669:
83:
55:
27:
706:, recorded his deeds a few decades later. Khalji was assigned two villages on the border of Bihar which had become a political no-man's land. Sensing an opportunity, he began a series of plundering raids into Bihar and was recognised and rewarded for his efforts by his superiors. Emboldened, Khalji decided to attack a fort in Bihar and was able to successfully capture it, looting it with a great booty. The fort was destroyed with all of its inhabitants slaughtered and the library burnt. He later came to know that the fort was a
48:
76:
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they were all slain. There were a great number of books there; and, when all these books came under the observation of the
Musalmans, they summoned a number of Hindus that they might give them information respecting the import of those books; but the whole of the Hindus had been killed. On becoming acquainted , it was found that the whole of that fortress and city was a college, and in the Hindui tongue, they call a college Bihar.
405:. During the Pala period, Vikramshila was the leading monastery; and the state funding to Vikramshila and Odantapuri far exceeded what was granted to Nalanda. As a result, while Nalanda was struggling for survival around the 11th century CE, Odantapuri had a rival institution thriving under the royal patronage of Palas.
643:
The lamp was lit, but suddenly a raven appeared and threw the lamp into a lake. Dharmapala was distressed, but that night the king of the Nagas came to him and said ā "I am thy father, and I will cause this lake to dry up. Thou shalt build thy temple in the place of it. (In order to bring this about)
635:
At an auspicious hour when religious ceremonies for the child were being performed, the head of a serpent haughtily rose up, which caused the king to get enraged. He resolved to cut it off, but a ring was shown to him, on which he beheld the characters of the Nagas. He then continued to worship, and
717:
Muhammad-i-Bakht-yar, by the force of his intrepidity, threw himself into the postern of the gateway of the place, and they captured the fortress and acquired great booty. The greater number of the inhabitants of that place were
Brahmans, and the whole of those Brahmans had their heads shaven, and
412:'s son, who mainly honoured the SrÄvakas of Odantapuri, maintaining five hundred monks and fifty teachers. As an annexe to Odantapuri, he built a vihara called Uruvasa, to provide livelihood and accommodation to five hundred "SrÄvaka Sendhapas" (SrÄvaka Saindhavas or Singhala SrÄvakas, who were
639:
When
Dharmapala grew up, he was possessed with a desire to build a temple more magnificent than others and enquired soothsayers on this matter. They said that it was necessary to make a wick out of cotton belonging to ascetics and Brahmins, get oil from houses of kings and merchants, obtain an
729:
While many historians believe that this monastery which was mistaken for a fort was
Odantapura, some are of the opinion that it was Nalanda instead; even though the Tabaqat-i-Nasiri mentions "Adwand Bihar" among the conquests of Khalji, which is obviously a corruption of the name "Uddandapura
1999:
680:, depicts the Muslim Turkic general Bakhtiyar Khalji's massacre of Buddhist monks in Bihar, India. Khaliji destroyed the Nalanda, Vikramashila, and Odantapuri universities during his raids across North Indian plains, massacring many Buddhist and
640:
oil-burner from a place of penance, and burn a lamp using those and place it before the tutelary deity. If the king addressed an entreaty, the serpent of
Dharmapala would throw the lamp away, and the temple must be built where the lamp falls.
733:
Taranatha writes that the emperor of
Magadha had fortified the monastery and stationed some soldiers with whom the monks joined in repulsing the invaders. He mentions that one of the early raids on Odantapuri was repulsed and the
442:
and
Buddhist works. It was burnt under the orders of one of the generals of Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji, when Khalji's army sacked the monastery around the end of the 12th century CE. The monks who survived the massacre fled to
573:. The gold couldn't be used by anyone after Unna's death, so before he died he buried it under the earth praying that it might benefit all living beings in future. Then he handed over the Odantapuri vihara to king Devapala.
562:
who came to be known as Unna
Upasaka built the colossal temple of Odantapuri using the gold. The craftsmen and artists who worked on the building were paid with that gold, and it was also used for maintenance of 500
288:, was also discovered in Bihar Sharif. Based on inscriptions along with local tradition and literary evidence, it is believed that the modern town of Bihar Sharif is built on the ancient site of Odantapuri.
527:), if he does it in the second try, he will gain intermediate success, and if he catches it in the third try, he will get small success. However, if he failed to catch it even after the third time, the
628:
and gave it to the queen's maidservant. While crossing a bridge, the maidservant fell down and the drug was carried away by the stream to the ocean. It was seized and swallowed by the king of the
919:
Report of a Tour
Through the Bengal Provinces of Patna, Gaya, Mongir, and Bhagalpur, the Santal Parganas, Manbhum, Singhbhum, & Birbhum, Bankura, Raniganj, Bardwan and Hughli in 1872-73
1747:
489:) called Narada, who had miraculous powers, sought a strong, brave, and truthful companion versed in all crafts and branches of knowledge, to assist him in a ritual with a corpse (
632:, who was the sovereign of the ocean. By the power of the drug, he became subjected to power of the queen, and united with her. From their union, a son named Dharmapala was born.
311:, there is a station called Bihar-Sharif. If one looks to the west after reaching the station, one will see a low mound." This is said to contain the ruins of Odantapuri Vihara.
318:
in Bihar Sharif which is a huge mound itself. A number of sculptures of the Pala period and some partial brick structures have occasionally been reported from this mound.
351:
were built over it. By the 1960s, the ruins of the fort had almost totally disappeared as the area was occupied by a portion of the town itself. The original campus of
644:
thou must perform sacrifices for seven weeks." This was accordingly done. On the 21st day the lake was dried up, and in its place the temple of
Odantapuri was built.
1740:
595:
meaning "going up or flying". According to the legend, the temple was called so because Unna had flown over Sumeru and seen the mountain along with its four
1246:
537:
sat with his own mouth near the corpse's, and caught its tongue with his teeth. Then the tongue became a sword, and the corpse turned into gold. When the
1733:
1438:
366:
Gopala, the founder of the Pala dynasty, who ascended the throne of Bengal in 750 CE, founded the monastic university at Odantapuri. According to
742:, who journeyed to India between 1234 and 1236, Odantapuri was turned into a military headquarters of the Turkic forces after its destruction.
656:
monastery, which was the first Buddhist monastery in Tibet, was modelled upon Odantapuri (which in turn was modelled after Sumeru and the four
355:
was also built in that area, and both the college and the neighbourhood are still called 'Udantpuri' after the name of the ancient university.
1350:
1989:
1421:
1979:
1873:
1105:
726:) and its monks (the shaved Brahmans). The exact date of this event is not known, with scholarly estimates ranging from 1197 to 1206.
1017:
730:
vihara". However, considering that the two Mahaviharas were only a few kilometres apart, both very likely befell a similar fate.
1974:
609:
555:. When he returned he gave the sword to Narada, who let him have the gold but warned him not to spend it for immoral purposes.
1984:
1969:
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According to Taranatha and Sumpa, Odantapuri was built using the gold that was miraculously obtained in a mystical process.
119:
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They performed the ritual and as it was reaching fulfilment, Narada said that when the corpse sticks its tongue out, the
1203:
1073:
Journal of Francis Buchanan (afterwards Hamilton) kept during the survey of the districts of Patna and Gaya in 1811-1812
1678:
985:. Translated by Das, Sarat Chandra. University of California. Calcutta, Pub. by the Presidency Jail Press. p. 142.
624:
for some magical power so that she could bring him under her influence. The Brahmin brought an enchanted drug from the
1169:
838:
1994:
47:
1575:
950:
1290:
254:, a Turko-Muslim invader in the late 1100s, when he launched multiple raids on Bihar and adjoining territories.
75:
1044:
677:
352:
251:
184:
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533:(corpse) will devour them both and then empty the whole world. After failing to catch the tongue twice, the
348:
239:. Inscriptional evidence also indicates that the Mahavihara was supported by local Buddhist kings like the
329:) used to have the remains of an ancient fort surrounded by a wide moat, which was visible till the time
281:
980:
416:). While he allowed Vikramashila to retain its position, he made Uruvasa a centre of great veneration.
1230:
330:
1801:
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must catch it. He told him that if he catches it in the first try, he will attain supreme success (
613:, Bu-ston recounts the story of Dharmapala's birth and how he built the monastery at Odantapuri.
379:
265:
first identified the city of Bihar (Bihar Sharif) with Odantapuri; as the city used to be called
240:
1316:
1046:
Patterns in Past Settlements: Geospatial Analysis of Imprints of Cultural Heritage on Landscapes
423:, along with fifty teachers in Odantapuri "permanently lived a thousand monks belonging to both
1636:
Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India: Their History and Their Contribution to Indian Culture
917:
1465:
1379:
1943:
1918:
1725:
2000:
Religious buildings and structures destroyed in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent
1706:
Tabakat-i-Nasiri ā A General History of the Muhammadan Dynasties of Asia Including Hindustan
1580:. Translated by Chimpa, Lama; Chattopadhyaya, Alaka. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 442.
1836:
402:
371:
770:
344:
in the 12th century. The fort is believed to have been part of the Odantapuri university.
8:
1822:
1808:
398:
300:
262:
32:
1186:
1948:
1150:
1000:
878:
809:
798:"Significance of Tibetan Sources in the Study of Odantapuri and Vikaramsila Mahavihars"
668:
1558:
1088:
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in the 8th century. It is considered the second oldest of India's Mahaviharas after
1858:
1688:
1519:
1134:
702:
1292:
Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600-1400
299:) thought that it was āerected on a hill near the town of modern Behar.ā However,
35:
in the 1870s. The fort is believed to have been part of the Odantapuri university.
1668:
1634:
1601:
1398:
1333:
828:
766:
434:
The temple library of the Odantapuri vihara was loftier than those at Vajrasana (
31:
Photograph of the old ruined gate of the fort at Bihar Sharif in Bihar, taken by
1071:
1908:
1780:
1700:
1664:
735:
697:
692:
chieftain out to make a name for himself, was in the service of a commander in
689:
617:
413:
358:
However, the location of Odantapuri has not yet been conclusively established.
250:
fell in decline in the 11th century, and may have been looted and destroyed by
1523:
1138:
896:
510:, but Narada convinced him by promising him wealth which could be used by the
1963:
1913:
1898:
1883:
1868:
1531:
1146:
874:
491:
370:, however, the Odantapuri monastery was built by Gopala's son and successor,
134:
121:
1507:
1122:
1853:
1829:
739:
394:
347:
Over the years many civil and municipal buildings like the Civil Court and
212:
1720:
1338:. Part IV. Vol. VII. Calcutta: The Buddhist Text Society. p. 19.
859:"'Destruction' and 'Decline' of NÄlandÄ MahÄvihÄra: Prejudices and Praxis"
1863:
722:
This passage refers to an attack on a Buddhist monastery (the "Bihar" or
439:
341:
224:
882:
858:
813:
797:
1888:
901:
542:
523:
386:
208:
497:
1878:
625:
584:(Odantapuri) meant "soaring on high". This might be derived from the
459:
Various legends are associated with the establishment of Odantapuri:
435:
375:
707:
1938:
1933:
738:
force of five hundreds was defeated. According to the biography of
585:
476:
428:
424:
420:
409:
296:
284:, bearing a votive inscription on the back that mentioned the name
228:
205:
1093:. Patna: Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute. pp. 45ā46.
495:). He couldn't find anyone who met the criteria except a Buddhist
1893:
1773:
1574:
TÄranÄtha (Jo-nang-pa) (1990). Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad (ed.).
681:
621:
616:
Gopala's queen Dedda Devi, who was the daughter of a king of the
564:
541:
held the sword he began to fly in the sky. He flew to the top of
390:
367:
236:
232:
629:
295:
depending on the account by Sumpa Khan-po (18th century Tibetan
1815:
1610:. Vol. II. Delhi: B. R. Publishing Corporation. p. 3.
1107:
Directory of Bihar Archaeology: Silver Jubilee Year Publication
529:
485:
308:
1755:
431:. Occasionally even twelve thousand monks congregated there."
762:
693:
653:
547:
448:
444:
408:
Taranatha mentions a king called MahÄpÄla, who he claims was
333:
visited it in 1812. According to Hamilton, it was built by a
304:
220:
216:
106:
1695:(5 ed.). New Delhi: The Archaeological Survey of India.
1538:
480:
336:
978:
1670:
Volume 1 of Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals
1489:
1487:
833:. British Museum Research Publications. pp. 40ā58.
1076:. Superintendent, Govt.Printing, Patna. pp. 89ā90.
1019:
NÄlandÄ-- Buddhism and the World: Golden Jubilee Volume
1573:
922:. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing.
1484:
1426:. Translated by Obermiller, Eugene. pp. 156ā157.
688:
In around 1193 CE, Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji, a
1614:
1335:
Journal of the Buddhist Text & Research Society
830:
Pithipati Puzzles: Custodians of the Diamond Throne
1467:Land of seven rivers: History of India's Geography
1022:(in Hindi). Nava Nalanda Mahavihara. p. 304.
1709:. Translated by Major H. G. Raverty. p. 552.
1419:
863:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka
438:) and Nalanda and contained a vast collection of
223:. It is believed to have been established by the
1961:
652:Tibetan sources indicate that the 8th century
620:, had no power over Gopala; and hence asked a
462:
314:This is likely a reference to the locality of
1741:
1699:
1544:
1384:Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India
1110:. Patna: Bihar Puravid Parishad. p. 235.
602:
280:A small brass image of Buddha's birth mother
1248:The History and Culture of the Indian People
419:According to Taranatha, during the reign of
1556:
1505:
1120:
599:, and hence built Odantapuri in its model.
506:initially refused to be the assistant to a
1874:Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics
1748:
1734:
1506:Rajani, M. B.; Kumar, Viraj (2021-09-01).
1121:Rajani, M. B.; Kumar, Viraj (2021-09-01).
948:
802:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
636:devoted himself to the child's education.
1604:(1943). "The Muslim Conquest of Bengal".
1470:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 130ā1.
1403:The Journal of the Bihar Research Society
1208:. Library of Tibetan Works and Archives.
1201:
820:
385:Odantapuri was part of a network of five
1577:TÄranÄtha's History of Buddhism in India
1318:Taranatha's History Of Buddhism In India
1167:
667:
340:(king of Magadha), and was destroyed by
1663:
1493:
1443:. Shambhala Publications. p. 148.
1348:
1069:
1962:
1600:
1463:
1436:
1423:History Of Buddhism In India and Tibet
1399:"Notes on a Tibetan account of Bengal"
1396:
1377:
1042:
915:
826:
795:
672:The image, in the chapter on India in
610:History of Buddhism in India and Tibet
1729:
1687:
1620:
1380:"Nalanda and its Epigraphic Material"
1184:
1103:
1086:
1015:
998:
952:The "PĆ„ala-Sena" Schools of Sculpture
856:
378:, it was founded by either Gopala or
1632:
1464:Sanyal, Sanjeev (15 November 2012).
1228:
994:
992:
974:
972:
852:
850:
791:
789:
713:Minhaj-i-Siraj wrote of this attack:
558:Narada then flew to heaven, and the
1331:
1288:
1049:. Springer Nature. pp. 71ā72.
979:Sumpa Khan-po YeƧe Pal Jor (1908).
955:. Brill Archive. pp. 116ā118.
545:and circled it along with the four
13:
1990:Buddhist universities and colleges
1639:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
1351:"From Monasteries to Universities"
389:in eastern India. The others were
303:stated: āOn the railway line from
291:About the location of Odantapuri,
277:(derived from "Dandpura Vihara").
82:
54:
14:
2011:
1980:Buildings and structures in Bihar
1714:
1265:Genesis and Development of Tantra
1261:
1202:Taranatha, Jo Nang (2007-01-01).
1168:Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1943).
989:
969:
847:
786:
1440:Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism
1188:The Antiquarian Remains in Bihar
1090:The Antiquarian Remains in Bihar
674:Hutchison's Story of the Nations
81:
74:
53:
46:
25:
1657:
1626:
1594:
1567:
1550:
1508:"Where Was Odantapuri Located?"
1499:
1457:
1430:
1413:
1390:
1371:
1342:
1325:
1309:
1282:
1255:
1251:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 1964.
1239:
1222:
1195:
1178:
1161:
1123:"Where Was Odantapuri Located?"
1114:
1097:
1080:
1063:
1036:
1009:
752:
1295:. University of Hawaii Press.
1205:The Seven Instruction Lineages
942:
926:
909:
889:
663:
1:
1975:Buddhist monasteries in India
1721:The Six Buddhist Universities
1235:. A. Mukherjee & Company.
949:Huntington, Susan L. (1984).
779:
647:
576:Sumpa Khan-po mentioned that
353:Sardar Patel Memorial College
252:Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji
185:Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji
1985:Medieval Indian universities
1970:Defunct Buddhist monasteries
1355:Handbook of Oriental Studies
1043:Rajani, M. B. (2020-09-29).
935:The Indian Antiquary, Vol.47
273:, which is a contraction of
7:
1437:Powers, John (2007-11-09).
1332:Das, Sarat Chandra (1905).
1229:Bose, Mainak Kumar (1988).
999:Barua, Dipak Kumar (1969).
257:
10:
2016:
1760:centres of higher learning
1673:. Har-Anand Publications.
1378:Sastri, Hirananda (1939).
603:Dharmapala and the serpent
454:
361:
1847:Other centres of learning
1846:
1766:Major centres of learning
1765:
1524:10.1007/s12045-021-1230-0
1349:Scharfe, Hartmut (2002).
1171:The History of Bengal ...
1139:10.1007/s12045-021-1230-0
938:. 1918. pp. 109ā110.
796:Anupam, Hitendra (2001).
696:. The Persian historian,
179:
171:
163:
158:
150:
113:
102:
40:
24:
1016:Panth, Rabindra (2001).
1002:Viharas In Ancient India
745:
514:to spread his religion.
187:in the late 12th-century
1995:Buddhist sites in Bihar
1420:bu ston rin chen grub.
1070:Jackson, V. H. (1925).
827:Balogh, Daniel (2021).
241:Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya
1701:Minhaj-ud-Din, Maulana
1633:Dutt, Sukumar (1988).
1397:Sarkar, S. C. (1941).
916:Beglar, J. D. (1878).
720:
685:
1944:Vidyalankara Pirivena
1919:Sunethradevi Pirivena
1607:The History of Bengal
1185:Patil, D. R. (1963).
1104:Sinha, B. P. (2000).
1087:Patil, D. R. (1963).
857:Singh, Anand (2013).
715:
671:
374:; while according to
1557:H G Raverty (1873).
1289:Sen, Tansen (2003).
1232:Late Classical India
1174:University of Dacca.
235:and was situated in
301:dge-ādun-chos-āphel
263:Joseph David Beglar
131: /
33:Joseph David Beglar
21:
16:Buddhist Mahavihara
1949:Vidyodaya Pirivena
1693:A Guide to Nalanda
1545:Minhaj-ud-Din 1881
686:
204:) was a prominent
167:8thā9th century CE
154:Centre of learning
90:Odantapuri (Bihar)
62:Shown within India
19:
1957:
1956:
1924:Telhara monastery
1689:Ghosh, Amalananda
1646:978-81-208-0498-2
1587:978-81-208-0696-2
1477:978-81-8475-671-5
1450:978-1-55939-282-2
1364:978-90-04-12556-8
1302:978-0-8248-2593-5
1275:978-5-88134-784-0
1268:. Š ŠøŠæŠ¾Š» ŠŠ»Š°ŃŃŠøŠŗ.
1215:978-81-86470-65-7
1056:978-981-15-7466-5
1029:978-81-88242-02-3
962:978-90-04-06856-8
771:Wiktionary, 'ą¤ą¤¢ą¤¼'
331:Buchanan Hamilton
191:
190:
135:25.197Ā°N 85.518Ā°E
93:Show map of Bihar
65:Show map of India
2007:
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897:"Odantapuri"
891:
869:(1): 23ā49.
866:
862:
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801:
758:
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740:Dharmasvamin
732:
728:
723:
721:
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678:James Meston
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213:Bihar Sharif
201:
197:
193:
192:
1864:Kanchipuram
808:: 424ā428.
664:Destruction
524:maha-siddhi
440:Brahmanical
387:Mahaviharas
342:Muhammedans
286:Uddandapura
267:Bihar Dandi
202:Uddandapura
138: /
114:Coordinates
1964:Categories
1889:Manyakheta
1795:Pushpagiri
1788:Odantapuri
1621:Ghosh 1965
902:Britannica
780:References
676:edited by
648:Influences
582:Otantapuri
553:upa-dvipas
551:and their
372:Dharmapala
271:Dand Bihar
209:Mahavihara
198:Odantapura
194:Odantapuri
126:85Ā°31ā²05ā³E
123:25Ā°11ā²49ā³N
20:Odantapuri
1929:Udayagiri
1904:Ratnagiri
1879:Lalitgiri
1837:Jagaddala
1532:0973-712X
1512:Resonance
1357:. BRILL.
1155:240328592
1147:0973-712X
1127:Resonance
875:1391-720X
684:scholars.
626:Himalayas
436:Bodh Gaya
403:Jagaddala
376:Taranatha
172:Abandoned
1939:Varanasi
1934:Ujjayini
1823:Vallabhi
1809:Somapura
1756:Ancient
1703:(1881).
1691:(1965).
1667:(2004).
883:43854933
814:44148119
736:Turushka
593:uddyanta
589:uddayana
586:Sanskrit
571:upasakas
569:and 500
566:bhikshus
508:tirthika
486:tantrika
477:tirthika
465:tirthika
429:Mahayana
425:Hinayana
421:Ramapala
410:Mahipala
399:Somapura
380:Devapala
323:Gadh Par
316:Gadh Par
297:polymath
282:Mahamaya
258:Location
229:Gopala I
206:Buddhist
103:Location
1894:Paithan
1869:Kanheri
1774:Nalanda
1758:Dharmic
700:in his
682:Brahmin
622:Brahmin
560:upasaka
539:upasaka
535:upasaka
519:upasaka
512:upasaka
498:upasaka
455:Legends
391:Nalanda
368:Bu-ston
362:History
327:Garhpar
293:S.C.Das
237:Magadha
233:Nalanda
164:Founded
159:History
109:, India
1884:Mansar
1854:Ajanta
1816:Taxila
1677:
1643:
1584:
1530:
1474:
1447:
1409:: 384.
1361:
1299:
1272:
1212:
1153:
1145:
1053:
1026:
959:
881:
873:
837:
812:
724:Vihara
708:vihara
690:Turkic
658:dvipas
597:dvipas
578:Otanta
548:dvipas
543:Sumeru
530:vetala
504:upaska
401:, and
309:Rajgir
248:vihara
227:ruler
180:Events
1386:(66).
1151:S2CID
879:JSTOR
810:JSTOR
763:Hindi
746:Notes
694:Awadh
654:Samye
630:Nagas
449:Tibet
445:Nepal
335:Maga
305:Patna
221:India
217:Bihar
107:Bihar
1675:ISBN
1641:ISBN
1582:ISBN
1528:ISSN
1472:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1359:ISBN
1297:ISBN
1270:ISBN
1210:ISBN
1143:ISSN
1051:ISBN
1024:ISBN
957:ISBN
871:ISSN
835:ISBN
769:) -
759:gaį¹h
502:The
481:yogi
463:The
447:and
427:and
337:Raja
325:(or
246:The
225:Pala
151:Type
1520:doi
1135:doi
660:).
607:In
580:in
307:to
269:or
215:in
200:or
1966::
1526:.
1516:26
1514:.
1510:.
1486:^
1407:27
1405:.
1401:.
1382:.
1353:.
1149:.
1141:.
1131:26
1129:.
1125:.
991:^
971:^
899:.
877:.
867:58
865:.
861:.
849:^
806:61
804:.
800:.
788:^
710:.
591:,
474:A
451:.
397:,
393:,
382:.
243:.
219:,
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1735:v
1683:.
1649:.
1590:.
1563:.
1534:.
1522::
1480:.
1453:.
1367:.
1321:.
1305:.
1278:.
1218:.
1157:.
1137::
1059:.
1032:.
1005:.
965:.
905:.
885:.
843:.
816:.
500:.
483:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
