306:
693:. The nature of the seabed has to be taken into account when planning these developments. For instance, a gravity-based structure typically has a very large footprint and is relatively buoyant (because it encloses a large open volume). Under these circumstances, vertical loading of the foundation may not be as significant as the horizontal loads exerted by wave actions and transferred to the seabed. In that scenario, sliding could be the dominant mode of failure. A more specific example is that of the Woodside "North Rankin A" steel jacket structure offshore Australia. The shaft capacity for the
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540:
1864:
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1826:
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609:
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556:
22:
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746:, or sliding failure (the pipeline shift sideways), due to low sliding resistance. The process of trenching, when required, needs to take into account soil properties and how they would affect ploughing duration. Buckling potential induced by the axial and transverse response of the buried pipeline during its operational lifespan need to be assessed at the planning phase, and this will depend on the resistance of the enclosing soil.
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1840:
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1900:
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670:. This instrument usually consists of four plates welded at 90 degrees from each other at the end of a rod. The rod is then inserted into the soil and a torque is applied to it so as to achieve a constant rotation rate. The torque resistance is measured and an equation is then used to determine the undrained shear strength (and the residual strength), which takes into account the vane's size and geometry.
1888:
1688:
57:
investigations. Today, there are more than 7,000 offshore platforms operating at a water depth up to and exceeding 2000 m. A typical field development extends over tens of square kilometers, and may comprise several fixed structures, infield flowlines with an export pipeline either to the shoreline or connected to a regional trunkline.
228:. The reason is that the orbital motion only extends to a water depth that is half the wavelength, and the maximum possible wavelength is generally considered to be 400 metres (1,300 ft). In shallow water, waves may generate pore pressure build-up in the soil, which may lead to flow slide, and repeated impact on a platform may cause
203:
590:
consists of a series of pipe segments 5 inches (13 cm) in diameter screwed end to end, with a drillbit assembly at the bottom. As the dragbit (teeth extending downward from the drillbit) cut into the soil, soil cuttings are produced. Viscous drilling mud flowing down the drillpipe collects these
637:
Information on the mechanical strength of the soil can be obtained in situ (from the seabed itself as opposed to in a laboratory from a soil sample). The advantage of this approach is that the data are obtained from soil that has not suffered any disturbance as a result of its relocation. Two of the
498:
Shallow penetration geotechnical surveys may include soil sampling of the seabed surface or in situ mechanical testing. They are used to generate information on the physical and mechanical properties of the seabed. They extend to the first few meters below the mudline. Surveys done to these depths,
358:
are a threat to subsea installations, such as pipelines. The risks associated with a particular type of geohazard is a function of how exposed the structure is to the event, how severe this event is and how often it occurs (for episodic events). Any threat has to be monitored, and mitigated for or
144:. Environmental loads act primarily in the horizontal direction, but also have a vertical component. Some of these loads get transmitted to the foundation (the seabed). Wind, wave and current regimes can be estimated from meteorological and oceanographic data, which are collectively referred to as
742:. In both cases, planning of the pipeline involves geotechnical considerations. Pipelines resting on the seabed require geotechnical data along the proposed pipeline route to evaluate potential stability issues, such as passive failure of the soil below it (the pipeline drops) due to insufficient
470:
Geotechnical surveys involve a combination of sampling, drilling, in situ testing as well as laboratory soil testing that is conducted offshore and, with samples, onshore. They serve to ground truth the results of the geophysical investigations; they also provide a detailed account of the seabed
402:
In this phase, which may take place over a period of several months (depending on project size), information is gathered from various sources, including reports, scientific literature (journal articles, conference proceedings) and databases, with the purpose of evaluating risks, assessing design
219:
forces induce motion of floating structures in all six degrees of freedom – they are a major design criterion for offshore structures. When a wave's orbital motion reaches the seabed, it induces sediment transport. This only occurs to a water depth of about 200 metres (660 ft), which is the
333:
are associated with geological activity, geotechnical features and environmental conditions. Shallow geohazards are those occurring at less than 400 metres (1,300 ft) below the seafloor. Information on the potential risks associated with these phenomena is acquired through studies of the
585:
is another means of sampling the seabed. It is used to obtain a record of the seabed stratigraphy or the rock formations below it. The set-up used to sample an offshore structure's foundation is similar to that used by the oil industry to reach and delineate hydrocarbon reservoirs, with some
56:
must also be taken into account. The need for offshore developments stems from a gradual depletion of hydrocarbon reserves onshore or near the coastlines, as new fields are being developed at greater distances offshore and in deeper water, with a corresponding adaptation of the offshore site
697:
making up each of the structure's legs was estimated on the basis of conventional design methods, notably when driven into siliceous sands. But the soil at that site was a lower capacity calcareous sand. Costly remediation measures were required to correct this oversight.
657:
60 degrees). As it is pushed into the soil, the resistance to penetration is measured, thereby providing an indication of soil strength. A sleeve behind the cone allows the independent determination of the frictional resistance. Some cones are also able to measure
506:
to depths extending up to a few 100 meters below the mudline. These surveys are done when larger structures are planned at these locations. Deep drill holes require a few days during which the drilling unit has to remain exactly in the same position (see
208:
205:
204:
767:
that derive their capacity from the frictional and/or bearing resistance of the soil surrounding them. This is converse to gravity anchors that derive their capacity from their weight. As offshore developments move into deeper waters,
462:. For the sub-bottom stratigraphy, the tools used include boomers, sparkers, pingers and chirp. Geophysical surveys are normally required before conducting the geotechnical surveys; in larger projects, these phases may be interwoven.
499:
which may be conducted at the same time as the shallow geophysical survey, may suffice if the structure to be deployed at that location is relatively light. These surveys are also useful for planning subsea pipeline routes.
156:
may also be an issue. All of these phenomena may affect the integrity or the serviceability of the structure and its foundation during its operational lifespan – they need to be taken into account in offshore design.
207:
1551:
Younes A.I., Gibson J.L. and Shipp R.C. (2005) Geohazard assessment of the deepwater
Princess field in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico: Example of evaluating complex faulting in a subsea development,
242:, they may also exert upward or downward forces on structural surfaces and can induce the vibration of wire lines and pipelines. Currents are responsible for eddies around a structure, which cause
422:
can be used for various purposes. One is to study the bathymetry in the location of interest and to produce an image of the seafloor (irregularities, objects on the seabed, lateral variability,
1427:
579:. Sampling can also be achieved with a tube corer, either gravity-driven, or that can be pushed into the seabed by a piston or by means of a vibration system (a device called a vibrocorer).
334:
geomorphology, geological setting and tectonic framework in the area of interest, as well as with geophysical and geotechnical surveys of the seafloor. Examples of potential threats include
193:
of the soil is either normally consolidated (due to slow sediment deposition), overconsolidated (in places, a relic of glaciation) or underconsolidated (due to high sediment input).
206:
1495:
Hogan P., Lane A., Hooper J., Broughton A. and Romans B. (2008) Geohazard challenges of the
Woodside OceanWay Secure Energy LNG development, offshore Southern California,
730:
are another common type of man-made structure in the offshore environment. These structures either rest on the seabed, or are placed inside a trench to protect them from
1509:
Newson T.A., Bransby M.F., Brunning P. and Morrow D.R. (2004) Determination of undrained shear strength parameters for buried pipeline stability in deltaic soft clays,
1667:
1778:
1754:
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stratigraphy and soil engineering properties. Depending on water depth and metocean conditions, geotechnical surveys may be conducted from a dedicated
183:
Total sediment thickness varies on a regional scale – it is normally higher near the coastline than it is away from it, where it is also finer grained.
1855:
709:
has to take into account the soil properties, notably its undrained shear strength. The same is true for the installation and capacity assessment of
772:
become less economical due to the large required size and cost of transportation. This proves opportune for the employment of embedded anchors.
1742:
1413:
Bransby M.F., Yun G.J. Morrow D.R. and
Brunning P. (2005) The performance of pipeline ploughs in layered soils. In: S.C.M. Gourvenec (Editor),
595:, different tools can be used for sampling the soil from a drill hole, notably "Shelby tubes", "piston samplers" and "split spoon samplers".
152:-induced loading can also occur – they proceed in the opposite direction: from the foundation to the structure. Depending on location, other
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2553:
1467:
Cathie D.N., Jaeck C., Ballard J.-C. and
Wintgens J.-F. (2005) Pipeline geotechnics – state-of-the-art. In: S.C.M. Gourvenec (Editor),
3667:
3529:
2598:
1558:
Zhang J. and
Erbrich C.T. (2005) Stability design of untrenched pipelines – geotechnical aspects. In: S.C.M. Gourvenec (Editor),
180:
Marine sediments are composed of detrital material as well as remains of marine organisms, the latter making up calcareous soils.
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52:
are examples of such structures. The seabed has to be able to withstand the weight of these structures and the applied loads.
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3089:
739:
459:
36:. It is concerned with foundation design, construction, maintenance and decommissioning for human-made structures in the
2791:
3736:
3731:
567:. The latter provides undisturbed specimens, on which testing can be conducted, for instance, to determine the soil's
190:
3810:
3774:
3716:
2008:
1574:
3709:
3704:
2939:
3197:
2849:
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or other means. They are done at a series of specific locations, while the vessel maintains a constant position.
281:
Two types of seismic profiles (top: chirp; bottom: Water gun) of a fault within the seabed in the Gulf of Mexico.
3820:
3244:
3064:
434:– it can also be used to locate material such as sand, sand deposit and gravel for use in the construction of
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3721:
3446:
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3290:
2256:
2137:
1679:
305:
1502:
Kolk H.J. and
Wegerif J. (2005) Offshore site investigations: new frontiers. In: S.C.M. Gourvenec (Editor),
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2808:
663:
323:
A 3-D image of the
Monterey Canyon system, an example of what can be obtained from multibeam echosounders.
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2839:
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2569:
3439:
3434:
3084:
2771:
2724:
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1614:
807:
592:
368:
3139:
3129:
3027:
3007:
2472:
1867:
760:
755:
293:
Worldwide distribution of gas hydrates, which are another potential hazard for offshore developments.
694:
3399:
3049:
3017:
2548:
2538:
2410:
2400:
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1968:
1766:
1597:
802:
239:
83:
Offshore structures are tall, often extending over 100 metres (330 ft) above their foundation.
33:
3637:
3596:
3519:
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3273:
3262:
2891:
2766:
2388:
2363:
2303:
1983:
1924:
832:
769:
690:
69:
environment has several implications for geotechnical engineering. These include the following:
3514:
3494:
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2651:
2462:
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2112:
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1938:
1917:
1809:
447:
287:
3815:
3629:
3566:
3536:
3509:
3363:
3353:
3315:
3305:
3219:
3187:
3119:
3054:
2854:
2717:
2338:
2147:
1655:
1516:
847:
822:
792:
650:
639:
502:
The purpose of deep penetration geotechnical surveys is to collect information on the seabed
451:
423:
355:
1513:, The International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE), Toulon, pp. 38–48.
892:
For instance, a given structure may undergo 2x10 wave cycles during its design service life.
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3424:
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2691:
2543:
2500:
2393:
2318:
1701:
1436:
1392:
702:
614:
Diagram showing the principle of a cone penetrometer to obtain the soil's strength profile.
492:
1519:
and Been K. (2011) Pipeline geohazards for Arctic conditions. In: W.O. McCarron (Editor),
8:
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2990:
2467:
2457:
2013:
1998:
1958:
1931:
1706:
1696:
659:
508:
488:
339:
251:
103:
The codes and technical standards are different from those used for onshore developments.
1526:
Peuchen L.J. and Raap C., (2007) Logging, sampling and testing for offshore geohazards,
1440:
1396:
3784:
3647:
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3059:
2418:
2127:
1910:
1829:
867:
735:
727:
722:
439:
427:
419:
383:
165:
Following are some to the features characterizing the soil in an offshore environment:
49:
1405:
1380:
255:
3780:
3429:
3335:
3310:
3239:
3229:
3074:
2999:
2515:
2261:
2152:
2122:
1973:
827:
782:
435:
351:
229:
45:
60:
3300:
3209:
2565:
2452:
2343:
2308:
2283:
2142:
1963:
1454:
1444:
1400:
743:
738:
due current-induced oscillations. Trenching is also used to protect pipelines from
568:
476:
1790:
1449:
1422:
3463:
2681:
2505:
2423:
2358:
2353:
2251:
2117:
1988:
1843:
1541:
787:
731:
706:
455:
443:
343:
259:
109:
Design modifications during construction are either unfeasible or very expensive.
653:
is a rod-shaped tool whose end has the shape of a cone with a known apex angle (
3419:
3404:
3368:
2628:
2520:
2437:
2241:
2003:
1993:
1879:
1511:
Proceedings of the 14th
International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference
862:
576:
539:
186:
In places, the seabed can be devoid of sediment, due to strong bottom currents.
2558:
86:
Offshore structures typically have to contend with significant lateral loads (
3799:
2903:
2879:
2859:
2813:
2740:
2656:
2495:
2373:
2368:
2323:
2092:
572:
247:
235:
174:
145:
133:
1863:
1716:
275:
3546:
2676:
2671:
2661:
2641:
2328:
2271:
2102:
1819:
1762:
1675:
1566:
837:
682:
587:
503:
431:
243:
238:
are a source of horizontal loading for offshore structures. Because of the
41:
1728:
1663:
411:
data are some of the information that are sought after during that phase.
3343:
2955:
2800:
2686:
2383:
2266:
2205:
1774:
1459:
1381:"Offshore pipeline protection against seabed gouging by ice: An overview"
812:
667:
546:
531:
367:
Offshore site investigations are not unlike those conducted onshore (see
317:
3620:
1825:
1750:
1651:
73:
Ground improvement (on the seabed) and site investigation are expensive.
16:
Sub-field of engineering concerned with human-made structures in the sea
3358:
2748:
2510:
2490:
2378:
2190:
2185:
2107:
2097:
1978:
1723:
1643:
686:
643:
627:
484:
480:
404:
149:
115:
The environmental and financial costs in case of failure can be higher.
2898:
673:
3652:
3169:
2666:
2646:
2532:
2348:
2333:
1949:
1891:
1691:
797:
591:
cuttings and carry them up outside the drillpipe. As is the case for
564:
555:
472:
330:
153:
129:
112:
The design life of these structures often ranges between 25–50 years.
97:
53:
21:
2886:
620:
608:
311:
An example of a side scan sonar, a device used to survey the seabed.
3693:
3683:
3541:
2696:
2583:
2313:
2288:
2215:
2132:
1798:
852:
582:
563:
Seabed surface sampling can be done with a grab sampler and with a
524:
408:
170:
1851:
1839:
2874:
2636:
2608:
2293:
2220:
2210:
2200:
2195:
1903:
1875:
1523:, J. Ross Publishing, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, pp. 171–188.
335:
141:
137:
106:
Design focuses on ultimate limit state as opposed to deformation.
61:
Differences between onshore and offshore geotechnical engineering
2709:
1786:
124:
Offshore structures are exposed to various environmental loads:
2618:
2613:
2603:
2593:
2525:
2298:
2246:
2056:
1899:
1815:
1738:
872:
842:
764:
407:, regional geology, potential geohazards, seabed obstacles and
346:, mud diapirs and the nature of the soil layering (presence of
2924:
1639:
1090:
1088:
246:
and erosion of the soil. There are various types of currents:
90:
large moment loading relative to the weight of the structure).
2071:
1025:
817:
638:
most commonly used instruments used for that purpose are the
495:
with four-point anchoring systems are used for that purpose.
347:
1887:
1687:
1553:
Proceedings of the 37th
Offshore Technology Conference (OTC)
1528:
Proceedings of the 39th
Offshore Technology Conference (OTC)
1497:
Proceedings of the 40th Offshore Technology Conference (OTC)
1138:
1136:
430:
surveys can be done to obtain information on shallow seabed
2066:
2061:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2026:
1562:, Taylor & Francis, Perth, Australia, pp. 623–628.
1506:, Taylor & Francis, Perth, Australia, pp. 145–161.
1483:
Offshore Geotechnical Engineering – Principles and Practice
1417:, Taylor & Francis, Perth, Australia, pp. 597–605.
1085:
943:
941:
922:
920:
857:
216:
125:
1471:. Taylor & Francis, Perth, Australia, pp. 95–114.
1286:
630:
to measure the soil's peak strength and residual strength.
1202:
1145:
1133:
1124:
1002:
37:
993:
964:
938:
917:
450:
devices and related equipment, such as single-beam and
393:, which includes sampling/drilling and in situ testing.
1375:. Gulf Professional Publishing, New York, 919 pp.
559:
Box corer for extracting soil samples from the seabed.
1034:
701:
Proper seabed characterization is also required for
96:
Offshore structures are exposed to a wider range of
1423:"Marine geohazards exposed: Uncertainties involved"
1018:
1016:
1014:
674:
Offshore structures and geotechnical considerations
1048:
1046:
1485:, Thomas Telford, Reston, VA, U.S.A., 520 p.
1478:, Cengage Learning, Stamfort, U.S.A., 666 p.
1331:
3797:
1537:, Gene-Tech Books, New Delhi, India, 347 p.
1322:
1011:
1521:Deepwater Foundations and Pipeline Geomechanics
1313:
1304:
1295:
1043:
929:
705:. For instance, the design and installation of
662:. The shear vane test is used to determine the
1490:Construction of marine and offshore structures
1345:
1343:
1277:
957:
955:
953:
2940:
2725:
1582:
1352:
1220:
1211:
1076:
387:, either shallow and deep seabed penetration.
177:state – saline water fills in the pore space.
1596:
1492:, CRC Press, Boca Raton, U.S.A., 657 p.
1067:
749:
403:options and planning the subsequent phases.
1340:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1115:
1097:
1060:
1058:
950:
119:
93:Cyclic loading can be a major design issue.
2947:
2933:
2732:
2718:
1589:
1575:
1261:
1259:
1195:
1193:
371:). They may be divided into three phases:
212:Wave action against an offshore structure.
1458:
1448:
1404:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
910:
908:
586:differences in the types of testing. The
173:, which are generally assumed to be in a
160:
1420:
1378:
1055:
554:
545:A gravity-driven soil sampler, used for
530:A gravity-driven soil sampler, used for
514:
201:
20:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1190:
1154:
1106:
598:
465:
3798:
3727:Electrical and electronics engineering
2824:Development of tidal stream generators
1476:Principles of geotechnical engineering
973:
905:
716:
414:
2928:
2713:
1570:
1428:Marine Georesources and Geotechnology
999:Randolph & Gourvenec, Section 2.3
970:Randolph & Gourvenec, Section 2.4
362:
80:presence of carbonates, shallow gas).
3760:
1421:Cardenas, I.C.; et al. (2023).
1268:
3770:
1385:Cold Regions Science and Technology
1031:Randolph & Gourvenec, Fig. 3.14
626:Diagram showing the principle of a
197:
13:
379:, which includes data compilation.
220:commonly adopted boundary between
14:
3832:
2739:
1607:Offshore geotechnical engineering
1560:Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics
1546:Offshore geotechnical engineering
1504:Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics
1469:Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics
1415:Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics
1406:10.1016/j.coldregions.2011.06.007
1094:Randolph & Gourvenec, Chap. 3
460:remotely operated vehicles (ROVs)
30:Offshore geotechnical engineering
3779:
3769:
3759:
3750:
3749:
3619:
2909:
2908:
2897:
2885:
2873:
2790:
1898:
1886:
1874:
1862:
1850:
1838:
1824:
1814:
1797:
1785:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1737:
1715:
1686:
1674:
1662:
1650:
1638:
619:
607:
538:
523:
354:, carbonates). In cold regions,
316:
304:
286:
274:
2954:
2850:Ocean thermal energy conversion
1548:, Spon Press, N.Y., 550 p.
1499:, Paper OTC19563, Houston.
1364:
1208:Randolph & Gourvenec, p. 44
1151:Randolph & Gourvenec, p. 31
1142:Randolph & Gourvenec, p. 32
1130:Randolph & Gourvenec, p. 34
1008:Randolph & Gourvenec, p. 24
886:
1292:Randolph and Gourvenec, p. 146
947:Randolph & Gourvenec, p. 3
926:Randolph & Gourvenec, p. 1
689:, steel jacket structures and
1:
2257:Mechanically stabilized earth
1450:10.1080/1064119X.2022.2078252
899:
397:
265:
76:Soil conditions are unusual (
2977:List of engineering branches
2809:List of tidal power stations
2009:Hydraulic conductivity tests
1555:, Paper 17577, Houston.
593:onshore geotechnical surveys
7:
2892:Renewable energy portal
2840:List of offshore wind farms
2762:List of wave power projects
2757:List of wave power stations
2570:Stress distribution in soil
1373:Subsea Engineering Handbook
775:
10:
3837:
1720:Pore pressure measurement
1533:Ramakrishnan T.V. (2008).
1040:Kolk & Wegerif, p. 151
808:Geotechnical investigation
753:
720:
681:are mainly represented by
369:Geotechnical investigation
25:Platforms offshore Mexico.
3745:
3692:
3676:
3628:
3617:
3392:
3334:
3253:
3178:
3105:
2998:
2985:
2962:
2868:
2832:
2799:
2788:
2747:
2627:
2582:
2481:
2473:Preconsolidation pressure
2445:
2436:
2409:
2229:
2178:
2165:
2080:
2034:
2025:
1948:
1868:Standard penetration test
1626:
1613:
1604:
1371:Bai Y. and Bai Q. (2010)
1301:Bai and Bai, pp. 121, 129
761:Offshore embedded anchors
756:Offshore embedded anchors
750:Offshore embedded anchors
3811:Geotechnical engineering
1969:California bearing ratio
1767:Rotary-pressure sounding
1598:Geotechnical engineering
935:Kolk & Wegerif, 2005
879:
803:Geotechnical engineering
770:gravity based structures
691:gravity-based structures
664:undrained shear strength
120:The offshore environment
34:geotechnical engineering
3638:Bachelor of Engineering
3480:Engineering mathematics
2389:Geosynthetic clay liner
2364:Expanded clay aggregate
1984:Proctor compaction test
1925:Crosshole sonic logging
1911:Nuclear densometer test
1668:Geo-electrical sounding
1530:, Paper 18664, Houston.
1337:Zhang and Erbrich, 2005
1022:Peuchen and Raap, 2007.
833:Offshore (hydrocarbons)
640:cone penetrometer (CPT)
232:, and loss of support.
169:The soil is made up of
3737:Structural engineering
3732:Mechanical engineering
3475:Engineering management
2819:Tidal stream generator
2652:Earthquake engineering
2463:Lateral earth pressure
2088:Hydraulic conductivity
1939:Wave equation analysis
1918:Exploration geophysics
1810:Deformation monitoring
1779:Rotary weight sounding
734:, dragging anchors or
560:
473:geotechnical drillship
452:multibeam echosounders
213:
161:The nature of the soil
26:
3821:Engineering education
3717:Aerospace engineering
3630:Engineering education
2855:Offshore construction
1830:Settlement recordings
1755:Rock control drilling
1656:Cone penetration test
1488:Gerwick B.C., (2000)
1052:Palmer and Been, 2011
848:Seabed gouging by ice
823:Offshore construction
793:Floating wind turbine
577:mechanical properties
558:
515:Sampling and drilling
442:are conducted from a
211:
136:and, in cold oceans,
24:
3806:Offshore engineering
3658:Graduate certificate
2845:Marine current power
2692:Agricultural science
2394:Cellular confinement
1535:Offshore Engineering
1379:Barrette, P (2011).
1358:Bransby et al., 2005
1328:Ramakrishnan, p. 186
1319:Palmer and King 2008
961:Cardenas et al. 2022
740:gouging by ice keels
599:In situ soil testing
466:Geotechnical surveys
391:Geotechnical surveys
356:gouging ice features
3643:Bachelor of Science
3485:Engineering physics
3469:Engineering drawing
2991:Interdisciplinarity
2584:Numerical analysis
2468:Overburden pressure
2458:Pore water pressure
2238:Shoring structures
2113:Reynolds' dilatancy
2014:Water content tests
1999:Triaxial shear test
1959:Soil classification
1932:Pile integrity test
1481:Dean E.T.R. (2010)
1441:2023MGG....41..589C
1397:2011CRST...69....3B
1310:Bai and Bai, p. 131
1226:Newson et al., 2004
1217:Dean, section 2.3.4
1082:Younes et al., 2005
728:Submarine pipelines
717:Submarine pipelines
679:Offshore structures
660:pore water pressure
509:dynamic positioning
489:Dynamic positioning
440:Geophysical surveys
420:Geophysical surveys
415:Geophysical surveys
384:Geophysical surveys
258:, wind-driven, and
248:oceanic circulation
191:consolidation state
50:submarine pipelines
3245:Telecommunications
3150:Naval architecture
2559:Slab stabilisation
2539:Stability analysis
1349:Catie et al., 2005
1283:Ramakrishnan, p. 9
1073:Hogan et al., 2008
868:Submarine pipeline
723:Submarine pipeline
666:of soft to medium
561:
547:coring the seabed.
532:coring the seabed.
436:artificial islands
428:Seismic refraction
363:Site investigation
214:
46:artificial islands
32:is a sub-field of
27:
3793:
3792:
3722:Civil engineering
3668:Licensed engineer
3663:Engineer's degree
3615:
3614:
3447:Building services
3430:Health technology
3291:Chemical reaction
3240:Signal processing
2922:
2921:
2904:Oceans portal
2880:Energy portal
2707:
2706:
2578:
2577:
2554:Sliding criterion
2516:Response spectrum
2432:
2431:
2262:Pressure grouting
2161:
2160:
2021:
2020:
1974:Direct shear test
1680:Permeability test
1178:Dean, section 2.4
1169:Dean, section 2.3
1121:Dean, section 2.2
1103:Dean, section 1.4
828:Offshore drilling
783:Civil engineering
458:, ‘towfish’ and
209:
3828:
3783:
3773:
3772:
3763:
3762:
3753:
3752:
3623:
3210:Electromechanics
2996:
2995:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2926:
2925:
2912:
2911:
2902:
2901:
2890:
2889:
2878:
2877:
2794:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2711:
2710:
2566:Bearing capacity
2453:Effective stress
2443:
2442:
2344:Land reclamation
2284:Land development
2179:Natural features
2176:
2175:
2143:Specific storage
2032:
2031:
1964:Atterberg limits
1902:
1890:
1878:
1866:
1854:
1842:
1828:
1818:
1803:Screw plate test
1801:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1753:
1741:
1719:
1690:
1678:
1666:
1654:
1642:
1624:
1623:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1568:
1567:
1540:Randolph M. and
1474:Das B.M. (2010)
1464:
1462:
1452:
1410:
1408:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1053:
1050:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1009:
1006:
1000:
997:
991:
988:
971:
968:
962:
959:
948:
945:
936:
933:
927:
924:
915:
912:
893:
890:
744:bearing capacity
732:fishing trawlers
623:
611:
569:relative density
542:
527:
477:semi-submersible
456:side-scan sonars
320:
308:
290:
278:
260:density currents
240:Bernoulli effect
210:
198:Metocean aspects
3836:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3741:
3688:
3672:
3648:Master's degree
3624:
3611:
3525:Instrumentation
3388:
3330:
3296:Electrochemical
3249:
3235:Radio frequency
3174:
3101:
3065:Municipal/Urban
2989:
2987:
2981:
2958:
2953:
2923:
2918:
2896:
2884:
2872:
2864:
2828:
2795:
2786:
2743:
2738:
2708:
2703:
2682:Earth materials
2623:
2585:
2574:
2483:
2477:
2428:
2405:
2359:Earth structure
2354:Erosion control
2252:Ground freezing
2242:Retaining walls
2225:
2167:
2157:
2118:Angle of repose
2076:
2017:
1951:
1944:
1943:
1904:Visible bedrock
1856:Simple sounding
1844:Shear vane test
1620:instrumentation
1619:
1617:
1609:
1600:
1595:
1565:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1056:
1051:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1012:
1007:
1003:
998:
994:
989:
974:
969:
965:
960:
951:
946:
939:
934:
930:
925:
918:
913:
906:
902:
897:
896:
891:
887:
882:
877:
788:Earth materials
778:
758:
752:
725:
719:
703:mooring systems
676:
635:
634:
633:
632:
631:
624:
616:
615:
612:
601:
553:
552:
551:
550:
549:
543:
535:
534:
528:
517:
468:
444:research vessel
417:
400:
365:
328:
327:
326:
325:
324:
321:
313:
312:
309:
298:
297:
296:
295:
294:
291:
283:
282:
279:
268:
202:
200:
163:
122:
63:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3834:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3777:
3767:
3757:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3698:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3677:Related topics
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3634:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3597:Sustainability
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3466:
3461:
3459:Geoengineering
3456:
3455:
3454:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3440:Rehabilitation
3437:
3435:Pharmaceutical
3432:
3427:
3422:
3420:Bioinformatics
3412:
3407:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3379:Semiconductors
3376:
3371:
3369:Nanotechnology
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3266:
3259:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3085:Transportation
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2993:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2952:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2929:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2894:
2882:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2737:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2714:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2629:Related fields
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2549:Classification
2546:
2541:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2521:Seismic hazard
2518:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2173:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2148:Shear strength
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2123:Friction angle
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2004:Oedometer test
2001:
1996:
1994:Sieve analysis
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1895:
1894:
1883:
1882:
1880:Total sounding
1871:
1870:
1859:
1858:
1847:
1846:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1806:
1805:
1794:
1793:
1782:
1781:
1770:
1769:
1758:
1757:
1746:
1745:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1683:
1682:
1671:
1670:
1659:
1658:
1647:
1646:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1621:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1571:
1564:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1435:(6): 589–619.
1418:
1411:
1376:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1351:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1303:
1294:
1285:
1276:
1267:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1189:
1187:Dean, Fig. 2.5
1180:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1054:
1042:
1033:
1024:
1010:
1001:
992:
972:
963:
949:
937:
928:
916:
903:
901:
898:
895:
894:
884:
883:
881:
878:
876:
875:
870:
865:
863:Soil mechanics
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
779:
777:
774:
754:Main article:
751:
748:
721:Main article:
718:
715:
675:
672:
668:cohesive soils
625:
618:
617:
613:
606:
605:
604:
603:
602:
600:
597:
544:
537:
536:
529:
522:
521:
520:
519:
518:
516:
513:
467:
464:
446:equipped with
416:
413:
399:
396:
395:
394:
388:
380:
364:
361:
322:
315:
314:
310:
303:
302:
301:
300:
299:
292:
285:
284:
280:
273:
272:
271:
270:
269:
267:
264:
199:
196:
195:
194:
187:
184:
181:
178:
162:
159:
121:
118:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
94:
91:
84:
81:
74:
62:
59:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3833:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3776:
3768:
3766:
3758:
3756:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:Manufacturing
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3130:Biomechanical
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3028:Environmental
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3008:Architectural
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2945:
2943:
2938:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2915:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2861:
2860:Osmotic power
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:Tidal barrage
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2777:United States
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2741:Marine energy
2735:
2730:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2657:Geomorphology
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2581:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2501:Consolidation
2499:
2497:
2496:Frost heaving
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2374:Geosynthetics
2372:
2370:
2369:Crushed stone
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2324:Cut-and-cover
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2164:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2093:Water content
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:Sample series
1788:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1615:Investigation
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1460:11250/3058338
1456:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1355:
1346:
1344:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1260:
1250:
1241:
1232:
1223:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1194:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1139:
1137:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1100:
1091:
1089:
1079:
1070:
1064:Barrette 2011
1061:
1059:
1049:
1047:
1037:
1028:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1005:
996:
990:Gerwick, 2000
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
967:
958:
956:
954:
944:
942:
932:
923:
921:
911:
909:
904:
889:
885:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
773:
771:
766:
762:
757:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
714:
712:
711:plate anchors
708:
707:suction piles
704:
699:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
671:
669:
665:
661:
656:
652:
647:
645:
641:
629:
622:
610:
596:
594:
589:
584:
580:
578:
574:
573:water content
570:
566:
557:
548:
541:
533:
526:
512:
510:
505:
500:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
412:
410:
406:
392:
389:
386:
385:
381:
378:
374:
373:
372:
370:
360:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
332:
319:
307:
289:
277:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
231:
227:
223:
222:shallow water
218:
192:
188:
185:
182:
179:
176:
172:
168:
167:
166:
158:
155:
151:
147:
146:metocean data
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
72:
71:
70:
68:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
42:Oil platforms
39:
35:
31:
23:
19:
3816:Oceanography
3701:Engineering
3547:Mechatronics
3400:Agricultural
3050:Geotechnical
3018:Construction
2677:Biogeography
2672:Hydrogeology
2662:Soil science
2642:Geochemistry
2401:Infiltration
2329:Cut and fill
2272:Soil nailing
2138:Permeability
2103:Bulk density
1820:Inclinometer
1743:Ram sounding
1628:
1606:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1542:Gourvenec S.
1534:
1527:
1520:
1517:Palmer, A.C.
1510:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1432:
1426:
1414:
1388:
1384:
1372:
1365:Bibliography
1354:
1333:
1324:
1315:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1270:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1078:
1069:
1036:
1027:
1004:
995:
966:
931:
888:
838:Oil platform
759:
726:
710:
700:
678:
677:
654:
648:
636:
588:drill string
581:
562:
504:stratigraphy
501:
497:
469:
432:stratigraphy
418:
401:
390:
382:
376:
366:
352:gas hydrates
329:
234:
230:liquefaction
225:
221:
215:
164:
123:
87:
77:
66:
64:
29:
28:
18:
3775:Wikiproject
3530:and Control
3520:Information
3344:Biomaterial
3274:Bioresource
3265:/Bioprocess
3263:Biochemical
3215:Electronics
2986:Specialties
2956:Engineering
2801:Tidal power
2772:New Zealand
2687:Archaeology
2411:Foundations
2384:Geomembrane
2267:Slurry wall
2206:Water table
2170:Interaction
2166:Structures
2153:Sensitivity
1950:Laboratory
1391:(1): 3–20.
1265:Das, p. 406
1253:Dean, p. 60
1244:Das, p. 646
1235:Dean, p. 45
1199:Dean, p. 43
1160:Dean, p. 47
1112:Dean, p. 33
813:Geotechnics
687:jackup rigs
252:geostrophic
3800:Categories
3694:Glossaries
3515:Industrial
3495:Facilities
3490:Explosives
3415:Biomedical
3410:Automation
3359:Metallurgy
3269:Biological
3220:Microwaves
3180:Electrical
3125:Automotive
3107:Mechanical
3080:Structural
3045:Geological
3033:Ecological
3023:Earthquake
2749:Wave power
2544:Mitigation
2526:Shear wave
2511:Earthquake
2506:Compaction
2491:Permafrost
2482:Phenomena/
2379:Geotextile
2304:Embankment
2294:Excavation
2231:Earthworks
2191:Vegetation
2186:Topography
2108:Thixotropy
2098:Void ratio
2081:Properties
1979:Hydrometer
1724:Piezometer
1644:Core drill
1274:Dean, 2010
914:Dean, p. 1
900:References
685:, notably
644:shear vane
628:shear vane
485:hovercraft
483:, a large
481:jackup rig
424:ice gouges
405:Bathymetry
398:Desk study
377:desk study
340:landslides
331:Geohazards
266:Geohazards
226:deep water
154:geohazards
150:Earthquake
98:geohazards
54:Geohazards
3653:Doctorate
3567:Packaging
3537:Logistics
3510:Geomatics
3471:/graphics
3364:Molecular
3354:Corrosion
3336:Materials
3316:Petroleum
3306:Molecular
3188:Broadcast
3170:Tribology
3120:Aerospace
3055:Hydraulic
2767:Australia
2667:Hydrology
2647:Petrology
2535:analysis
2533:Landslide
2438:Mechanics
2349:Track bed
2334:Fill dirt
2319:Terracing
1892:Trial pit
1707:Statnamic
1692:Load test
798:Geohazard
683:platforms
565:box corer
359:removed.
342:, active
175:saturated
171:sediments
3755:Category
3684:Engineer
3592:Software
3587:Security
3562:Ontology
3552:Military
3542:Robotics
3505:Forensic
3425:Clinical
3384:Surfaces
3374:Polymers
3349:Ceramics
3326:Reaction
3255:Chemical
3193:Computer
3115:Acoustic
3070:Offshore
3038:Sanitary
2914:Category
2782:Scotland
2697:Agrology
2586:software
2484:problems
2314:Causeway
2289:Landfill
2216:Subgrade
2133:Porosity
2128:Cohesion
853:Sediment
776:See also
642:and the
583:Drilling
426:, ...).
409:metocean
336:tsunamis
244:scouring
236:Currents
142:icebergs
134:currents
67:offshore
3765:Commons
3607:Textile
3602:Systems
3572:Privacy
3557:Nuclear
3321:Process
3279:Genetic
3225:Optical
3205:Control
3198:outline
3165:Thermal
3155:Railway
3095:Railway
3090:Traffic
3013:Coastal
2972:Outline
2967:History
2637:Geology
2609:SVSlope
2419:Shallow
2339:Grading
2277:Tieback
2221:Subsoil
2211:Bedrock
2201:Topsoil
2196:Terrain
1989:R-value
1952:testing
1702:Dynamic
1629:in situ
1627:Field (
1544:(2011)
1437:Bibcode
1393:Bibcode
765:anchors
736:fatigue
493:mooring
138:sea ice
3785:Portal
3582:Survey
3577:Safety
3464:Design
3284:Tissue
3160:Sports
3145:Marine
3135:Energy
3060:Mining
2619:Plaxis
2614:UTEXAS
2604:SVFlux
2594:SEEP2D
2446:Forces
2299:Trench
2247:Gabion
2057:Gravel
1697:Static
873:Subsea
843:Seabed
344:faults
3405:Audio
3393:Other
3311:Paper
3230:Power
3075:River
3000:Civil
2833:Other
2599:STABL
2072:Loess
2035:Types
880:Notes
818:Ocean
695:piles
448:sonar
348:karst
256:tidal
130:waves
3500:Fire
3301:Food
2424:Deep
2067:Loam
2062:Peat
2052:Sand
2047:Silt
2042:Clay
2027:Soil
1729:Well
858:Soil
763:are
655:e.g.
649:The
575:and
491:and
479:, a
475:, a
224:and
217:Wave
189:The
140:and
126:wind
88:i.e.
78:e.g.
48:and
3710:M–Z
3705:A–L
3452:MEP
2988:and
2309:Cut
1618:and
1455:hdl
1445:doi
1401:doi
651:CPT
511:).
65:An
40:.
38:sea
3802::
2568:*
1453:.
1443:.
1433:41
1431:.
1425:.
1399:.
1389:69
1387:.
1383:.
1342:^
1258:^
1192:^
1135:^
1087:^
1057:^
1045:^
1013:^
975:^
952:^
940:^
919:^
907:^
713:.
646:.
571:,
454:,
438:.
375:A
350:,
338:,
262:.
254:,
250:,
148:.
132:,
128:,
44:,
2948:e
2941:t
2934:v
2733:e
2726:t
2719:v
2172:)
2168:(
1631:)
1590:e
1583:t
1576:v
1463:.
1457::
1447::
1439::
1409:.
1403::
1395::
100:.
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