348:. The government restricted investment in new plant equipment so that only investments meeting national security needs were made. Additionally, ODM invested millions of dollars in new plant and equipment to rapidly expand production capacity. Strict price controls were placed on all goods and services, and wages were subject to federal government approval and control. Black marketeers were severely punished with fines and jail sentences. Wilson's austerity program worked: By 1951, inflation had fallen back to 1.9 percent, and the economy was no longer threatened with recession.
380:(FCC) over which system would be adopted. Although ODM had determined that research on color TV occupied the time of critically needed scientists and technicians, the research also had defense applications and could therefore proceed. However, production of the CBS color TV sets was not essential, and was banned. The ban on mass production of the CBS color television set led the FCC to choose the RCA system by default in 1953. That system was used in the US until June 12, 2009, when it was succeeded by the ATSC set of standards.
2129:
340:
threatened with seizure by ODM. Companies found to be secretly diverting raw materials to civilian uses were severely punished through the withdrawal of lucrative government contracts, fines, and the imposition of government supervisors on-site at the workplace. Defense plants, concentrated at the time near existing manufacturing centers and where electrical power was plentiful, were dispersed across the
531:(1952)âa landmark case on the scope of presidential powersâthe Court ruled that the president lacked the authority to seize the steel mills. The Court said the President had no authority under the Constitution to seize private property during national emergency. Absent a declaration of war, the President required Congressional authorization to seize the steel mills, and this the chief executive lacked.
55:, and lacked coordination. One of the most important lessons the federal government drew from World War II was that the nation needed a permanent, rationalized mobilization apparatus. The nature of nuclear war, in which mobilization would occur in weeks rather than months, made the establishment of a mobilization structure even more imperative.
339:
Wilson quickly took control of the economy. All raw materials were under the control of ODM, which rationed them to the civilian economy. Production quotas were set, and businesses ordered to supply the government with goods and services. Companies which failed to meet their production quotas were
351:
Nevertheless, national production capacity continued to lag. In August 1951, additional controls were placed on the economy. Any manufacturer seeking raw materials had to first obtain a permit from ODM before purchasing such materials. ODM also began to control the use of steel for building and
598:
Gray's tenure was short-lived, however. In early 1958, pursuant to the authority granted the chief executive under the "Reorganization Act of 1949" (5 U.S.C. 901), President
Eisenhower issued Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1958. The Plan, to take effect on July 1, 1958, consolidated ODM with the
105:
in the Korean War unraveled the administration's mobilization effort. A panicked public began hoarding and the administration accelerated its rearmament plans. Inflation jumped from 1.3 percent to 7.9 percent. By
December, public support for the war had fallen significantly, both Truman and his
116:
Confronted with the failure of the NSRB, an economy on the verge of collapse, and a mobilization effort which was faltering and unable to meet the needs of accelerated production plans, President Truman declared a national emergency on
December 16, 1950. Using the powers granted to him by the
537:
The USWA struck on June 4. The strike lasted 51 days. The supply of steel shrank to almost nothing, armament deliveries dropped by 25 percent, and ammunition and airplane assembly plants shut down. Truman began preparations to draft the steelworkers into the military under
Section 18 of the
426:(WSB). In March 1952, the WSB recommended a 16.5-cent-an-hour wage increase. The steelmakers lobbied Congress, DOD and defense manufacturers, opposing any wage increase unless there was an accompanying price increase. The pressure led Congress to threaten to overturn any WSB wage increase.
32:
activities of the federal government, including manpower, economic stabilization, and transport operations. It was established in 1950, and for three years was one of the most powerful agencies in the federal government. It merged with other agencies in 1958 to become the
476:
refused to grant a preliminary injunction, and scheduled a trial to be held on April 25. Despite this initial setback, the steelmakers were successful: The district court granted a permanent injunction on April 25. The government appealed to the
932:
ODCM was renamed the Office of Civil and
Defense Mobilization (OCDM) by an Act of Congress on August 26, 1958. Its civil defense functions were transferred to DOD by Executive Order 10952 on July 20, 1961. OCDM was retitled the
611:
ODM radically changed the way the federal government approached defense procurement and mobilization. Much of the subsequent Cold War defense procurement apparatus was created by ODM, and still exists to this day.
615:
ODM also made long-lasting economic changes to
America's industrial base, changes which led to unintended political and demographic consequences. ODM shifted most of the nation's defense plants away from the
628:
in the former two regions from which they have not yet recovered. Meanwhile, large numbers of workers moved South and West to seek employment with defense and defense-related firms. This contributed to
407:
and five other major steelmakers for a wage increase. ODM had announced earlier in the year that there would be no increase in the price of steel. The steelmakers refused to engage in good-faith
444:
became Acting
Director of ODM. Truman was unwilling to order Steelman to implement the wage increase for fear it would ruin his wage policies, but he was also unwilling to rein in the union.
336:
and a government mobilization chief in World War II, to head the ODM. Wilson became one of the most powerful people in the federal government, and the press began calling him "co-president".
545:
The strike ended on July 24, 1952. The USWA achieved a 16-cent-an-hour wage increase, and an increase in fringe benefits of about 6-cents-an-hour. The union also achieved a form of the
478:
633:
in the nation's political power structure. ODM also initiated the dispersal of defense plants to protect the nation's industrial base against enemy attack. These economic changes had
492:
A meeting between USWA and the steelmakers on May 3 nearly led to a tentative agreement on the union's terms. But during the meeting, word arrived that the
Supreme Court had granted
97:
attempted to use the NSRB as the nation's mobilization agency. Truman quadrupled the defense budget to $ 50 billion, and the NSRB placed controls on prices, wages and raw materials.
588:
ODM director. Flemming served for most of the
Eisenhower administration, overseeing the conversion of the defense industry to civilian uses. Flemming resigned on February 6, 1957.
152:, which coordinated and supervised wage and price controls. In all, 19 mobilization agencies were eventually created within ODM to control every aspect of the American economy.
1966:
950:
570:
The Korean War ended less than a year later, on July 27, 1953. Although ODM relaxed most production, wage and price controls by the fall, many restrictions continued as the
1810:
2164:
473:
1336:
942:
411:
until ODM guaranteed that they would receive an increase in the price of steel, and their bargaining tactics were designed to force ODM to change its policy. The
457:
to take possession of and operate steel mills throughout the country. Truman sent messages to
Congress on April 9 and again on April 21 announcing his action.
141:
1351:
21:
539:
2159:
1688:
1299:
603:. The successor agency was titled the Office of Defense and Civilian Mobilization (ODCM) and then renamed the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization.
101:
soared and shortages in food, consumer goods and housing appeared. By October 1950, inflation had abated and shortages were easing. The intervention of
329:
957:(FEMA). The creation of FEMA transferred civil defense management out of DOD, reuniting them with mobilization planning for the first time since 1961.
2169:
2154:
1795:
1341:
1331:
1876:
1871:
1826:
1517:
1514:
1920:
1232:
1221:
352:
automobile production, even significantly restricting the building of public schools to divert additional steel to national defense needs.
1277:
2179:
1901:
1659:
1272:
1252:
1540:
1453:
1382:
1189:
552:
Because of perceived favoritism toward the union, Congress stripped the Wage Stabilization Board of most of its powers in late 1952.
1896:
1891:
1682:
1304:
934:
523:
34:
434:
and force the steelworkers back to work. But Truman, needing labor's support in the 1952 presidential campaign, refused to do so.
1548:
1439:
1309:
1210:
1162:
Records of the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization. Record Group 304, 1947-62. National Archives and Records Administration.
63:
2008:
1836:
1654:
1601:
1412:
1265:
1130:
Washington, D.C.: Government Division, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress. November 28, 2006. Code 98-606 GOV.
500:
447:
With no wage increase forthcoming, the union gave notice on April 4, 1952, that it would strike at 12:01 a.m. on April 9.
415:
authorized a strike to begin on January 1, 1952. But after President Truman pleaded with the union for a delay, USWA president
542:, and public opinion began to turn against the union. These factors led Murray to agree to negotiations with the steelmakers.
133:
10193 on December 16, 1950. The agency was led by a presidentially-appointed director, who was subject to confirmation by the
1260:
1863:
600:
511:
78:(NSRB). The Act restricted DOD to the employment of military power and placed mobilization responsibilities with the NSRB.
2040:
1886:
1881:
1800:
1589:
1429:
1394:
1224:
954:
451:
180:
71:
1853:
1483:
1841:
1444:
1149:
1114:
1094:
1080:
1066:
1045:
1031:
979:
496:
and accepted the case. The steelmakers backed out of the agreement, hoping that the court would rule in their favor.
377:
145:
75:
938:
427:
1936:
1765:
1694:
1294:
1289:
1284:
946:
130:
1669:
1522:
1213:
499:
The Supreme Court heard oral argument for two days, May 12 and May 13. Arguing the case for the government was
45:
2016:
1753:
1424:
1244:
1182:
564:
149:
59:
52:
1316:
991:
1913:
1613:
1326:
465:
1956:
1700:
1527:
1458:
393:
113:
was using the military setbacks in Korea to attack the administration and push his own political agenda.
67:
437:
Wilson resigned as director of ODM on March 31, 1952, in protest against Truman's support of the union.
1790:
1583:
1026:
Bernard S. Katz, C. Daniel Vencil and Daniel Vencil, eds. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing, 1996.
617:
438:
341:
1161:
2078:
1971:
1831:
1676:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1596:
1164:
Accessed May 14, 2007. The Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization was the successor agency to ODM.
461:
121:(which had been enacted only in September 1950), Truman created the Office of Defense Mobilization.
2132:
1988:
1727:
1711:
1553:
1175:
621:
592:
423:
302:
563:
was sworn in as director of ODM on September 8, 1952. Fowler led both ODM and its sub-agency, the
1946:
1737:
1664:
1572:
1449:
450:
A few hours before the strike was to begin, Truman issued Executive Order 10340, which directed
368:. CBS had developed a color system which was partly mechanical and partly electronic in nature.
1608:
1502:
1119:
Pierpaoli Jr., Paul G. "Truman's Other War: The Battle for the American Homefront, 1950-1953."
634:
118:
2099:
2084:
1961:
1489:
1465:
1434:
408:
48:
1015:
Gutmanis, Ivars and Starns, John F. "Whatever Happened to Defense Industrial Preparedness?"
489:
the permanent injunction on May 2 pending resolution of the case by the U.S. Supreme Court.
2106:
1907:
1716:
1705:
1406:
1038:
A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security State, 1945-1954.
692:
A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security State, 1945-1954,
578:
289:
134:
107:
8:
2174:
1996:
1760:
1743:
1732:
1722:
1648:
1578:
1400:
1375:
630:
625:
400:
2048:
2032:
2024:
1748:
1471:
1364:
996:
Bureau of Labor Statistics. U.S. Department of Labor. Washington, D.C.: April 17, 2007.
81:
By 1950, however, the NSRB was dormant and DOD had recaptured authority over military
1770:
1642:
1620:
1418:
1370:
1145:
1110:
1090:
1076:
1062:
1041:
1027:
975:
503:
454:
389:
1024:
Biographical Dictionary of the United States Secretaries of the Treasury, 1789-1995.
2119:
2114:
1951:
1805:
773:
Pierpaoli, "Truman's Other War: The Battle for the American Homefront, 1950-1953,"
441:
431:
333:
216:
148:, which established production goals and supervised production operations; and the
28:
government whose function was to plan, coordinate, direct and control all wartime
2072:
1359:
1198:
945:(OP) in 1973 and transferred out of the Executive Office of the President to the
585:
560:
507:
266:
243:
203:
110:
94:
994:
Consumer Price Index, All Urban Consumers-(CPI-U), U.S. City Average, All Items.
791:
Consumer Price Index, All Urban Consumers-(CPI-U), U.S. City Average, All Items,
62:
established this new mobilization structure. It authorized the creation of the
2001:
1388:
1321:
733:
Gutmanis and Starns, "Whatever Happened to Defense Industrial Preparedness?",
2148:
1477:
528:
515:
416:
25:
29:
2066:
1848:
546:
486:
412:
90:
86:
82:
937:(OEP) by an Act of Congress on September 22, 1961. OEP was retitled the
376:, and was engaged in a long and bitter legal battle with CBS before the
360:
On October 25, 1951, ODM ordered a halt to the mass production of color
106:
intelligence experts expected World War III to break out by spring, and
1941:
1508:
581:
as president in November 1952, Fowler resigned from ODM in early 1953.
493:
469:
404:
361:
345:
70:, merged the Departments of War (Army and Air Force) and Navy into the
1087:
The Rise of the Gunbelt: The Military Remapping of Industrial America.
833:
The Rise of the Gunbelt: The Military Remapping of Industrial America,
637:
which helped lead to the political ascendancy of the West and South.
624:
to the West, Southwest, and Southeast. This contributed to a 50-year
1564:
98:
1085:
Markusen, Ann; Hall, Peter; Campbell, Scott; and Deitrick, Sabina.
1073:
Truman and the Steel Seizure Case: The Limits of Presidential Power.
893:
Truman and the Steel Seizure Case: The Limits of Presidential Power,
571:
74:(DOD), and established the nation's first mobilization agency, the
1167:
482:
521:
On June 2, 1952, the Supreme Court handed down its decision. In
1059:
The Korean War: Challenges in Crisis, Credibility, and Command.
941:
in 1968. The Office of Emergency Preparedness was retitled the
722:
The Korean War: Challenges in Crisis, Credibility, and Command,
534:
The government returned the mills to their owners hours later.
514:(and a future Supreme Court justice). Former Solicitor General
1128:
The Executive Office of the President: An Historical Overview.
1107:
Truman and Korea: The Political Culture of the Early Cold War.
804:
The Executive Office of the President: An Historical Overview,
984:
Brinkerhoff, John R. "The Late, Great Arsenal of Democracy."
102:
144:. ODM consisted of two main organizational components: The
1811:
1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection
1495:
373:
1144:
Park Forest, Ill.: University Press of the Pacific, 2002.
369:
365:
315:
310:
279:
274:
256:
251:
233:
228:
193:
188:
286:
129:
The Office of Defense Mobilization was established by
749:
Brinkerhoff, "The Late, Great Arsenal of Democracy,"
479:
Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
51:'s pre-war mobilization efforts had been resisted by
472:
preventing Sawyer from seizing the steel mills. The
422:
President Truman referred the wage dispute to ODM's
1689:
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
1109:Columbia, Mo.: University of Missouri Press, 1999.
974:Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967.
263:
200:
177:
2165:Defunct agencies of the United States government
2146:
213:
1872:United States Senate election in Missouri, 1934
1837:Harry S. Truman home and National Historic Site
953:(FPA). In 1979, FPA was subsumed under the new
240:
1142:Industrial Mobilization: The Relevant History.
662:Industrial Mobilization: The Relevant History,
299:
1183:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
1921:1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries
1040:New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
388:In 1951 and 1952, ODM became embroiled in a
1796:Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite
1278:1952 Puerto Rican constitutional referendum
1075:New York: Columbia University Press, 1977.
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
827:
825:
474:District Court for the District of Columbia
419:agreed to postpone the strike for 60 days.
2160:Government agencies disestablished in 1958
1660:Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946
1190:
1176:
1102:"Overall Coordinator." Time. May 19, 1952.
898:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
1383:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1089:New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
524:Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer
374:purely electronic color television system
1892:1944 United States presidential election
864:
822:
656:
654:
652:
650:
567:, during his tenure as director of ODM.
555:
35:Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization
2170:Military logistics of the United States
2155:Government agencies established in 1950
1549:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
1310:Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination
972:Presidential Seizure in Labor Disputes.
889:Presidential Seizure in Labor Disputes,
756:
745:
743:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
510:, general counsel for the USWA and the
430:demanded that the president invoke the
2147:
2009:Collision Course: Truman vs. MacArthur
1655:Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946
1413:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
1099:"New Machine." Time. January 15, 1951.
697:
392:which led to a landmark ruling by the
1683:President's Committee on Civil Rights
1515:U.N. Security Council Resolutions 82,
1171:
1133:"TV Research Curb on Color Avoided."
1061:1st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997.
1050:"Industry Control Will Be Extended."
857:"TV Research Curb on Color Avoided,"
844:"Industry Control Will Be Extended,"
785:
783:
647:
518:argued the case for the steelmakers.
740:
667:
601:Federal Civil Defense Administration
512:Congress of Industrial Organizations
383:
1882:Democratic National Convention 1944
1701:Presidential Succession Act of 1947
1590:National Institute of Mental Health
1225:Vice President of the United States
1197:
955:Federal Emergency Management Agency
595:director of ODM on March 14, 1957.
13:
780:
355:
14:
2191:
2180:United States defense procurement
1445:National Security Resources Board
1155:
506:, and representing the union was
378:Federal Communications Commission
146:Defense Production Administration
142:Executive Office of the President
137:and who was a member of the NSC.
76:National Security Resources Board
2128:
2127:
1484:Joint Long Range Proving Grounds
1285:State of the Union Address (1946
939:Office of Emergency Preparedness
481:. The Court of Appeals, sitting
1766:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1952
1695:Housing and Home Finance Agency
949:. In 1975, OP was retitled the
947:General Services Administration
926:
851:
838:
401:United Steel Workers of America
1535:Office of Defense Mobilization
1523:Defense Production Act of 1950
1395:Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act
1214:President of the United States
809:
796:
727:
403:(USWA) began negotiating with
18:Office of Defense Mobilization
1:
2017:Backstairs at the White House
1801:Missouri Office and Courtroom
1754:Unrelated Business Income Tax
1670:Legislative Reference Service
1602:U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
1425:National Security Act of 1947
964:
606:
565:National Production Authority
540:Selective Service Act of 1948
150:Economic Stabilization Agency
60:National Security Act of 1947
40:
1614:Council of Economic Advisers
992:Bureau of Labor Statistics.
935:Office of Emergency Planning
789:Bureau of Labor Statistics,
460:The steel companies, led by
155:
124:
93:on June 25, 1950, President
7:
1957:Harry S. Truman Scholarship
1528:Relief of Douglas MacArthur
1459:Central Intelligence Agency
1052:United Press International.
1008:"The Government's Strike."
951:Federal Preparedness Agency
919:"The Government's Strike,"
846:United Press International,
394:United States Supreme Court
68:Central Intelligence Agency
10:
2196:
1584:National Mental Health Act
1541:Science Advisory Committee
1430:U.S. Department of Defense
1337:Presidential Proclamations
1233:U.S. Senator from Missouri
1001:"Bureaucracy in Blossom."
815:"Bureaucracy in Blossom,"
323:
2094:
2079:Martha Ellen Young Truman
2059:
1980:
1972:Statue of Harry S. Truman
1929:
1862:
1854:Truman Little White House
1832:Harry S. Truman Farm Home
1819:
1783:
1677:National School Lunch Act
1597:Atomic Energy Act of 1946
1563:
1440:National Security Council
1350:
1243:
1205:
462:Youngstown Sheet and Tube
285:
283:
199:
197:
171:
64:National Security Council
1952:Truman Dam and Reservoir
1728:Agricultural Act of 1949
1712:Agricultural Act of 1948
1554:National Security Agency
640:
424:Wage Stabilization Board
372:had already developed a
2100:â Franklin D. Roosevelt
2036:(1997 documentary film)
1947:Harry S Truman Building
1665:Federal Tort Claims Act
1105:Pierpaoli Jr., Paul G.
970:Blackman, Jr., John L.
635:unintended consequences
2107:Dwight D. Eisenhower â
1609:Employment Act of 1946
1503:Revolt of the Admirals
1017:Joint Force Quarterly.
943:Office of Preparedness
735:Joint Force Quarterly,
577:After the election of
468:seeking a preliminary
466:federal district court
119:Defense Production Act
2085:Clifton Truman Daniel
1989:Give 'em Hell, Harry!
1962:Truman Sports Complex
1791:Early life and career
1490:North Atlantic Treaty
1466:Displaced Persons Act
1435:Joint Chiefs of Staff
1342:Eisenhower transition
1327:"The buck stops here"
1300:Judicial appointments
1273:Assassination attempt
998:Accessed May 5, 2007.
591:Eisenhower appointed
584:Eisenhower appointed
556:End of the Korean War
452:Secretary of Commerce
409:collective bargaining
399:In October 1951, the
72:Department of Defense
49:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1992:(1975 play and film)
1908:Dewey Defeats Truman
1717:Executive Order 9981
1407:Executive Order 9835
1376:Declaration to Japan
1140:Vawter, Roderick L.
1121:Magazine of History.
775:Magazine of History,
579:Dwight D. Eisenhower
290:Dwight D. Eisenhower
140:ODM was part of the
2067:Bess Wallace Truman
1967:U.S. Postage stamps
1761:Revenue Act of 1951
1744:Revenue Act of 1950
1738:DingellâJohnson Act
1733:Housing Act of 1949
1723:Revenue Act of 1948
1579:Revenue Act of 1945
1371:Agreement on Europe
1123:14:3 (Spring 2000).
1057:Kaufman, Burton I.
1022:"Henry Fowler." In
2120:Alben W. Barkley â
2115:â Henry A. Wallace
1749:Excess profits tax
1621:Flood Control Acts
1472:Key West Agreement
1365:Potsdam Conference
1126:Relyea, Harold C.
1036:Hogan, Michael J.
1005:February 26, 1951.
831:Markusen, et al.,
819:February 26, 1951.
806:November 28, 2006.
626:industrial decline
22:independent agency
2142:
2141:
2020:(1979 miniseries)
1842:Historic District
1779:
1778:
1771:1952 steel strike
1643:Fulbright Program
1419:Hoover Commission
1137:October 26, 1951.
861:October 26, 1951.
504:Philip B. Perlman
501:Solicitor General
455:Charles W. Sawyer
439:Presidential aide
384:1952 steel strike
330:Charles E. Wilson
321:
320:
252:September 8, 1952
234:September 8, 1952
189:December 16, 1950
2187:
2131:
2130:
2044:(2022 TV series)
1806:Truman Committee
1706:TaftâHartley Act
1573:Medal of Freedom
1348:
1347:
1332:Executive Orders
1236:
1228:
1217:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1169:
1168:
958:
930:
924:
917:
896:
885:
862:
855:
849:
842:
836:
829:
820:
813:
807:
800:
794:
787:
778:
771:
754:
747:
738:
731:
725:
718:
695:
688:
665:
658:
464:, filed suit in
442:John R. Steelman
432:Taft-Hartley Act
334:General Electric
317:
312:
307:
306:
305:
294:
293:
292:
281:
276:
275:January 20, 1953
271:
270:
269:
258:
257:January 20, 1953
253:
248:
247:
246:
235:
230:
225:
221:
220:
219:
208:
207:
206:
195:
190:
185:
184:
183:
160:
159:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2090:
2073:Margaret Truman
2055:
1976:
1925:
1858:
1815:
1775:
1649:HillâBurton Act
1559:
1401:LuceâCeller Act
1360:Truman Doctrine
1346:
1239:
1231:
1220:
1209:
1201:
1199:Harry S. Truman
1196:
1158:
1135:New York Times.
1071:Marcus, Maeva.
1054:August 8, 1951.
1012:August 4, 1952.
967:
962:
961:
931:
927:
923:August 4, 1952.
918:
899:
886:
865:
859:New York Times,
856:
852:
848:August 8, 1951.
843:
839:
830:
823:
814:
810:
801:
797:
793:April 17, 2007.
788:
781:
772:
757:
748:
741:
732:
728:
719:
698:
689:
668:
659:
648:
643:
609:
586:Arthur Flemming
561:Henry H. Fowler
558:
508:Arthur Goldberg
386:
358:
356:Ban on color TV
332:, president of
326:
301:
300:
288:
287:
267:Arthur Flemming
265:
264:
242:
241:
223:
222:
215:
214:
204:Harry S. Truman
202:
201:
179:
178:
158:
131:Executive Order
127:
111:Joseph McCarthy
95:Harry S. Truman
43:
12:
11:
5:
2193:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2103:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2045:
2041:The First Lady
2037:
2029:
2021:
2013:
2005:
2000:(1975 song by
1993:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1904:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1741:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1709:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1581:
1576:
1569:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1389:War Brides Act
1386:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1352:Foreign policy
1345:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1322:Truman Balcony
1319:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1257:Inaugurations
1255:
1249:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1229:
1218:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1157:
1156:External links
1154:
1153:
1152:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1083:
1069:
1055:
1048:
1034:
1020:
1013:
1006:
999:
989:
982:
966:
963:
960:
959:
925:
897:
891:1967; Marcus,
863:
850:
837:
821:
808:
795:
779:
755:
739:
726:
696:
666:
645:
644:
642:
639:
608:
605:
557:
554:
385:
382:
357:
354:
325:
322:
319:
318:
313:
311:March 14, 1957
308:
296:
295:
284:
282:
280:March 14, 1957
277:
272:
260:
259:
254:
249:
237:
236:
231:
229:March 31, 1952
226:
210:
209:
198:
196:
194:March 31, 1952
191:
186:
181:Charles Wilson
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
157:
154:
126:
123:
66:(NSC) and the
42:
39:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2192:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2135:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1914:campaign song
1912:
1909:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1478:Marshall Plan
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1305:Supreme Court
1303:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1151:
1150:0-89875-746-0
1147:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1115:0-8262-1206-9
1112:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1095:0-19-506648-0
1092:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1081:0-231-04126-8
1078:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1067:0-87722-418-8
1064:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1046:0-521-64044-X
1043:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1032:0-313-28012-6
1029:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1000:
997:
995:
990:
988:Spring, 1995.
987:
983:
981:
980:0-674-70201-8
977:
973:
969:
968:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
929:
922:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
894:
890:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
860:
854:
847:
841:
834:
828:
826:
818:
812:
805:
799:
792:
786:
784:
776:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
753:Spring, 1995.
752:
746:
744:
736:
730:
723:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
693:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
663:
657:
655:
653:
651:
646:
638:
636:
632:
627:
623:
619:
613:
604:
602:
596:
594:
589:
587:
582:
580:
575:
573:
568:
566:
562:
553:
550:
548:
543:
541:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
519:
517:
516:John W. Davis
513:
509:
505:
502:
497:
495:
490:
488:
484:
480:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
456:
453:
448:
445:
443:
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
420:
418:
417:Philip Murray
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
353:
349:
347:
343:
337:
335:
331:
328:Truman named
316:June 24, 1958
314:
309:
304:
298:
297:
291:
278:
273:
268:
262:
261:
255:
250:
245:
239:
238:
232:
227:
218:
217:John Steelman
212:
211:
205:
192:
187:
182:
176:
175:
168:
165:
162:
161:
153:
151:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
122:
120:
114:
112:
109:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
56:
54:
50:
47:
38:
37:(1958â1961).
36:
31:
27:
26:United States
23:
20:(ODM) was an
19:
2126:
2105:
2098:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2023:
2015:
2007:
1997:Harry Truman
1995:
1987:
1981:Public image
1937:Bibliography
1534:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1106:
1086:
1072:
1058:
1051:
1037:
1023:
1019:Summer 1997.
1016:
1009:
1002:
993:
985:
971:
928:
920:
892:
888:
858:
853:
845:
840:
832:
816:
811:
803:
798:
790:
777:Spring 2000.
774:
750:
737:Summer 1997.
734:
729:
721:
691:
661:
614:
610:
597:
590:
583:
576:
569:
559:
551:
544:
536:
533:
529:343 U.S. 579
522:
520:
498:
491:
459:
449:
446:
436:
421:
398:
390:steel strike
387:
359:
350:
338:
327:
244:Henry Fowler
139:
128:
115:
80:
57:
44:
30:mobilization
17:
15:
2052:(2023 film)
2049:Oppenheimer
2028:(1995 film)
2012:(1976 film)
1849:Blair House
1513:1950â1953;
1235:(1935â1945)
1216:(1945â1953)
631:realignment
593:Gordon Gray
547:closed shop
428:Republicans
303:Gordon Gray
91:South Korea
87:North Korea
83:procurement
2175:Korean War
2149:Categories
2087:(grandson)
2075:(daughter)
1942:Truman Day
1827:Birthplace
1509:Korean War
1454:Department
1245:Presidency
965:References
887:Blackman,
607:Assessment
574:worsened.
494:certiorari
470:injunction
405:U.S. Steel
362:television
346:Deep South
172:President
41:Background
1864:Elections
1565:Fair Deal
1450:Air Force
720:Kaufman,
618:Northeast
342:Southeast
156:Directors
125:Structure
99:Inflation
46:President
2133:Category
2081:(mother)
1902:campaign
1253:Timeline
802:Relyea,
660:Vawter,
572:Cold War
364:sets by
89:invaded
53:Congress
2002:Chicago
1317:Cabinet
690:Hogan,
622:Midwest
483:en banc
324:History
108:Senator
85:. When
24:of the
2069:(wife)
2060:Family
2033:Truman
2025:Truman
1930:Legacy
1740:(1950)
1719:(1948)
1708:(1947)
1697:(1947)
1691:(1947)
1685:(1946)
1679:(1946)
1651:(1946)
1645:(1946)
1588:1946;
1575:(1945)
1556:(1952)
1543:, 1951
1539:1950;
1505:(1949)
1494:1949;
1486:(1949)
1480:(1948)
1474:(1948)
1468:(1948)
1421:(1947)
1415:(1947)
1409:(1947)
1403:(1946)
1397:(1946)
1391:(1945)
1385:(1945)
1369:1945;
1266:second
1227:(1945)
1148:
1113:
1093:
1079:
1065:
1044:
1030:
986:ORBIS.
978:
751:ORBIS.
487:stayed
224:Acting
166:Start
135:Senate
1820:Homes
1295:1952)
1261:first
1010:Time.
1003:Time.
921:Time,
895:1977.
835:1991.
817:Time,
724:1997.
694:1998.
664:2002.
641:Notes
413:union
163:Name
103:China
1897:1948
1887:1948
1877:1940
1784:Life
1636:1950
1631:1948
1626:1946
1496:NATO
1290:1950
1222:34th
1211:33rd
1146:ISBN
1111:ISBN
1091:ISBN
1077:ISBN
1063:ISBN
1042:ISBN
1028:ISBN
976:ISBN
620:and
344:and
169:End
58:The
16:The
370:RCA
366:CBS
2151::
1518:83
900:^
866:^
824:^
782:^
758:^
742:^
699:^
669:^
649:^
549:.
485:,
396:.
2004:)
1910:"
1906:"
1452:/
1191:e
1184:t
1177:v
526:,
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.