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Underground Water
Conservation District, has struggled in its attempts to impose metering requirements and pumping limits. North Plains officials "just were a little further ahead of the curve", said David Brauer, who manages the Ogallala Aquifer program for a United States Department of Agriculture research laboratory in the Panhandle town of Bushland. A group from the Middle Trinity Groundwater Conservation District, southwest of Fort Worth, went to see Grall's demonstration field last year and came away impressed. "I know my board president said it'd be nice to be able to do something like that here at home", said Joe Cooper, the general manager of the Middle Trinity district.
216:, or the ability for a fluid (water) to move through porous material, ranges from 25 to 300 feet (7.6 to 91.4 m) per day. Water quality within the Ogallala varies with the highest quality for drinking and irrigation in the northern region while the southern region had the poorest. Human and natural processes over the past 60 to 70 years, including irrigation density, climate, and nitrogen applications, have caused higher concentrations of contaminants including nitrates. Nitrate levels generally meet USGS water quality standards, but continue to gradually increase over time. This trend can impact the future groundwater sustainability for portions of the aquifer.
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Pivot sprinklers are used in the project, rather than the more expensive drip irrigation. According to district manager Steve
Walthour, conservation is essential considering declining levels of the aquifer. The local non-profit organization Ogallala Commons, named for the aquifer itself, which not only collaborates and supports the local communicates, also works to conserve the Ogallala Aquifer and the surrounding area.
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water needed four decades ago. Still, losses to the aquifer between 2001 and 2011 equated to a third of its cumulative depletion during the entire 20th century. The
Ogallala is recharged primarily by rainwater, but only about one inch of precipitation actually reaches the aquifer annually. Rainfall in most of the Texas High Plains is minimal, evaporation is high, and infiltration rates are slow.
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irrigation, nearly three million acres of land were irrigated. In some places in the Texas
Panhandle, the water table has been drained (dewatered). "Vast stretches of Texas farmland lying over the aquifer no longer support irrigation. In west-central Kansas, up to a fifth of the irrigated farmland along a 100-mile swath (160 km) of the aquifer has already gone dry."
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728:, is inexpensive. The North Plains district first established limits on pumping in 2005 and tightened the regulations four years later. Certain wells are now required to have meters. Yet another challenge facing the district is that higher prices for crops have prompted some to plant additional fields and further increase the use of water from the aquifer.
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Department of State's Office of the
Inspector General conducted an investigation of the potential conflict of interest. The February 2012 report of that investigation states no conflict of interest existed either in the selection of the contractor or in the preparation of the environmental impact statement.
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Eleven farmers in 2013 participated in the conservation program, with some planting in dry earth, rather than watered soil. They are leaving more space between plants, a technique that retains moisture for a longer period of time. Soil sensors permit farmers to gather accurate information about the
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in the United States accelerated in the late 1940s and continued at an almost steady linear rate through the end of the century. In addition to widely recognized environmental consequences, groundwater depletion also adversely impacts the long-term sustainability of groundwater supplies to help meet
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estimated that total water storage was about 2,925,000,000 acre-feet (3,608 km) in 2005. Withdrawals from the
Ogallala Aquifer for irrigation amounted to 26 km (21,000,000 acreâ‹…ft) in 2000. Since major groundwater pumping began in the late 1940s, overdraft from the High Plains Aquifer
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Pipeline industry spokesmen have noted that thousands of miles of existing pipelines carrying crude oil and refined liquid hydrocarbons have crossed over the
Ogallala Aquifer for years, in southeast Wyoming, eastern Colorado and New Mexico, western Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. The Pioneer
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using huge center-pivot irrigators has emptied parts of the High Plains
Aquifer. Hundreds to thousands of years of rainfall would be needed to replace the groundwater in the depleted aquifer. In Kansas in 1950, irrigated cropland covered 250,000 acres (100,000 ha); with the use of center-pivot
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During the 1990s, the aquifer held some three billion acre-feet of groundwater used for crop irrigation as well as drinking water in urban areas. The demand for the water outstrips its replenishment. The water level is particularly on the decline in Texas and New Mexico. Continued long-term use of
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Counties, has offered a $ 300,000 annual demonstration project to conserve water that farmers pump from the
Ogallala Aquifer. Participating farmers grow corn with just over half of the water that they would normally require to irrigate the fields, or they plant several weeks later than customary.
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for other proposed TransCanada projects. Although it is "common for companies applying to build government projects to be involved in assigning and paying for the impact analysis", several opponents of the project suggested there could be a conflict of interest. In response to that concern, the
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Since the 1940s, pumping from the
Ogallala has drawn the aquifer down by more than 300 feet (90 m) in some areas. Producers have taken steps to reduce their reliance on irrigated water. Streamlined operations allow them to produce significantly greater yield using roughly the same amount of
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The water-saturated thickness of the Ogallala Formation ranges from a few feet to more than 1,000 feet. Its deepest part is 1200 ft. (300 m) and is generally greater in the Northern Plains. The depth of the water below the surface of the land ranges from almost 400 feet (120 m) in
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The North Plains district first imposed pumping limits in 2005 and tightened them in 2009. In 2005, it also began phasing in requirements for some wells to have meters. Both moves were controversial at the time. A larger groundwater district just south of North Plains, the 16-county High Plains
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is different and not lined with caliche, making these some of the few areas where the aquifer can recharge. The destruction of playas by farmers and development decreases the available recharge area. The prevalence of the caliche is partly due to the ready evaporation of soil moisture and the
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and to the adaptation of automotive engines to power groundwater wells. Today about 27% of the irrigated land in the entire United States lies over the aquifer, which yields about 30% of the ground water used for irrigation in the United States. The aquifer is at risk of over-extraction and
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Gutentag, E. D, Heimes, F. J, Krothe, N. C, Luckey, R. R, Weeks, J. B. (1984). "Geohydrology of the High Plains Aquifer in parts of Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming". U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1400-B. Retrieved from
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The depth of the Ogallala varies with the shape of then-prevailing surface, being deepest where it fills ancient valleys and channels. The Ogallala Formation consists mostly of coarse sedimentary rocks in its deeper sections, which transition upward into finer-grained material.
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sediment that filled the ancient channels and eventually covered the entire area of the present-day aquifer, forming the water-bearing Ogallala Formation. In that respect, the process is similar to those currently prevailing in other modern rivers of the area, such as the
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U.S. President Barack Obama "initially rejected the Keystone XL pipeline in January 2012, saying he wanted more time for an environmental review." On February 17, 2013, a rally at the National Mall drew an estimated 40,000 in protest of Keystone XL. In January 2014, the
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The depletion between 2001 and 2008, inclusive, is about 32% of the cumulative depletion during the entire 20th century. In the United States, the biggest users of water from aquifers include agricultural irrigation and oil and coal extraction. "Cumulative total
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Ground water levels decline when the rate of extraction by irrigation exceeds the rate of recharge. At places, the water table was measured to drop more than 5 ft (1.5 m) per year at the time of maximum extraction. In extreme cases, the deepening of
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parts of the north to between 100 and 200 feet (30 and 61 m) throughout much of the south. Present-day recharge of the aquifer with fresh water occurs at an exceedingly slow rate, suggesting that much of the water in its
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Early in his presidency, U.S President Donald Trump overturned U.S. President Barack Obama's decision by signing executive memos in support of the Keystone XL pipeline in January 2017. On January 20, 2021, President
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pollution. Since 1950, agricultural irrigation has reduced the saturated volume of the aquifer by an estimated 9%. Once depleted, the aquifer will take over 6,000 years to replenish naturally through rainfall.
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United States Department of State and the Broadcasting Board of Governors Office of Inspector General Office of Audits. February 2012. Special Review of the Keystone XL Pipeline Permit Process. Report Number
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efficiency of the center-pivot irrigator improved over the years, farmers chose to plant more intensively, irrigate more land, and grow thirstier crops rather than reduce water consumption--an example of the
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semiarid climate; the aridity increases the amount of evaporation, which in turn increases the amount of caliche in the soil. Both mechanisms reduce the amount of recharge water that reaches the water table.
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was required to reach the steadily falling water table. In the 21st century, recognition of the significance of the aquifer has led to increased coverage from regional and international journalists.
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in practice. One approach to reducing the amount of groundwater used is to employ treated recycled water for irrigation; another approach is to change to crops that require less water, such as
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Gustavson, T. C, Winkler, D. A. (1988). Depositional facies of the Miocene-Pliocene Ogallala Formation, northwestern Texas and eastern New Mexico. Geology, 16(3), 203–206. Retrieved from:
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Gurdak, J. J, McMahon, P. B, Dennehy, K, Qi, S. L. (2009). "Water quality in the High Plains Aquifer, Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming".
1885:"Authorizing TransCanada Keystone Pipeline, L.P., To Construct, Connect, Operate, and Maintain Pipeline Facilities at the International Boundary Between the United States and Canada"
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Diffendal, R. F. (1984). Comments on the geologic history of the Ogallala Formation in the southern panhandle of Nebraska. Papers in Natural Resources. Paper 116. Retrieved from
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Saturated thickness of the Ogallala Aquifer in 1997 after several decades of intensive withdrawals. The breadth and depth of the aquifer generally decrease from north to south.
435:, run below the water level of the aquifer. Because of this, the rivers receive groundwater flow (baseflow), carrying it out of the region rather than recharging the aquifer.
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386:), and reduced area under irrigation have helped to slow depletion of the aquifer, but levels are generally still dropping in areas including southwestern Kansas and the
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Regions where the water level has declined in the period 1950–2015 are shown in yellow and red; regions where it has increased are shown in shades of blue. Data from the
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Recharge in the aquifer ranges from 0.024 inches (0.61 mm) per year in parts of Texas and New Mexico to 6 inches (150 mm) per year in south-central Kansas.
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in the United States. As one of the world's largest aquifers, it underlies an area of approximately 174,000 sq mi (450,000 km) in portions of eight
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The aquifer system supplies drinking water to 82% of the 2.3 million people (1990 census) who live within the boundaries of the High Plains study area.
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became available, was the land mass of the High Plains aquifer system transformed into one of the most agriculturally productive regions in the world.
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Manjula V. Guru, Agricultural Policy Specialist and James E. Horne, President & CEO, The Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture, Poteau, Oklahoma
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were still tectonically active. From the uplands to the west, rivers and streams cut channels in a generally west to east or southeast direction.
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moisture level of their crops. The motivation to save water comes from the district's regulations on extracting water from the aquifer. The
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Geohydrology of the High Plains Aquifer in parts of Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming
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The center-pivot irrigation system is considered to be a highly efficient system which helps conserve water. However, by 2013, as the
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article, "Wells Dry, Fertile Plains Turn to Dust" recounting the relentless decline of parts of the Ogallala Aquifer. Sixty years of
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268:, with steady winds that hasten evaporation of surface water and precipitation. In many locations, the aquifer is overlain, in the
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1423:(Report). Scientific Investigations Report. Reston, Virginia: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. p. 63.
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Farmers on their own land may draw water from the aquifer without charge. Pumping costs are low because the fuel used,
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The regions overlying the Ogallala Aquifer are some of the most productive regions in the United States for ranching
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Logan Layden, "If you Want to Build a New Lake in Oklahoma, Forget History", March 28, 2013, StateImpact Oklahoma
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for the Keystone XL Pipeline (Phase 4). On June 9, 2021, TC Energy abandoned plans for the Keystone XL Pipeline.
659:, a company that assisted both the Department of State and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission in preparing
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Help add sources such as review articles, monographs, or textbooks. Please also establish the relevance for any
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Perkin, Joshuah; Gido, Keith; Falke, Jeffrey; Crockett, Harry; Johnson, Eric; Sanderson, John (July 11, 2017).
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280:; this limits the amount of water able to recharge the aquifer from the land surface. However, the soil of the
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has amounted to 332,000,000 acre-feet (410 km), 85% of the volume of Lake Erie. Many farmers in the Texas
979:"The Historically Evolving Impact of the Ogallala Aquifer: Agricultural Adaptation to Groundwater and Drought"
918:"Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of Nebraska west of the one hundred and third meridian"
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concluded that the project posed little threat of "adverse environmental impacts", the report was drafted by
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determined the water level in the aquifer has dropped more in Texas than in any other state in the basin.
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Since 2010, the North Plains Groundwater Conservation District, which encompasses eight counties north of
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Groundwater within the Ogallala generally flows from west to east at an average rate of a foot per day.
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The rate at which groundwater is recharged is limited by several factors. Much of the plains region is
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Rapid Recharge of Parts of the High Plains Aquifer Indicated by a Reconnaissance Study in Oklahoma
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1853:"Protecting Public Health and the Environment and Restoring Science To Tackle the Climate Crisis"
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Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement for the Keystone XL Project Executive Summary
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was rendered useless when the dropping level of the aquifer drastically reduced flow of the
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Early settlers of the semiarid High Plains were plagued by crop failures due to cycles of
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Saturday Magazine Issue no 48,446 (dated 5 March 2011) pp 26-32 "High and Dry" Report by
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as pumping costs have risen and as they have become aware of the hazards of overpumping.
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888:"Changes in Water Levels and Storage in the High Plains Aquifer, Predevelopment to 2005"
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1659:, December 2001, Association of Oil Pipe Lines and American Petroleum Institute, p.8-9.
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http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1117&context=natrespapers
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the nation’s water needs." According to Matthew Sanderson, a professor of sociology at
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1455:"Farmers are depleting the Ogallala Aquifer because the government pays them to do it"
1453:
Griggs, Burke; Miller-Klugesherz, Jacob A.; Sanderson, Matthew R. (November 9, 2020).
1073:"High Plains regional ground-water study: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS-091-00"
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The deposition of aquifer material dates back two to six million years, from the late
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228:. While groundwater is a renewable source, reserves replenish relatively slowly. The
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1177:"Groundwater declines are linked to changes in Great Plains stream fish assemblages"
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1256:. Gutentag, E. D.; Heimes, F. J.; Krothe, N. C.; Luckey, R. R.; Weeks, J. B. 1984.
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How Pipelines Make the Oil Market Work – Their Networks, Operation and Regulation
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the aquifer is "troublesome and in need of major reevaluation," according to the
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Column - Mansel Phillips: "Too many thirsty industries, not nearly enough water"
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to streams), and what the net changes in storage are (rise, fall or no change).
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1828:"Trump signs executive actions to advance Keystone XL, Dakota Access pipelines"
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Rex C. Buchanan; B. Brownie Wilson; Robert R. Buddemeier; James J. Butler Jr.
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has performed several studies of the aquifer, to determine what is coming in (
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129:. The aquifer is part of the High Plains Aquifer System, and resides in the
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1496:"Caprock Chronicles: The Ogallala Aquifer's long history, uncertain future"
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Kansas Geological Survey information on the High Plains / Ogallala Aquifer
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A map showing aquifer thickness of the Ogallala Aquifer with the proposed
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cited. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed.
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for diversion has depended heavily on pumping groundwater for irrigation.
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1389:"The Lessons of History No Longer Apply when it comes to Building Lakes"
328:. The success of large-scale farming in areas that do not have adequate
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watered from the Ogallala Aquifer with center pivot irrigation systems
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620:. The proposed route of the pipeline crosses the eastern part of the
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commissioned an environmental-impact assessment as required by the
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that encourage overinvestment in water-using technology due to a
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Water table aquifer beneath the Great Plains in the United States
2015:. 59–60. Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation. 2003: 109
1723:"U.S. report clears way for TransCanada's Keystone XL pipeline".
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image of a roughly 557 mi area of fields (1443 km) in
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1017:. United States Department of Agriculture. 2011. Archived from
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and its tributaries. The major differences are time and depth.
140:
Large-scale extraction for agricultural purposes started after
102:
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surrounded by sand, silt, clay, and gravel located beneath the
1952:"Keystone XL pipeline nixed after Biden stands firm on permit"
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High Plains Underground Water Conservation District #1 (Texas)
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Kansas Geological Survey, Public Information Circular (PIC) 18
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As the lead agency in the transboundary pipeline project, the
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crude oil pipeline crosses east-west across Nebraska, and the
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1436:"Drop in U.S. underground water levels has accelerated: USGS"
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National Water-Quality Assessment Program, USGS Circular 1337
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133:, which is the principal geologic unit underlying 80% of the
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proposed the construction of the 1,661-mile (2,673 km)
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Groundwater withdrawal rates (fresh water, all sources) by
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Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954
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Prehistoric agriculture in the Southwestern United States
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from the surface), what is leaving (water pumped out and
2058:. States News Service. February 18, 2013. Archived from
1481:
Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts. Retrieved 2/10/14.
1174:
382:), more efficient irrigation methods (center pivot and
3723:
Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996
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Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990
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Groundwater Depletion in the United States (1900–2008)
2603:
Early history of food regulation in the United States
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Myth vs. Fact: KXL will Threaten the Ogallala Aquifer
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1279:. September 24, 2006. Last accessed October 24, 2006.
224:
An aquifer is a groundwater storage reservoir in the
62:
2546:
1983:"In Texas, a push to show farmers how to save water"
1045:"Where the world's running out of water, in one map"
735:
3693:
California Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975
1786:"Thousands rally in D.C. against Keystone Pipeline"
1755:Pipeline Review Is Faced With Question of Conflict
1465:
1406:
1318:, October 8, 2006. Last accessed November 20, 2012
1302:. October 4, 2006. Last accessed October 24, 2006.
1266:"Shrinking aquifer looms as big problem for farms"
977:Hornbeck, Richard; Pinar Keskin (September 2012).
1813:Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement
1472:Texas Water Report: Going Deeper for the Solution
1101:http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/16/3/203.short
3940:
2117:A Legal Fight in Texas over the Ogallala Aquifer
2084:. lajuntatribunedemocrat.com. September 20, 2015
1980:
1918:"Keystone XL Oil Project Abandoned by Developer"
1377:, 2 October 2006. Last accessed October 24, 2006
577:
358:
1943:
1617:Map of Pipelines and the Ogallala Aquifer, 2012
1490:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1181:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
584:Environmental risks of the Keystone XL pipeline
1710:Smaller oil pipeline to cross Ogallala Aquifer
826:Great Recycling and Northern Development Canal
514:
2532:
2147:
1825:
1070:
885:
1909:
1571:
1569:
1336:
1164:http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1337/pdf/C1337.pdf
2642:Prehistoric agriculture on the Great Plains
2112:USGS High Plains Regional Groundwater Study
1877:
1523:"TransCanada Proposes Second Oil Pipeline".
951:
2630:List of food plants native to the Americas
2539:
2525:
2154:
2140:
1845:
1371:Jeremy P. Meyer, "Farmers' tower of power"
1042:
155:
3703:Children's Act for Responsible Employment
1566:
1433:
1427:
1312:"Another sign of long-term water worries"
1210:
1200:
1154:
1152:
1008:"Ogallala Aquifer Initiative 2011 Report"
688:to revoke the permit that was granted to
649:National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
565:Learn how and when to remove this message
401:was described as the "villain" in a 2013
3651:National Agricultural Statistics Service
1639:Lincoln (NE) Journal Star, 12 July 2011.
1354:"Wells Dry, Fertile Plains Turn to Dust"
1145:http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1400b/report.pdf
879:
587:
295:
291:
219:
41:
30:
22:
3688:Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000
3646:United States Department of Agriculture
2608:Indentured servitude in British America
1976:
1974:
1972:
1826:DiChristopher, Tom (January 24, 2017).
1637:Guest View: We need crude oil pipelines
986:Harvard Environmental Economics Program
450:, the lake's intended source of water.
259:
3941:
1779:
1777:
1149:
1064:
1015:Natural Resources Conservation Service
915:
454:Accelerated decline in aquifer storage
394:, water levels have risen since 1980.
2520:
2135:
1949:
1351:
1036:
468:, these trends are exacerbated by an
117:). It was named in 1898 by geologist
3959:Regions of the Western United States
2082:"Grant awarded for youth engagement"
1969:
1915:
1783:
1721:O'Meara, Dina, and Sheldon Alberts.
1235:"Ogallala aquifer - Water hot spots"
638:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
518:
3656:United States Census of Agriculture
1774:
1434:Zabarenko, Deborah (May 20, 2013).
1415:
13:
3857:United Food and Commercial Workers
3761:Agricultural workers mental health
14:
4010:
3628:Pacific Northwest oyster industry
2099:
1981:Gailbraith, Kate (July 1, 2013).
1744:2011-08-27. Retrieved 2011-08-27.
1591:2011-08-27. Retrieved 2011-08-27.
1575:Morton, Joseph, and Paul Hammel.
332:and do not always have perennial
2689:
2548:Agriculture in the United States
2500:
2499:
1577:"Report: Sand Hills route best".
794:
780:
766:
752:
738:
523:
343:, culminating in the disastrous
3842:Farm Labor Organizing Committee
2398:Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System
2074:
2048:
2005:
1950:Brown, Matthew (June 9, 2021).
1819:
1804:
1764:
1747:
1715:
1702:
1682:
1662:
1642:
1629:
1609:
1594:
1537:
1515:
1484:
1446:
1380:
1364:
1352:Wines, Michael (May 19, 2013).
1321:
1305:
1282:
1259:
1245:
1227:
1168:
1136:
1117:
719:United States Geological Survey
695:
672:released its Keystone pipeline
661:environmental impact statements
608:pipeline to carry oil from the
50:in 2000. Source: National Atlas
1916:Puko, Timothy (June 9, 2021).
1105:
1093:
1000:
970:
924:. Government Printing Office.
909:
653:Environmental Impact Statement
1:
3949:Aquifers in the United States
2461:Aquifers in the United States
1635:Andrew Black and David Holt,
873:
578:Proposed Keystone XL Pipeline
540:secondary or tertiary sources
359:Change in groundwater storage
3862:Woman's Land Army of America
2591:Eastern Agricultural Complex
2576:Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture
2466:Aquifer storage and recovery
2213:Buried Valley Aquifer System
2161:
1792:. National Broadcast Company
1712:, Omaha.com, 23 August 2012.
1544:"Keystone Pipeline Project".
1393:StateImpact Oklahoma website
482:Conservation Reserve Program
431:Several rivers, such as the
7:
2637:Native American in Virginia
1989:. Lubbock Avalanche-Journal
731:
515:Environmental controversies
10:
4017:
3743:Taylor Grazing Act of 1934
3733:Packers and Stockyards Act
3598:Southwestern United States
2687:
2263:Santa Clara valley aquifer
1695:February 25, 2014, at the
1679:, accessed 8 October 2013.
1670:Refined products pipelines
1655:December 28, 2013, at the
1622:December 18, 2014, at the
1530:2008-06-12. Reproduced at
1477:February 22, 2014, at the
922:USGS Professional Paper 17
886:Mcguire, V.L. (May 2007).
581:
272:, with a shallow layer of
3870:
3822:
3796:
3776:Genetically modified food
3751:
3713:Food Security Act of 1985
3668:
3636:
3590:
3561:Northern Mariana Islands
3020:genetically modified food
2818:
2798:Connecticut shade tobacco
2698:
2554:
2494:
2448:
2422:
2406:
2380:
2364:
2328:
2307:
2291:
2233:Kirkwood–Cohansey aquifer
2195:
2169:
1816:. 1 March 2013, p.4.16-2.
1549:November 9, 2012, at the
1532:Downstream Today website.
1501:Lubbock Avalanche-Journal
1277:Arkansas Democrat-Gazette
960:"The High Plains Aquifer"
892:USGS Fact Sheet 2007-3029
596:pipeline route laid over.
547:primary research articles
347:of the 1930s. Only after
1897:: 13,101. March 29, 2019
1865:: 7037. January 20, 2021
1133:retrieved April 9, 2007.
176:of the Rockies provided
3969:Geology of South Dakota
2182:Laurentian River System
1675:April 14, 2014, at the
1601:"Keystone XL Pipeline".
1202:10.1073/pnas.1618936114
866:Western Interior Seaway
602:TransCanada Corporation
478:treadmill of production
466:Kansas State University
353:center-pivot irrigation
168:ages when the southern
156:General characteristics
146:center pivot irrigation
3925:36.99056°N 101.44778°W
3738:Pure Food and Drug Act
2414:Yarkon-Taninim Aquifer
2393:Lotikipi Basin Aquifer
2273:Southern Hills Aquifer
2106:"The Ogallala Aquifer"
2036:Cite journal requires
1688:Oil Sands fact Check,
1648:Allegro Energy Group,
1294:June 15, 2013, at the
1071:Dennehy, K.F. (2000).
916:Darton, N. H. (1903).
597:
474:United States tax code
399:center-pivot irrigator
309:
214:Hydraulic conductivity
209:and probably earlier.
51:
39:
28:
3999:Geology of New Mexico
3809:California nut crimes
2821:or territory-specific
2177:Arkell Spring Grounds
1810:U.S. Dept. of State,
1606:Retrieved 2011-08-27.
1604:Friends of the Earth.
1563:Retrieved 2011-08-27.
1534:Retrieved 2011-08-27.
1527:Lincoln Journal-Star.
816:Environmental science
690:TC Energy Corporation
670:U.S. State Department
645:U.S. State Department
634:Pony Express pipeline
591:
505:Texas Tech University
461:groundwater depletion
299:
292:Groundwater discharge
254:irrigated agriculture
220:Aquifer water balance
205:, dating back to the
45:
34:
26:
3930:36.99056; -101.44778
2819:State, commonwealth,
2346:Great Artesian Basin
2336:Botany Sands Aquifer
2062:on February 20, 2016
1416:Konikow, Leonard F.
1328:Daily Telegraph (UK)
1316:Lincoln Star Journal
851:Laurentide Ice Sheet
802:United States portal
470:agricultural subsidy
276:that is practically
260:Groundwater recharge
234:groundwater recharge
3994:Geology of Colorado
3974:Geology of Nebraska
3964:Geology of Oklahoma
3921: /
3852:United Farm Workers
3698:Capper–Volstead Act
3678:Agricultural policy
2481:Sole Source Aquifer
2268:Snake River Aquifer
2253:San Diego Formation
2228:Fox Hills Formation
1922:Wall Street Journal
1588:Omaha World-Herald.
1300:Amarillo Globe News
1298:. Mansel Phillips,
1193:2017PNAS..114.7373P
1043:Plumer, B. (2012).
616:to refineries near
610:Athabasca oil sands
438:The $ 46.1-million
207:most recent ice age
3984:Geology of Wyoming
2586:Columbian exchange
2356:Yarragadee Aquifer
2187:Oak Ridges Moraine
2013:"Outdoor Oklahoma"
1987:lubbockonline.com/
1784:Rafferty, Andrew.
1761:, October 7, 2011.
1739:2011-08-31 at the
1728:2011-11-26 at the
1626:, 20 January 2012.
1559:2011-09-02 at the
1271:2009-02-04 at the
1129:2007-05-14 at the
760:Environment portal
622:Nebraska Sandhills
598:
501:professor-emeritus
372:Water conservation
310:
131:Ogallala Formation
127:Ogallala, Nebraska
52:
40:
29:
3979:Geology of Kansas
3903:
3902:
3728:Grain Futures Act
3603:Black Dirt Region
2514:
2513:
2486:Surficial aquifer
2440:Upper Rhine Plain
2388:Bas Saharan Basin
1494:(June 22, 2019).
1442:. Washington, DC.
1187:(28): 7373–7378.
1162:. Retrieved from
575:
574:
567:
534:needs additional
417:water consumption
409:intensive farming
144:due partially to
125:near the town of
4006:
3989:Geology of Texas
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3804:Adulterated food
3786:Ogallala Aquifer
2693:
2564:African-American
2541:
2534:
2527:
2518:
2517:
2503:
2502:
2476:Artesian aquifer
2456:List of aquifers
2449:Related articles
2372:Waiwhetu Aquifer
2243:Ogallala Aquifer
2223:Floridan aquifer
2203:Biscayne Aquifer
2156:
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1890:Federal Register
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1459:The Conversation
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776:
774:Geography portal
771:
770:
769:
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757:
756:
748:
743:
742:
570:
563:
559:
556:
550:
527:
526:
519:
66:
58:Ogallala Aquifer
4016:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3939:
3938:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3899:
3866:
3837:Convict leasing
3832:Bracero Program
3818:
3792:
3753:
3747:
3670:
3664:
3638:
3632:
3586:
3489:Virgin Islands
3419:South Carolina
2820:
2814:
2694:
2685:
2674:Native American
2625:New World crops
2569:Black land loss
2550:
2545:
2515:
2510:
2490:
2444:
2435:Schwyll Aquifer
2430:Alnarpsströmmen
2418:
2402:
2376:
2360:
2324:
2315:Guarani Aquifer
2303:
2287:
2258:Sankoty Aquifer
2238:Mahomet Aquifer
2218:Edwards Aquifer
2208:Bishop Subbasin
2191:
2165:
2160:
2102:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2054:
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1748:
1741:Wayback Machine
1734:Calgary Herald.
1730:Wayback Machine
1720:
1716:
1707:
1703:
1697:Wayback Machine
1687:
1683:
1677:Wayback Machine
1667:
1663:
1657:Wayback Machine
1647:
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1634:
1630:
1624:Wayback Machine
1614:
1610:
1599:
1595:
1574:
1567:
1561:Wayback Machine
1551:Wayback Machine
1542:
1538:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1492:Paul H. Carlson
1489:
1485:
1479:Wayback Machine
1470:
1466:
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1296:Wayback Machine
1287:
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1169:
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1131:Wayback Machine
1122:
1118:
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1106:
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1055:
1053:
1050:Washington Post
1041:
1037:
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1006:
1005:
1001:
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971:
956:
952:
942:
940:
914:
910:
900:
898:
884:
880:
876:
871:
836:Guarani Aquifer
800:
795:
793:
786:
781:
779:
772:
767:
765:
758:
751:
744:
737:
734:
698:
686:executive order
586:
580:
571:
560:
554:
551:
544:
528:
524:
517:
497:Paul H. Carlson
456:
442:dam in western
388:Texas Panhandle
361:
294:
262:
222:
170:Rocky Mountains
158:
70:) is a shallow
64:
54:
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4014:
4013:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
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3898:
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3895:
3890:
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3874:
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3867:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3814:Cattle raiding
3811:
3806:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3778:
3773:
3771:Farmer suicide
3768:
3766:Climate change
3763:
3757:
3755:
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3558:
3557:
3549:
3548:
3547:
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3537:
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3522:
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3520:
3514:West Virginia
3512:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3472:
3471:
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3357:
3356:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3319:North Carolina
3316:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3256:New Hampshire
3254:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3146:Massachusetts
3144:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3103:Louisiana wine
3097:
3096:
3095:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3063:
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3061:
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2816:
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2807:
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2800:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2738:Christmas tree
2735:
2730:
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2713:
2708:
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2700:
2696:
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3954:Great Plains
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3781:Water supply
3376:Pennsylvania
3191:Mississippi
2716:Blackcurrant
2618:Pennsylvania
2498:
2471:Aquifer test
2299:Lake Texcoco
2242:
2086:. Retrieved
2076:
2064:. Retrieved
2060:the original
2050:
2029:cite journal
2017:. Retrieved
2007:
1998:
1991:. Retrieved
1986:
1959:. Retrieved
1955:
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1933:. Retrieved
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1911:
1899:. Retrieved
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1796:February 21,
1794:. Retrieved
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1704:
1699:20 May 2012.
1684:
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1554:TransCanada.
1539:
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1521:Hovey, Art.
1517:
1505:. Retrieved
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1396:. Retrieved
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1095:
1083:. Retrieved
1066:
1054:. Retrieved
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1026:. Retrieved
1019:the original
1014:
1002:
990:. Retrieved
985:
972:
963:
953:
941:. Retrieved
930:10.3133/pp17
921:
911:
899:. Retrieved
891:
881:
841:Hydrogeology
821:Fossil water
746:Water portal
723:
715:
704:, including
699:
696:Conservation
678:
673:
666:
652:
642:
630:
599:
561:
552:
533:
490:
486:
457:
448:Beaver River
437:
430:
414:
402:
396:
370:
362:
349:World War II
338:
311:
287:
263:
242:
223:
211:
195:
191:
187:Kansas River
159:
151:
142:World War II
139:
119:N. H. Darton
87:South Dakota
79:Great Plains
57:
55:
18:
3928: /
3916:101°26′52″W
3754:environment
3637:Government
3613:Cotton Belt
3499:Washington
3388:Puerto Rico
3298:New Mexico
3266:New Jersey
3113:aquaculture
2936:Connecticut
2845:aquaculture
2407:Middle-East
2365:New Zealand
2320:Hamza River
2088:December 3,
2066:December 3,
2019:December 3,
1901:January 24,
1869:January 24,
1375:Denver Post
988:. Cambridge
861:Water table
831:Groundwater
726:natural gas
606:Keystone XL
594:Keystone XL
440:Optima Lake
374:practices (
282:playa lakes
278:impermeable
270:vadose zone
250:High Plains
226:water cycle
135:High Plains
72:water table
3943:Categories
3913:36°59′26″N
3893:Dude ranch
3752:Health and
3618:Fruit Belt
3439:Tennessee
3181:Minnesota
3099:Louisiana
2892:California
2699:Industries
2662:Sheep wars
1056:August 18,
1028:October 2,
992:October 2,
943:August 14,
938:2346/61709
901:August 12,
874:References
846:Irrigation
684:signed an
582:See also:
426:sunflowers
203:paleowater
201:spaces is
111:New Mexico
3878:Corn maze
3847:H-2A visa
3708:Farm bill
3623:Rice Belt
3608:Corn Belt
3591:By region
3525:Wisconsin
3474:Virginia
3350:Oklahoma
3231:Nebraska
3201:Missouri
3161:Michigan
3038:Illinois
2952:Delaware
2876:Arkansas
2657:Range war
2329:Australia
1993:August 1,
1930:0099-9660
682:Joe Biden
600:In 2008,
555:July 2019
536:citations
494:historian
376:terracing
345:Dust Bowl
314:livestock
164:to early
121:from its
3671:politics
3565:cannabis
3555:cannabis
3541:Wyoming
3503:cannabis
3493:Cannabis
3478:cannabis
3463:cannabis
3459:Vermont
3408:cannabis
3393:Cannabis
3369:cannabis
3302:cannabis
3287:cannabis
3282:New York
3270:cannabis
3245:cannabis
3220:cannabis
3216:Montana
3205:cannabis
3170:cherries
3165:cannabis
3150:cannabis
3135:cannabis
3130:Maryland
3118:cannabis
3088:Kentucky
3042:cannabis
2989:Georgia
2956:cannabis
2941:cannabis
2929:cannabis
2919:Colorado
2902:cannabis
2870:cannabis
2861:Arizona
2850:cannabis
2721:Cannabis
2679:Colonial
2613:Virginia
2505:Category
2283:Wekepeke
2163:Aquifers
1961:June 10,
1790:NBC News
1737:Archived
1726:Archived
1693:Archived
1673:Archived
1653:Archived
1620:Archived
1580:Archived
1557:Archived
1547:Archived
1507:June 25,
1475:Archived
1292:Archived
1269:Archived
1239:BBC News
1221:28652354
1127:Archived
732:See also
702:Amarillo
444:Oklahoma
326:soybeans
266:semiarid
238:baseflow
178:alluvial
166:Pliocene
107:Oklahoma
99:Colorado
91:Nebraska
3669:Law and
3360:Oregon
3241:Nevada
3077:Kansas
3054:Indiana
2968:Florida
2907:walnuts
2897:almonds
2828:Alabama
2793:Tobacco
2778:Spinach
2768:Poultry
2669:Slavery
2556:History
1956:AP News
1935:June 9,
1440:Reuters
1398:June 1,
1241:. 2003.
1212:5514705
1189:Bibcode
811:Aquifer
614:Alberta
509:Lubbock
351:, when
341:drought
274:caliche
182:aeolian
174:Erosion
162:Miocene
95:Wyoming
75:aquifer
3888:Cowboy
3571:Texas
3398:Coffee
3109:Maine
3005:coffee
3000:Hawaii
2978:tomato
2840:Alaska
2748:Cotton
2733:Cherry
2706:Banana
2423:Europe
2381:Africa
2292:Mexico
2170:Canada
1928:
1219:
1209:
1085:May 7,
710:Dallam
651:. The
433:Platte
324:, and
306:Kansas
113:, and
103:Kansas
83:states
63:oh-gÉ™-
48:county
3883:Ranch
3871:Other
3824:Labor
3797:Crime
3551:Guam
3530:dairy
3449:Utah
3340:Ohio
3307:chile
3027:Idaho
3010:sugar
2983:mango
2805:Wheat
2783:Sugar
2758:Dairy
2753:Cider
1421:(PDF)
1076:(PDF)
1022:(PDF)
1011:(PDF)
982:(PDF)
706:Moore
503:from
366:wells
322:wheat
302:ASTER
300:NASA
115:Texas
3580:wine
3575:rice
3545:wine
3535:wine
3518:wine
3508:wine
3483:wine
3468:wine
3453:wine
3443:wine
3433:wine
3423:wine
3413:wine
3381:wine
3364:wine
3354:wine
3344:wine
3334:wine
3324:wine
3312:wine
3292:wine
3275:wine
3260:wine
3250:wine
3235:wine
3225:wine
3210:wine
3195:wine
3185:wine
3175:wine
3155:wine
3140:wine
3123:wine
3093:wine
3081:wine
3071:wine
3066:Iowa
3059:wine
3047:wine
3032:wine
3015:wine
2993:wine
2973:wine
2961:wine
2946:wine
2924:wine
2912:wine
2885:wine
2880:rice
2865:wine
2855:wine
2833:wine
2810:Wine
2773:Rice
2743:Corn
2726:Hemp
2652:Wine
2090:2015
2068:2015
2042:help
2021:2015
1995:2013
1963:2021
1937:2021
1926:ISSN
1903:2021
1871:2021
1839:2020
1832:CNBC
1798:2013
1509:2019
1400:2015
1217:PMID
1087:2008
1080:USGS
1058:2014
1030:2016
994:2016
945:2022
903:2009
896:USGS
708:and
397:The
384:drip
378:and
318:corn
245:USGS
243:The
230:USGS
199:pore
180:and
56:The
37:USGS
2788:Tea
2763:Hop
2711:Bee
1757:",
1207:PMC
1197:doi
1185:114
934:hdl
926:doi
612:of
538:to
507:in
67:-lÉ™
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2031:}}
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