Of Pandas and People

892:. This is a complete falsehood, as anyone with access to the evidence knows. It is not a matter of a single reproductive character, but dozens of characters in the skull, teeth, post-cranial bones (including the marsupial pelvic bones), soft anatomy, and biochemistry, to say nothing of their respective fossil records, that separate the two mammals. About the closest similarity they have going for them is that they are both called "wolf" in English. The same criticism can be applied seriatim to the authors' mystifying discussion of the red and giant "pandas". 1013:, distributed copies of the book to every high school and one middle school in the county to be reviewed by teachers and principals for use as a possible supplement for science classes. The response from teachers was negative but county school officials still planned to distribute the books to school libraries so teachers and students could use it as a resource. According to the local Civic, Business and Ministry Coalition, copies of the book were purchased by the Coalition from the 1247:, three astonishing points emerge: (1) the definition for creation science in early drafts is identical to the definition of ID; (2) cognates of the word creation (creationism and creationist), which appeared approximately 150 times, were deliberately and systematically replaced with the phrase ID; and (3) the changes occurred shortly after the Supreme Court held that creation science is religious and cannot be taught in public school science classes in 477:

independent scientific poll... shows almost half of the nation's biology teachers include some creation in their view of biological origins. Many more who don't still believe it should be included in science curriculum." Additionally, he enclosed projections showing expected revenue of over $ 6.5 million in five years based upon "modest expectations for the market." If creationist teaching in schools was explicitly permitted by the

650:

legislators passing laws to regulate science education in schools. However, these had repeatedly failed to survive court challenges. The FTE took a "bottom-up" approach instead, mobilizing local Christian conservative groups to push school boards and individual teachers to adopt the book and also to get themselves elected to school boards and local educational committees.

1060:, purchased copies of the book for the libraries of each of the district's 15 high schools and middle schools. The acquisition was made on the recommendation of School Superintendent W. Randolph Nichols, but the board stated that the book was intended for use "as a resource book, not as a science book" and that it was not endorsing creationism. 1251:. This word substitution is telling, significant, and reveals that a purposeful change of words was effected without any corresponding change in content .... The weight of the evidence clearly demonstrates, as noted, that the systemic change from "creation" to "intelligent design" occurred sometime in 1987, after the Supreme Court's important 548:" as meaning "origin through abrupt appearance in complex form", which did "not include as essential parts... catastrophism, a world-wide flood, a recent inception of the earth or life,... the concept of kinds, or any concepts from Genesis or other religious texts", but this attempt to re-define creation science did not succeed in the 1021:, and were sent to school administrators on the grounds that it was "a good, science-based text appropriate for school children". The Coalition was reported to have met administrators on several occasions to promote creation science. However, the county school board did not find out about the matter until January 1995. 391:, in 1980 as a tax-exempt charitable and educational organization, with articles of incorporation which stated that its purpose includes "proclaiming, publishing, preaching teaching…the Christian Gospel and understanding of the Bible and the light it sheds on the academic and social issues of the day". In the original 1211:

On December 20, 2005, the US District Court ruled that intelligent design is not science and is essentially religious in nature, and the board's requirement endorsing intelligent design as an alternative to evolution in science classes, unconstitutional on the grounds that its inclusion violates the

1155:

Although the board did not actually purchase the book, 60 copies were donated to the district by an anonymous party. It was revealed in court that a school board member asked his church for donations for the purchase of those books although that board member had denied all knowledge of the source of

349:

that intelligent design was religious would make the textbook "radioactive" in public schools and would be "catastrophic" for the marketability of both the (then) present (second) edition and the (then) forthcoming third edition, citing possible losses of around US$ 500,000. The renaming of the book

272:

The book argues that the origin of new organisms is "in an immaterial cause: in a blueprint, a plan, a pattern, devised by an intelligent agent". The text remains non-committal on the age of the Earth, commenting that some "take the view that the earth's history can be compressed into a framework of

1027:

reported in November that according to the Foundation for Thought and Ethics, 22,500 copies of the book had been printed and teachers and curriculum buyers in 48 states had bought it. Fifteen school districts had ordered quantities large enough to indicate classroom use, but had not been identified

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as a textbook "that presents Darwin's Theory of Evolution as theory, not fact" following pressure from the local community and teachers. A committee of science teachers unanimously voted to purchase copies of the book, but ultimately decided to abandon the idea for fear of litigation. A Christian

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as a supplement to the existing curriculum course materials. The district school board unanimously voted to bar the book's acquisition following an outcry from local residents, many of whom attended the board's meeting wearing buttons with a red "X" over a panda. Two of the proponents of the book

454:

The basic metabolic pathways of nearly all organisms are the same. Is this because of descent from a common ancestor, or because only these pathways (and their variations) can sustain life? Evolutionists think the former is correct; creationists because of all the evidence discussed in this book,

1348:

National Science Teachers Association, a professional association of 55,000 science teachers and administrators in a 2005 press release: "We stand with the nation's leading scientific organizations and scientists, including Dr. John Marburger, the president's top science advisor, in stating that

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would be a major focus of litigation. The foundation filed a motion to join the defending side in June 2005, arguing that a finding that intelligent design was religious would destroy FTE's ability to market its textbooks within the district, and affect its ability to market the textbooks to any

782:

describes how evolution cannot account for the necks of giraffes, how the transition from reptiles to mammals took place, how whales evolved from land animals, and how all evolutionary explanations of the bacterial flagellum are fallacious. In addition, the review asserts that this book exposes

476:

made only minor grammatical alterations to these statements. The FTE sought a publisher for the book, sending a Boston firm a prospectus which indicated that the draft had been sent to school districts for testing as well as to prospective publishers. In the prospectus, Buell stated that a "new

395:

tax-exemption submission, Buell described the foundation as a "Christian think-tank" and stated that the organization's first activity would be the editing of a book "showing the scientific evidence for creation". Co-author Percival Davis later acknowledged that religious concerns underlay the

1196:

ruled that FTE was not entitled to intervene in the case because its motion to intervene was not timely, describing FTE's excuses for not trying to become involved earlier as "both unavailing and disingenuous". Judge Jones also held that FTE failed to demonstrate that it has "a significantly

1081:, that the teacher, Roger DeHart, should cease his years-long practice of teaching intelligent design in his classes. He stated that he needed to counterbalance the inclusion of information that was "at best wrong and at worst fraudulent" in the standard textbooks used in Burlington schools. 649:

Following the book's publication in 1989, the FTE embarked on a lengthy campaign to get the book into use in schools across the United States. Previous creationist efforts to dilute or overturn the teaching of evolutionary theory had relied largely on a "top-down" approach of pro-creationist

1104:, offered to represent the county for free if any litigation arose but its offer was rejected. A proposal to buy the book for school libraries was eventually rejected by the school board, though a conservative member of the board pledged to pay for at least 14 copies out of her own pocket. 730:". The book states that "Supernatural explanations invoke miracles and therefore are not properly part of science", and that "xplanations that call on intelligent causes require no miracles but cannot be reduced to materialistic explanations." It includes 100 pages of footnotes and notes. 535:

The basic metabolic pathways (reaction chains) of nearly all organisms are the same. Is this because of descent from a common ancestor, or because only these pathways (and their variations) can sustain life? Evolutionists think the former is correct, creationists accept the latter view.

27: 1076:

in the classroom "so long as he balances it with enough support for teachings on evolution which he always included in his courses but about which he says he has doubts – especially in terms of the origin of the human race". The decision followed an earlier demand by the

841:

and have opposed its use in schools. Science educator Gerald Skoog described it as "a vehicle to advance sectarian tenets and not to improve science education" and said "This book has no potential to improve science education and student understanding of the natural world."

646:). Printing costs were met by donations to the FTE, whose members were told in a December 1988 fundraising letter that donors would receive an enameled box with a panda on the lid as a gift. The box would "become a pleasant reminder to pray for our work", as Buell put it. 576:

book needed a new term after the Supreme Court case, and found it in a phrase he "picked up from a NASA scientist – intelligent design". He thought: "That's just what I need, it's a good engineering term….. it seemed to jibe... And I went back through my old copies of

318:

ruling as though it legitimized "teaching a variety of scientific theories", but the book did not contain a scientific theory or model to "balance" against evolution, and was "being used as a vehicle to advance sectarian tenets and not to improve science education".

806:

and endnotes that delve deeper into the technical issues. Dembski said the book corrects many of the misrepresentations and biased descriptions of intelligent design that have appeared. Dembski also revealed that he believes that the "intelligent designer" is the

896:

Padian's conclusion was: "It is hard to say what is worst in this book: the misconceptions of its sub-text, the intolerance for honest science, or the incompetence with which science is presented. In any case, teachers should be warned against using this book."

642:, printing firm, Horticultural Printers, Inc., which mainly served the agricultural industry and had no other books in print, nor any in-house writers or science advisors. (It should not be confused with the well-known children's and school textbook publisher, 657:

Biology teachers are generally easy to contact, available for a meeting on short notice, and receptive. If you would like to be a part of this 'quiet army', please let us know right away. Those choosing not to enlist may wish to support those who do by their

823:

to a later 1987 draft showed how in hundreds of instances the word "creationism" had been replaced by "intelligent design" and "creationist" replaced by "intelligent design proponent", while "creator" was replaced by "agency" or "designer". In his 2007 book

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edition, and the Discovery Institute withdrew from the case. The Judge told the defendants: "To me it looks like Mr. Dembski was dropped as an expert because he didn't want to produce, or because his employer didn't want to produce the manuscript of

603:

662:

The FTE provided publicity materials to its supporters to assist them in promoting the adoption of the book. These included a video of testimonials by pro-ID scientists and a promotional script, including "lines to take" on contentious issues.

616:

was a "placeholder term" whose definition "changed to include a religious context after the draft was written, so the writers changed the word." However, the proof that intelligent design was creationism re-labeled played a significant part in

1368:"Moreover, it is notable that both Professors Behe and Minnich admitted their personal view is that the designer is God and Professor Minnich testified that he understands many leading advocates of ID to believe the designer to be God.", 1207:

In November 2005, eight of the nine members of the Dover school board were voted out of office and replaced with candidates who opposed the previous board's decision to introduce intelligent design and lay doubts on evolution.

467:

Creation means that the various forms of life began abruptly through the agency of an intelligent creator with their distinctive features already intact. Fish with fins and scales, birds with feathers, beaks, and wings,

598:

The term "creationists" was changed to "design proponents", but in one case the beginning and end of the original word "creationists" were accidentally retained, so that "creationists" became "cdesign proponentsists".

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public school in the United States. Had the motion been granted, the FTE would have become a co-defendant with the Dover Area School Board, and able to bring its own lawyers and expert witnesses to the case. However,

770:

has written that he believes Dembski and his associates at the Discovery Institute are deceitfully manipulating the Amazon.com review system to promote their own work and denigrate the work of their adversaries.

948:

as a class textbook. In January 1990 the book was withdrawn from consideration by its publishers, the Haughton Publishing Co., who said that they "backed off because they weren't given chance to defend book."

593:

Intelligent design means that various forms of life began abruptly through an intelligent agency, with their distinctive features already intact. Fish with fins and scales, birds with feathers, beaks, wings,

670:

I agree that personal beliefs should not be taught in science classrooms, but intelligent design is not a personal belief; it is accepted science, a view that is held by many highly qualified scientists.

1156:

donation in an earlier deposition. Amid an international controversy, the board also became the first in the US to promote the teaching of intelligent design in the classroom, sparking a lawsuit,

256:

Supreme Court ruling that creationism is religion and not science, these were changed to refer to "intelligent design". The second edition published in 1993 included a contribution written by

412:

In 1981, the FTE advertised in a creationist newspaper, seeking authors for a textbook that would be "sensitively written to present both evolution and creation". Their first production was

585:

prepared shortly after the 1987 Supreme Court ruling, approximately 150 uses of the root word "creation", such as "creationism" and "creationist", were systematically changed to refer to

227: – the argument that life shows evidence of being designed by an intelligent agent which is not named specifically in the book, although proponents understand that it refers to the 1006:. Creationism had been taught openly in district schools until a lawsuit forced a change of policy in 1993. In the wake of the decision, the district was given 150 copies of the book. 986:

in the school science curriculum. A teachers' committee voted unanimously to reject the book saying it lacked scientific merit. The board eventually backed away from plans to require

909:

in public schools, against the opposition of mainstream scientists, educators and civil liberties organizations. This has caused several notable controversies, culminating in the

1822:

review originally published in Bookwatch Reviews 2(11) in 1989, and republished in Reviews of Creationist Books, second edition, edited by Liz Rank Hughes (Berkeley: NCSE, 1993,

273:

thousands of years, while others adhere to the standard old earth chronology". The book raises a number of objections to the theory of evolution, such as the alleged lack of

2975: 2374: 1148:

in 2004 after the Dover Area School Board endorsed it as a reference book. The ensuing court case was dubbed the "Panda Trial" by the media in an allusion to the famous "

331:, a chemist who earned his PhD in physical chemistry from Iowa State University, and the 1993 second edition, which included a "Note to Teachers" by Mark D. Hartwig and 726:

The book tries to address some novel areas. For example, it states that intelligent design does not require miracles or the supernatural, but still does not rely on "

2491: 819:

Many of the book's arguments are identical to those raised by creationists, which have been dismissed by the scientific community. A comparison of an early draft of

1200:

While FTE did not become a party, Jon A. Buell, the director of FTE testified on July 14, 2005, at the Dover Trial. Buell denied having known about actions of the

420:(a chemist), Walter L. Bradley, and Roger L. Olsen. In this book, Thaxton presented arguments for "Special Creation by a creator beyond the cosmos", and described 589:. The definition remained essentially the same, with "intelligent design" substituted for "creation", and "intelligent creator" changed to "intelligent agency": 560:

referred to "design according to which basic organisms were created", and in a 1984 article as well as in his affidavit to Edwards v. Aguillard, Kenyon defended

933: 3209: 310:, a professor of philosophy and biology, said the book was "worthless and dishonest". In the third of these reviews, Gerald Skoog, Professor of Education at 2745:"Science book creating dissent Plano considering text that foes criticize as dogma; backers say it balances evolution", Dallas Morning News, 12 January 1995 1382:"About his reasons for writing 'Pandas', Davis told The Wall Street Journal in 1994: 'Of course my motives were religious. There's no question about it'." 1197:

protectable interest in the litigation warranting intervention as a party" and that its interests will not be adequately represented by the defendants.

287:

of "already intact fish with fins and scales, birds with feathers, beaks, and wings, etc". The book makes no explicit reference to the identity of the

1371:"...although, as one of them confessed to some fellow Christians, referring to an intelligent was merely a 'politically correct way to refer to God." 944:, 11,800 people signed a petition which was presented to Alabama's school textbook committee, endorsing intelligent design and urging the adoption of 3092: 2519: 1881:

Even Michael Behe's "irreducible complexity" argument (though not the signature phrase) appears in print for the first time in the second edition of

1217: 487:

case that was then ongoing, the FTE's founder Jon Buell wrote that "you can throw out these projections, the nationwide market would be explosive!"

905:

The FTE's activist approach has produced heated controversies in several US states as Christian conservatives and school boards sought to adopt

1900: 1798: 2391: 2072: 2568: 2909: 2706:"Justices' Reach Extends to Biology Lessons; Ruling on Teaching Creationism Has Quieted Battle as Schools Drop Subject to Avoid Lawsuits." 708: 60: 1637: 2934: 864:

in 1989 called the book a "wholesale distortion of modern biology", and says that FTE's writers had misrepresented such topics as the

1361:"anyone familiar with Western religious thought would immediately make the association that the tactically unnamed designer is God", 3204: 3157: 3103: 2978: 2368: 2342: 1850: 1158: 1136: 911: 619: 345: 2991: 2859: 739:

decision: "In the end, not any court rulings or public policies or Hollywood films, will decide the merit of intelligent design."

508: – was decided by the Supreme Court in 1987. The court determined that teaching creationism in public schools violated the 2560: 531:, which still had the definition "creation means that various forms of life began abruptly", and used the term "creationists": 2107: 888:, a marsupial, would be placed with the placental wolf if evolutionists were not so hung up on the single character of their 3073: 3064: 3055: 3046: 2644: 2629: 2615: 2277:

Darwinian Struggle: Instead of Evolution, A Textbook Proposes 'Intelligent Design' – Who Did the Designing, It Doesn't Say".

2245: 2216: 2180: 2027: 1956: 1870: 1827: 1810: 1786: 1778: 1747: 1739: 1704: 1510: 857: 295: 682:

through its own online shop and catalogue. The book was explicitly marketed by retailers as a creationist work; in the 2005

2509: 3141: 524:

in science classes, it did offer an opening for those willing to recast creationist doctrine in the language of science.

2889: 1349:

intelligent design is not science.…It is simply not fair to present pseudoscience to students in the science classroom."

3128: 1315: 1292: 478: 303: 1326: 3184: 2831:"Group abandons 'creation' textbook – Federal ruling on 'intelligent design' changes minds of science teachers. 1569: 1049:

magazine article it was reported that "school boards in Washington State and Ohio" were considering whether to adopt

716: 666:

For instance, on the controversial issue of ID's perceived overlap with religion, the FTE's suggested response read:

380: 340: 216: 144: 94: 463:

included a similar statement, and defined "creation" using the classic creationist concept of "abrupt appearance":

1235:

went through many drafts, several of which were completed prior to and some after the Supreme Court's decision in

3199: 3179: 3174: 3117: 1430: 1014: 675: 3042: 371:. Behe later agreed that they were essentially the same when he defended intelligent design at the Dover trial. 1163: 1078: 2176: 802:'s Citizenlink in December, 2007. Dembski described the book as accessible, but noted that it also includes a 314:, wrote that the book reflected a creationist strategy to focus their "attack on evolution", interpreting the 1404:"National Science Teachers Association Disappointed About Intelligent Design Comments Made by President Bush" 1092: 564:

by stating that "biomolecular systems require intelligent design and engineering know-how". According to the

2237: 350:

is viewed by some as way of mitigating this and at the same time distancing the book from past controversy.

1678: 166: 1239:, which held that the Constitution forbids teaching creationism as science. By comparing the pre and post 2420: 1904: 1439: 1426:"Irreducible Incoherence and Intelligent Design: A Look into the Conceptual Toolbox of a Pseudoscience" 624: 513: 1010: 1623: 2395: 2079: 1975:

Erik Larson, "Darwinian struggle: instead of evolution, a textbook proposes "intelligent design'."

1696: 1549: 392: 2643:

Kevin Padian. Bookwatch Reviews: Candid Appraisals of Science Textbooks Volume 2, Number 11, 1989

2321: 3029: 2108:"Evolution News & Views: Dover Judge Regurgitates Mythological History of Intelligent Design" 1991: 553: 521: 232: 2950: 439:

was ready to go to the printers late in 1982, work began on the textbook, written by Kenyon and

3189: 2655: 2640: 2626: 2145: 1677: 1553: 1543: 1201: 1101: 1069: 362: 3051: 2584: 1690: 1307: 1284: 1866: 1018: 367: 311: 2019: 1723: 3060: 2931: 2596:

Book thrown at proponents of Intelligent Design – opinion – 06 October 2005 – New Scientist

2462: 2296: 1495: 1213: 1057: 831: 509: 504: 483: 288: 252: 2809:"Use of creationist text approved in Burlington." Associated Press Newswires, 14 June 1999 1358:* "Aquinas was explicit that this intelligent designer 'everyone understands to be God.'" 8: 2572: 2468: 2416: 2111: 1977: 1145: 889: 799: 735: 700: 565: 398: 274: 2754:"Trustees kill plan to buy divisive book: Plano biology teachers won't receive copies." 674:

The FTE was aided in this effort by "traditional" creationist organizations such as the

3194: 3069: 2864: 2387: 1948: 1682: 1611: 1599: 1575: 1469: 1185: 1175: 1120: 1088:

into Idaho schools was reported to have been rejected by the state textbook committee.

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objections to intelligent design and discussions of the shortcomings of ocular design.

704: 224: 84: 56: 3142:

Textbook publisher wants to join lawsuit: Says company is not a religious organization

2078:. United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania. Archived from 2048: 1802: 3145: 3087: 2611: 2531: 2417:"NOVA : Transcripts : Judgment Day: Intelligent Design on Trial : PBS" 1924: 1823: 1782: 1743: 1700: 1603: 1591: 1583: 1565: 1524: 1516: 1506: 1491: 1461: 1311: 1288: 1261: 1193: 979: 517: 402:, he commented: "Of course my motives were religious. There's no question about it." 384: 243: 151: 139: 2595: 2555: 1846: 1473: 1403: 450:, and was stated in the language of creationism, including the following statement: 3099: 2115: 1557: 1451: 1443: 1116: 999: 987: 643: 561: 545: 421: 332: 177: 2212: 638:

was published in 1989 by "Haughton Publishing Co." This was the assumed name of a

2938: 2893: 2564: 2515: 2068: 2015: 1421: 1045: 964: 834:

settled that teaching "Creation Science" in public schools was unconstitutional.

639: 569: 520:

could be taught. While the decision ruled out any return to teaching traditional

417: 328: 208: 50: 3153:

PBS/NOVA website for the documentary "Judgement Day:Intelligent Design On Trial"

1917: 1762: 890:

reproductive mode by which marsupials and placentals are traditionally separated

2493:

New Design of Life blog promises exciting coverage of intelligent design issues

1417: 1112: 869: 788: 557: 541: 440: 432: 358: 327:

There are currently two editions of the book, the 1989 first edition edited by

204: 200: 44: 40: 3125:, an article which explains the significance of panda evolution in the debate. 2608:

Monkey Girl: Evolution, Education, Religion, and the Battle for America's Soul

1304:

Monkey Girl: Evolution, Education, Religion, and the Battle for America's Soul

711:

are the listed authors of this edition, presented as a sequel. The preface of

250:. Before publication, early drafts used cognates of "creationist". After the 3168: 2886: 1686: 1528: 1479: 1425: 1269:

The newly elected board unanimously rescinded the policy on January 3, 2006.

1108: 278: 235: 228: 220: 3113: 1595: 686:

case, donated copies of the book were accompanied by a catalog which listed

540:

The outcome of the case prompted significant editorial changes to the book.

2177:"Evolution Education and the Law – Blog Archive – Missing Link discovered!" 1901:"God of the Gaps…in your own knowledge. Luskin, Behe, & blood-clotting" 1758: 1719: 1465: 1169:

The FTE became involved in the Dover controversy when it became clear that

1149: 1032: 916: 853: 850: 808: 803: 733:

Also, the book tries to explain away the loss of intelligent design in the

383:(FTE), a non-profit organization founded by ordained minister Jon Buell in 354: 307: 299: 266:

The Design of Life: Discovering Signs of Intelligence in Biological Systems

257: 1545:

Why Intelligent Design Fails: A Scientific Critique of the New Creationism

1456: 361:, presenting arguments which he later presented in very similar terms as " 3107: 2537: 2208: 2172: 1896: 1862: 1642: 826: 784: 767: 727: 158: 3025: 1579: 3122: 2480: 919:

in which the contents and antecedents of the book came under scrutiny.

763: 556:

publications referring to biological design: a 1967 book co-written by

16:

Creationist supplementary textbook by Percival Davis and Dean H. Kenyon

837:

Scientific and education professional groups have strongly criticized

195:

is a controversial 1989 (2nd edition 1993) school-level supplementary

885: 283: 247: 123: 3152: 2213:"NCSE Resource – 9.0. Matzke (2006): The Story of the Pandas Drafts" 1561: 778:, also gave the book a positive. Evolution News and Views says that 766:

on December 5, 2007. California State University emeritus professor

527:

In 1987 a further draft of the book was produced with the new title

3026:

A Report on the ASA Conference Debate on Pandas and People Textbook

2932:

O:\Jones\Neiburg\Dover Area School District\Motion to Intervene.wpd

2184: 1447: 1231:

As Plaintiffs meticulously and effectively presented to the Court,

1072:, approved a local science teacher's proposal to use extracts from 239: 196: 3080: 1692:

In the Light of Evolution: Volume I: Adaptation and Complex Design

1587: 1520: 971:, rejected an appeal by a retired minister "to adopt the textbook 581:

magazine and found the term used occasionally." In a new draft of

263:

A third edition of the book was published in 2007 under the title

2920: 2770:'Religious Right' Reversed In Most Targeted School Board Races." 2541: 968: 941: 26: 20:

Of Pandas and People: The Central Question of Biological Origins

490: 192:

Of Pandas and People: The Central Question of Biological Origins

2910:

Former school board member 'misspoke' in advocating creationism

1496:"Science in the Courtroom: The Case against Intelligent Design" 2392:"Of Pandas and People: Creation Relabeled – The Panda's Thumb" 1505:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. pp. 160–186. 931: 762:

had 9 five star reviews, and only a single one star review on

2146:"Kitzmiller v. Dover: Day 6, AM: Barbara Forrest (continued)" 1542:

Menuge, Angus J. L. (2004). Young, Matt; Edis, Taner (eds.).

953: 544:

had presented an affidavit to the court in which he defined "

388: 212: 152: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2497: 1281:

Creationism's Trojan Horse: The Wedge of Intelligent Design

978:

In January 1993, right-wing members of the school board of

792: 743: 623:, and "cdesign proponentsists" has been described as "the 178: 3043:

The Elusive Scientific Basis of Intelligent Design Theory

2992:"Dover school board rescinds 'intelligent design' policy" 2284: 1040:

subsequently lost their seats on the Plano school board.

1406:. National Science Teachers Association. August 3, 2005. 306:, called it "a wholesale distortion of modern biology". 396:

writing of the book; in a November 1994 interview with

2860:"Evolution Struggle Shifts To Kansas School Districts" 1416: 1223:

The judge in the Dover trial specifically referred to

1091:

In March 2000, the science curriculum director of the

1002:, voted 121–2 to urge the local school board to adopt 830:

Edward Humes describes how this change was made after

2409: 2049:"Daily Kos: Know Your Creationists: Know Your Allies" 1992:"By any other name: intelligent design and evolution" 1123:

from science curriculum, but rejected a bid to adopt

746:

associated with the book began on December 17, 2007.

1867:"Design on Trial in Dover, Pennsylvania | NCSE" 1144:

became the focus of a litigation and controversy in

856:

of the University of California at Berkeley for the

2732:"Evangelism meetings not known to Fla. officials." 2373:, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005)., 2242:

Marketing letter from FTE to prospective publishers

414:

Unlocking the secrets: The Mystery of Life's Origin

2984: 2844:"School board won't buy anti-evolution textbook." 2533:Dembski's and Wells's Shenanigans: Just a Reminder 2386: 1861: 1503:Nonsense on Stilts: How to Tell Science from Bunk 1329:: An Analysis of the Intelligent Design Movement. 1130: 3166: 3129:Fundamentalists Launch Bogus "Supplemental Text" 2061: 1204:to which the Judge said it "strains credulity". 876:. Padian described the treatment of homology in 3019: 2322:"Edwards v. Aguillard: Dean Kenyon's Affidavit" 2067: 2014: 1925:"Kitzmiller v. Dover: Day 11, AM: Michael Behe" 960:. However, the book was rejected by the board. 2943: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 1946: 1028:"for fear of embroiling them in controversy". 3036: 2796:"Creationism creates dilemma in Chesapeake." 2203: 2201: 2105: 1084:That same year, another attempt to introduce 1031:In January 1995, conservative members of the 627:between creationism and intelligent design." 3210:Education controversies in the United States 2680:"School Board rejects book on creationism." 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 1797: 1671: 630: 3131:by William J. Bennetta, The Textbook League 3077:, 10(4) (July–August 1990), pp. 18–19. 2207: 2171: 2129: 552:case. Both authors had previously written 2467:, Casey Luskin, Evolution News and Views, 2198: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 1994:. St. Louis Journalism Review. Dec 1, 2005 1541: 1410: 1365:, p25, citing the testimony of John Haught 1264:, Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 1107:In August 1999, the local school board in 952:By 1990, a public campaign was mounted in 798:Dembski was interviewed about the book by 374: 25: 2857: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2258: 2235: 2010: 2008: 1455: 612:FTE founder Jon Buell says that the word 3158:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 3104:National Association of Biology Teachers 2979:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 2551: 2549: 2369:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 2046: 1851:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 1842: 1840: 1838: 1654:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 1638:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 1363:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 1159:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 1137:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 975:that would offer a creationist's view". 956:to urge the state school board to adopt 912:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 684:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 620:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 346:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 2348:. National Center for Science Education 2340: 2158: 2101: 2099: 1278: 568:'s account published in December 2005, 3167: 2447: 2360: 2005: 1942: 1940: 1895: 231:. The overview chapter was written by 3070:The Foundation for Thought and Ethics 3065:National Center for Science Education 3056:National Center for Science Education 3047:National Center for Science Education 2858:Steinberg, Jacques (25 August 1999). 2645:National Center for Science Education 2630:National Center for Science Education 2600: 2546: 2511:Amazon reviews for THE DESIGN OF LIFE 2440:"Witness dissects district's words." 2246:National Center for Science Education 2217:National Center for Science Education 2181:National Center for Science Education 2028:National Center for Science Education 1957:National Center for Science Education 1953:The Foundation for Thought and Ethics 1871:National Center for Science Education 1847:Pre-Trial transcript: July 14, Part 2 1835: 1811:National Center for Science Education 1791: 1779:National Center for Science Education 1740:National Center for Science Education 1301: 1192:In his decision on the motion, Judge 1068:In June 1999, the school district in 1009:In October 1994, school officials in 858:National Center for Science Education 715:is by Jon A. Buell, president of the 693: 448:Creation Biology Textbook Supplements 298:published three reviews of the book: 296:National Center for Science Education 291:implied in the "blueprint" metaphor. 2818:"Teachers tiptoe around evolution." 2719:"Right stokes new creationist row." 2096: 2106:Jonathan Witt (December 20, 2005). 2040: 1937: 1855: 1548:. Vol. 27. New Brunswick, NJ: 1490: 1056:In April 1997, the school board of 963:In March 1990, the school board in 405: 281:and the apparent sudden appearance 13: 2772:Associated Press Political Service 2496:, Denyse O'Leary, Uncommondescent 1272: 500:Louisiana "Balanced Treatment Act" 484:Louisiana "Balanced Treatment Act" 479:Supreme Court of the United States 339:. Jon Buell, the president of the 304:University of California, Berkeley 14: 3221: 3014: 2951:"Intelligent Design Board Ousted" 2341:Forrest, Barbara (1 April 2005). 1641:, p. 24, citing the testimony of 1111:, voted to remove any mention of 1035:, school trust proposed to adopt 990:to be taught in science classes. 717:Foundation for Thought and Ethics 381:Foundation for Thought and Ethics 341:Foundation for Thought and Ethics 219:(FTE). The textbook endorses the 217:Foundation for Thought and Ethics 95:Foundation for Thought and Ethics 998:In September 1994, residents of 774:The Discovery Institute's blog, 455:conclude the latter is correct. 446:A draft dated 1983 was entitled 365:" in a chapter in his 1996 book 31:Cover of the 1993 second edition 3205:Collaborative non-fiction books 3118:American Scientific Affiliation 2969: 2925: 2914: 2903: 2879: 2851: 2838: 2825: 2812: 2803: 2798:Virginian-Pilot and Ledger-Star 2790: 2777: 2761: 2748: 2739: 2726: 2713: 2700: 2687: 2674: 2661: 2649: 2634: 2620: 2589: 2578: 2557:Friday Five: William A. Dembski 2525: 2503: 2485: 2474: 2434: 2380: 2334: 2314: 2229: 1984: 1969: 1889: 1752: 1713: 1431:The Quarterly Review of Biology 1376: 1015:Institute for Creation Research 676:Institute for Creation Research 335:. A third edition was retitled 3061:Production of "Design of Life" 3052:Critique: Of Pandas and People 2693:"District debates evolution." 1659: 1647: 1630: 1535: 1484: 1396: 1352: 1342: 1164:American Civil Liberties Union 1131:2004–2005: Dover, Pennsylvania 1100:conservative legal group, the 1079:American Civil Liberties Union 926: 1: 2585:Critque: Of Pandas and People 1389: 1093:Kanawha County, West Virginia 379:The book is published by the 3020:Intelligent design advocates 2800:, Norfolk, VA, 22 April 1997 2020:"NCSE Resource – My Role in 1775:Reviews of Creationist Books 1736:Reviews of Creationist Books 1679:National Academy of Sciences 1063: 993: 922: 749: 719:, which is the publisher of 494:and "cdesign proponentsists" 459:A 1986 draft with the title 435:to write the foreword. When 7: 2481:Design of Life blog website 1807:Of Pandas and People Review 1440:University of Chicago Press 1324:Bell, John ( 1 June 2010). 1095:, school district selected 814: 754:Dembski wrote in his blog, 322: 10: 3226: 3149:, York (PA), July 15, 2005 3045:, by George W. Gilchrist, 3037:Intelligent design critics 2887:Of Behe and mammary glands 2734:New Orleans Times-Picayune 2297:"'Cdesign Proponentsists'" 1865:(September–October 2004). 1227:in his decision, stating: 1134: 1127:for educational purposes. 900: 728:materialistic explanations 690:under "creation science". 514:United States Constitution 343:, said that the ruling in 1279:Forrest, Barbara (2004). 1011:St. Lucie County, Florida 631:Publication and promotion 426:source that produced life 176: 164: 150: 138: 130: 118: 110: 100: 90: 80: 72: 64:(3rd Ed, under the title 36: 24: 3185:Intelligent design books 3135: 2695:Las Vegas Review-Journal 1905:The Panda's Thumb (blog) 1697:National Academies Press 1550:Rutgers University Press 1335: 776:Evolution News and Views 608:accept the latter view. 443:with Thaxton as editor. 393:Internal Revenue Service 3030:Access Research Network 2976:Ruling – context, p. 32 2656:Gross Misrepresentation 2641:Gross Misrepresentation 2343:"Expert Witness Report" 2073:"Expert Witness Report" 1947:John A. Thomas (1990). 1724:Gross Misrepresentation 1478:Article available from 1327:Angels, Apes and Pandas 1178:, co-author of the new 1025:The Wall Street Journal 880:as "shameful", citing: 653:Buell told supporters: 554:young Earth creationist 522:Young Earth creationism 516:, but that alternative 399:The Wall Street Journal 375:Origins and publication 238:. They present various 233:young Earth creationist 3200:Textbook controversies 3180:English-language books 3175:1989 non-fiction books 2723:, London. 30 July 1995 2390:(September 24, 2005). 1803:"A View From the Past" 1302:Humes, Edward (2007). 1267: 1202:Thomas More Law Center 1166:and other plaintiffs. 1121:origin of the Universe 1102:Thomas More Law Center 1070:Burlington, Washington 1053:as a school textbook. 894: 884:They pretend that the 791:, as well as refuting 672: 660: 610: 606:cdesign proponentsists 596: 538: 472:A 1987 draft entitled 470: 457: 363:irreducible complexity 353:For the 1993 edition, 242:arguments against the 2921:deposition (pp 57-58) 2783:"Dumping on Darwin." 2721:Independent On Sunday 1229: 1019:San Diego, California 882: 872:, and the concept of 783:substantial holes in 668: 655: 601: 591: 533: 465: 452: 424:as holding "that the 312:Texas Tech University 211:and published by the 3095:Of Pandas and People 3093:A Reader's Guide to 3082:Of Pandas and People 2682:St. Petersburg Times 2575:, December 14, 2007. 2118:on November 18, 2007 1777:ed Liz Rank Hughes, 1767:Of Pandas and People 1738:ed Liz Rank Hughes, 1728:Of Pandas and People 1699:. pp. 299–302. 1420:; Blancke, Stefaan; 1214:Establishment Clause 1171:Of Pandas and People 1142:Of Pandas and People 1125:Of Pandas and People 1097:Of Pandas and People 1086:Of Pandas and People 1074:Of Pandas and People 1058:Chesapeake, Virginia 1051:Of Pandas and People 1037:Of Pandas and People 1004:Of Pandas and People 984:Of Pandas and People 982:, sought to include 973:Of Pandas and People 958:Of Pandas and People 946:Of Pandas and People 907:Of Pandas and People 878:Of Pandas and People 847:Of Pandas and People 839:Of Pandas and People 832:Edwards v. Aguillard 821:Of Pandas and People 680:Of Pandas and People 636:Of Pandas and People 529:Of Pandas and People 510:Establishment Clause 505:Edwards v. Aguillard 461:Biology and Creation 316:Edwards v. Aguillard 289:intelligent designer 275:transitional fossils 253:Edwards v. Aguillard 3114:1995 annual meeting 2820:Cincinnati Enquirer 2756:Dallas Morning News 2573:Focus on the Family 2522:, December 5, 2007. 2471:, November 19, 2007 2469:Discovery Institute 2423:. November 13, 2007 2398:on November 9, 2016 2303:. 25 September 2008 2279:Wall Street Journal 2112:Discovery Institute 2085:on October 28, 2008 1981:, 14 November 1994. 1978:Wall Street Journal 1146:Dover, Pennsylvania 800:Focus on the Family 736:Kitzmiller v. Dover 701:Discovery Institute 566:Discovery Institute 518:scientific theories 474:Biology and Origins 431:Thaxton approached 357:wrote a chapter on 21: 3084:: A Brief Critique 2937:2005-09-28 at the 2892:2006-09-10 at the 2865:The New York Times 2846:Charleston Gazette 2833:Charleston Gazette 2822:, 13 December 1999 2667:"News – Alabama." 2567:, Devon Williams, 2563:2007-12-17 at the 2500:, January 3, 2009. 2388:Wesley R. Elsberry 2281:, 14 November 1994 2236:Jon Buell (1987). 2022:Kitzmiller v Dover 1683:Francisco J. Ayala 1492:Pigliucci, Massimo 1438:(4). Chicago, IL: 1186:The Design of Life 1176:William A. Dembski 866:Cambrian explosion 780:The Design of Life 760:The Design of Life 721:The Design of Life 713:The Design of Life 705:William A. Dembski 695:The Design of Life 587:intelligent design 428:was intelligent". 368:Darwin's Black Box 337:The Design of Life 225:intelligent design 85:Intelligent design 66:The Design of Life 57:William A. Dembski 54:(1st & 2nd Ed) 19: 3146:The York Dispatch 3123:The Panda's Thumb 3088:Kenneth R. Miller 2957:. 9 November 2005 2900:, 20 October 2005 2898:York Daily Record 2758:, 8 February 1995 2736:, 22 January 1995 2616:978-0-06-088548-9 2444:, 13 October 2005 2442:York Daily Record 2071:(April 1, 2007). 2047:Darksyde (2006). 1863:Nicholas J Matzke 1828:978-0-939873-52-4 1787:978-0-939873-52-4 1773:, republished in 1771:Bookwatch Reviews 1748:978-0-939873-52-4 1734:, republished in 1732:Bookwatch Reviews 1706:978-0-309-10405-0 1512:978-0-226-66786-7 1480:Universiteit Gent 1424:(December 2010). 1306:. Ecco. pp. 1262:John E. Jones III 1194:John E. Jones III 980:Vista, California 938: 937: 862:Bookwatch Reviews 572:as editor of the 302:, a biologist at 244:scientific theory 188: 187: 184:QH367.3 .D38 1993 111:Publication place 3217: 3100:Richard P. Aulie 3028:by Paul Nelson, 3008: 3007: 3005: 3003: 2998:. 4 January 2006 2988: 2982: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2947: 2941: 2929: 2923: 2918: 2912: 2907: 2901: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2855: 2849: 2842: 2836: 2829: 2823: 2816: 2810: 2807: 2801: 2794: 2788: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2765: 2759: 2752: 2746: 2743: 2737: 2730: 2724: 2717: 2711: 2710:, 2 October 1993 2704: 2698: 2691: 2685: 2678: 2672: 2671:, 9 January 1990 2665: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2638: 2632: 2624: 2618: 2604: 2598: 2593: 2587: 2582: 2576: 2553: 2544: 2529: 2523: 2507: 2501: 2489: 2483: 2478: 2472: 2460: 2445: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2428: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2403: 2394:. Archived from 2384: 2378: 2372: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2347: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2328: 2318: 2312: 2311: 2309: 2308: 2293: 2282: 2275: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2252: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2223: 2205: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2192: 2183:. Archived from 2169: 2156: 2155: 2153: 2152: 2142: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2123: 2114:. Archived from 2103: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2090: 2084: 2077: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2056: 2055: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2034: 2012: 2003: 2002: 2000: 1999: 1988: 1982: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1964: 1963: 1944: 1935: 1934: 1932: 1931: 1921: 1915: 1914: 1912: 1911: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1878: 1877: 1859: 1853: 1844: 1833: 1832: 1819: 1818: 1795: 1789: 1756: 1750: 1717: 1711: 1710: 1675: 1669: 1666:The Creationists 1663: 1657: 1651: 1645: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1621: 1617: 1615: 1607: 1539: 1533: 1532: 1500: 1488: 1482: 1477: 1459: 1422:Braeckman, Johan 1414: 1408: 1407: 1400: 1383: 1380: 1374: 1356: 1350: 1346: 1321: 1298: 1283:. OUP. pp. 1265: 1117:age of the Earth 1000:Louisville, Ohio 988:creation science 927: 870:history of birds 644:Houghton Mifflin 562:creation science 546:creation science 422:Special Creation 407:Creation Biology 333:Stephen C. Meyer 221:pseudoscientific 180: 154: 102:Publication date 29: 22: 18: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3215: 3214: 3165: 3164: 3155:Documentary on 3138: 3039: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3011: 3001: 2999: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2974: 2970: 2960: 2958: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2939:Wayback Machine 2930: 2926: 2919: 2915: 2908: 2904: 2894:Wayback Machine 2884: 2880: 2870: 2868: 2856: 2852: 2843: 2839: 2830: 2826: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2795: 2791: 2787:, 18 March 1996 2782: 2778: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2731: 2727: 2718: 2714: 2708:Washington Post 2705: 2701: 2692: 2688: 2684:, 15 March 1990 2679: 2675: 2666: 2662: 2654: 2650: 2639: 2635: 2625: 2621: 2606:Humes, Edward. 2605: 2601: 2594: 2590: 2583: 2579: 2565:Wayback Machine 2554: 2547: 2530: 2526: 2520:Uncommondescent 2516:William Dembski 2508: 2504: 2490: 2486: 2479: 2475: 2461: 2448: 2439: 2435: 2426: 2424: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2401: 2399: 2385: 2381: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2339: 2335: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2306: 2304: 2295: 2294: 2285: 2276: 2259: 2250: 2248: 2238:"NCSE Resource" 2234: 2230: 2221: 2219: 2206: 2199: 2190: 2188: 2170: 2159: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2143: 2130: 2121: 2119: 2104: 2097: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2075: 2069:Barbara Forrest 2066: 2062: 2053: 2051: 2045: 2041: 2032: 2030: 2016:Barbara Forrest 2013: 2006: 1997: 1995: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1974: 1970: 1961: 1959: 1949:"NCSE Resource" 1945: 1938: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1922: 1918: 1909: 1907: 1899:(Jan 4, 2009). 1894: 1890: 1875: 1873: 1860: 1856: 1845: 1836: 1816: 1814: 1796: 1792: 1757: 1753: 1718: 1714: 1707: 1676: 1672: 1664: 1660: 1652: 1648: 1635: 1631: 1619: 1618: 1609: 1608: 1572: 1562:10.2990/27_2_52 1540: 1536: 1513: 1498: 1489: 1485: 1418:Boudry, Maarten 1415: 1411: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1386: 1381: 1377: 1357: 1353: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1331:pp. 27–39. 1318: 1295: 1275: 1273:Further reading 1266: 1259: 1218:First Amendment 1139: 1133: 1066: 996: 965:Pinellas County 934: 932: 925: 903: 817: 756:Uncommondescent 752: 703:Senior Fellows 698: 640:Mesquite, Texas 633: 570:Charles Thaxton 496: 418:Charles Thaxton 416:by creationist 410: 377: 329:Charles Thaxton 325: 209:Charles Thaxton 169: 119:Media type 103: 63: 55: 53: 51:Charles Thaxton 48: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3223: 3213: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3163: 3162: 3150: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3111: 3090: 3078: 3067: 3058: 3049: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3033: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3015:External links 3013: 3010: 3009: 2983: 2968: 2942: 2924: 2913: 2902: 2878: 2850: 2848:, 16 June 2000 2837: 2835:, 4 April 2000 2824: 2811: 2802: 2789: 2776: 2774:, 20 June 1995 2760: 2747: 2738: 2725: 2712: 2699: 2686: 2673: 2660: 2648: 2633: 2619: 2599: 2588: 2577: 2545: 2524: 2502: 2484: 2473: 2464:Design of Life 2446: 2433: 2408: 2379: 2359: 2333: 2313: 2283: 2257: 2228: 2197: 2157: 2128: 2095: 2060: 2039: 2004: 1983: 1968: 1936: 1916: 1888: 1854: 1834: 1790: 1781:, 1992. p. 41 1751: 1742:, 1992. p. 37 1712: 1705: 1670: 1668:, 2006, p. 380 1658: 1646: 1629: 1620:|journal= 1570: 1534: 1511: 1483: 1457:1854/LU-952482 1448:10.1086/656904 1409: 1394: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1375: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1351: 1340: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1332: 1322: 1317:978-0060885489 1316: 1299: 1294:978-0195157420 1293: 1274: 1271: 1257: 1135:Main article: 1132: 1129: 1113:macroevolution 1065: 1062: 995: 992: 936: 935: 930: 924: 921: 902: 899: 886:Tasmanian wolf 851:paleontologist 816: 813: 789:common descent 751: 748: 709:Jonathan Wells 697: 692: 678:, which sells 632: 629: 558:Percival Davis 542:Dean H. Kenyon 495: 489: 441:Percival Davis 433:Dean H. Kenyon 409: 404: 376: 373: 359:blood clotting 324: 321: 277:, gaps in the 205:Dean H. Kenyon 201:Percival Davis 186: 185: 182: 174: 173: 170: 165: 162: 161: 156: 148: 147: 142: 136: 135: 132: 128: 127: 120: 116: 115: 112: 108: 107: 104: 101: 98: 97: 92: 88: 87: 82: 78: 77: 74: 70: 69: 61:Jonathan Wells 45:Dean H. Kenyon 41:Percival Davis 38: 34: 33: 30: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3222: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3190:Pseudoscience 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3160: 3159: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3139: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3096: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3031: 3027: 3024: 3023: 2997: 2993: 2987: 2980: 2977: 2972: 2956: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2936: 2933: 2928: 2922: 2917: 2911: 2906: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2888: 2882: 2867: 2866: 2861: 2854: 2847: 2841: 2834: 2828: 2821: 2815: 2806: 2799: 2793: 2786: 2785:Time Magazine 2780: 2773: 2764: 2757: 2751: 2742: 2735: 2729: 2722: 2716: 2709: 2703: 2697:, 15 May 1993 2696: 2690: 2683: 2677: 2670: 2664: 2658:NCSE Resource 2657: 2652: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2627:NCSE Resource 2623: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2592: 2586: 2581: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2552: 2550: 2543: 2540:, TalkReason 2539: 2535: 2534: 2528: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2512: 2506: 2499: 2495: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2477: 2470: 2466: 2465: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2443: 2437: 2422: 2418: 2412: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2383: 2376: 2371: 2370: 2363: 2344: 2337: 2323: 2317: 2302: 2298: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2280: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2232: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2204: 2202: 2187:on 2007-11-07 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2147: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2102: 2100: 2081: 2074: 2070: 2064: 2050: 2043: 2029: 2025: 2023: 2017: 2011: 2009: 1993: 1987: 1980: 1979: 1972: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1943: 1941: 1926: 1920: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1885: 1884: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1763:They're Here! 1760: 1755: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1708: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1693: 1688: 1687:John C. 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