60:. It exists in two recensions: the first, of nearly 10,000 lines, dates from the second half of the 13th century, and the much-abridged second recension, of about 2000 lines, from the 15th century. The first recension breaks off somewhat inconclusively, and many scholars believe this romance was never completed.
136:
Brought before
Vortigern, Merlin explains that a red dragon and a white dragon are fighting under the foundations of his castle. When they are dug up the white dragon kills the red one, and Merlin explains that this is an omen of Vortigern's coming expulsion by the rightful heir. Aurelius and Uther
287:
or the London area in the second half of the 13th century, making it the oldest known
English Arthurian romance. The second recension dates from the 15th century. The name of the original author is unknown, but stylistic, thematic, dialectal and other similarities have led some scholars to believe
353:
Of the first, pre-Arthurian, section of this romance John Edwin Wells observed that "the incidents...are attractive, partly because they are presented fluently, realistically, and dramatically", while Dieter Mehl conceded that it "is held together by a certain tension and unity of plot". There is,
176:
from a miraculous stone. Merlin and Ector reveal the boy's true identity, and he is crowned. Many kings refuse to acknowledge Arthur, and he embarks on a series of wars in which, with Merlin's constant aid, he eventually defeats first the rebel kings and then yet another army of invading Danes.
274:
The earliest and fullest recension of the poem, of 9,938 lines, exists only in the
Auchinleck Manuscript. This includes a prologue which does not appear in other manuscripts, and which may have been authored by a different poet. The second recension, surviving in the later manuscripts, includes
362:
found the main interest of the poem to lie in the character of "Merlin, the mystery man. By turns shape-shifter, strategist, master of statecraft...his disguises are always intriguing, his appearances always dramatic". Several critics have approved the poet's smooth handling of his metre, the
275:
only the first fifth of the story, and concludes at the end of Uther's reign. The wording of the second recension is so drastically different from the first as to suggest that it had at some point in its textual history been transmitted by memory rather than transcription.
419:
through his ownership of the 17th-century folio manuscript that now bears his name, in which a copy of the second recension appears; he wrote in the manuscript itself that it was "more correct and perfect than any in this book". The antiquary
104:, flee the country. Civil war breaks out, but Vortigern prevails with Angys' help; he rewards Angys with lands and marries his daughter. Fearing an invasion by Aurelius and Uther, Vortigern tries to build a castle for his own protection at
336:
by omitting passages of psychological subtlety and concentrating on simple narrative action; the element of courtly love is downplayed while battle and feasting scenes are expanded. Aurelis becomes a more minor character than in the
140:
Uther becomes king and drives out a fresh invasion of Danish "Saracens", though
Aurelius is killed in this enterprise. With Merlin's help, Uther reigns long and prosperously, conquering foreign lands and setting up the
203:. The poem returns to Merlin, Gawain, his brothers and their allies, whose many battles against the pagan armies are related one after another. Arthur is betrothed to Gvenour and defeats Rion.
363:
four-stress couplet, Likewise there has been praise for the lyrical verses on the seasons of the year with which the romance is sprinkled. It has been noted that the poet was capable of using
187:, travel to London to join Arthur, but he is not there, and in his absence London is being attacked by pagan armies, which the brothers defeat. Arthur is meanwhile, in incognito, aiding king
354:
however, general agreement that the second part, dealing almost exclusively with Arthur's many wars, tends toward monotony through want of differentiation between his many battles.
322:, but in the sections before Arthur's coronation it also draws on some unidentifiable work in the Brut tradition, that is to say one of the chronicles of pseudohistory based on
123:
306:. Scholars often treat this romance as having been intended for a popular audience, but it has also been argued that it was aimed at the gentry or even at children.
395:
survive to show that it was in the late middle ages and beyond one of the most popular
English chivalric romances. It is therefore not surprising that there was a
108:, but every night the walls collapse. His clerks advise him that the walls must be smeared with the blood of a child who was begotten by no man.
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of
England, inherits his father's kingdom, but defends his country so poorly against the invading Danes, led by
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912:. The Routledge History of English Poetry. Volume 1. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 116.
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463:
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1285:. Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages, II. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp. 83–90.
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649:. Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages, II. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p. 837.
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157:, and sleeps with her. When the duke is killed in battle Uther and Ygerne marry. Their son
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532:. Early English Text Society. Original Series, 268 and 279. Oxford: Oxford University Press
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The Arthur of the
English: The Arthurian Legend in Medieval English Life and Literature
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The Arthur of the
English: The Arthurian Legend in Medieval English Life and Literature
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Putter, Ad (2013) . "A historical introduction". In Putter, Ad; Gilbert, Jane (eds.).
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Burnley, David (2001) . "Of
Arthour and of Merlin". In Barron, W. R. J. (ed.).
903:
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Thompson, John J. (2001) . "Authors and audiences". In Barron, W. R. J. (ed.).
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fathers a child by raping a pious girl, hoping that his son will be as evil as
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included a very detailed abstract of this romance, covering 120 pages, in his
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745:
Goodrich, Peter (1990). "Middle
English romances". In Goodrich, Peter (ed.).
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Uther dies, and Arthur proves his right to the throne by pulling the sword
1324:
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Enchanted Ground: The Study of Medieval Romance in the Eighteenth Century
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1257:. The Oxford History of English Literature, I. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
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The Middle English Romances of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries
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The primary source of the poem is the French prose romance called the
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41:
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Ackerman, Robert W. (1974) . "English rimed and prose romances". In
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in 1510, which was in turn the main source of a Dutch chapbook, the
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The first recension of the poem is believed to have been written in
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89:, that his barons murder him and enthrone his treacherous steward,
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Bishop Percy's Folio Manuscript: Ballads and Romances. Volume 1
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and, especially, the use of those verbal formulas that typify
341:, and Merlin is not, as in the earlier work, a prophet of the
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duly arrive, burn Vortigern in his castle, and kill Angys.
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plays a large part. It can claim to be the earliest English
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1100:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 691–692.
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Chivalric Romances: Popular Literature in Medieval England
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Medieval English Poetry: The Non-Chaucerian Tradition
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785:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 71.
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A Manual of the Writings in Middle English 1050–1400
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The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature
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A Lytel Treatyse of þe Byrth and Prophecye of Marlyn
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The Oxford Guide to Arthurian Literature and Legend
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161:is born, and is given by Merlin to be fostered by
1159:Les Archives de littérature du Moyen Âge (ARLIMA)
510:Merlin. MS. Lincoln's Inn 150: A Critical Edition
288:that he was the same poet who wrote the romances
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278:
1421:The Spirit of Medieval English Popular Romance
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1194:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 480–519.
1134:. London: The Athlone Press. pp. 93, 223
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426:Specimens of Early English Metrical Romances
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1155:"Of Arthour and of Merlin. Bibliographie"
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491:Arthour and Merlin nach der Auchinleck-Hs
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165:, who raises him along with his own son,
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1009:. London: Faber and Faber. p. 39.
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526:Macrae-Gibson, O. D., ed. (1973–1979).
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122:, is baptised by the girl's confessor,
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1424:. London: Routledge. pp. 1–14.
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1311:as medieval children's literature".
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411:(c. 1540). In the mid-18th century
1368:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1254:Middle English Literature 1100–1400
1153:Alamichel, Marie-Françoise (2018).
748:The Romance of Merlin: An Anthology
684:. National Library of Scotland. n.d
40:giving an account of the reigns of
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1452:. New Haven: Yale University Press
751:. New York: Garland. p. 129.
622:Database of Middle English Romance
332:. It simplifies the story of the
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1529:
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248:, MS Douce 236, late 15th century
96:Constans's two younger brothers,
1307:Clifton, Nicole (Summer 2003). "
52:'s reign, in which the magician
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279:Date, authorship and audience
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513:(Ph.D.). Stanford University
507:Holland, William E. (1971).
446:. Edinburgh: Abbotsford Club
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318:, the second romance in the
262:London, British Library, MS
224:National Library of Scotland
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1518:Works of unknown authorship
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391:Enough late manuscripts of
241:, MS 150, late 14th century
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1446:Wells, John Edwin (1916).
624:. University of York. 2012
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207:Manuscripts and recensions
70:, a French prose romance.
1216:Barron, W. R. J. (1987).
1128:Johnston, Arthur (1964).
682:The Auchinleck Manuscript
494:. Leipzig: O. R. Reisland
386:
329:Historia Regum Britanniae
149:. He falls in love with
1474:: The Auchinleck MS text
1472:Of Arthour and of Merlin
1309:Of Arthour and of Merlin
1219:English Medieval Romance
529:Of Arthour and of Merlin
212:Of Arthour and of Merlin
23:Of Arthour and of Merlin
1049:Bennett & Gray 1990
967:Bennett & Gray 1990
840:Bennett & Gray 1990
779:Ramsey, Lee C. (1983).
593:Bennett & Gray 1990
464:Furnivall, Frederick J.
303:The Seven Sages of Rome
195:against his enemy king
118:was good. This child,
48:and the early years of
1513:Works based on Merlin
1390:Mehl, Dieter (1968).
1362:Lupack, Alan (2005).
1325:10.1353/art.2003.0031
1186:Loomis, Roger Sherman
1003:Speirs, John (1957).
618:"Arthour and Merline"
239:Lincoln's Inn Library
232:Auchinleck Manuscript
81:, eldest son of king
64:s main source is the
26:, also known as just
1498:Middle English poems
1090:"Romance after 1400"
1051:, pp. 171, 189.
993:, pp. 152, 223.
561:, pp. 239, 283.
472:. London: N. Trübner
409:Historie van Merlijn
324:Geoffrey of Monmouth
297:Richard Coer de Lyon
1222:. London: Longman.
1075:, pp. 240–241.
969:, pp. 170–171.
957:, pp. 239–240.
815:, pp. 33, 227.
377:rhetorical question
1488:13th-century poems
365:rhetorical devices
98:Aurelius Ambrosius
62:Arthur and Merlin'
32:, is an anonymous
1245:Bennett, J. A. W.
1063:, pp. 86–87.
1039:, pp. 43–44.
878:, pp. 83–85.
607:, pp. 11–12.
417:Arthur and Merlin
393:Arthur and Merlin
334:Estoire de Merlin
316:Estoire de Merlin
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733:Barron 1987
721:Putter 2013
576:Lupack 2005
381:epic poetry
268:Percy Folio
222:Edinburgh,
143:Round Table
127: [
50:King Arthur
1482:Categories
1313:Arthuriana
1292:0708316832
1264:0198122284
1229:0582492203
1201:0198115881
1178:References
1107:0521444209
1037:Wells 1916
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559:Mehl 1968
546:Footnotes
371:, homely
349:Criticism
228:Advocates
193:Carohaise
163:Sir Ector
112:The Devil
106:Salisbury
91:Vortigern
83:Constance
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432:Editions
428:(1805).
397:chapbook
251:London,
244:Oxford,
237:London,
189:Leodegan
185:King Lot
79:Constans
74:Synopsis
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373:similes
339:Estoire
310:Sources
266:27879 (
201:Gvenour
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