch
2287:Moulin Rouge Hotel
2282:Mormon Well Spring
1806:Pony Express Trail
1692:2015-02-17 at the
1680:2017-05-25 at the
1467:– via JSTOR.
1434:"Armijo's Journal"
1363:2016-04-21 at the
1241:2015-02-17 at the
1129:
1095:
1082:was placed on the
931:Uncompahgre Valley
915:Continental Divide
819:San Juan Mountains
727:leading up river.
705:Laguna del Milagro
665:Goodsprings Valley
663:and the spring at
612:above present-day
597:above present-day
585:and north through
542:
341:San Joaquin Valley
265:
191:) is a historical
2529:
2528:
2499:Old Spanish Trail
2417:
2416:
2387:Woodlawn Cemetery
2372:Walking Box Ranch
2367:Washington School
2302:Parley Hunt House
2297:Overton Gymnasium
2262:Las Vegas Springs
2202:Huntridge Theater
2162:Eureka Locomotive
2122:Boulder Dam Hotel
2049:
2048:
1945:New England Trail
1923:Appalachian Trail
1909:
1908:
1902:(motor and water)
1844:Ala Kahakai Trail
1796:Old Spanish Trail
1312:978-0-8032-9197-3
1289:978-0-8032-7261-3
1216:Tree in the Trail
1052:Las Vegas Springs
1048:Cottonwood Spring
1000:Yermo, California
847:Green River, Utah
845:near present-day
807:William Wolfskill
779:San Gabriel River
713:Ojito del Malpais
687:, then along the
677:California Valley
657:Eldorado Dry Lake
618:Santa Clara River
571:Carrizo Mountains
474:William Wolfskill
181:Old Spanish Trail
177:
176:
155:Significant dates
18:Old Spanish Trail
2719:
2557:Colorado Plateau
2444:
2437:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2053:
2052:
1896:(motor and land)
1766:California Trail
1749:
1748:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1618:
1612:
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1607:
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1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1429:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1396:. Archived from
1387:
1372:
1351:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1275:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1233:
1206:Trailside Center
1116:in Colorado and
1044:Mountain Springs
1030:Frémont's Cutoff
1024:Fork of the Road
851:San Rafael Swell
783:Rancho La Puente
773:for two days to
630:Utah Hill Summit
614:St. George, Utah
370:A route linking
331:villages on the
313:Francisco Garcés
147:
129: (original)
123:
82:
67:
28:
27:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2513:
2475:
2457:
2448:
2418:
2413:
2391:
2337:Spirit Mountain
2322:Sandstone Ranch
2137:Camp Lee Canyon
2093:
2080:
2050:
2045:
2029:
2009:
1991:
1905:
1876:
1858:
1830:
1791:Nez Perce Trail
1738:
1733:
1694:Wayback Machine
1687:Map and History
1682:Wayback Machine
1648:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1571:
1567:
1554:
1552:
1548:
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1543:
1535:
1531:
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1519:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1450:10.2307/3816035
1430:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1388:
1375:
1365:Wayback Machine
1352:
1335:
1324:
1317:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1243:Wayback Machine
1234:
1230:
1225:
1134:
1076:
1032:
1020:Silurian Valley
1014:, then through
1008:Alvord Mountain
996:
986:, north of the
980:John C. Frémont
974:just below the
964:
955:
907:San Luis Valley
899:
897:Northern Branch
875:Eldorado Valley
799:
785:, and reaching
685:Resting Springs
673:Mesquite Valley
667:, then through
661:Eldorado Valley
634:Black Mountains
599:Glen Canyon Dam
547:
534:
496:John C. Frémont
466:William Workman
462:John A. Rowland
442:Santa Ana River
257:
225:John C. Frémont
218:Mexican Cession
216:in 1821 to the
172:
135:
130:
85:
69:
55:
46:
37:
26:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2725:
2715:
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2699:
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2299:
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2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2217:Homestake Mine
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2107:Berkley Square
2104:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2019:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1993:
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1990:
1989:
1984:
1979:
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1972:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
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1937:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1919:
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1911:
1910:
1907:
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1904:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1854:Iditarod Trail
1851:
1849:Chilkoot Trail
1846:
1840:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1821:Trail of Tears
1818:
1813:
1811:Santa Fe Trail
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1746:
1740:
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1717:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1684:
1672:
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1660:
1655:
1647:
1646:External links
1644:
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1640:
1613:
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1529:
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1495:
1470:
1421:
1411:
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1247:
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1198:
1193:
1189:, part of the
1184:
1175:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1075:
1072:
1040:Pahrump Valley
1031:
1028:
1004:Spanish Canyon
995:
992:
984:Lake Elizabeth
963:
960:
954:
951:
939:Grand Junction
935:Gunnison River
919:Cochetopa Pass
898:
895:
835:Spanish Valley
798:
795:
775:San Jose Creek
689:Amargosa River
650:Las Vegas Wash
646:Callville Wash
638:Boulder Canyon
591:Colorado River
563:San Juan River
546:
543:
533:
530:
458:Louis Rubidoux
454:Rancho Tolenas
446:San Bernardino
384:Antonio Armijo
361:Jedediah Smith
337:Old Tejon Pass
333:Colorado River
315:, and Captain
275:and southeast
256:
253:
203:with those of
175:
174:
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2002:
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1988:
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1983:
1980:
1978:
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1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1955:Ice Age Trail
1953:
1951:
1950:Florida Trail
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1935:Arizona Trail
1933:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
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1901:
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1444:(1): 87–101.
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1199:
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1159:
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1099:
1091:
1087:
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1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:Bitter Spring
1009:
1005:
1002:, running up
1001:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
976:Lower Narrows
973:
969:
968:Victor Valley
959:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
871:Virgin Rivers
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
837:near today's
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
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812:
808:
804:
794:
790:
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784:
780:
776:
772:
767:
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749:
748:Monument Peak
745:
741:
737:
736:Summit Valley
733:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
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706:
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681:Emigrant Pass
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527:designations.
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418:Parowan, Utah
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353:Monument Peak
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321:Mojave Desert
318:
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309:Arizona Strip
306:
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287:missionaries
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160:Added to NRHP
158:
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149:
144:MARKERS
142:
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2519:
2498:
2406:
2399:
2291:
2087:Clark County
2022:
1864:Water trails
1801:Oregon Trail
1795:
1786:Mormon Trail
1631:. Retrieved
1626:
1616:
1604:. Retrieved
1595:
1583:. Retrieved
1578:
1568:
1560:
1553:. Retrieved
1544:
1532:
1520:. Retrieved
1498:
1486:. Retrieved
1461:. Retrieved
1441:
1437:
1414:
1404:February 24,
1402:. Retrieved
1398:the original
1392:
1368:
1326:
1303:
1298:
1279:
1273:
1262:
1250:
1231:
1214:
1111:
1100:
1096:
1077:
1060:Halfway Wash
1033:
997:
965:
956:
900:
879:Piute Valley
857:in Utah via
811:George Yount
800:
791:
768:
729:
725:Mohave Trail
721:Mojave River
704:
654:
610:Virgin River
603:
587:Tsegi Canyon
567:Four Corners
559:Puerco River
548:
545:Armijo Route
525:
524:
494:
478:
426:
422:
414:Sevier River
397:
393:Mojave River
369:
357:Mojave River
325:Mohave Trail
266:
248:
242:
231:, guided by
222:
180:
178:
22:
2187:Gypsum Cave
2182:Green Shack
1881:Combination
1143:Pawnee Rock
1068:Mormon Road
1064:Mormon Mesa
1056:Muddy River
1036:Nopah Range
937:to today's
867:Santa Clara
855:Great Basin
843:Green River
817:, past the
742:, they met
711:), then to
709:Silver Lake
697:Salt Spring
669:Wilson Pass
606:Pipe Spring
575:Church Rock
555:Chama River
365:Mojave Road
355:, down the
347:, over the
301:Great Basin
210:pack trains
193:trade route
2536:Categories
2481:Properties
2227:Kyle Ranch
2197:Hoover Dam
1701:- BLM page
1223:References
1208:museum in
1173:California
1169:Cajon Pass
839:Moab, Utah
831:Monticello
827:Dove Creek
752:Cajon Pass
740:Cajon Pass
701:Salt Creek
691:from near
608:and on to
583:Marsh Pass
520:California
500:Kit Carson
438:La Placita
434:Agua Mansa
376:California
372:New Mexico
297:California
285:Franciscan
233:Kit Carson
197:New Mexico
114:California
94:New Mexico
2520:See also:
2157:El Cortez
1633:April 26,
1522:April 26,
1488:April 26,
1463:April 26,
754:and down
717:Soda Lake
671:, across
450:Riverside
382:merchant
339:into the
305:Utah Lake
283:in 1765.
2024:Category
1970:by state
1928:by state
1690:Archived
1678:Archived
1361:Archived
1239:Archived
1132:See also
1016:Red Pass
972:crossing
927:Montrose
923:Gunnison
911:Saguache
887:Laughlin
815:Colorado
744:vaqueros
557:and the
430:Politana
380:Santa Fe
273:Colorado
137:08000229
132:01000863
127:88001181
98:Colorado
90:Location
2034:Related
1606:May 30,
1555:May 30,
1458:3816035
929:to the
781:at the
756:Crowder
579:Kayenta
551:Abiquiu
486:Walkara
440:on the
323:. The
255:History
237:Spanish
185:Spanish
106:Arizona
2307:Potosi
2091:Nevada
1585:May 3,
1456:
1419:Vegas.
1310:
1286:
1118:US 191
1114:US 160
883:Mohave
863:Sevier
825:, and
823:Mancos
803:Navajo
693:Tecopa
518:, and
516:Nevada
508:Mormon
490:Paiute
472:, and
401:Navajo
329:Mohave
110:Nevada
64:
1454:JSTOR
1050:, to
1046:, to
1010:, to
1006:over
760:Cajon
642:oases
628:, at
410:Green
303:near
1635:2009
1608:2007
1587:2009
1557:2007
1524:2023
1490:2023
1465:2023
1406:2015
1308:ISBN
1284:ISBN
925:and
903:Taos
877:and
809:and
758:and
675:and
648:and
512:Utah
482:Utes
448:and
436:and
291:and
277:Utah
179:The
102:Utah
2453:in
2085:in
1446:doi
1180:in
1167:in
917:at
703:to
695:to
683:to
659:in
644:of
573:to
374:to
351:at
269:Ute
247:as
146:No.
122:No.
66:No.
2538::
2089:,
1625:.
1577:.
1559:.
1507:^
1473:^
1452:.
1442:11
1440:.
1436:.
1424:^
1376:^
1356:.
1336:^
1318:^
1171:,
1086:.
1026:.
990:.
945:,
869:,
865:,
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601:.
514:,
476:.
468:,
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460:,
367:.
251:.
187::
112:,
108:,
104:,
100:,
96:,
2443:e
2436:t
2429:v
2075:e
2068:t
2061:v
1728:e
1721:t
1714:v
1637:.
1610:.
1589:.
1448::
1408:.
1292:.
183:(
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
