1551:
this "requires, among others, working towards the development of international human rights instruments and their translation into national laws and regulations and affirmative measures that challenge age discrimination and recognise older people as autonomous subjects". Older people's music participation contributes to the maintenance of interpersonal relationships and promoting successful ageing. At the same time, older persons can make contributions to society including caregiving and volunteering. For example, "A study of
Bolivian migrants who moved to Spain found that 69% left their children at home, usually with grandparents. In rural China, grandparents care for 38% of children aged under five whose parents have gone to work in cities."
1588:(UNFPA) estimates that by 2050 that number will rise to approximately 22%. Ageing has occurred due to development which has enabled better nutrition, sanitation, health care, education and economic well-being. Consequently, fertility rates have continued to decline and life expectancy has risen. Life expectancy at birth is over 80 now in 33 countries. Ageing is a "global phenomenon", that is occurring fastest in developing countries, including those with large youth populations, and poses social and economic challenges to the work which can be overcome with "the right set of policies to equip individuals, families and societies to address these challenges and to reap its benefits".
1435:
1795:
and disability, b) high cognitive and physical functioning, and c) social and productive engagement. The study cited previous was also done back in 1987 and therefore, these factors associated with successful ageing have probably been changed. With the current knowledge, scientists started to focus on learning about the effect spirituality in successful ageing. There are some differences in cultures which of these components are the most important. Most often across cultures social engagement was the most highly rated but depending on the culture the definition of successful ageing changes.
1566:
1629:
639:
66:
631:
580:
889:
1782:
the study sample remained in the same status at baseline and follow-up (61%). Around one-fourth of participants transitioned from the high IC to the low deterioration status, and only 3% of the participants improved their status. Interestingly, the probability of improvement was observed in the status of high deterioration. Participants in the latent statuses of low and high levels of deterioration had a significantly higher risk of frailty, disability and dementia than their high IC counterparts.
1753:), the R70i exoskeleton, and the AGNES (Age Gain Now Empathy Suit) suits. These suits create the feelings of the effects of ageing by adding extra weight and increased pressure in certain points like the wrists, ankles and other joints. In addition, the various suits have different ways to impair vision and hearing to simulate the loss of these senses. To create the loss of feeling in hands that the elderly experience, special gloves are a part of the uniforms.
846:
through surgery. Glaucoma is another common visual disease that appears in older adults. Glaucoma is caused by damage to the optic nerve, causing vision loss. Glaucoma usually develops over time, but there are variations to glaucoma, and some have a sudden onset. There are a few procedures for glaucoma, but there is no cure or fix for the damage, once it has occurred. Prevention is the best measure in the case of glaucoma.
460:
1257:: Dogs annually lose approximately 3.3% of the DNA in their heart muscle cells while humans lose approximately 0.6% of their heart muscle DNA each year. These numbers are close to the ratio of the maximum longevities of the two species (120 years vs. 20 years, a 6/1 ratio). The comparative percentage is also similar between the dog and human for yearly DNA loss in the brain and lymphocytes. As stated by lead author,
623:
1457:
1616:
persons, also benefit entire families especially in times of crisis when there may be a shortage or loss of employment within households. A study by the
Australian Government in 2003 estimated that "women between the ages of 65 and 74 years contribute A$ 16 billion per year in unpaid caregiving and voluntary work. Similarly, men in the same age group contributed A$ 10 billion per year."
326:
1682:"A life-cycle approach to health care – one that starts early, continues through the reproductive years and lasts into old age – is essential for the physical and emotional well-being of older persons, and, indeed, all people. Public policies and programmes should additionally address the needs of older impoverished people who cannot afford health care."
1671:, who states that life can be worthwhile during old age, and that longevity should be pursued in association with the attainment of quality of life. Faria claims that postponement of senescence as well as happiness and wisdom can be attained in old age in a large proportion of those who lead healthy lifestyles and remain intellectually active.
1608:
developed countries. UNFPA stated that, "Sustainability of these systems is of particular concern, particularly in developed countries, while social protection and old-age pension coverage remain a challenge for developing countries, where a large proportion of the labour force is found in the informal sector."
1600:
the number of young workers. Older people generally incur more health-related costs than do younger people in the workplace and can also cost more in worker's compensation and pension liabilities. In most developed countries an older workforce is somewhat inevitable. In the United States for instance, the
1697:
It has been estimated that population ageing only explains 0.2 percentage points of the annual growth rate in medical spending of 4.3% since 1970. In addition, certain reforms to the
Medicare system in the United States decreased elderly spending on home health care by 12.5% per year between 1996 and
1309:
Studies of mtDNA mutator mice have shown that increased levels of somatic mtDNA mutations directly can cause a variety of ageing phenotypes. The authors propose that mtDNA mutations lead to respiratory-chain-deficient cells and thence to apoptosis and cell loss. They cast doubt experimentally however
845:
Other visual diseases that often appear with age are cataracts and glaucoma. A cataract occurs when the lens of the eye becomes cloudy, making vision blurry; it eventually causes blindness if untreated. They develop over time and are seen most often with those that are older. Cataracts can be treated
1823:
A man's days are numbered. You know the number of his months. He cannot live longer than the time You have set. So now look away from him that he may rest, until he has lived the time set for him like a man paid to work. For there is hope for a tree, when it is cut down, that it will grow again, and
1709:
have evolved over time, and as scientific research in cosmeceuticals, cosmetic products seen to have medicinal benefits like anti-ageing creams, has increased, the industry has also expanded; the kinds of products they produce (such as serums and creams) have gradually gained popularity and become a
1689:
However, the annual growth in national health spending is not mainly due to increasing demand from ageing populations, but rather has been driven by rising incomes, costly new medical technology, a shortage of health care workers and informational asymmetries between providers and patients. A number
1599:
age rises accordingly. According to the United
Nations, this process is taking place in nearly every country in the world. A rising median age can have significant social and economic implications, as the workforce gets progressively older and the number of old workers and retirees grows relative to
1781:
A recent study found four "profiles" or "statuses" of intrinsic capacity among older adults, namely high IC (43% at baseline), low deterioration with impaired locomotion (17%), high deterioration without cognitive impairment (22%) and high deterioration with cognitive impairment (18%). Over half of
1721:
is held to celebrate and congratulate an individual for turning 60 years old. In China, respect for elderly is often the basis for how a community is organized and has been at the foundation of
Chinese culture and morality for thousands of years. Older people are respected for their wisdom and most
1611:
The global economic crisis has increased financial pressure to ensure economic security and access to health care in old age. To elevate this pressure "social protection floors must be implemented in order to guarantee income security and access to essential health and social services for all older
817:
and may, in fact, remain steady throughout most of the human lifespan, dropping suddenly only as people near the end of their lives. Individual variations in the rate of cognitive decline may therefore be explained in terms of people having different lengths of life. There are changes to the brain:
1794:
can be traced back to the 1950s and was popularized in the 1980s. Traditional definitions of successful ageing have emphasized absence of physical and cognitive disabilities. In their 1987 article, Rowe and Kahn characterized successful ageing as involving three components: a) freedom from disease
1650:
includes disengagement theory, activity theory, selectivity theory, and continuity theory. Retirement, a common transition faced by the elderly, may have both positive and negative consequences. As cyborgs currently are on the rise some theorists argue there is a need to develop new definitions of
1760:
Design is another field that could benefit from the empathy these suits may cause. When designers understand what it feels like to have the impairments of old age, they can better design buildings, packaging, or even tools to help with the simple day-to-day tasks that are more difficult with less
1729:
has been correlated with higher well-being and reduced mortality among the elderly. Various reasons have been proposed for this association; people who are objectively healthy may naturally rate their health better as than that of their ill counterparts, though this link has been observed even in
1550:
study. In a UNFPA report about ageing in the 21st century, it highlighted the need to "Develop a new rights-based culture of ageing and a change of mindset and societal attitudes towards ageing and older persons, from welfare recipients to active, contributing members of society". UNFPA said that
849:
In addition to physical symptoms, aging can also cause a number of mental health issues as older adults deal with challenges such as the death of loved ones, retirement and loss of purpose, as well as their own health issues. Some warning signs are: changes in mood or energy, changes in sleep or
1615:
It has been argued that population ageing has undermined economic development and can lead to lower inflation because elderly individuals care especially strongly about the value of their pensions and savings. Evidence suggests that pensions, while making a difference to the well-being of older
1607:
Among the most urgent concerns of older persons worldwide is income security. This poses challenges for governments with ageing populations to ensure investments in pension systems continues to provide economic independence and reduce poverty in old age. These challenges vary for developing and
1685:
Many societies in
Western Europe and Japan have ageing populations. While the effects on society are complex, there is a concern about the impact on health care demand. The large number of suggestions in the literature for specific interventions to cope with the expected increase in demand for
1201:
effect when referring to an entire genetic programme (the organism diverting limited resources from maintenance to reproduction). The biological mechanisms which regulate lifespan probably evolved with the first multicellular organisms more than a billion years ago. However, even single-celled
411:
In humans, ageing represents the accumulation of changes in a human being over time and can encompass physical, psychological, and social changes. Reaction time, for example, may slow with age, while memories and general knowledge typically increase. Ageing is associated with increased risk of
1619:
Due to increasing share of the elderly in the population, health care expenditures will continue to grow relative to the economy in coming decades. This has been considered as a negative phenomenon and effective strategies like labour productivity enhancement should be considered to deal with
1284:
induction can enhance clearance of toxic intracellular waste associated with neurodegenerative diseases and has been comprehensively demonstrated to improve lifespan in yeast, worms, flies, rodents and primates. The situation, however, has been complicated by the identification that autophagy
1713:
The increase in demand for cosmeceuticals has led scientists to find ingredients for these products in unorthodox places. For example, the secretion of cryptomphalus aspersa (or brown garden snail) has been found to have antioxidant properties, increase skin cell proliferation, and increase
1581:), they are more likely to push for political and social change, to develop and adopt new technologies, and to need education. Older people have different requirements from society and government, and frequently have differing values as well, such as for property and pension rights.
758:
is classified as an ageing disease. It leads to cardiovascular disease (for example, stroke and heart attacks), which, globally, is the most common cause of death. Vessel ageing causes vascular remodelling and loss of arterial elasticity, and as a result, causes the stiffness of the
1737:
As people age, subjective health remains relatively stable, even though objective health worsens. In fact, perceived health improves with age when objective health is controlled in the equation. This phenomenon is known as the "paradox of ageing". This may be a result of
974:
alterations (including DNA methylation patterns, post-translational modification of histones, and chromatin remodelling). Ageing and disease are related to a misregulation of gene expression through impaired methylation patterns, from hypomethylation to hypermethylation.
5810:
Wolf FI, Fasanella S, Tedesco B, Cavallini G, Donati A, Bergamini E, Cittadini A (March 2005). "Peripheral lymphocyte 8-OHdG levels correlate with age-associated increase of tissue oxidative DNA damage in
Sprague-Dawley rats. Protective effects of caloric restriction".
1777:
Intrinsic capacity is a construct encompassing people's physical and mental abilities which can be drawn upon during ageing. Intrinsic capacity comprises the domains of: cognition, locomotion, vitality/nutrition, psychological and sensory (visual and hearing).
4873:"A heart that beats for 500 years: age-related changes in cardiac proteasome activity, oxidative protein damage and expression of heat shock proteins, inflammatory factors, and mitochondrial complexes in Arctica islandica, the longest-living noncolonial animal"
1389:
is credited with lowering the risk of heart disease and early death. The major contributors to mortality risk reduction appear to be a higher consumption of vegetables, fish, fruits, nuts and monounsaturated fatty acids, such as by consuming olive oil.
1756:
Use of these suits may help to increase the amount of empathy felt for the elderly and could be considered particularly useful for those who are either learning about ageing, or those who work with the elderly, such as nurses or care centre staff.
1646:, ageing as decline, ageing as a life-cycle event, ageing as generation, and ageing as survival. Positive correlates with ageing often include economics, employment, marriage, children, education, and sense of control, as well as many others. The
858:
A distinction can be made between "proximal ageing" (age-based effects that come about because of factors in the recent past) and "distal ageing" (age-based differences that can be traced to a cause in a person's early life, such as childhood
841:
causes vision loss and increases with age, affecting nearly 12% of those above the age of 80. This degeneration is caused by systemic changes in the circulation of waste products and by the growth of abnormal vessels around the retina.
597:
1360:
DNA damage in organs of ageing rats and mice. Thus, reduction of oxidative DNA damage is associated with a slower rate of ageing and increased lifespan. In a 2021 review article, Vijg stated that "Based on an abundance of evidence,
836:
is reduced, which can lead to isolation and possible depression. Older adults, however, may not experience depression as much as younger adults, and were paradoxically found to have improved mood, despite declining physical health.
1250:
and therefore hindering regeneration. However, lifelong studies of mice suggest that most mutations happen during embryonic and childhood development, when cells divide often, as each cell division is a chance for errors in DNA
1409:
People who participate in moderate to high levels of physical exercise have a lower mortality rate compared to individuals who are not physically active. The majority of the benefits from exercise are achieved with around 3500
1714:
extracellular proteins such as collagen and fibronectin (important proteins for cell proliferation). Another substance used to prevent the physical manifestations of ageing is onobotulinumtoxinA, the toxin injected for Botox.
748:, a syndrome of decreased strength, physical activity, physical performance and energy, affects 25% of those over 85. Muscles have a reduced capacity of responding to exercise or injury and loss of muscle mass and strength (
6123:
1742:; for instance, the older people get, the more they may consider themselves in better health than their same-aged peers. Elderly people often associate their functional and physical decline with the normal ageing process.
7567:
6154:"Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
936:
that affect the systems responsible for maintenance, repair and defense responses. Factors causing errors or damage include internal and environmental events that induce cumulative deterioration in one or more
1666:
hypothesis is a "fantasy" and that human life is not worth living after age 75; longevity then should not be a goal of health care policy. This opinion has been contested by neurosurgeon and medical ethicist
1734:, psychological functioning and health status. This finding is generally stronger for men than women, though this relationship is not universal across all studies and may only be true in some circumstances.
598:
554:, adult cells can be rejuvenated to embryonic status and then used to grow a new tissue or animal without ageing. Normal human cells however die after about 50 cell divisions in laboratory culture (the
1769:
The healthy ageing framework, proposed by the World Health
Organation operationalizes health as functional ability, which results from the interactions of intrinsic capacity and the environments.
432:. Of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two-thirds die from age-related causes. Certain lifestyle choices and socioeconomic conditions have been linked to ageing.
1197:
effect when referring to a gene (pleiotropy signifying the gene has a double function – enabling reproduction at a young age but costing the organism life expectancy in old age) and is called the
777:
becomes more common with age. About 3% of people between the ages of 65 and 74, 19% of those between 75 and 84, and nearly half of those over 85 years old have dementia. The spectrum ranges from
932:. Programmed factors follow a biological timetable that might be a continuation of inherent mechanisms that regulate childhood growth and development. This regulation would depend on changes in
7044:
1414:(MET) minutes per week. For example, climbing stairs 10 minutes, vacuuming 15 minutes, gardening 20 minutes, running 20 minutes, and walking or bicycling for 25 minutes on a daily basis would
2771:
Rodríguez
Valiente A, Trinidad A, García Berrocal JR, Górriz C, Ramírez Camacho R (August 2014). "Extended high-frequency (9–20 kHz) audiometry reference thresholds in 645 healthy subjects".
1686:
long-term care in ageing societies can be organized under four headings: improve system performance; redesign service delivery; support informal caregivers; and shift demographic parameters.
530:
Even within humans and other mortal species, there are cells with the potential for immortality: cancer cells which have lost the ability to die when maintained in a cell culture such as the
1819:(c. 6th century BC) describes the human lifespan as inherently limited and makes a comparison with the innate immortality that a felled tree may have when undergoing vegetative regeneration:
1543:
ageing may be distinguished from "social ageing" (cultural age-expectations of how people should act as they grow older) and "biological ageing" (an organism's physical state as it ages).
7378:
Sargent-Cox KA, Anstey KJ, Luszcz MA (September 2008). "Determinants of self-rated health items with different points of reference: implications for health measurement of older adults".
1722:
important decisions have traditionally not been made without consulting them. This is a similar case for most Asian countries such as the
Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Singapore, etc.
596:
7266:
Kunzmann U, Little TD, Smith J (September 2000). "Is age-related stability of subjective well-being a paradox? Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from the Berlin Aging Study".
7653:"Screening for intrinsic capacity impairments as markers of increased risk of frailty and disability in the context of integrated care for older people: Secondary analysis of MAPT"
853:
Older adults are more prone to social isolation as well, which can further increase the risk for physical and mental conditions such as anxiety, depression, and cognitive decline.
7575:
4272:
Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ (May 2006). "Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data".
7227:"Gender differences in the self-rated health-mortality association: is it poor self-rated health that predicts mortality or excellent self-rated health that predicts survival?"
727:(presbycusis), inhibiting spoken communication. Many vertebrates such as fish, birds and amphibians do not develop presbycusis in old age, as they are able to regenerate their
8625:
356:
8645:
1011:(the authors point out however that a causal link between ageing and increased mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species is no longer supported by recent research)
4985:
Durkin A, Fisher CR, Cordes EE (August 2017). "Extreme longevity in a deep-sea vestimentiferan tubeworm and its implications for the evolution of life history strategies".
1193:
for in evolution. Traits that benefit early survival and reproduction will be selected for even if they contribute to an earlier death. Such a genetic effect is called the
1658:
and the postponement of senescence are cost-effective health care goals given finite health care resources. Because of the accumulated infirmities of old age, bioethicist
1328:, create damage that may give rise to the symptoms we recognise as ageing. The effect of calorie restriction may be due to increased formation of free radicals within the
8650:
1584:
In the 21st century, one of the most significant population trends is ageing. Currently, over 11% of the world's current population are people aged 60 and older and the
1539:. A bus fare might be discounted for the young or old. Each nation, government, and non-governmental organization has different ways of classifying age. In other words,
1051:(e.g., loss of microbial diversity, expansion of enteropathogens, and altered vitamin B12 biosynthesis) is correlated with biological age rather than chronological age.
8712:
8687:
7755:
Baltes PB, Baltes MM (1990). "Psychological perspectives on successful aging: The model of selective optimization with compensation". In Baltes PB, Baltes MM (eds.).
3251:"International variability in ages at menarche, first livebirth, and menopause. World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives"
1577:(decreased death rate) and decreased birth rate. Ageing has a significant impact on society. Young people tend to have fewer legal privileges (if they are below the
1464:
Different cultures express age in different ways. The age of an adult human is commonly measured in whole years since the day of birth. (The most notable exception—
1116:
such as wheat and watermelons die each year and reproduce by sexual reproduction. In 2008 it was discovered that inactivation of only two genes in the annual plant
605:
Teenagers begin to lose the ability to hear high-pitched sounds. Beyond the age of 25, many adults cannot hear this 10-second audio clip at a frequency of 17.4 kHz.
3079:
Pathai S, Shiels PG, Lawn SD, Cook C, Gilbert C (March 2013). "The eye as a model of ageing in translational research—molecular, epigenetic and clinical aspects".
955:
One 2013 review assessed ageing through the lens of the damage theory, proposing nine metabolic "hallmarks" of ageing in various organisms but especially mammals:
8752:
896:
In the 21st century, researchers are only beginning to investigate the biological basis of ageing even in relatively simple and short-lived organisms, such as
8717:
1761:
dexterity. Designing with the elderly in mind may help to reduce the negative feelings that are associated with the loss of abilities that the elderly face.
8577:
1573:
Population ageing is the increase in the number and proportion of older people in society. Population ageing has three possible causes: migration, longer
8757:
8587:
8582:
473:
Human beings and members of other species, especially animals, age and die. Fungi, too, can age. In contrast, many species can be considered potentially
8762:
8722:
349:
297:
1293:
Accumulation of errors: The idea that ageing results from chance events that escape proofreading mechanisms, which gradually damages the genetic code.
8805:
8795:
8682:
3044:
Truscott RJ (February 2009). "Presbyopia. Emerging from a blur towards an understanding of the molecular basis for this most common eye condition".
1503:
Most legal systems define a specific age for when an individual is allowed or obliged to do particular activities. These age specifications include
8702:
1690:
of health problems become more prevalent as people get older. These include mental health problems as well as physical health problems, especially
1092:
It is likely that most of these pathways affect ageing separately, because targeting them simultaneously leads to additive increases in lifespan.
521:
with respect to the survival of its species. This classic biological idea has however been perturbed recently by the discovery that the bacterium
8697:
8538:
7913:
3492:
Ryall JG, Schertzer JD, Lynch GS (August 2008). "Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying age-related skeletal muscle wasting and weakness".
287:
599:
8737:
7542:
6696:"Why I hope to die at 75: An argument that society and families – and you – will be better off if nature takes its course swiftly and promptly"
6645:
5158:
Sampaio-Marques, Belém; Burhans, William C.; Ludovico, Paula (2019). "Yeast at the Forefront of Research on Ageing and Age-Related Diseases".
8662:
8604:
8599:
517:
320 million years ago. The sexual organism could henceforth pass on some of its genetic material to produce new individuals and could itself
342:
1275:
is formed by a complex reaction in cells that binds fat to proteins. Lipofuscin may accumulate in the cells as small granules during ageing.
443:) may cause biological systems to fail, or to the programmed ageing concept, whereby the internal processes (epigenetic maintenance such as
8742:
8727:
8692:
8635:
8630:
8572:
1100:
The rate of ageing varies substantially across different species, and this, to a large extent, is genetically based. For example, numerous
649:
A number of characteristic ageing symptoms are experienced by a majority, or by a significant proportion of humans during their lifetimes.
3438:, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, et al. (March 2001). "Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype".
8800:
8790:
8732:
8640:
8095:
900:. Little is known of mammalian ageing, in part due to the much longer lives of even small mammals, such as the mouse (around 3 years). A
302:
8780:
8747:
8667:
8655:
8594:
7462:
3580:
1202:
organisms such as yeast have been used as models in ageing, hence ageing has its biological roots much earlier than multi-cellularity.
1500:", "teenagers", "twentysomething", "thirtysomething", etc. as well as "denarian", "vicenarian", "tricenarian", "quadragenarian", etc.
1290:
Wear-and-tear theory: The general idea that changes associated with ageing are the result of chance damage that accumulates over time.
8707:
8473:
1310:
on the common assumption that mitochondrial mutations and dysfunction lead to increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
1044:
in the elderly in the absence of viral infection, due to over-activation and a decrease in the precision of the innate immune system
8785:
8677:
8672:
8609:
1120:
leads to its conversion into a potentially immortal perennial plant. The oldest animals known so far are 15,000-year-old Antarctic
4064:"Improved mood despite worsening physical health in older adults: Findings from the International Mobility in Aging Study (IMIAS)"
1811:
as having a regenerative capacity which makes it immortal, which is the historical background to the name of the biological genus
1612:
persons and provide a safety net that contributes to the postponement of disability and prevention of impoverishment in old age".
2093:
1127:
Clonal immortality apart, there are certain species whose individual lifespans stand out among Earth's life-forms, including the
626:
Enlarged ears and noses of old humans are sometimes blamed on continual cartilage growth, but the cause is more probably gravity.
3967:
Marner L, Nyengaard JR, Tang Y, Pakkenberg B (July 2003). "Marked loss of myelinated nerve fibers in the human brain with age".
8259:
7096:"Associations of Awareness of Age-Related Change With Emotional and Physical Well-being: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
6822:
Saltman RB, Dubois HF, Chawla M (2006). "The impact of aging on long-term care in Europe and some potential policy responses".
4047:
Worrall L, Hickson LM (2003). "Theoretical foundations of communication disability in aging". In Worrall L, Hickson LM (eds.).
3730:
1485:
128:
7421:
Idler EL (November 1993). "Age differences in self-assessments of health: age changes, cohort differences, or survivorship?".
2980:
762:
Evidence suggests that age-related risk of death plateaus after the age of 105. The maximum human lifespan is suggested to be
7772:
7635:
7608:
7362:
6629:
6604:
6464:
6260:
6133:
5185:
5091:
4692:
4394:
4023:
3951:
3923:
3890:
1925:
312:
1034:
altered intercellular communication (encompassing especially inflammation but possibly also other intercellular interactions
8840:
8567:
5412:
Carroll B, Hewitt G, Korolchuk VI (2013). "Autophagy and ageing: implications for age-related neurodegenerative diseases".
4156:
Nussbaum JF, Thompson TL, Robinson JD (1989). "Barriers to conversation". In Nussbaum JF, Thompson TL, Robinson JD (eds.).
1468:—is becoming less common, particularly in official contexts.) Arbitrary divisions set to mark periods of life may include
1222:: DNA damage is thought to be the common basis of both cancer and ageing, and it has been argued that intrinsic causes of
854:
805:
or general knowledge such as vocabulary definitions. These typically increase or remain steady until late adulthood (see
513:, which occurred with the emergence of the fungal/animal kingdoms approximately a billion years ago, and the evolution of
8342:
7906:
2843:
2815:
527:
may split into distinguishable daughter cells, which opens the theoretical possibility of "age classes" among bacteria.
8913:
8835:
8062:
6695:
4171:
1194:
490:
Early life forms on Earth, starting at least 3.7 billion years ago, were single-celled organisms. Such organisms (
4199:
5044:
917:, and other factors. Most known mutations and RNA interference targets that extend lifespan were first discovered in
222:
6773:"Longevity and compression of morbidity from a neuroscience perspective: Do we have a duty to die by a certain age?"
6722:"Bioethics and why I hope to live beyond age 75 attaining wisdom!: A rebuttal to Dr. Ezekiel Emanuel's 75 age limit"
6527:
5311:
Robert L, Labat-Robert J, Robert AM (August 2010). "Genetic, epigenetic and posttranslational mechanisms of aging".
3628:"Aging and atherosclerosis: mechanisms, functional consequences, and potential therapeutics for cellular senescence"
1365:
is now considered as the single most important driver of the degenerative processes that collectively cause ageing."
8974:
8485:
7307:"Walking difficulty, walking speed, and age as predictors of self-rated health: the women's health and aging study"
1860:
1725:
Positive self-perceptions of ageing are associated with better mental and physical health and well-being. Positive
1362:
1261:, "... genetic damage (particularly gene loss) is almost certainly (or probably the) central cause of ageing."
1223:
968:
attrition (the authors note that artificial telomerase confers non-cancerous immortality to otherwise mortal cells)
814:
510:
7001:
Juhász ML, Levin MK, Marmur ES (June 2018). "The use of natural ingredients in innovative Korean cosmeceuticals".
1679:
With age inevitable biological changes occur that increase the risk of illness and disability. UNFPA states that:
8088:
1079:
986:
518:
7899:
5397:
Gavrilov LA, Gavrilova NA (2006). "Reliability Theory of Aging and Longevity". In Masoro EJ, Austad SN (eds.).
5058:
1935:
1632:
1585:
1520:
1339:
870:. Of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two-thirds--100,000 per day--die from
307:
3708:
3535:
Betik AC, Hepple RT (February 2008). "Determinants of VO2 max decline with aging: an integrated perspective".
30:
This article is about ageing specifically in humans. For the ageing of whole organisms including animals, see
8918:
8104:
7699:
6386:
Vincent JA (December 2005). "Understanding generations: political economy and culture in an ageing society".
1239:
913:– having a short lifespan of 2–3 weeks – enabling genetic manipulations or suppression of gene activity with
55:
7147:"Discussion: Gender Differences in Self-Rated Health, in Mortality, and in the Relationship Between the Two"
5952:
Rees K, Takeda A, Martin N, Ellis L, Wijesekara D, Vepa A, et al. (Cochrane Heart Group) (March 2019).
1235:
8845:
8138:
7700:"Exploring the natural history of intrinsic capacity impairments: longitudinal patterns in the 10/66 study"
7353:
Developmental Regulation in Adulthood: Age-Normative and Sociostructural Constraints as Adaptive Challenges
5107:
Guerin JC (June 2004). "Emerging area of aging research: long-lived animals with "negligible senescence"".
3669:"Epidemiology of Atherosclerosis and the Potential to Reduce the Global Burden of Atherothrombotic Disease"
1547:
1536:
850:
eating habits, pain, sadness, unhealthy coping mechanisms such as smoking, suicidal ideations, and others.
700:
589:
267:
17:
7879:
3752:
8169:
7069:
4921:
2969:. Cologne: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care. 25 March 2015 – via NCBI Bookshelf.
2197:
677:
After age 30, the mass of the human body is decreased until 70 years and then shows damping oscillations.
90:
6429:
4920:
Nielsen J, Hedeholm RB, Heinemeier J, Bushnell PG, Christiansen JS, Olsen J, et al. (August 2016).
634:
Age dynamics of the body mass (1, 2) and mass normalized to height (3, 4) of men (1, 3) and women (2, 4)
8426:
8081:
5083:
1985:
1975:
1890:
1601:
1357:
1353:
1231:
1219:
1212:
1168:
242:
47:
7651:
González-Bautista, Emmanuel; de Souto Barreto, Philipe; Andrieu, Sandrine; et al. (August 2021).
7460:(December 1996). "Characterization of older adults who attribute functional decrements to "old age"".
4922:"Eye lens radiocarbon reveals centuries of longevity in the Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus)"
1226:
are the most important causes of ageing. Genetic damage (aberrant structural alterations of the DNA),
179:
8495:
8468:
8382:
7965:
7938:
7534:
2223:
1247:
871:
867:
778:
429:
282:
3578:
Ranganathan VK, Siemionow V, Sahgal V, Yue GH (November 2001). "Effects of aging on hand function".
2678:
Forster P, Hohoff C, Dunkelmann B, Schürenkamp M, Pfeiffer H, Neuhuber F, Brinkmann B (March 2015).
1717:
In some cultures, old age is celebrated and honoured. In Korea, for example, a special party called
989:, which is the most conserved ageing-controlling pathway in evolution and among its targets are the
752:) is common. Maximum oxygen use and maximum heart rate decline. Hand strength and mobility decrease.
447:) inherently may cause ageing. Programmed ageing should not be confused with programmed cell death (
8164:
7953:
6659:
Wejbrandt A (December 2014). "Defining aging in cyborgs: a bio-techno-social definition of aging".
6500:
4241:
3452:
1990:
1663:
1643:
1532:
1465:
1085:
833:
671:
292:
257:
227:
213:
6052:"Mediterranean diet associated with lower risk of early death in cardiovascular disease patients.
3915:
8335:
7698:
Gonzalez-Bautista, Emmanuel; Llibre-Guerra, Jorge Jesus; Sosa, Ana L; et al. (1 July 2023).
7508:
6051:
5276:
Freitas AA, de Magalhães JP (2011). "A review and appraisal of the DNA damage theory of ageing".
3214:
Vary JC (November 2015). "Selected Disorders of Skin Appendages--Acne, Alopecia, Hyperhidrosis".
1880:
1840:
1647:
1394:
1321:
1109:
1060:
There are three main metabolic pathways which can influence the rate of ageing, discussed below:
794:
786:
35:
6337:
8969:
8887:
8870:
8865:
8409:
8042:
8037:
6550:
4236:
3447:
1940:
1870:
1642:
In the field of sociology and mental health, ageing is seen in five different views: ageing as
1242:), can cause abnormal gene expression. DNA damage causes the cells to stop dividing or induces
909:
818:
after 20 years of age, there is a 10% reduction each decade in the total length of the brain's
790:
782:
643:
506:
into daughter cells, thus do not age and are potentially immortal under favourable conditions.
474:
421:
413:
7183:"Self-rated health, gender, and mortality in older persons: introduction to a special section"
7094:
Sabatini S, Silarova B, Martyr A, Collins R, Ballard C, Anstey KJ, et al. (August 2020).
6949:"Botulinum Toxin Application in Facial Esthetics and Recent Treatment Indications (2013–2018)"
4227:
De Grey AD (2007). "Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations".
3880:
3292:"Defining and mapping the person with osteoarthritis for population studies and public health"
1017:(accumulation of no longer dividing cells in certain tissues, a process induced especially by
8938:
8392:
7922:
5954:"Mediterranean-style diet for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease"
3339:
2312:
Miller, Freda D.; Kaplan, David R. (February 2007). "To Die or Not to Die: Neurons and p63".
1434:
1164:
1008:
397:
232:
6989:
Standards of beauty have changed through centuries with increased awareness about esthetics.
6152:
Kyu HH, Bachman VF, Alexander LT, Mumford JE, Afshin A, Estep K, et al. (August 2016).
4775:"Flowering-time genes modulate meristem determinacy and growth form in Arabidopsis thaliana"
9000:
8438:
8387:
8118:
7977:
7797:
5764:
5660:
5116:
5077:
4994:
4933:
4075:
3788:
3172:
2499:
2433:
2422:"Rapid emergence of life shown by discovery of 3,700-million-year-old microbial structures"
2368:
1875:
1855:
1731:
1411:
838:
184:
5751:
Hamilton ML, Van Remmen H, Drake JA, Yang H, Guo ZM, Kewitt K, et al. (August 2001).
8:
8959:
8877:
8503:
8480:
8450:
7948:
4012:"The Effects of Normal Aging on Nerve Fibers and Neuroglia in the Central Nervous System"
3413:
2889:
2820:
1900:
1749:. There are several different kinds of suits including the GERT (named as a reference to
1497:
1398:
1313:
1258:
1254:
1180:
1073:
1014:
1002:
638:
401:
164:
7801:
7732:
7509:"40 Years In 5 Minutes: Age Simulation Suit Aims To Increase Empathy In Building Design"
6351:
LO W (2015). "The music culture of older adults in Cantonese operatic singing lessons".
5929:
5904:
5768:
5664:
5120:
4998:
4937:
4871:
Sosnowska D, Richardson C, Sonntag WE, Csiszar A, Ungvari Z, Ridgway I (December 2014).
4824:
4583:
4562:
4079:
3792:
3176:
2962:
2503:
2490:
Partridge L, Barton NH (March 1993). "Optimality, mutation and the evolution of aging".
2437:
2372:
1565:
8508:
8328:
8011:
8002:
7865:
7832:
7487:
7475:
7403:
7351:
7122:
7095:
7026:
6975:
6948:
6847:
6799:
6772:
6748:
6721:
6639:
6411:
6368:
6301:
6274:
6229:
6202:
6178:
6153:
6099:
6074:
6027:
6002:
5978:
5953:
5880:
5855:
5836:
5629:
5580:
5532:
5507:
5483:
5456:
5437:
5379:
5336:
5258:
5242:
5207:
5140:
5018:
4967:
4897:
4872:
4802:
4750:
4725:
4706:
4642:
4615:
4596:
4538:
4513:
4489:
4472:
4439:
4414:
4358:
4331:
4297:
4254:
4098:
4063:
3992:
3856:
3831:
3812:
3779:
Dong X, Milholland B, Vijg J (October 2016). "Evidence for a limit to human lifespan".
3757:
3605:
3593:
3560:
3517:
3390:
3365:
3316:
3291:
3267:
3250:
3196:
3184:
3104:
2939:
2912:
2893:
2796:
2727:
Wakayama S, Kohda T, Obokata H, Tokoro M, Li C, Terashita Y, et al. (March 2013).
2704:
2679:
2660:
2563:
2523:
2457:
2402:
2337:
2289:
2262:
2173:
2146:
2070:
2043:
1905:
1745:
One way to help younger people experience what it feels like to be older is through an
1508:
1386:
1198:
959:
950:
65:
5683:
5648:
5225:
Gensler HL, Bernstein H (September 1981). "DNA damage as the primary cause of aging".
4683:
4666:
4285:
3019:
2911:
Thurstan SA, Gibbs NK, Langton AK, Griffiths CE, Watson RE, Sherratt MJ (April 2012).
2609:
2583:"Aging and death in an organism that reproduces by morphologically symmetric division"
2582:
2546:
Williams GC (1957). "Pleiotropy, Natural Selection, and the Evolution of Senescence".
1628:
851:
8533:
8445:
8181:
8159:
7852:
7813:
7768:
7737:
7719:
7680:
7672:
7631:
7604:
7479:
7438:
7395:
7358:
7328:
7283:
7248:
7204:
7127:
7018:
6980:
6929:
6888:
6839:
6804:
6753:
6676:
6625:
6600:
6562:
6403:
6399:
6372:
6306:
6256:
6234:
6183:
6129:
6121:
6104:
6032:
5983:
5934:
5885:
5828:
5792:
5787:
5752:
5733:
5688:
5621:
5616:
5599:
5572:
5568:
5537:
5488:
5429:
5371:
5367:
5328:
5293:
5250:
5199:
5191:
5181:
5132:
5087:
5040:
5010:
4971:
4959:
4902:
4794:
4755:
4698:
4688:
4647:
4600:
4588:
4543:
4494:
4444:
4390:
4363:
4289:
4258:
4138:
4103:
4029:
4019:
3984:
3947:
3919:
3886:
3861:
3804:
3690:
3649:
3597:
3552:
3509:
3465:
3395:
3321:
3272:
3231:
3188:
3145:
3096:
3061:
3023:
2944:
2873:
2788:
2750:
2709:
2652:
2648:
2635:
Pereira-Smith OM, Ning Y (1992). "Molecular genetic studies of cellular senescence".
2614:
2515:
2461:
2449:
2394:
2329:
2294:
2243:
2178:
2127:
2075:
1960:
1739:
1726:
1651:
ageing and for instance a bio-techno-social definition of ageing has been suggested.
1560:
1443:
1426:
A meta-analysis showed that loneliness carries a higher mortality risk than smoking.
1190:
1031:
exhaustion (in the authors' view caused by damage factors such as those listed above)
829:
704:
503:
405:
400:. In a broader sense, ageing can refer to single cells within an organism which have
330:
277:
252:
7668:
7491:
7407:
7030:
6851:
5840:
5633:
5584:
5383:
5340:
5262:
5211:
5022:
4806:
4710:
4314:
4301:
3996:
3609:
3564:
3200:
3108:
2800:
2664:
2341:
1278:
The hallmark of ageing yeast cells appears to be overproduction of certain proteins.
237:
9005:
8928:
8908:
8825:
8421:
7960:
7883:
7860:
7844:
7805:
7760:
7727:
7711:
7664:
7471:
7430:
7387:
7346:
7318:
7275:
7238:
7194:
7158:
7117:
7107:
7010:
6970:
6960:
6919:
6878:
6831:
6794:
6784:
6743:
6733:
6668:
6415:
6395:
6360:
6296:
6286:
6224:
6214:
6173:
6165:
6094:
6086:
6022:
6014:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5924:
5916:
5875:
5867:
5820:
5782:
5772:
5723:
5678:
5668:
5611:
5564:
5527:
5519:
5478:
5468:
5441:
5421:
5363:
5320:
5285:
5234:
5171:
5163:
5144:
5124:
5002:
4949:
4941:
4892:
4884:
4786:
4774:
4745:
4737:
4678:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4578:
4570:
4533:
4525:
4484:
4434:
4426:
4353:
4343:
4281:
4246:
4130:
4093:
4083:
3976:
3911:
3851:
3843:
3816:
3796:
3680:
3639:
3589:
3544:
3521:
3501:
3457:
3385:
3377:
3366:"A brief history of hair cell regeneration research and speculations on the future"
3345:. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. 26 January 2016
3311:
3303:
3262:
3223:
3180:
3135:
3088:
3053:
3015:
2934:
2924:
2897:
2885:
2780:
2740:
2699:
2691:
2644:
2604:
2594:
2555:
2527:
2507:
2441:
2406:
2389:
2384:
2376:
2321:
2284:
2274:
2235:
2168:
2158:
2065:
2055:
1980:
1895:
1845:
1706:
1528:
1524:
1325:
1128:
924:
The factors proposed to influence biological ageing fall into two main categories,
914:
798:
745:
739:
693:
559:
393:
377:
7831:
Jensen A, Claunch K, Verdeja M, Dungan M, Goates M, Thacker E (11 November 2018).
6471:
4616:"Utilization of Host and Microbiome Features in Determination of Biological Aging"
4415:"Extreme-longevity mutations orchestrate silencing of multiple signaling pathways"
3685:
3668:
3644:
3627:
3307:
8995:
8552:
8433:
8372:
8309:
8225:
7764:
6965:
6672:
6219:
5162:. Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology. Vol. 58. pp. 217–242.
4430:
4382:
4088:
3381:
2784:
2599:
2420:
Nutman AP, Bennett VC, Friend CR, Van Kranendonk MJ, Chivas AR (September 2016).
2012:
1910:
1659:
1578:
1574:
1516:
1296:
1140:
1101:
938:
933:
802:
755:
444:
436:
8073:
7848:
7625:
7598:
7323:
7306:
6835:
5824:
5712:
life span by inducing mitochondrial respiration and increasing oxidative stress"
5555:
Bjorksten J, Tenhu H (1990). "The crosslinking theory of aging—added evidence".
5289:
5167:
4741:
3163:
Hamilton JB (March 1951). "Patterned loss of hair in man; types and incidence".
888:
630:
439:
are assigned to the damage concept, whereby the accumulation of damage (such as
8964:
8523:
8490:
8460:
8404:
8249:
8022:
8006:
7998:
7833:"Successful Aging: Cross-Cultural Comparison of Older Adults' Lay Perspectives"
7650:
7457:
7434:
7311:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
7302:
7279:
5757:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5728:
5707:
5653:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5473:
5354:
Strehler BL (1986). "Genetic instability as the primary cause of human aging".
4877:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
4574:
4529:
3461:
3440:
The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
3435:
3227:
3057:
2984:
2770:
2745:
2728:
2356:
1865:
1850:
1808:
1512:
1493:
1481:
1375:
901:
767:
717:
681:
555:
117:
7243:
7226:
7199:
7182:
7163:
7146:
6947:
Kattimani V, Tiwari RV, Gufran K, Wasan B, Shilpa PH, Khader AA (March 2019).
6364:
5920:
5871:
5324:
5006:
4134:
4011:
3505:
3092:
680:
People over 35 years of age are at increasing risk for losing strength in the
481:
plants grow runners to produce clones of themselves, and animals in the genus
8989:
8923:
8882:
8830:
7992:
7943:
7856:
7723:
7715:
7676:
7391:
6924:
6907:
6789:
6738:
5195:
5062:
4773:
Melzer S, Lens F, Gennen J, Vanneste S, Rohde A, Beeckman T (December 2008).
3667:
Herrington W, Lacey B, Sherliker P, Armitage J, Lewington S (February 2016).
3140:
3123:
2279:
2247:
1920:
1812:
1343:
1113:
1037:
860:
731:
sensory cells; mammals, including humans, have genetically lost this ability.
720:
rises to 53%. Only 20%, however, report disabling osteoarthritis at this age.
514:
483:
465:
440:
425:
7809:
7112:
6883:
6866:
6291:
6090:
5706:
Schulz TJ, Zarse K, Voigt A, Urban N, Birringer M, Ristow M (October 2007).
5673:
5128:
4945:
4888:
8528:
8518:
8513:
7741:
7684:
7652:
7399:
7332:
7287:
7252:
7208:
7131:
7022:
6984:
6933:
6892:
6867:"Does the aging of the population really drive the demand for health care?"
6843:
6808:
6757:
6680:
6566:
6407:
6310:
6238:
6187:
6108:
6036:
5987:
5938:
5889:
5832:
5796:
5777:
5737:
5625:
5541:
5492:
5433:
5332:
5297:
5203:
5136:
5014:
4963:
4906:
4798:
4759:
4651:
4592:
4547:
4498:
4448:
4367:
4293:
4250:
4142:
4107:
4033:
3988:
3865:
3808:
3694:
3653:
3601:
3556:
3513:
3469:
3399:
3325:
3235:
3192:
3149:
3100:
3065:
3027:
2948:
2929:
2792:
2754:
2713:
2695:
2618:
2453:
2398:
2333:
2298:
2239:
2182:
2079:
1970:
1950:
1835:
1668:
1546:
Ageism cost the United States $ 63 billion in one year according to a
1347:
1329:
1317:
1303:
1105:
979:
962:(mutations accumulated in nuclear DNA, in mtDNA, and in the nuclear lamina)
810:
724:
547:
7817:
7483:
7442:
5692:
5576:
5375:
5254:
4702:
3276:
2656:
2519:
2131:
2060:
8857:
8416:
8399:
8304:
8271:
8254:
8015:
6251:
Phillips, Judith, Kristine Ajrouch, and Sarah Hillcoat-Nallétamby (2010)
4413:
Shmookler Reis RJ, Bharill P, Tazearslan C, Ayyadevara S (October 2009).
4412:
3847:
3748:
2224:"Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations"
2163:
1915:
1816:
1750:
1746:
1604:
estimates that one in four American workers will be 55 or older by 2020.
1592:
1469:
1449:
1333:
1156:
971:
806:
664:
654:
509:
Ageing and mortality of the individual organism became possible with the
247:
133:
122:
7891:
7697:
6953:
Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry
4512:
López-Otín C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G (June 2013).
4348:
4332:"Protein biogenesis machinery is a driver of replicative aging in yeast"
3800:
2445:
2325:
707:
by the age of 55 affects about 30–50% of males and a quarter of females.
8377:
8276:
8191:
8154:
8049:
7972:
7014:
5425:
5246:
2567:
1955:
1540:
1535:. Admission to a movie, for instance, may depend on age according to a
1504:
1489:
1272:
1268:
1186:
1144:
1048:
883:
819:
749:
689:
685:
614:
571:
491:
478:
174:
138:
31:
6332:
6330:
6328:
6326:
6324:
6322:
6320:
6169:
6018:
5523:
5176:
4954:
4315:
Brunet Lab: Molecular Mechanisms of Longevity and Age Related Diseases
3980:
2421:
2380:
8954:
8933:
8351:
8230:
3006:
Weale RA (2003). "Epidemiology of refractive errors and presbyopia".
2511:
1930:
1804:
1655:
1477:
1281:
1243:
1132:
1041:
1028:
874:. In industrialized nations, the proportion is higher, reaching 90%.
710:
684:
of the eyes, which leads to difficulty focusing on close objects, or
539:
535:
448:
194:
169:
4664:
4561:
Arleo A, Bares M, Bernard JA, Bogoian HR, Bruchhage MM (July 2013).
3548:
2729:"Successful serial recloning in the mouse over multiple generations"
2559:
1807:(5th century BC) describes the multiple-headed mythological monster
1167:. The genetic aspect has also been demonstrated in studies of human
8027:
7788:
Rowe JW, Kahn RL (July 1987). "Human aging: usual and successful".
6501:"Safer and Healthier at Any Age: Strategies for an Aging Workforce"
6317:
6001:
Sofi F, Cesari F, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A (September 2008).
5238:
4849:
4790:
1965:
1691:
1227:
1152:
1148:
965:
905:
774:
735:
543:
495:
417:
7781:
6003:"Adherence to Mediterranean diet and health status: meta-analysis"
4330:
Janssens GE, Meinema AC, González J, et al. (December 2015).
4049:
Communication disability in aging: from prevention to intervention
2677:
2145:
Ahmed AS, Sheng MH, Wasnik S, Baylink DJ, Lau KW (February 2017).
692:
by age 45–50. The cause is lens hardening by decreasing levels of
487:
have a regenerative ability by which they avoid dying of old age.
8367:
8281:
8220:
8174:
8032:
6203:"Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review"
4919:
4870:
2419:
1945:
1718:
1302:
Cross-linkage: The idea that ageing results from accumulation of
1160:
1069:
994:
763:
728:
660:
642:
Comparison of a normal aged brain (left) and a brain affected by
551:
523:
381:
189:
143:
106:
6273:
Levy BR, Slade MD, Chang ES, Kannoth S, Wang SY (January 2020).
4511:
3666:
1267:
A buildup of waste products in cells presumably interferes with
8215:
8128:
8123:
6551:"Health care cost disease as a threat to Iranian aging society"
4665:
Berdyshev GD, Korotaev GK, Boiarskikh GV, Vaniushin BF (2008).
3753:"What's the Longest Humans Can Live? 115 Years, New Study Says"
1596:
1473:
1121:
866:
Ageing is among the greatest known risk factors for most human
389:
101:
85:
80:
6446:
6122:
United States Department of Health And Human Services (1996).
5157:
4329:
4121:
Mehta S (September 2015). "Age-Related Macular Degeneration".
1654:
There is a current debate as to whether or not the pursuit of
1080:
Growth hormone/Insulin-like growth factor 1 signalling pathway
987:
Growth hormone/Insulin-like growth factor 1 signalling pathway
8903:
8288:
8266:
8244:
8235:
8196:
8133:
7982:
7093:
6125:
Physical activity and health: a report of the Surgeon General
5809:
4613:
4018:. Frontiers in Neuroscience. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis.
3966:
3577:
2910:
1885:
1065:
944:
897:
822:
672:
peaking from the late teens to the late 20s, female fertility
622:
499:
459:
385:
204:
148:
112:
95:
8320:
7224:
4818:
4816:
3885:(6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby. p. 838.
1456:
667:, particularly affecting sun-exposed areas such as the face.
7987:
6275:"Ageism Amplifies Cost and Prevalence of Health Conditions"
5750:
4614:
Ratiner K, Abdeen SK, Goldenberg K, Elinav E (March 2022).
998:
990:
813:
declines with age, though the rate varies depending on the
531:
477:: for example, bacteria fission to produce daughter cells,
7830:
6946:
6548:
6525:
6151:
5508:"Global heterochromatin loss: a unifying theory of aging?"
2726:
7623:
7596:
7300:
6128:. United States Department of Health and Human Services.
4813:
4271:
1022:
1018:
734:
By age 80, more than half of all Americans either have a
7225:
Benyamini Y, Blumstein T, Lusky A, Modan B (June 2003).
6584:(Second ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press.
6073:
Lee MB, Hill CM, Bitto A, Kaeberlein M (November 2021).
5310:
4772:
4560:
4155:
3434:
3128:
Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
2581:
Stewart EJ, Madden R, Paul G, Taddei F (February 2005).
2260:
1055:
696:, a process which may be sped up by higher temperatures.
7377:
6507:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
6200:
6000:
5905:"From DNA damage to mutations: All roads lead to aging"
5457:"Heterochromatin: an epigenetic point of view in aging"
2766:
2764:
2580:
2144:
1401:
or any dietary practice affects the process of ageing.
1350:
activity damage cellular components, leading to ageing.
6470:. United Nations Development Programme. Archived from
6072:
5455:
Lee JH, Kim EW, Croteau DL, Bohr VA (September 2020).
5411:
4419:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects
6528:"Population Aging And Iran's Non-Oil Economic Growth"
6272:
5951:
5705:
4380:
1356:
and caloric restriction: Caloric restriction reduces
4149:
4051:. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Learning. pp. 32–33.
3482:
Percentage derived from Table 2 in Fried et al. 2001
3078:
2761:
2680:"Elevated germline mutation rate in teenage fathers"
1131:
at 5062 years or 5067 years, invertebrates like the
7265:
6821:
6494:
6492:
5275:
4387:
Caenorhabditis Elegans: Cell Biology and Physiology
4061:
3491:
2878:
Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology
2630:
2628:
1306:
compounds that interfere with normal cell function.
7568:"AGNES (Age Gain Now Empathy System) | MIT AgeLab"
7562:
7560:
7350:
4984:
4374:
3778:
1124:, which can reproduce both sexually and clonally.
8103:
7220:
7218:
7000:
6549:Basakha M, Yavari K, Sadeghi H, Naseri A (2014).
6526:Basakha M, Yavari K, Sadeghi H, Naseri A (2015).
6201:Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB (July 2010).
5753:"Does oxidative damage to DNA increase with age?"
5597:
5454:
5396:
2634:
2261:Salvestrini V, Sell C, Lorenzini A (3 May 2019).
2118:Prakash IJ (October 1997). "Women & ageing".
2094:"Understanding the Dynamics of the Aging Process"
1230:(changes in the DNA sequence), and epimutations (
8987:
7503:
7501:
6905:
6764:
6489:
6194:
5600:"Mitochondrial dysfunction as a cause of ageing"
5224:
4325:
4323:
3829:
3363:
3039:
3037:
2913:"Chemical consequences of cutaneous photoageing"
2871:
2816:"Sonic Science: The High-Frequency Hearing Test"
2625:
2354:
1088:in mitochondria and (in plants) in chloroplasts.
713:typically occurs between 44 and 58 years of age.
7557:
7455:
6858:
6075:"Antiaging diets: Separating fact from fiction"
5856:"Mitochondria, oxidative DNA damage, and aging"
5401:. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. pp. 3–42.
4222:
4220:
3941:
3289:
3248:
2867:
2865:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2489:
2044:"Which Is the Most Significant Cause of Aging?"
1662:, opines that the pursuit of longevity via the
1163:. Such organisms are sometimes said to exhibit
7215:
6908:"Trends in medical spending by age, 1963–2000"
6043:
5554:
4505:
4194:
4192:
4160:. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 234–53.
4046:
3908:Developmental Influences on Adult Intelligence
3830:Larson EB, Yaffe K, Langa KM (December 2013).
2874:"Age Dynamics of Body Mass and Human Lifespan"
985:deregulated nutrient sensing (relating to the
892:95-year-old woman holding a five-month-old boy
8336:
8089:
7907:
7498:
7087:
6652:
6542:
6519:
6441:
6439:
6379:
5994:
4864:
4320:
4062:Lys R, Belanger E, Phillips SP (April 2019).
3537:Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism
3034:
2904:
2813:
2720:
2483:
2348:
2222:Grey, Aubrey D. N. J. de (21 December 2007).
1710:part of many people's personal care routine.
1332:, causing a secondary induction of increased
350:
7754:
7176:
7174:
6815:
6622:Cyber-humans : our future with machines
6594:
5803:
5744:
5405:
5037:Physiological Basis of Ageing and Geriatrics
4726:"Aging as an event of proteostasis collapse"
4723:
4554:
4217:
4016:Brain Aging: Models, Methods, and Mechanisms
3772:
3741:
3621:
3619:
3364:Rubel EW, Furrer SA, Stone JS (March 2013).
3121:
2862:
2835:
2671:
2534:
2311:
653:Teenagers lose the young child's ability to
454:
392:, and fungi, whereas for example, bacteria,
6899:
6693:
6579:
6147:
6145:
5958:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4913:
4607:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4408:
4406:
4317:. Stanford.edu. Retrieved on 11 April 2012.
4189:
3731:"Does Human Life Span Really Have a Limit?"
3625:
3534:
3290:Thomas E, Peat G, Croft P (February 2014).
2574:
2413:
2010:
1285:up-regulation can also occur during ageing.
1025:to stop cancerous cells from proliferating)
8343:
8329:
8096:
8082:
7914:
7900:
7463:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
7345:
7138:
6644:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6436:
6049:
5598:Trifunovic A, Larsson NG (February 2008).
5109:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
4978:
4822:
4730:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
4717:
4381:Wilkinson DS, Taylor RC, Dillin A (2012).
4265:
3899:
3823:
3581:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
3428:
3283:
3165:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
2999:
2263:"Obesity May Accelerate the Aging Process"
1108:typically produce clones of themselves by
1104:ranging from strawberries and potatoes to
945:Molecular and cellular hallmarks of ageing
716:In the 60–64 age cohort, the incidence of
357:
343:
7921:
7864:
7731:
7322:
7259:
7242:
7198:
7171:
7162:
7121:
7111:
6974:
6964:
6923:
6882:
6864:
6798:
6788:
6747:
6737:
6713:
6687:
6658:
6582:A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health
6498:
6457:
6453:. UNFPA – United Nations Population Fund.
6300:
6290:
6228:
6218:
6177:
6098:
6026:
5977:
5928:
5879:
5860:Journal of the American Aging Association
5853:
5786:
5776:
5727:
5682:
5672:
5615:
5531:
5505:
5482:
5472:
5175:
5059:"Is there a 400 pound lobster out there?"
5056:
4953:
4896:
4749:
4682:
4641:
4631:
4582:
4537:
4488:
4438:
4357:
4347:
4240:
4097:
4087:
3944:The Psychology of Ageing: An Introduction
3937:
3935:
3916:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156737.001.0001
3855:
3832:"New insights into the dementia epidemic"
3684:
3660:
3643:
3616:
3451:
3389:
3357:
3315:
3266:
3139:
2938:
2928:
2844:"Big ears: they really do grow as we age"
2744:
2703:
2608:
2598:
2388:
2288:
2278:
2172:
2162:
2069:
2059:
1569:A map showing median age figures for 2017
1205:
1112:and are thus potentially immortal, while
766:. The oldest reliably recorded human was
723:Almost half of people older than 75 have
7787:
7180:
6824:International Journal of Health Services
6619:
6142:
5353:
5160:Yeasts in Biotechnology and Human Health
4563:"Consensus Paper: Cerebellum and Ageing"
4455:
4403:
3249:Morabia A, Costanza MC (December 1998).
3162:
3043:
2983:. National Eye Institute. Archived from
2545:
2468:
2195:
1824:that its branches will not stop growing.
1627:
1564:
1455:
1433:
887:
657:high-frequency sounds above 20 kHz.
637:
629:
621:
458:
396:and some simple animals are potentially
7532:
6385:
5075:
4226:
4114:
3946:. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
3878:
3406:
3207:
2117:
2041:
1418:achieve about 3000 MET minutes a week.
14:
8988:
6555:Journal of Research in Health Sciences
5646:
5106:
4842:
4229:Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology
4009:
3960:
3932:
3905:
3747:
2355:Mortimer RK, Johnston JR (June 1959).
2228:Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology
2151:World Journal of Experimental Medicine
2120:The Indian Journal of Medical Research
1798:
1429:
1271:. For example, a waste product called
1174:
8324:
8077:
7895:
7535:"Hands on: Genworth R70i Exoskeleton"
7420:
7144:
6770:
6719:
5461:Experimental & Molecular Medicine
5079:Consider the Lobster and Other Essays
4473:"Modern Biological Theories of Aging"
4120:
3005:
2357:"Life span of individual yeast cells"
1926:List of life extension-related topics
1772:
1674:
1095:
1056:Metabolic pathways involved in ageing
781:to the neurodegenerative diseases of
6906:Meara E, White C, Cutler DM (2004).
6338:"Ageing in the Twenty-First Century"
6066:
5902:
5896:
4389:. Academic Press. pp. 353–381.
4172:"Cataracts | National Eye Institute"
3969:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
3216:The Medical Clinics of North America
3213:
2841:
2479:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2474:
2221:
1785:
1595:decline in developed countries, the
1232:methylation of gene promoter regions
7545:from the original on 8 January 2016
6599:. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
6430:"Population Ageing and Development"
4852:. Rocky Mountain Tree Ring Research
4470:
4385:. In Rothman JH, Singson A (eds.).
4200:"Glaucoma | National Eye Institute"
3836:The New England Journal of Medicine
877:
590:Hearing loss with age (presbycusis)
27:Biological process of getting older
24:
8063:Evolutionary developmental biology
7624:World Health Organization (2015).
7597:World Health Organization (2015).
7476:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1996.tb04066.x
6465:"UN Human Development Report 2005"
6350:
6253:Key Concepts in Social Gerontology
5854:Anson RM, Bohr VA (October 2000).
4825:"The oldest living thing on Earth"
3594:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.4911240.x
3268:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009609
3185:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1951.tb31971.x
2890:10.1023/B:JOEY.0000042639.72529.e1
2773:International Journal of Audiology
1730:studies which have controlled for
1701:
1393:As of 2021, there is insufficient
1139:in New England) at 508 years, the
1001:complexes, probably responsive to
578:
25:
9017:
7627:World report on ageing and health
7600:World report on ageing and health
7301:Jylhä M, Guralnik JM, Balfour J,
4677:(2). Cold Spring Harbor: 347–62.
2872:Gerasimov IG, Ignatov DY (2004).
2196:Renstrom, Joelle (2 March 2020).
1764:
1620:negative consequences of ageing.
1421:
1147:at over 300 years, fish like the
982:(protein folding and proteolysis)
8486:Biodemography of human longevity
7873:
7824:
7748:
7691:
7644:
7617:
7590:
7526:
7449:
7414:
7371:
7339:
7294:
7237:(3): 396–405, discussion 372–5.
7062:
7045:"Botox injections – Mayo Clinic"
7037:
6994:
6940:
6777:Surgical Neurology International
6726:Surgical Neurology International
6613:
6588:
6573:
6422:
6400:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2005.00084.x
6388:The British Journal of Sociology
6344:
6266:
6245:
6115:
5617:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01905.x
5399:Handbook of the Biology of Aging
4724:Taylor RC, Dillin A (May 2011).
3626:Wang JC, Bennett M (July 2012).
3255:American Journal of Epidemiology
2684:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
1861:Biodemography of human longevity
1438:A grandmother and her grandchild
1072:pathway, probably responsive to
613:Problems playing this file? See
594:
511:evolution of sexual reproduction
324:
64:
7669:10.1016/j.maturitas.2021.05.011
7070:"Korea – Birthday Celebrations"
7003:Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology
6050:de Gaetano G (29 August 2016).
5945:
5847:
5699:
5640:
5591:
5548:
5499:
5448:
5390:
5347:
5304:
5269:
5227:The Quarterly Review of Biology
5218:
5151:
5100:
5069:
5050:
5029:
4766:
4658:
4308:
4164:
4055:
4040:
4003:
3872:
3723:
3701:
3571:
3528:
3485:
3476:
3340:"Hearing Loss and Older Adults"
3332:
3242:
3156:
3115:
3072:
2973:
2955:
2807:
2147:"Effect of aging on stem cells"
1143:at 400 years, various deep-sea
904:for the study of ageing is the
7357:. Cambridge University Press.
7181:Deeg DJ, Bath PA (June 2003).
6054:European Society of Cardiology
5970:10.1002/14651858.CD009825.pub3
5506:Tsurumi A, Li WX (July 2012).
4633:10.3390/microorganisms10030668
2305:
2254:
2215:
2189:
2138:
2111:
2086:
2035:
2004:
1936:Mitochondrial theory of ageing
1633:Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg
1586:United Nations Population Fund
1521:age of criminal responsibility
1340:Mitochondrial theory of ageing
997:transcription factors and the
13:
1:
8350:
8105:Development of the human body
7630:. World Health Organization.
7603:. World Health Organization.
6499:Chosewood LC (19 July 2012).
5708:"Glucose restriction extends
4823:Chesterton M (12 June 2017).
4684:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80567-x
4286:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9
3686:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.307611
3645:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.261388
3020:10.1016/S0039-6257(03)00086-9
2850:. MeshID:D000375; OMIM:502000
2814:Education.com (23 May 2013).
2477:Evolutionary Biology of Aging
1997:
1591:As life expectancy rises and
797:. Furthermore, many types of
469:, a relative of the jellyfish
380:) is the process of becoming
7765:10.1017/CBO9780511665684.003
7533:Prindle D (7 January 2016).
6966:10.4103/jispcd.JISPCD_430_18
6694:Emmanuel EJ (October 2014).
6673:10.1016/j.jaging.2014.09.003
6595:Panek PE, Hayslip B (1989).
6580:Scheid TL, Brown TN (2010).
6220:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316
5604:Journal of Internal Medicine
5569:10.1016/0531-5565(90)90039-5
5368:10.1016/0531-5565(86)90038-0
4667:"Molecular Biology of Aging"
4431:10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.05.011
4089:10.1371/journal.pone.0214988
3709:"The top 10 causes of death"
3382:10.1016/j.heares.2012.12.014
2785:10.3109/14992027.2014.893375
2649:10.1016/0531-5565(92)90006-L
2600:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030045
2042:Liochev SI (December 2015).
1803:The ancient Greek dramatist
1623:
1554:
1548:Yale School of Public Health
1537:motion picture rating system
384:. The term refers mainly to
268:Developmental stage theories
129:Emerging and early adulthood
7:
7380:Journal of Aging and Health
6836:10.2190/AUL1-4LAM-4VNB-3YH0
6597:Adult development and aging
5825:10.1016/j.exger.2004.11.002
5290:10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.05.001
5168:10.1007/978-3-030-13035-0_9
5084:Little, Brown & Company
5057:Silverman J (5 July 2007).
4742:10.1101/cshperspect.a004440
4010:Peters A (1 January 2007).
3882:Neurological rehabilitation
3308:10.1093/rheumatology/ket346
3124:"Premature graying of hair"
3122:Pandhi D, Khanna D (2013).
2098:National Institute on Aging
1828:
1404:
1369:
1220:DNA damage theory of ageing
1084:the activity levels of the
565:
10:
9022:
8427:research into centenarians
7280:10.1037/0882-7974.15.3.511
6620:Barfield, Woodrow (2015).
5729:10.1016/j.cmet.2007.08.011
5647:Harman D (November 1981).
5474:10.1038/s12276-020-00497-4
4575:10.1007/s12311-023-01577-7
4530:10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.039
3942:Stuart-Hamilton I (2006).
3343:(Last Updated 3 June 2016)
3228:10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003
3058:10.1016/j.exer.2008.07.003
2746:10.1016/j.stem.2013.01.005
2267:Frontiers in Endocrinology
1986:Thermoregulation in humans
1976:Stem cell theory of ageing
1891:DNA damage theory of aging
1602:Bureau of Labor Statistics
1558:
1496:. Informal terms include "
1447:
1441:
1373:
1213:DNA damage theory of aging
1178:
948:
881:
799:memory decline with ageing
770:, who died in 1997 at 122.
569:
214:Development and psychology
29:
8947:
8896:
8856:
8818:
8773:
8618:
8560:
8549:
8496:Longevity escape velocity
8459:
8383:aging-associated diseases
8358:
8297:
8205:
8147:
8111:
8058:
7929:
7849:10.1093/geroni/igy023.601
7324:10.1093/gerona/56.10.m609
6365:10.1017/S0144686X14000439
5921:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101316
5872:10.1007/s11357-000-0020-y
5325:10.1007/s10522-010-9262-y
5035:Timiras, Paola S. (2003)
5007:10.1007/s00114-017-1479-z
4135:10.1016/j.pop.2015.05.009
3506:10.1007/s10522-008-9131-0
3093:10.1016/j.arr.2012.11.002
3046:Experimental Eye Research
2917:Chemistry Central Journal
1727:self-perception of health
1248:affecting stem cell pools
1040:, a chronic inflammatory
1009:mitochondrial dysfunction
779:mild cognitive impairment
688:. Most people experience
455:Ageing versus immortality
8975:Longest-living organisms
7435:10.1093/geronj/48.6.s289
7392:10.1177/0898264308321035
6925:10.1377/hlthaff.23.4.176
6790:10.4103/2152-7806.154273
6739:10.4103/2152-7806.152733
6661:Journal of Aging Studies
5813:Experimental Gerontology
5557:Experimental Gerontology
5356:Experimental Gerontology
4514:"The hallmarks of aging"
3462:10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146
3141:10.4103/0378-6323.116733
2981:"Facts About Presbyopia"
2637:Experimental Gerontology
2428:(Submitted manuscript).
2280:10.3389/fendo.2019.00266
1991:Transgenerational design
1664:compression of morbidity
1648:social science of ageing
1533:mandatory retirement age
1466:East Asian age reckoning
1240:regulate gene expression
1086:electron transport chain
834:non-verbal communication
534:cell line, and specific
293:Psychosexual development
7810:10.1126/science.3299702
7244:10.1093/geront/43.3.396
7200:10.1093/geront/43.3.369
7164:10.1093/geront/43.3.372
6884:10.1377/hlthaff.22.6.27
6091:10.1126/science.abe7365
5909:Ageing Research Reviews
5674:10.1073/pnas.78.11.7124
5129:10.1196/annals.1297.096
5039:. Informa Health Care.
4987:Die Naturwissenschaften
4946:10.1126/science.aaf1703
4158:Communication and aging
3081:Ageing Research Reviews
3008:Survey of Ophthalmology
2963:"Infertility: Overview"
2390:2027/mdp.39015078535278
1881:Clinical geropsychology
1841:Ageing movement control
1380:
1322:reactive oxygen species
1264:Accumulation of waste:
1195:antagonistic pleiotropy
1110:vegetative reproduction
787:cerebrovascular disease
406:population of a species
36:Ageing (disambiguation)
8970:Transhumanist politics
8888:Immortality in fiction
8866:Biological immortality
8410:cognitive epidemiology
7997:Indirect development:
7716:10.1093/ageing/afad137
7423:Journal of Gerontology
5778:10.1073/pnas.171202698
5710:Caenorhabditis elegans
5414:Essays in Biochemistry
4471:Jin K (October 2010).
4251:10.2202/1941-6008.1011
4014:. In Riddle DR (ed.).
3711:. WHO. 9 December 2020
3414:"Facts About Cataract"
2930:10.1186/1752-153X-6-34
2696:10.1098/rspb.2014.2898
2240:10.2202/1941-6008.1011
1941:Neuroscience of ageing
1871:Biological immortality
1826:
1639:
1570:
1461:
1439:
1299:loss, model of ageing.
1234:or alterations of the
1206:Damage-related factors
1185:Life span, like other
893:
663:develop mainly due to
646:
635:
627:
583:
470:
422:cardiovascular disease
34:. For other uses, see
8774:regions by continents
8393:negligible senescence
8388:degenerative diseases
7923:Developmental biology
7113:10.1093/geront/gnz101
6865:Reinhardt UE (2003).
6292:10.1093/geront/gny131
6255:. SAGE Publications.
4889:10.1093/gerona/glt201
2198:"Is Aging a Disease?"
2061:10.3390/antiox4040793
1821:
1631:
1568:
1459:
1437:
1165:negligible senescence
891:
641:
633:
625:
582:
515:seed-producing plants
462:
398:biologically immortal
331:Psychology portal
233:Nature versus nurture
157:Biological milestones
8619:regions of countries
8439:LGBT life expectancy
7268:Psychology and Aging
5903:Vijg J (July 2021).
3848:10.1056/nejmp1311405
3673:Circulation Research
3632:Circulation Research
2842:Moss S (July 2013).
2164:10.5493/wjem.v7.i1.1
2011:Smadent.com (2021).
1876:Biomarkers of ageing
1856:Anti-ageing movement
1732:socioeconomic status
1484:, and adolescence),
1412:metabolic equivalent
1320:, or more generally
1118:Arabidopsis thaliana
1021:INK4a/Rb and p19ARF/
839:Macular degeneration
795:Lou Gehrig's disease
572:Old age § Signs
185:Language acquisition
8960:Longevity insurance
8878:Digital immortality
8504:calorie restriction
8491:Indefinite lifespan
8481:Anti-aging movement
8451:Biomarkers of aging
7837:Innovation in Aging
7802:1987Sci...237..143R
5769:2001PNAS...9810469H
5665:1981PNAS...78.7124H
5649:"The aging process"
5121:2004NYASA1019..518G
5076:Wallace DF (2005).
4999:2017SciNa.104...63D
4938:2016Sci...353..702N
4383:"Analysis of Aging"
4349:10.7554/eLife.08527
4080:2019PLoSO..1414988L
3801:10.1038/nature19793
3793:2016Natur.538..257D
3177:1951NYASA..53..708H
2821:Scientific American
2504:1993Natur.362..305P
2446:10.1038/nature19355
2438:2016Natur.537..535N
2373:1959Natur.183.1751M
2326:10.4161/cc.6.3.3795
1901:Evolution of ageing
1799:Cultural references
1430:Society and culture
1399:calorie restriction
1314:Free-radical theory
1259:Bernard L. Strehler
1255:Genetic instability
1181:Evolution of ageing
1175:Evolution of ageing
1074:caloric restriction
1015:cellular senescence
1003:caloric restriction
960:genomic instability
791:Parkinson's disease
783:Alzheimer's disease
644:Alzheimer's disease
414:Alzheimer's disease
308:Cultural-historical
8610:World macroregions
8509:Diet and longevity
8260:Emerging adulthood
8012:Direct development
8003:Hypermetamorphosis
7049:www.mayoclinic.org
7015:10.1111/jocd.12492
6505:NIOSH Science Blog
6353:Ageing and Society
6085:(6570): eabe7365.
6013:(sep11 2): a1344.
5426:10.1042/bse0550119
3906:Schaie KW (2005).
3879:Umphred D (2012).
3758:The New York Times
3751:(5 October 2016).
2967:InformedHealth.org
2690:(1803): 20142898.
1906:Genetics of ageing
1773:Intrinsic capacity
1675:Health care demand
1640:
1571:
1462:
1440:
1387:Mediterranean diet
1096:Programmed factors
951:Hallmarks of aging
894:
872:age-related causes
828:Age can result in
647:
636:
628:
584:
471:
223:Pre- and perinatal
8983:
8982:
8814:
8813:
8534:stem-cell therapy
8446:Maximum life span
8318:
8317:
8182:Adult development
8160:Child development
8071:
8070:
7774:978-0-511-66568-4
7759:. pp. 1–34.
7637:978-92-4-156504-2
7610:978-92-4-156504-2
7364:978-0-521-02713-7
7231:The Gerontologist
7187:The Gerontologist
7151:The Gerontologist
7145:Idler EL (2003).
7100:The Gerontologist
7074:www.asianinfo.org
6771:Faria MA (2015).
6720:Faria MA (2015).
6631:978-3-319-25048-9
6606:978-0-06-045012-0
6279:The Gerontologist
6261:978-1-4462-0428-3
6170:10.1136/bmj.i3857
6135:978-1-4289-2794-0
6019:10.1136/bmj.a1344
5524:10.4161/epi.20540
5278:Mutation Research
5187:978-3-030-13034-3
5093:978-0-316-15611-0
4694:978-0-87969-824-9
4477:Aging and Disease
4425:(10): 1075–1083.
4396:978-0-12-394620-1
4280:(9524): 1747–57.
4025:978-0-8493-3818-2
3981:10.1002/cne.10714
3953:978-1-84310-426-1
3925:978-0-19-515673-7
3892:978-0-323-07586-2
3787:(7624): 257–259.
2987:on 4 October 2016
2432:(7621): 535–538.
2381:10.1038/1831751a0
1961:Population ageing
1792:successful ageing
1786:Successful ageing
1740:social comparison
1561:Population ageing
1444:Aging and society
1395:clinical evidence
1336:defence capacity.
1047:dysbiosis of gut
830:visual impairment
705:Pattern hair loss
600:
550:). In artificial
519:become disposable
367:
366:
16:(Redirected from
9013:
8826:Longevity claims
8558:
8557:
8422:supercentenarian
8345:
8338:
8331:
8322:
8321:
8298:Social and legal
8098:
8091:
8084:
8075:
8074:
7916:
7909:
7902:
7893:
7892:
7886:
7884:New Life Version
7877:
7871:
7870:
7868:
7843:(Suppl 1): 167.
7828:
7822:
7821:
7785:
7779:
7778:
7757:Successful Aging
7752:
7746:
7745:
7735:
7695:
7689:
7688:
7648:
7642:
7641:
7621:
7615:
7614:
7594:
7588:
7587:
7585:
7583:
7574:. Archived from
7564:
7555:
7554:
7552:
7550:
7530:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7519:
7505:
7496:
7495:
7453:
7447:
7446:
7418:
7412:
7411:
7375:
7369:
7368:
7356:
7343:
7337:
7336:
7326:
7305:(October 2001).
7298:
7292:
7291:
7263:
7257:
7256:
7246:
7222:
7213:
7212:
7202:
7178:
7169:
7168:
7166:
7142:
7136:
7135:
7125:
7115:
7106:(6): e477–e490.
7091:
7085:
7084:
7082:
7080:
7066:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7055:
7041:
7035:
7034:
6998:
6992:
6991:
6978:
6968:
6944:
6938:
6937:
6927:
6903:
6897:
6896:
6886:
6862:
6856:
6855:
6819:
6813:
6812:
6802:
6792:
6768:
6762:
6761:
6751:
6741:
6717:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6706:
6691:
6685:
6684:
6656:
6650:
6649:
6643:
6635:
6617:
6611:
6610:
6592:
6586:
6585:
6577:
6571:
6570:
6546:
6540:
6539:
6532:Payavard Salamat
6523:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6496:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6482:
6476:
6469:
6461:
6455:
6454:
6443:
6434:
6433:
6426:
6420:
6419:
6383:
6377:
6376:
6348:
6342:
6341:
6334:
6315:
6314:
6304:
6294:
6270:
6264:
6249:
6243:
6242:
6232:
6222:
6198:
6192:
6191:
6181:
6149:
6140:
6139:
6119:
6113:
6112:
6102:
6070:
6064:
6063:
6047:
6041:
6040:
6030:
5998:
5992:
5991:
5981:
5949:
5943:
5942:
5932:
5900:
5894:
5893:
5883:
5851:
5845:
5844:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5790:
5780:
5763:(18): 10469–74.
5748:
5742:
5741:
5731:
5703:
5697:
5696:
5686:
5676:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5619:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5552:
5546:
5545:
5535:
5503:
5497:
5496:
5486:
5476:
5467:(9): 1466–1474.
5452:
5446:
5445:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5362:(4–5): 283–319.
5351:
5345:
5344:
5308:
5302:
5301:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5179:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5054:
5048:
5033:
5027:
5026:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4957:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4900:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4820:
4811:
4810:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4753:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4686:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4645:
4635:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4586:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4541:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4492:
4468:
4453:
4452:
4442:
4410:
4401:
4400:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4361:
4351:
4327:
4318:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4244:
4224:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4196:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4101:
4091:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3939:
3930:
3929:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3859:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3688:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3647:
3623:
3614:
3613:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3455:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3416:. September 2015
3410:
3404:
3403:
3393:
3370:Hearing Research
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3344:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3319:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3270:
3261:(12): 1195–205.
3246:
3240:
3239:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3143:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3041:
3032:
3031:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2942:
2932:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2869:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2768:
2759:
2758:
2748:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2707:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2632:
2623:
2622:
2612:
2602:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2543:
2532:
2531:
2512:10.1038/362305a0
2498:(6418): 305–11.
2487:
2481:
2480:
2475:Rose MR (1991).
2472:
2466:
2465:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2392:
2367:(4677): 1751–2.
2352:
2346:
2345:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2292:
2282:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2176:
2166:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2073:
2063:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2013:"Age Calculator"
2008:
1981:Supercentenarian
1896:Epigenetic clock
1846:Ageing of Europe
1707:Beauty standards
1529:age of candidacy
1525:marriageable age
1490:middle adulthood
1326:oxidative stress
1129:bristlecone pine
1102:perennial plants
915:RNA interference
878:Biological basis
740:cataract surgery
694:alpha-crystallin
602:
601:
581:
560:Leonard Hayflick
558:, discovered by
394:perennial plants
378:American English
359:
352:
345:
329:
328:
327:
228:Infant and child
68:
43:
42:
21:
9021:
9020:
9016:
9015:
9014:
9012:
9011:
9010:
8986:
8985:
8984:
8979:
8943:
8897:Longevity genes
8892:
8852:
8810:
8769:
8614:
8553:life expectancy
8551:
8545:
8455:
8434:Life expectancy
8373:Longevity myths
8354:
8349:
8319:
8314:
8310:Age of majority
8293:
8226:Early childhood
8201:
8148:Birth and after
8143:
8139:Gestational age
8107:
8102:
8072:
8067:
8054:
8023:Model organisms
7925:
7920:
7890:
7889:
7878:
7874:
7829:
7825:
7796:(4811): 143–9.
7786:
7782:
7775:
7753:
7749:
7696:
7692:
7649:
7645:
7638:
7622:
7618:
7611:
7595:
7591:
7581:
7579:
7578:on 6 April 2021
7566:
7565:
7558:
7548:
7546:
7531:
7527:
7517:
7515:
7507:
7506:
7499:
7470:(12): 1429–34.
7456:Williamson JD,
7454:
7450:
7429:(6): S289-300.
7419:
7415:
7376:
7372:
7365:
7344:
7340:
7317:(10): M609-17.
7299:
7295:
7264:
7260:
7223:
7216:
7179:
7172:
7143:
7139:
7092:
7088:
7078:
7076:
7068:
7067:
7063:
7053:
7051:
7043:
7042:
7038:
6999:
6995:
6945:
6941:
6904:
6900:
6863:
6859:
6820:
6816:
6769:
6765:
6718:
6714:
6704:
6702:
6692:
6688:
6657:
6653:
6637:
6636:
6632:
6618:
6614:
6607:
6593:
6589:
6578:
6574:
6547:
6543:
6524:
6520:
6510:
6508:
6497:
6490:
6480:
6478:
6474:
6467:
6463:
6462:
6458:
6445:
6444:
6437:
6428:
6427:
6423:
6384:
6380:
6349:
6345:
6336:
6335:
6318:
6271:
6267:
6250:
6246:
6213:(7): e1000316.
6199:
6195:
6150:
6143:
6136:
6120:
6116:
6071:
6067:
6048:
6044:
5999:
5995:
5964:(3): CD009825.
5950:
5946:
5901:
5897:
5852:
5848:
5808:
5804:
5749:
5745:
5716:Cell Metabolism
5704:
5700:
5645:
5641:
5596:
5592:
5553:
5549:
5504:
5500:
5453:
5449:
5410:
5406:
5395:
5391:
5352:
5348:
5309:
5305:
5274:
5270:
5223:
5219:
5188:
5156:
5152:
5105:
5101:
5094:
5074:
5070:
5055:
5051:
5034:
5030:
4983:
4979:
4932:(6300): 702–4.
4918:
4914:
4883:(12): 1448–61.
4869:
4865:
4855:
4853:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4833:
4831:
4821:
4814:
4785:(12): 1489–92.
4779:Nature Genetics
4771:
4767:
4722:
4718:
4695:
4663:
4659:
4612:
4608:
4559:
4555:
4524:(6): 1194–217.
4510:
4506:
4469:
4456:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4379:
4375:
4328:
4321:
4313:
4309:
4270:
4266:
4225:
4218:
4208:
4206:
4204:www.nei.nih.gov
4198:
4197:
4190:
4180:
4178:
4176:www.nei.nih.gov
4170:
4169:
4165:
4154:
4150:
4119:
4115:
4074:(4): e0214988.
4060:
4056:
4045:
4041:
4026:
4008:
4004:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3877:
3873:
3828:
3824:
3777:
3773:
3763:
3761:
3746:
3742:
3737:. 28 June 2018.
3729:
3728:
3724:
3714:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3665:
3661:
3624:
3617:
3588:(11): 1478–84.
3576:
3572:
3549:10.1139/H07-174
3533:
3529:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3362:
3358:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3288:
3284:
3247:
3243:
3222:(6): 1195–211.
3212:
3208:
3161:
3157:
3120:
3116:
3077:
3073:
3042:
3035:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2909:
2905:
2870:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2812:
2808:
2769:
2762:
2725:
2721:
2676:
2672:
2643:(5–6): 519–22.
2633:
2626:
2579:
2575:
2560:10.2307/2406060
2544:
2535:
2488:
2484:
2473:
2469:
2418:
2414:
2353:
2349:
2310:
2306:
2259:
2255:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2204:
2194:
2190:
2143:
2139:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2024:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1911:Gerontechnology
1831:
1801:
1790:The concept of
1788:
1775:
1767:
1704:
1702:Self-perception
1677:
1660:Ezekiel Emanuel
1626:
1579:age of majority
1575:life expectancy
1563:
1557:
1517:age of majority
1486:early adulthood
1452:
1446:
1432:
1424:
1407:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1297:Heterochromatin
1236:DNA scaffolding
1208:
1199:disposable soma
1183:
1177:
1141:Greenland shark
1098:
1058:
953:
947:
934:gene expression
886:
880:
803:semantic memory
756:Atherosclerosis
701:hair turns grey
699:Around age 55,
620:
619:
611:
609:
608:
607:
606:
603:
595:
592:
585:
579:
574:
568:
457:
445:DNA methylation
437:ageing theories
402:ceased dividing
363:
325:
323:
270:
125:
109:
98:
58:and development
57:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9019:
9009:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8981:
8980:
8978:
8977:
8972:
8967:
8965:Longevity risk
8962:
8957:
8951:
8949:
8945:
8944:
8942:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8900:
8898:
8894:
8893:
8891:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8874:
8873:
8862:
8860:
8854:
8853:
8851:
8850:
8849:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8828:
8822:
8820:
8816:
8815:
8812:
8811:
8809:
8808:
8803:
8798:
8793:
8788:
8783:
8777:
8775:
8771:
8770:
8768:
8767:
8766:
8765:
8760:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8659:
8658:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8622:
8620:
8616:
8615:
8613:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8591:
8590:
8585:
8575:
8570:
8564:
8562:
8555:
8547:
8546:
8544:
8543:
8542:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8524:organ printing
8521:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8477:
8476:
8465:
8463:
8461:Life extension
8457:
8456:
8454:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8442:
8441:
8431:
8430:
8429:
8424:
8414:
8413:
8412:
8407:
8405:biogerontology
8397:
8396:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8375:
8370:
8364:
8362:
8356:
8355:
8348:
8347:
8340:
8333:
8325:
8316:
8315:
8313:
8312:
8307:
8301:
8299:
8295:
8294:
8292:
8291:
8286:
8285:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8264:
8263:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8250:Preadolescence
8242:
8241:
8240:
8239:
8238:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8209:
8207:
8203:
8202:
8200:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8178:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8157:
8151:
8149:
8145:
8144:
8142:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8115:
8113:
8109:
8108:
8101:
8100:
8093:
8086:
8078:
8069:
8068:
8066:
8065:
8059:
8056:
8055:
8053:
8052:
8047:
8046:
8045:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8019:
8018:
8009:
8007:hemimetabolism
7999:holometabolism
7990:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7969:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7951:
7941:
7936:
7930:
7927:
7926:
7919:
7918:
7911:
7904:
7896:
7888:
7887:
7872:
7823:
7780:
7773:
7747:
7704:Age and Ageing
7690:
7643:
7636:
7616:
7609:
7589:
7572:agelab.mit.edu
7556:
7525:
7497:
7448:
7413:
7370:
7363:
7338:
7293:
7258:
7214:
7170:
7137:
7086:
7061:
7036:
7009:(3): 305–312.
6993:
6939:
6912:Health Affairs
6898:
6871:Health Affairs
6857:
6814:
6763:
6712:
6686:
6651:
6630:
6612:
6605:
6587:
6572:
6541:
6518:
6488:
6477:on 27 May 2008
6456:
6435:
6432:. UNFPA. 2002.
6421:
6378:
6359:(8): 1614–34.
6343:
6340:. UNFPA. 2012.
6316:
6285:(1): 174–181.
6265:
6244:
6193:
6141:
6134:
6114:
6065:
6042:
5993:
5944:
5895:
5866:(4): 199–218.
5846:
5802:
5743:
5698:
5659:(11): 7124–8.
5639:
5590:
5547:
5498:
5447:
5404:
5389:
5346:
5313:Biogerontology
5303:
5284:(1–2): 12–22.
5268:
5239:10.1086/412317
5233:(3): 279–303.
5217:
5186:
5150:
5099:
5092:
5068:
5049:
5028:
4977:
4912:
4863:
4841:
4812:
4791:10.1038/ng.253
4765:
4736:(5): a004440.
4716:
4693:
4657:
4620:Microorganisms
4606:
4553:
4504:
4454:
4402:
4395:
4373:
4319:
4307:
4264:
4242:10.1.1.395.745
4216:
4188:
4163:
4148:
4113:
4054:
4039:
4024:
4002:
3959:
3952:
3931:
3924:
3898:
3891:
3871:
3842:(24): 2275–7.
3822:
3771:
3740:
3722:
3700:
3659:
3615:
3570:
3527:
3494:Biogerontology
3484:
3475:
3453:10.1.1.456.139
3446:(3): M146-56.
3427:
3405:
3356:
3331:
3282:
3241:
3206:
3155:
3114:
3087:(2): 490–508.
3071:
3033:
2998:
2972:
2954:
2903:
2884:(3): 343–349.
2861:
2834:
2806:
2760:
2733:Cell Stem Cell
2719:
2670:
2624:
2573:
2554:(4): 398–411.
2533:
2482:
2467:
2412:
2347:
2320:(3): 312–317.
2304:
2253:
2214:
2202:Slate Magazine
2188:
2137:
2110:
2085:
2054:(4): 793–810.
2034:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1866:Biogerontology
1863:
1858:
1853:
1851:Ageing studies
1848:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1800:
1797:
1787:
1784:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1765:Healthy ageing
1763:
1703:
1700:
1676:
1673:
1625:
1622:
1556:
1553:
1513:age of consent
1494:late adulthood
1482:preadolescence
1460:An elderly man
1442:Main article:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1422:Social factors
1420:
1406:
1403:
1382:
1379:
1376:Life extension
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1351:
1337:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1276:
1262:
1252:
1211:Main article:
1207:
1204:
1179:Main article:
1176:
1173:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1076:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1012:
1006:
983:
976:
969:
963:
949:Main article:
946:
943:
902:model organism
882:Main article:
879:
876:
772:
771:
768:Jeanne Calment
760:
753:
743:
732:
721:
718:osteoarthritis
714:
708:
697:
682:ciliary muscle
678:
675:
668:
658:
610:
604:
593:
588:
587:
586:
577:
576:
575:
567:
564:
556:Hayflick Limit
502:) multiply by
456:
453:
365:
364:
362:
361:
354:
347:
339:
336:
335:
334:
333:
318:
317:
316:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
272:
271:
266:
263:
262:
261:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
217:
216:
210:
209:
208:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
159:
158:
154:
153:
152:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
120:
115:
110:
104:
99:
93:
88:
83:
75:
74:
70:
69:
61:
60:
52:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9018:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8993:
8991:
8976:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8952:
8950:
8946:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8901:
8899:
8895:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8883:Eternal youth
8881:
8879:
8876:
8872:
8869:
8868:
8867:
8864:
8863:
8861:
8859:
8855:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8833:
8832:
8831:Oldest people
8829:
8827:
8824:
8823:
8821:
8817:
8807:
8806:South America
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8796:North America
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8778:
8776:
8772:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8755:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8657:
8654:
8653:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8623:
8621:
8617:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8589:
8588:South America
8586:
8584:
8583:North America
8581:
8580:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8565:
8563:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8548:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8501:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8475:
8472:
8471:
8470:
8469:Topic outline
8467:
8466:
8464:
8462:
8458:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8440:
8437:
8436:
8435:
8432:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8419:
8418:
8415:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8402:
8401:
8398:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8380:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8365:
8363:
8361:
8357:
8353:
8346:
8341:
8339:
8334:
8332:
8327:
8326:
8323:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8302:
8300:
8296:
8290:
8287:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8269:
8268:
8265:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8247:
8246:
8243:
8237:
8234:
8233:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8213:
8211:
8210:
8208:
8204:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8162:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8152:
8150:
8146:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8116:
8114:
8110:
8106:
8099:
8094:
8092:
8087:
8085:
8080:
8079:
8076:
8064:
8061:
8060:
8057:
8051:
8048:
8044:
8041:
8040:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8017:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7996:
7995:
7994:
7993:Metamorphosis
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7956:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7946:
7945:
7944:Embryogenesis
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7931:
7928:
7924:
7917:
7912:
7910:
7905:
7903:
7898:
7897:
7894:
7885:
7881:
7876:
7867:
7862:
7858:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7827:
7819:
7815:
7811:
7807:
7803:
7799:
7795:
7791:
7784:
7776:
7770:
7766:
7762:
7758:
7751:
7743:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7705:
7701:
7694:
7686:
7682:
7678:
7674:
7670:
7666:
7662:
7658:
7654:
7647:
7639:
7633:
7629:
7628:
7620:
7612:
7606:
7602:
7601:
7593:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7563:
7561:
7544:
7540:
7539:digitaltrends
7536:
7529:
7514:
7510:
7504:
7502:
7493:
7489:
7485:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7465:
7464:
7459:
7452:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7424:
7417:
7409:
7405:
7401:
7397:
7393:
7389:
7386:(6): 739–61.
7385:
7381:
7374:
7366:
7360:
7355:
7354:
7348:
7342:
7334:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7316:
7312:
7308:
7304:
7297:
7289:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7274:(3): 511–26.
7273:
7269:
7262:
7254:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7221:
7219:
7210:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7193:(3): 369–71.
7192:
7188:
7184:
7177:
7175:
7165:
7160:
7157:(3): 372–75.
7156:
7152:
7148:
7141:
7133:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7090:
7075:
7071:
7065:
7050:
7046:
7040:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
6997:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6959:(2): 99–105.
6958:
6954:
6950:
6943:
6935:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6918:(4): 176–83.
6917:
6913:
6909:
6902:
6894:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6861:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6830:(4): 719–46.
6829:
6825:
6818:
6810:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6767:
6759:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6716:
6701:
6697:
6690:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6655:
6647:
6641:
6633:
6627:
6623:
6616:
6608:
6602:
6598:
6591:
6583:
6576:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6545:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6522:
6506:
6502:
6495:
6493:
6473:
6466:
6460:
6452:
6448:
6442:
6440:
6431:
6425:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6394:(4): 579–99.
6393:
6389:
6382:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6347:
6339:
6333:
6331:
6329:
6327:
6325:
6323:
6321:
6312:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6269:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6248:
6240:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6207:PLOS Medicine
6204:
6197:
6189:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6148:
6146:
6137:
6131:
6127:
6126:
6118:
6110:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6069:
6061:
6057:
6055:
6046:
6038:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
5997:
5989:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5948:
5940:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5899:
5891:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5850:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5806:
5798:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5747:
5739:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5722:(4): 280–93.
5721:
5717:
5713:
5711:
5702:
5694:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5643:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5610:(2): 167–78.
5609:
5605:
5601:
5594:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5551:
5543:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5502:
5494:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5451:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5408:
5400:
5393:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5350:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5319:(4): 387–99.
5318:
5314:
5307:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5272:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5221:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5154:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5115:(1): 518–20.
5114:
5110:
5103:
5095:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5080:
5072:
5064:
5063:howstuffworks
5060:
5053:
5046:
5045:0-8493-0948-4
5042:
5038:
5032:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4981:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4916:
4908:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4867:
4851:
4845:
4830:
4826:
4819:
4817:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4769:
4761:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4720:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4661:
4653:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4610:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4557:
4549:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4508:
4500:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4450:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4409:
4407:
4398:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4377:
4369:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4326:
4324:
4316:
4311:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4268:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4223:
4221:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4193:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4159:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4129:(3): 377–91.
4128:
4124:
4117:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4050:
4043:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4006:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3975:(2): 144–52.
3974:
3970:
3963:
3955:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3936:
3927:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3894:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3875:
3867:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3826:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3710:
3704:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3679:(4): 535–46.
3678:
3674:
3670:
3663:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3638:(2): 245–59.
3637:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3620:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3574:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3543:(1): 130–40.
3542:
3538:
3531:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3500:(4): 213–28.
3499:
3495:
3488:
3479:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3415:
3409:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3341:
3335:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3302:(2): 338–45.
3301:
3297:
3293:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3171:(3): 708–28.
3170:
3166:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3134:(5): 641–53.
3133:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3038:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3014:(5): 515–43.
3013:
3009:
3002:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2866:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2779:(8): 531–45.
2778:
2774:
2767:
2765:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2629:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2478:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2003:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1921:Gerascophobia
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1793:
1783:
1779:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1672:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1567:
1562:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1541:chronological
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1377:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1354:DNA oxidation
1352:
1349:
1348:mitochondrial
1345:
1344:free radicals
1341:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:free radicals
1315:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:annual plants
1111:
1107:
1103:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:inflammageing
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
981:
977:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
957:
956:
952:
942:
940:
935:
931:
930:error-related
927:
922:
920:
916:
912:
911:
907:
903:
899:
890:
885:
875:
873:
869:
864:
862:
861:poliomyelitis
856:
855:
852:
847:
843:
840:
835:
831:
826:
824:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
769:
765:
761:
757:
754:
751:
747:
744:
741:
737:
733:
730:
726:
722:
719:
715:
712:
709:
706:
702:
698:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
676:
673:
669:
666:
662:
659:
656:
652:
651:
650:
645:
640:
632:
624:
618:
616:
591:
573:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
526:
525:
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
485:
480:
476:
468:
467:
461:
452:
450:
446:
442:
441:DNA oxidation
438:
433:
431:
427:
426:mental health
423:
419:
415:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
388:, many other
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
360:
355:
353:
348:
346:
341:
340:
338:
337:
332:
322:
321:
320:
319:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
275:
274:
273:
269:
265:
264:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
219:
218:
215:
212:
211:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
165:Fertilization
163:
162:
161:
160:
156:
155:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
124:
121:
119:
118:Preadolescent
116:
114:
111:
108:
105:
103:
100:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
78:
77:
76:
72:
71:
67:
63:
62:
59:
54:
53:
49:
45:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
8871:Regeneration
8723:South Africa
8529:rejuvenation
8519:nanomedicine
8514:gene therapy
8359:
8277:Middle adult
8212:Early years
8186:
8112:Before birth
8038:Regeneration
7954:
7933:
7875:
7840:
7836:
7826:
7793:
7789:
7783:
7756:
7750:
7707:
7703:
7693:
7660:
7656:
7646:
7626:
7619:
7599:
7592:
7580:. Retrieved
7576:the original
7571:
7547:. Retrieved
7538:
7528:
7516:. Retrieved
7513:www.wbur.org
7512:
7467:
7461:
7451:
7426:
7422:
7416:
7383:
7379:
7373:
7352:
7347:Heckhausen J
7341:
7314:
7310:
7296:
7271:
7267:
7261:
7234:
7230:
7190:
7186:
7154:
7150:
7140:
7103:
7099:
7089:
7077:. Retrieved
7073:
7064:
7052:. Retrieved
7048:
7039:
7006:
7002:
6996:
6988:
6956:
6952:
6942:
6915:
6911:
6901:
6877:(6): 27–39.
6874:
6870:
6860:
6827:
6823:
6817:
6780:
6776:
6766:
6729:
6725:
6715:
6703:. Retrieved
6700:The Atlantic
6699:
6689:
6664:
6660:
6654:
6621:
6615:
6596:
6590:
6581:
6575:
6561:(2): 152–6.
6558:
6554:
6544:
6538:(2): 131–46.
6535:
6531:
6521:
6509:. Retrieved
6504:
6479:. Retrieved
6472:the original
6459:
6450:
6424:
6391:
6387:
6381:
6356:
6352:
6346:
6282:
6278:
6268:
6263:. pp. 12–13.
6252:
6247:
6210:
6206:
6196:
6161:
6157:
6124:
6117:
6082:
6078:
6068:
6060:ScienceDaily
6059:
6053:
6045:
6010:
6006:
5996:
5961:
5957:
5947:
5912:
5908:
5898:
5863:
5859:
5849:
5819:(3): 181–8.
5816:
5812:
5805:
5760:
5756:
5746:
5719:
5715:
5709:
5701:
5656:
5652:
5642:
5607:
5603:
5593:
5560:
5556:
5550:
5518:(7): 680–8.
5515:
5511:
5501:
5464:
5460:
5450:
5417:
5413:
5407:
5398:
5392:
5359:
5355:
5349:
5316:
5312:
5306:
5281:
5277:
5271:
5230:
5226:
5220:
5159:
5153:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5078:
5071:
5052:
5036:
5031:
4990:
4986:
4980:
4929:
4925:
4915:
4880:
4876:
4866:
4854:. Retrieved
4844:
4834:16 September
4832:. Retrieved
4828:
4782:
4778:
4768:
4733:
4729:
4719:
4674:
4670:
4660:
4623:
4619:
4609:
4566:
4556:
4521:
4517:
4507:
4483:(2): 72–74.
4480:
4476:
4422:
4418:
4386:
4376:
4339:
4335:
4310:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4232:
4228:
4207:. Retrieved
4203:
4179:. Retrieved
4175:
4166:
4157:
4151:
4126:
4123:Primary Care
4122:
4116:
4071:
4067:
4057:
4048:
4042:
4015:
4005:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3943:
3907:
3901:
3881:
3874:
3839:
3835:
3825:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3762:. Retrieved
3756:
3743:
3734:
3725:
3713:. Retrieved
3703:
3676:
3672:
3662:
3635:
3631:
3585:
3579:
3573:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3478:
3443:
3439:
3430:
3418:. Retrieved
3408:
3373:
3369:
3359:
3349:11 September
3347:. Retrieved
3334:
3299:
3296:Rheumatology
3295:
3285:
3258:
3254:
3244:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3052:(2): 241–7.
3049:
3045:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2991:11 September
2989:. Retrieved
2985:the original
2975:
2966:
2957:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2881:
2877:
2852:. Retrieved
2848:The Guardian
2847:
2837:
2825:. Retrieved
2819:
2809:
2776:
2772:
2739:(3): 293–7.
2736:
2732:
2722:
2687:
2683:
2673:
2640:
2636:
2590:
2587:PLOS Biology
2586:
2576:
2551:
2547:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2476:
2470:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2205:. Retrieved
2201:
2191:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2101:. Retrieved
2097:
2088:
2051:
2048:Antioxidants
2047:
2037:
2025:. Retrieved
2020:
2016:
2006:
1971:Rejuvenation
1951:Particulates
1836:Ageing brain
1822:
1802:
1791:
1789:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1759:
1755:
1744:
1736:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1669:Miguel Faria
1653:
1641:
1636:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1590:
1583:
1572:
1545:
1509:drinking age
1502:
1463:
1453:
1425:
1415:
1408:
1392:
1384:
1346:produced by
1330:mitochondria
1316:: Damage by
1304:cross-linked
1251:replication.
1210:
1209:
1184:
1169:centenarians
1136:
1126:
1117:
1106:willow trees
1099:
1091:
1059:
980:proteostasis
954:
929:
925:
923:
918:
908:
895:
865:
857:
848:
844:
827:
811:Intelligence
807:Ageing brain
773:
759:vasculature.
738:or have had
725:hearing loss
648:
612:
529:
522:
508:
489:
482:
472:
464:
434:
424:, increased
410:
404:, or to the
373:
369:
368:
313:Evolutionary
288:Psychosocial
199:
139:Middle adult
56:Human growth
40:
18:Octogenarian
9001:Gerontology
8858:Immortality
8417:Centenarian
8400:Gerontology
8282:Elder adult
8272:Young adult
8255:Adolescence
8119:Development
8016:ametabolism
7939:Compartment
5563:(2): 91–5.
5512:Epigenetics
4993:(7–8): 63.
2854:9 September
2157:(1): 1–10.
2126:: 396–408.
2027:12 February
1916:Gerontology
1817:Book of Job
1751:gerontology
1747:ageing suit
1637:Ages of Man
1593:birth rates
1450:Gerontology
1334:antioxidant
1157:sea anemone
665:photoageing
548:spermatozoa
542:(producing
492:Prokaryotes
428:risks, and
248:Young adult
134:Young adult
8990:Categories
8841:by country
8738:Tajikistan
8703:Kazakhstan
8561:by country
8378:Senescence
8192:Senescence
8050:Teratology
7978:Metamerism
7973:Embryology
7955:Drosophila
7880:Job 14:5–7
5915:: 101316.
5420:: 119–31.
5177:1822/62308
4955:2022/26597
4626:(3): 668.
4567:Cerebellum
4342:: e08527.
2593:(2): e45.
2314:Cell Cycle
2207:16 January
1998:References
1956:Pollutants
1559:See also:
1505:voting age
1448:See also:
1374:See also:
1363:DNA damage
1273:lipofuscin
1269:metabolism
1224:DNA damage
1187:phenotypes
1155:, and the
1145:tube worms
1135:(known as
1049:microbiome
972:epigenetic
926:programmed
919:C. elegans
910:C. elegans
884:Senescence
832:, whereby
820:myelinated
801:, but not
750:sarcopenia
690:presbyopia
686:presbyopia
615:media help
570:See also:
562:in 1961).
540:germ cells
536:stem cells
496:Protozoans
479:strawberry
283:Ecological
278:Attachment
238:Adolescent
175:Childbirth
123:Adolescent
32:Senescence
8955:Blue zone
8713:Palestine
8631:Australia
8626:Argentina
8352:Longevity
8267:Adulthood
8231:Childhood
7857:2399-5300
7724:0002-0729
7677:1873-4111
7657:Maturitas
6667:: 104–9.
6640:cite book
6481:7 October
6451:unfpa.org
6373:144367063
6164:: i3857.
5196:0079-6484
4972:206647043
4856:12 August
4850:"Oldlist"
4601:259499418
4259:201101995
4237:CiteSeerX
3764:6 October
3448:CiteSeerX
3420:14 August
3376:: 42–51.
2923:(1): 34.
2548:Evolution
2462:205250494
2248:1941-6008
1931:Longevity
1805:Euripides
1656:longevity
1624:Sociology
1555:Economics
1478:childhood
1282:Autophagy
1244:apoptosis
1228:mutations
1133:hard clam
1042:phenotype
1029:stem cell
764:115 years
711:Menopause
674:declines.
463:Immortal
449:apoptosis
430:many more
303:Cognitive
195:Menopause
170:Pregnancy
144:Old adult
8836:verified
8758:shortest
8578:Americas
8550:Lists of
8500:Methods
8028:Ontogeny
7966:polarity
7742:37517058
7733:10387229
7685:34274071
7582:12 March
7549:12 March
7543:Archived
7518:12 March
7492:21027678
7458:Fried LP
7408:34866893
7400:18625760
7349:(1999).
7333:11584033
7303:Fried LP
7288:11014714
7253:12810904
7209:12810900
7132:31350849
7079:12 March
7054:12 March
7031:25982162
7023:29363245
6985:31058058
6934:15318578
6893:14649430
6852:45396303
6844:17175843
6809:25883841
6758:25789197
6681:25456627
6624:. Cham.
6567:24728752
6511:6 August
6447:"Ageing"
6408:16309437
6311:30423119
6239:20668659
6188:27510511
6109:34793210
6037:18786971
5988:30864165
5939:33711511
5930:10018438
5890:23604866
5841:23752647
5833:15763395
5797:11517304
5738:17908557
5634:28396237
5626:18226094
5585:19115146
5542:22647267
5493:32887933
5434:24070476
5384:34431271
5341:21455794
5333:20157779
5298:21600302
5263:20822805
5212:85516879
5204:30911895
5137:15247078
5047:. p. 26.
5023:11287549
5015:28689349
4964:27516602
4907:24347613
4829:BBC News
4807:13225884
4799:18997783
4760:21441594
4711:17724023
4652:35336242
4593:37428408
4584:10776824
4548:23746838
4499:21132086
4449:19465083
4368:26422514
4302:22609505
4294:16731270
4143:26319344
4108:30958861
4068:PLOS ONE
4034:21204349
3997:35293796
3989:12794739
3866:24283198
3809:27706136
3749:Zimmer C
3715:11 March
3695:26892956
3654:22773427
3610:22988219
3602:11890586
3565:24468921
3557:18347663
3514:18299960
3470:11253156
3436:Fried LP
3400:23321648
3326:24173433
3236:26476248
3201:32685699
3193:14819896
3150:23974581
3109:26015190
3101:23274270
3066:18675268
3028:14499819
2949:22534143
2801:30960789
2793:24749665
2755:23472871
2714:25694621
2665:27839420
2619:15685293
2454:27580034
2399:13666896
2342:24939720
2334:17264677
2299:31130916
2183:28261550
2080:26783959
1966:Progeria
1829:See also
1692:dementia
1644:maturity
1476:through
1470:juvenile
1416:together
1405:Exercise
1370:Research
1246:, often
1191:selected
1153:rockfish
1151:and the
1149:sturgeon
978:loss of
966:telomere
906:nematode
868:diseases
775:Dementia
736:cataract
729:cochlear
661:Wrinkles
566:Symptoms
538:such as
475:immortal
435:Current
418:diabetes
412:cancer,
258:Maturity
48:a series
46:Part of
9006:Old age
8948:Related
8819:Records
8801:Oceania
8763:longest
8673:Germany
8668:Finland
8636:Belgium
8605:Oceania
8368:Old age
8221:Toddler
8175:Puberty
8033:Puberty
7866:6229246
7818:3299702
7798:Bibcode
7790:Science
7663:: 1–6.
7484:8951311
7443:8228003
7123:7427487
6976:6489509
6800:4392568
6749:4360549
6705:7 April
6416:1775770
6302:7182003
6230:2910600
6179:4979358
6100:8841109
6079:Science
6028:2533524
5979:6414510
5881:3455271
5765:Bibcode
5693:6947277
5661:Bibcode
5577:2115005
5533:3414389
5484:8080806
5442:1603760
5376:3545872
5255:7031747
5247:2826464
5145:6418634
5117:Bibcode
4995:Bibcode
4934:Bibcode
4926:Science
4898:4271020
4751:3101847
4703:9988222
4643:8950177
4539:3836174
4490:2995895
4440:2885961
4359:4718733
4099:6453471
4076:Bibcode
3857:4130738
3817:3623127
3789:Bibcode
3522:8576449
3391:3657556
3317:3894672
3277:9867266
3173:Bibcode
2940:3410765
2898:9070790
2705:4345458
2657:1426085
2568:2406060
2528:4330925
2520:8455716
2500:Bibcode
2434:Bibcode
2407:4149521
2369:Bibcode
2290:6509231
2273:: 266.
2174:5316899
2132:9361474
2071:4712935
2017:Smadent
1946:Old age
1719:hwangap
1474:infancy
1358:8-OH-dG
1161:lobster
1122:sponges
1070:Sirtuin
995:Sirtuin
746:Frailty
552:cloning
524:E. coli
504:fission
390:animals
190:Puberty
180:Walking
107:Toddler
8996:Ageing
8929:Klotho
8846:living
8791:Europe
8781:Africa
8743:Turkey
8733:Sweden
8718:Russia
8708:Mexico
8688:Israel
8678:Greece
8663:France
8656:Cities
8646:Canada
8641:Brazil
8600:Europe
8573:Africa
8360:Ageing
8216:Infant
8206:Phases
8187:Ageing
8165:Stages
8129:Embryo
8124:Zygote
7934:Ageing
7863:
7855:
7816:
7771:
7740:
7730:
7722:
7683:
7675:
7634:
7607:
7490:
7482:
7441:
7406:
7398:
7361:
7331:
7286:
7251:
7207:
7130:
7120:
7029:
7021:
6983:
6973:
6932:
6891:
6850:
6842:
6807:
6797:
6783:: 49.
6756:
6746:
6732:: 35.
6679:
6628:
6603:
6565:
6414:
6406:
6371:
6309:
6299:
6259:
6237:
6227:
6186:
6176:
6132:
6107:
6097:
6035:
6025:
5986:
5976:
5937:
5927:
5888:
5878:
5839:
5831:
5795:
5785:
5736:
5691:
5684:349208
5681:
5632:
5624:
5583:
5575:
5540:
5530:
5491:
5481:
5440:
5432:
5382:
5374:
5339:
5331:
5296:
5261:
5253:
5245:
5210:
5202:
5194:
5184:
5143:
5135:
5090:
5043:
5021:
5013:
4970:
4962:
4905:
4895:
4805:
4797:
4758:
4748:
4709:
4701:
4691:
4650:
4640:
4599:
4591:
4581:
4546:
4536:
4497:
4487:
4447:
4437:
4393:
4366:
4356:
4300:
4292:
4274:Lancet
4257:
4239:
4209:3 July
4181:3 July
4141:
4106:
4096:
4032:
4022:
3995:
3987:
3950:
3922:
3889:
3864:
3854:
3815:
3807:
3781:Nature
3693:
3652:
3608:
3600:
3563:
3555:
3520:
3512:
3468:
3450:
3398:
3388:
3324:
3314:
3275:
3234:
3199:
3191:
3148:
3107:
3099:
3064:
3026:
2947:
2937:
2896:
2827:25 May
2799:
2791:
2753:
2712:
2702:
2663:
2655:
2617:
2610:546039
2607:
2566:
2526:
2518:
2492:Nature
2460:
2452:
2426:Nature
2405:
2397:
2361:Nature
2340:
2332:
2297:
2287:
2246:
2181:
2171:
2130:
2103:19 May
2078:
2068:
1815:. The
1698:2000.
1597:median
1531:, and
1498:tweens
1492:, and
1472:(from
1238:which
1137:quahog
939:organs
670:After
386:humans
370:Ageing
200:Ageing
102:Infant
91:Embryo
86:Zygote
81:Gamete
73:Stages
8934:SIRT1
8904:FOXO3
8728:Spain
8698:Japan
8693:Italy
8683:India
8651:China
8568:World
8474:index
8305:Minor
8289:Dying
8245:Youth
8236:Child
8197:Death
8170:Early
8155:Birth
8134:Fetus
8043:Human
7983:Larva
7949:Human
7710:(7).
7488:S2CID
7404:S2CID
7027:S2CID
6848:S2CID
6475:(PDF)
6468:(PDF)
6412:S2CID
6369:S2CID
5837:S2CID
5788:56984
5630:S2CID
5581:S2CID
5438:S2CID
5380:S2CID
5337:S2CID
5259:S2CID
5243:JSTOR
5208:S2CID
5141:S2CID
5019:S2CID
4968:S2CID
4803:S2CID
4707:S2CID
4597:S2CID
4336:eLife
4298:S2CID
4255:S2CID
3993:S2CID
3813:S2CID
3735:WebMD
3606:S2CID
3561:S2CID
3518:S2CID
3197:S2CID
3105:S2CID
2894:S2CID
2797:S2CID
2661:S2CID
2564:JSTOR
2524:S2CID
2458:S2CID
2403:S2CID
2338:S2CID
2234:(1).
1886:Death
1813:Hydra
1809:Hydra
1397:that
1189:, is
1066:FOXO3
898:yeast
823:axons
500:algae
484:Hydra
466:Hydra
382:older
374:aging
298:Moral
253:Adult
243:Youth
205:Death
149:Dying
113:Child
96:Fetus
8914:CETP
8909:APOE
8786:Asia
8595:Asia
8539:SENS
7988:Pupa
7961:Fish
7853:ISSN
7814:PMID
7769:ISBN
7738:PMID
7720:ISSN
7681:PMID
7673:ISSN
7632:ISBN
7605:ISBN
7584:2021
7551:2021
7520:2021
7480:PMID
7439:PMID
7396:PMID
7359:ISBN
7329:PMID
7284:PMID
7249:PMID
7205:PMID
7128:PMID
7081:2021
7056:2021
7019:PMID
6981:PMID
6930:PMID
6889:PMID
6840:PMID
6805:PMID
6754:PMID
6707:2015
6677:PMID
6646:link
6626:ISBN
6601:ISBN
6563:PMID
6513:2012
6483:2010
6404:PMID
6307:PMID
6257:ISBN
6235:PMID
6184:PMID
6130:ISBN
6105:PMID
6033:PMID
5984:PMID
5962:2019
5935:PMID
5886:PMID
5829:PMID
5793:PMID
5734:PMID
5689:PMID
5622:PMID
5573:PMID
5538:PMID
5489:PMID
5430:PMID
5372:PMID
5329:PMID
5294:PMID
5251:PMID
5200:PMID
5192:ISSN
5182:ISBN
5133:PMID
5113:1019
5088:ISBN
5041:ISBN
5011:PMID
4960:PMID
4903:PMID
4858:2016
4836:2017
4795:PMID
4756:PMID
4699:PMID
4689:ISBN
4671:Cell
4648:PMID
4589:PMID
4544:PMID
4518:Cell
4495:PMID
4445:PMID
4423:1790
4391:ISBN
4364:PMID
4290:PMID
4211:2021
4183:2021
4139:PMID
4104:PMID
4030:PMID
4020:ISBN
3985:PMID
3948:ISBN
3920:ISBN
3887:ISBN
3862:PMID
3805:PMID
3766:2016
3717:2021
3691:PMID
3650:PMID
3598:PMID
3553:PMID
3510:PMID
3466:PMID
3422:2016
3396:PMID
3351:2016
3322:PMID
3273:PMID
3232:PMID
3189:PMID
3146:PMID
3097:PMID
3062:PMID
3024:PMID
2993:2016
2945:PMID
2856:2016
2829:2017
2789:PMID
2751:PMID
2710:PMID
2653:PMID
2615:PMID
2516:PMID
2450:PMID
2395:PMID
2330:PMID
2295:PMID
2244:ISSN
2209:2022
2179:PMID
2128:PMID
2105:2021
2076:PMID
2029:2021
1385:The
1381:Diet
1159:and
1078:the
1064:the
999:mTOR
991:FOXO
928:and
815:type
793:and
655:hear
546:and
532:HeLa
372:(or
8939:TNF
8924:IL6
8919:ACE
8753:USA
8005:),
7861:PMC
7845:doi
7806:doi
7794:237
7761:doi
7728:PMC
7712:doi
7665:doi
7661:150
7472:doi
7431:doi
7388:doi
7319:doi
7276:doi
7239:doi
7195:doi
7159:doi
7118:PMC
7108:doi
7011:doi
6971:PMC
6961:doi
6920:doi
6879:doi
6832:doi
6795:PMC
6785:doi
6744:PMC
6734:doi
6669:doi
6396:doi
6361:doi
6297:PMC
6287:doi
6225:PMC
6215:doi
6174:PMC
6166:doi
6162:354
6158:BMJ
6095:PMC
6087:doi
6083:374
6023:PMC
6015:doi
6011:337
6007:BMJ
5974:PMC
5966:doi
5925:PMC
5917:doi
5876:PMC
5868:doi
5821:doi
5783:PMC
5773:doi
5724:doi
5679:PMC
5669:doi
5612:doi
5608:263
5565:doi
5528:PMC
5520:doi
5479:PMC
5469:doi
5422:doi
5364:doi
5321:doi
5286:doi
5282:728
5235:doi
5172:hdl
5164:doi
5125:doi
5003:doi
4991:104
4950:hdl
4942:doi
4930:353
4893:PMC
4885:doi
4787:doi
4746:PMC
4738:doi
4679:doi
4638:PMC
4628:doi
4579:PMC
4571:doi
4534:PMC
4526:doi
4522:153
4485:PMC
4435:PMC
4427:doi
4354:PMC
4344:doi
4282:doi
4278:367
4247:doi
4131:doi
4094:PMC
4084:doi
3977:doi
3973:462
3912:doi
3852:PMC
3844:doi
3840:369
3797:doi
3785:538
3681:doi
3677:118
3640:doi
3636:111
3590:doi
3545:doi
3502:doi
3458:doi
3386:PMC
3378:doi
3374:297
3312:PMC
3304:doi
3263:doi
3259:148
3224:doi
3181:doi
3136:doi
3089:doi
3054:doi
3016:doi
2935:PMC
2925:doi
2886:doi
2781:doi
2741:doi
2700:PMC
2692:doi
2688:282
2645:doi
2605:PMC
2595:doi
2556:doi
2508:doi
2496:362
2442:doi
2430:537
2385:hdl
2377:doi
2365:183
2322:doi
2285:PMC
2275:doi
2236:doi
2169:PMC
2159:doi
2124:106
2066:PMC
2056:doi
2023:(1)
1324:or
1023:p53
1019:p16
863:).
809:).
544:ova
451:).
376:in
8992::
8748:UK
8014::
7882::
7859:.
7851:.
7839:.
7835:.
7812:.
7804:.
7792:.
7767:.
7736:.
7726:.
7718:.
7708:52
7706:.
7702:.
7679:.
7671:.
7659:.
7655:.
7570:.
7559:^
7541:.
7537:.
7511:.
7500:^
7486:.
7478:.
7468:44
7466:.
7437:.
7427:48
7425:.
7402:.
7394:.
7384:20
7382:.
7327:.
7315:56
7313:.
7309:.
7282:.
7272:15
7270:.
7247:.
7235:43
7233:.
7229:.
7217:^
7203:.
7191:43
7189:.
7185:.
7173:^
7155:43
7153:.
7149:.
7126:.
7116:.
7104:60
7102:.
7098:.
7072:.
7047:.
7025:.
7017:.
7007:17
7005:.
6987:.
6979:.
6969:.
6955:.
6951:.
6928:.
6916:23
6914:.
6910:.
6887:.
6875:22
6873:.
6869:.
6846:.
6838:.
6828:36
6826:.
6803:.
6793:.
6779:.
6775:.
6752:.
6742:.
6728:.
6724:.
6698:.
6675:.
6665:31
6663:.
6642:}}
6638:{{
6559:14
6557:.
6553:.
6534:.
6530:.
6503:.
6491:^
6449:.
6438:^
6410:.
6402:.
6392:56
6390:.
6367:.
6357:35
6355:.
6319:^
6305:.
6295:.
6283:60
6281:.
6277:.
6233:.
6223:.
6209:.
6205:.
6182:.
6172:.
6160:.
6156:.
6144:^
6103:.
6093:.
6081:.
6077:.
6058:.
6031:.
6021:.
6009:.
6005:.
5982:.
5972:.
5960:.
5956:.
5933:.
5923:.
5913:68
5911:.
5907:.
5884:.
5874:.
5864:23
5862:.
5858:.
5835:.
5827:.
5817:40
5815:.
5791:.
5781:.
5771:.
5761:98
5759:.
5755:.
5732:.
5718:.
5714:.
5687:.
5677:.
5667:.
5657:78
5655:.
5651:.
5628:.
5620:.
5606:.
5602:.
5579:.
5571:.
5561:25
5559:.
5536:.
5526:.
5514:.
5510:.
5487:.
5477:.
5465:52
5463:.
5459:.
5436:.
5428:.
5418:55
5416:.
5378:.
5370:.
5360:21
5358:.
5335:.
5327:.
5317:11
5315:.
5292:.
5280:.
5257:.
5249:.
5241:.
5231:56
5229:.
5206:.
5198:.
5190:.
5180:.
5170:.
5139:.
5131:.
5123:.
5111:.
5086:.
5082:.
5061:.
5017:.
5009:.
5001:.
4989:.
4966:.
4958:.
4948:.
4940:.
4928:.
4924:.
4901:.
4891:.
4881:69
4879:.
4875:.
4827:.
4815:^
4801:.
4793:.
4783:40
4781:.
4777:.
4754:.
4744:.
4732:.
4728:.
4705:.
4697:.
4687:.
4675:96
4673:.
4669:.
4646:.
4636:.
4624:10
4622:.
4618:.
4595:.
4587:.
4577:.
4569:.
4565:.
4542:.
4532:.
4520:.
4516:.
4493:.
4479:.
4475:.
4457:^
4443:.
4433:.
4421:.
4417:.
4405:^
4362:.
4352:.
4338:.
4334:.
4322:^
4296:.
4288:.
4276:.
4253:.
4245:.
4235:.
4231:.
4219:^
4202:.
4191:^
4174:.
4137:.
4127:42
4125:.
4102:.
4092:.
4082:.
4072:14
4070:.
4066:.
4028:.
3991:.
3983:.
3971:.
3934:^
3918:.
3910:.
3860:.
3850:.
3838:.
3834:.
3811:.
3803:.
3795:.
3783:.
3755:.
3733:.
3689:.
3675:.
3671:.
3648:.
3634:.
3630:.
3618:^
3604:.
3596:.
3586:49
3584:.
3559:.
3551:.
3541:33
3539:.
3516:.
3508:.
3496:.
3464:.
3456:.
3444:56
3442:.
3394:.
3384:.
3372:.
3368:.
3320:.
3310:.
3300:53
3298:.
3294:.
3271:.
3257:.
3253:.
3230:.
3220:99
3218:.
3195:.
3187:.
3179:.
3169:53
3167:.
3144:.
3132:79
3130:.
3126:.
3103:.
3095:.
3085:12
3083:.
3060:.
3050:88
3048:.
3036:^
3022:.
3012:48
3010:.
2965:.
2943:.
2933:.
2919:.
2915:.
2892:.
2882:40
2880:.
2876:.
2864:^
2846:.
2818:.
2795:.
2787:.
2777:53
2775:.
2763:^
2749:.
2737:12
2735:.
2731:.
2708:.
2698:.
2686:.
2682:.
2659:.
2651:.
2641:27
2639:.
2627:^
2613:.
2603:.
2589:.
2585:.
2562:.
2552:11
2550:.
2536:^
2522:.
2514:.
2506:.
2494:.
2456:.
2448:.
2440:.
2424:.
2401:.
2393:.
2383:.
2375:.
2363:.
2359:.
2336:.
2328:.
2316:.
2293:.
2283:.
2271:10
2269:.
2265:.
2242:.
2230:.
2226:.
2200:.
2177:.
2167:.
2153:.
2149:.
2122:.
2096:.
2074:.
2064:.
2050:.
2046:.
2019:.
2015:.
1694:.
1635::
1527:,
1523:,
1519:,
1515:,
1511:,
1507:,
1488:,
1480:,
1342::
1171:.
993:3/
941:.
921:.
825:.
789:,
785:,
703:.
498:,
494:,
420:,
416:,
408:.
50:on
8344:e
8337:t
8330:v
8097:e
8090:t
8083:v
8001:(
7915:e
7908:t
7901:v
7869:.
7847::
7841:2
7820:.
7808::
7800::
7777:.
7763::
7744:.
7714::
7687:.
7667::
7640:.
7613:.
7586:.
7553:.
7522:.
7494:.
7474::
7445:.
7433::
7410:.
7390::
7367:.
7335:.
7321::
7290:.
7278::
7255:.
7241::
7211:.
7197::
7167:.
7161::
7134:.
7110::
7083:.
7058:.
7033:.
7013::
6963::
6957:9
6936:.
6922::
6895:.
6881::
6854:.
6834::
6811:.
6787::
6781:6
6760:.
6736::
6730:6
6709:.
6683:.
6671::
6648:)
6634:.
6609:.
6569:.
6536:9
6515:.
6485:.
6418:.
6398::
6375:.
6363::
6313:.
6289::
6241:.
6217::
6211:7
6190:.
6168::
6138:.
6111:.
6089::
6062:.
6056:"
6039:.
6017::
5990:.
5968::
5941:.
5919::
5892:.
5870::
5843:.
5823::
5799:.
5775::
5767::
5740:.
5726::
5720:6
5695:.
5671::
5663::
5636:.
5614::
5587:.
5567::
5544:.
5522::
5516:7
5495:.
5471::
5444:.
5424::
5386:.
5366::
5343:.
5323::
5300:.
5288::
5265:.
5237::
5214:.
5174::
5166::
5147:.
5127::
5119::
5096:.
5065:.
5025:.
5005::
4997::
4974:.
4952::
4944::
4936::
4909:.
4887::
4860:.
4838:.
4809:.
4789::
4762:.
4740::
4734:3
4713:.
4681::
4654:.
4630::
4603:.
4573::
4550:.
4528::
4501:.
4481:1
4451:.
4429::
4399:.
4370:.
4346::
4340:4
4304:.
4284::
4261:.
4249::
4233:1
4213:.
4185:.
4145:.
4133::
4110:.
4086::
4078::
4036:.
3999:.
3979::
3956:.
3928:.
3914::
3895:.
3868:.
3846::
3819:.
3799::
3791::
3768:.
3719:.
3697:.
3683::
3656:.
3642::
3612:.
3592::
3567:.
3547::
3524:.
3504::
3498:9
3472:.
3460::
3424:.
3402:.
3380::
3353:.
3328:.
3306::
3279:.
3265::
3238:.
3226::
3203:.
3183::
3175::
3152:.
3138::
3111:.
3091::
3068:.
3056::
3030:.
3018::
2995:.
2951:.
2927::
2921:6
2900:.
2888::
2858:.
2831:.
2803:.
2783::
2757:.
2743::
2716:.
2694::
2667:.
2647::
2621:.
2597::
2591:3
2570:.
2558::
2530:.
2510::
2502::
2464:.
2444::
2436::
2409:.
2387::
2379::
2371::
2344:.
2324::
2318:6
2301:.
2277::
2250:.
2238::
2232:1
2211:.
2185:.
2161::
2155:7
2134:.
2107:.
2082:.
2058::
2052:4
2031:.
2021:2
1068:/
1005:)
742:.
617:.
358:e
351:t
344:v
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.