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527:, That, with feelings of sorrow rather than pride, we remind our white fellow-citizens of the glaring inconsistency and palpable injustice of forcing delicate women and innocent children, by the ruthless hands of ungentlemanly and unprincipled conductors and drivers, to places on the front platform, subjecting to storm and rain, cold and heat, relatives of twelve thousand colored soldiers, whose services these very citizens gladly accepted when the nation was in her hour of trouble, and they seriously entreated, under the chances of IMPARTIAL DRAFTS, to fill the depleted ranks of the Union army.
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544:, That we do solemnly pledge ourselves to assist by our means any suit brought against the perpetrators of outrages such as those, the occurrence of which has convened this meeting; and we respectfully call upon our liberal-minded and friendly white fellow-citizens to cease to remain silent witnesses of the grievance of which we complain, and to demonstrate the sincerity of their professions by an interference in our behalf. (Brown 1866)
33:
401:. In the impressive language written on this flag, "Let Soldiers in War be Citizens in Peace," the Banks policy may plant the seed of another revolution. Our statesmen will have to take care lest they prove neither so good nor wise under the seductions of mild-eyed peace, as heretofore, amidst the tumults of grim-visaged war. Merit should also be recognised in the black soldier, and the way opened to his promotion.
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grave, while both white and colored stand ready to help in the matter, it is not creditable to us. Something ought to be done in the matter. I believe almost everybody would give something toward getting a stone. I am the publisher of his life, and am prepared to speak in regard to the interest taken by all classes of people. (Wallace 1878)
282:... It is for the purpose of promoting, as far as possible, the preparation of the colored man for the assumption of these new relations with intelligence and with the knowledge which promises success, that the Institute feels called upon at this time to act with more energy and on a broader scale than has heretofore been required.
278:, then in progress. He believed that the United States government had to evolve several times in order to change. He understood that the change must come not necessarily for the benefit of African Americans, but more for America's political and industrial welfare. This would be a mutual benefit for all Americans.
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Can you inform me through your paper, why there is no care taken of Prof. O. V. Catto's grave? I have recently been down to the
Cemetery and was surprised to see its condition. Thousands of people have asked me about the same thing, and, when I am compelled to say there is no sign of any stone to his
737:
On June 14, 2006, the Board of
Trustees of the O. V. Catto Memorial announced the kickoff of a $ 1.5 million fundraising campaign to erect a memorial statue to Catto. The Abraham Lincoln Foundation made the first contribution of $ 25,000. On October 10, 2007, the 136th anniversary of Catto's death,
405:
prophesied that if ever
America underwent Revolution, it would be brought about by the presence of the black race, and that it would result from the inequality of their condition. This has been verified. But there is another side to the picture; and while he thought it his duty to keep these things
269:
It is at least unjust to allow a blind and ignorant prejudice to so far disregard the choice of parents and the will of the colored tax-payers, as to appoint over colored children white teachers, whose intelligence and success, measured by the fruits of their labors, could neither obtain nor secure
705:
Many Negro citizens of
Philadelphia are now endeavoring to have carried into speedy execution a long-cherished wish to have erected there a monument to Prof. Octavius V. Catto, one of their race, who was killed in an election day riot in that city twenty-six years ago. He was long an instructor in
593:
Following the 1867 season, Catto, with support from players from the white
Athletic Base Ball Club, applied for the Pythians' admission into the newly formed Pennsylvania Base Ball Association. As it became clear that they would lose any vote by the Association, they withdrew their application. In
537:
companies, – we shall never rest at ease, but will agitate and work, by our means and by our influence, in court and out of court, asking aid of the press, calling upon
Christians to vindicate their Christianity, and the members of the law to assert the principles of the profession by granting us
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was well-attended. The murder of Catto, an important leader, and violence throughout the election, coupled with the resurgence of the anti-Reconstruction
Democratic Party in the city, marked the beginning of a decline in black militancy in 19th-century Philadelphia. Later, after the cemetery was
644:
of the 1840s; they competed with free blacks for jobs and housing. City police were called on to quell the violence. Instead, often ethnic Irish themselves, they exacerbated the problems, using their power to prevent black citizens from voting. A Lieutenant
Haggerty was later arrested for having
410:; and since the Genius of Liberty has directed the war, we have gone from victory to victory. Soldiers! Accept this flag on behalf of the citizens of Philadelphia. I know too well the mettle of your pasture, that you will not dishonor it. Keep before your eyes the noble deeds of your fellows at
264:
On May 10, 1864, Catto delivered ICY's commencement address, which gave a historical synopsis of the school. In addition, Catto's address touched on the issue of the potential lack of sensitivity of white teachers toward the needs and interests of
African-American students:
559:, Catto was instrumental in the passage of a Pennsylvania bill that prohibited segregation on transit systems in the state. Publicity about a conductor's being fined who refused to admit Catto's fiancée to a Philadelphia streetcar helped establish the new law in practice.
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1869, the
Pythians challenged various white baseball teams in Philadelphia to games. The Olympic Ball Club accepted the challenge. The first match game between black and white baseball teams took place on September 4, 1869, ending in the Pythians' defeat, 44 to 23. (
499:
A meeting of the Union League of Philadelphia was held in Sansom Street Hall on Thursday, June 21, 1866, to protest and denounce the forcible ejection of several black women from Philadelphia's street cars. At this meeting, Catto presented the following resolutions:
533:, That while men and women of a Christian community can sit unmoved and in silence, and see women barbarously thrown from the cars, – and while our courts of justice fail to grant us redress for acts committed in violation of the chartered privileges of these
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The conductor of the car, fearful of being fined for ejecting him, as was done by the Judges of one of our courts in a similar case, ran the car off the track, detached the horses, and left the colored man to occupy the car all by himself.
313:, a center for science and education whose white leaders supported Catto's membership despite his race, in the face of some opposition. Catto served as principal and teacher at ICY until his death in 1871. His successor in the position was
225:
Catto began his education at Vaux Primary School and then Lombard Grammar School, institutions specifically for the education of African-Americans, in Philadelphia. In 1853, he entered the, otherwise, all-white Allentown Academy in
566:, which prohibited discrimination against citizens in registration and voting based on race, color or prior condition; effectively, it provided suffrage to black men. (No women then had the vote.) It was fully ratified in 1870.
625:, October 10, 1871, Catto was teaching in Philadelphia. Fights broke out in the city between black and white voters, as the elections were high in tension and parties reflected racial opposition. Black voters, who were mostly
946:
Delivered in the First African Presbyterian Church, in Philadelphia, on the fourth Sabbath of May, 1857, with a History of the Church from the first organization, including a brief Notice of Rev. John Gloucester, its First
249:
for "outstanding scholarly work, great energy, and perseverance in school matters." Catto did a year of post-graduate study, including private tutoring in both Greek and Latin, in Washington, D. C.
574:
Catto was active not just in the public arenas of education and equal rights, but also on the sporting field. Like many other young men of Philadelphia, both white and black, Catto began playing
431:
In November 1864, Catto was elected to be the Corresponding Secretary of the Pennsylvania Equal Rights League. He also served as Vice President of the State Convention of Colored People held in
652:
for protection. At the intersection of Ninth and South streets, Catto was accosted by Frank Kelly, an ethnic Irish man, who shot him three times. Catto died of his wounds. The city
513:, That we cannot discover any reason based upon good sense or common justice for the continuance of a practice which has long ceased to disgrace democratic New York, Washington,
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1422:
1169:
333:
invasion of Pennsylvania in 1863, Catto helped raise a company of black volunteers for the state's defense; their help, however, was refused by the staff of Major General
136:
family, he moved north as a boy with his family. After completing his education, he went into teaching, and becoming active in civil rights. He also became known as a top
507:, That we earnestly and unitedly protest against the proscription which excludes us from the city cars, as an outrage against the enlightened civilization of the age.
1482:
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before the public, there are motives of interest founded on our faith in the nation's honor, to act in this strife. Freedom has rapidly advanced since the firing on
214:, an African-American intellectual and literary society. He wrote "A Semi-Centenary Discourse," a history of the First African Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia.
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786:
389:, have been nobly fighting our battles, trusting to a redeemed country for the full recognition of their manhood in the future. He thought that in the plan of
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473:
Last evening a colored man got into a Pine-street passenger car, and refused all entreaties to leave the car, where his presence appeared to be not desired.
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and other cities, whose pledges of fidelity to the principles of freedom and civil liberty have not been so frequent as have been those of our own city.
241:
While a student at ICY, Catto presented papers and took part in scholarly discussions at "a young men's instruction society". Led by fellow ICY student
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1497:
1457:
1269:
230:, located across the Delaware River and 40 miles north. In 1854, when his family returned to Philadelphia, he became a student at that city's
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The matter creates quite a sensation in the neighborhood where the car is standing, and crowds of sympathizers flock around the colored man.
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976:
Our Alma Mater, An Address Delivered at Concert Hall on the Occasion of the Twelfth Annual Commencement of the Institute for Colored Youth
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announced on June 10, 2016, that a new sculpture to commemorate Catto and other leaders would be erected outside Philadelphia City Hall.
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418:, and on other historic fields. Desert them not. Accept, Colonel, this flag on behalf of the regiment, and may God bless you and them.
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and other black leaders to form a Recruitment Committee to sign up black men to fight for the Union and emancipation. After the
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309:, as head of the school. Catto was elected as the principal of the ICY's male department. In 1870, Catto joined the
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626:
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On his way to vote, Catto was intermittently harassed by whites. Police reports indicate that he had purchased a
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The speaker then paid a tribute to the two hundred thousand blacks, who, in spite of obloquy and the old bane of
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330:
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in the Philadelphia area. These men were sent to the front and many saw action. Catto was commissioned as a
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The colored man still firmly maintains his position in the car, having spent the whole of the night there.
349:
181:
393:, the votes of the blacks could not be lightly dispensed with. They were the only unqualified friends of
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was not able to determine if Catto had pulled his own gun. Kelly was not convicted of assault or murder.
294:, Catto "delivered a very able address, and one that was a credit to the mind and heart of the speaker."
231:
125:
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References to him as an influence on one of his students, Hershel V. Cashin, can be found in the book,
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394:
204:
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Octavius Catto was born free. His mother Sarah Isabella Cain was a free member of the city's prominent
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121:
56:
305:. Catto lobbied to succeed Bassett as principal; however, the ICY board chose Catto's fellow teacher,
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In 1859, he returned to Philadelphia, where he was elected full member and Recording Secretary of the
238:(Quakers), ICY's curriculum included the classical study of Latin, Greek, geometry, and trigonometry.
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291:
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The Trial of Frank Kelly, for the Assassination and Murder of Octavius V. Catto, On October 10, 1871
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376:
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in Philadelphia, Catto presented the regimental flag to Lieutenant Colonel Trippe, commander of the
1127:
Andy Waskie (Professor of History, Temple University) (February 15, 2015), "Introductory remarks",
738:
the Octavius V. Catto Memorial Fund erected a headstone at Catto's burial site at Eden Cemetery in
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432:
314:
177:
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1026:
The Agitator's Daughter: A Memoir of Four Generations of One Extraordinary African-American Family
344:, but not until the aspiring soldiers had returned to Philadelphia.) Acting with Douglass and the
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Catto's crusade for equal rights was capped in March 1869, when Pennsylvania voted to ratify the
199:, and then to Philadelphia, where they settled in the free state of Pennsylvania. The state had
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641:
587:
411:
398:
369:
1362:"Forging Citizenship and Opportunity - O.V. Catto's Legacy and America's Civil Rights History"
245:, they met weekly at the ICY. Catto graduated from ICY in 1858, winning praise from principal
152:. A Republican, he was shot and killed in election-day violence in Philadelphia, where ethnic
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583:
353:
227:
1245:"Presentation of Colors to the 24th Regt., U. S. C. T.". Christian Recorder. April 22, 1865.
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Biographical Profiles - Explore the story of women's activism through documents & images
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The Condition, Elevation, Emigration, and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States
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The conductor looks upon the part he enacted in the affair as a splendid piece of strategy.
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1397:
1299:
1222:
William Dorsey's Philadelphia and Ours: On the Past and Future of the Black City in America
306:
1250:
Brown, J. W. (June 30, 1868). "Home Affairs: The Cars and Our People". Christian Recorder.
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Philadelphia Magazine: Finding African American History at Delaware County’s Eden Cemetery
582:. Following the Civil War, he helped establish Philadelphia as a major hub of what became
337:
on the grounds that the men were not authorized to fight. (Couch was later reprimanded by
8:
338:
777:. It is the first public monument in Philadelphia to honor a specific African American.
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The Civil War increased Catto's activism for abolition and equal rights. He joined with
919:
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while in school, as it was a British tradition. Later he took up the American sport of
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To honor the man affectionately called the "19th century Martin Luther King", Mayor
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552:
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341:
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120:(February 22, 1839 – October 10, 1871) was an American educator, intellectual, and
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1092:"A 19th-century baseball player fought for Black suffrage — and was killed for it"
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746:
367:. An account of Catto's presentation speech was reported the following day in the
1220:
914:. Vol. 117. Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. pp. 83–102.
334:
1344:
Tasting Freedom: Octavius Catto and the Battle for Equality in Civil War America
1255:
Wallace, R. W. (June 20, 1878). "Prof. O. V. Catto's Grave". Christian Recorder.
1201:
Tasting Freedom: Octavius Catto and the Battle for Equality in Civil War America
997:
839:"Nineteenth Century Philadelphia Black Militant: Octavius V. Catto (1839–1871)"
402:
1170:"A monument at last for Octavius Catto, the activist who changed Philadelphia"
640:. Irish immigrants had entered the city in great numbers during and after the
538:
justice and right, until these invidious and unjust usages shall have ceased.
1391:
1240:"Anniversary of the Banneker Institute". Christian Recorder. January 7, 1865.
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287:
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on September 24, 2017, and dedicated on September 26, 2017. The sculptor is
164:
and had opposed black suffrage, attacked black men to prevent their voting.
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710:, and that the work be done by the pupils of the school as far as possible.
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encouraged police under his command to keep African Americans from voting.
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for them positions which we know would be more congenial to their tastes.
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participated in a wreath-laying ceremony at 6th and Lombard Streets in
629:, faced intimidation and violence from white voters, especially ethnic
606:
380:
1863 Broadside listing Catto as a speaker calling men of color to arms.
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184:
261:. He also was hired as teacher of English and mathematics at the ICY.
1301:
Biography of Octavius V. Catto – Forgotten Black Hero of Philadelphia
707:
684:
On June 17, 1878, R. W. Wallace, a biographer of Catto, wrote to the
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386:
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180:, a mark of their status. His father, William T. Catto, had been an
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769:, including a twelve-foot bronze statue of Catto, was installed at
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DeReef family, which had been free for decades and belonged to the
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753:, Pennsylvania. The first OV Catto award was presented that year.
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534:
137:
32:
1337:. Philadelphia Area Consortium of Special Collections Libraries.
1270:"The Rights of Colored Citizens: Curious Affair in Philadelphia"
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of Philadelphia. The Pythians had an undefeated season in 1867.
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302:
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the Institute for Colored Youth, and the plan is to erect a
1143:"Philadelphia civil rights hero to get statue at City Hall"
996:. Philadelphia: Daily Tribune Publishing Co. Archived from
688:, questioning why no one was taking care of Catto's grave:
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in Philadelphia to celebrate the second anniversary of the
466:
tactics employed by Catto as he fought for civil rights:
210:
William T. Catto was a founding member of Philadelphia's
1264:. Vol. 35, no. 9. March 3, 1865. p. 35.
787:
1865 Pennsylvania State Equal Rights League Convention
734:
An annual remembrance ceremony was initiated in 1995.
124:
activist. He became principal of male students at the
1488:
Racially motivated violence against African Americans
953:
Sketches of all the Coloured Churches in Philadelphia
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Burials at Eden Cemetery (Collingdale, Pennsylvania)
1342:
Biddle, Daniel R.; Dubin, Murray (August 13, 2010).
195:minister before taking his family north, first to
723:
187:in South Carolina who gained his freedom. He was
1483:People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
1389:
1120:
668:closed down, Catto's remains were reinterred at
297:In 1869, Bassett left ICY when he was appointed
128:, where he had also been educated. Born free in
1065:"Caroline LeCount & the Ohio Street School"
1049:Simmons, William; Turner, Henry McNeal (1887).
1493:African-American college graduates before 1865
1335:Research Resources in Philadelphia Collections
1048:
586:. Along with Jacob C. White, Jr., he ran the
1053:. GM Rewell & Company. pp. 327–335.
1051:Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising
320:
1478:Activists for African-American civil rights
1448:African Americans in the American Civil War
1341:
1197:
1042:
903:
901:
899:
857:– via PennState University Libraries.
745:On July 26, 2011, to commemorate his life,
221:812 South Street, Philadelphia (April 2013)
286:On January 2, 1865, at a gathering at the
31:
1453:Cheyney University of Pennsylvania alumni
1204:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
1198:Biddle, Daniel R.; Dubin, Murray (2010).
1168:Salisbury, Stephan (September 25, 2017).
1167:
1161:
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832:
830:
828:
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747:the General Meade Society of Philadelphia
348:, Catto helped raise eleven regiments of
252:
949:, Philadelphia: Joseph M. Wilson, 1857,
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820:
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814:
812:
810:
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470:Philadelphia, Wednesday, May 17—2 P. M.
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216:
1498:19th-century African-American educators
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878:
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16:U.S. civil rights activist and educator
1458:People from Charleston, South Carolina
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1225:. New York: Oxford University Press.
979:. Philadelphia: C. Sherman, Printers.
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861:
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1298:Waskie, A. (n. d.) (July 3, 2017).
1129:Ceremony at 7th and Lombard Streets
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633:, who were partisans of the city's
13:
1309:
359:On Friday, April 21, 1865, at the
356:in the army but never saw action.
203:, beginning before the end of the
14:
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1463:Deaths by firearm in Pennsylvania
1408:1871 murders in the United States
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1024:Cashin, Sheryll (July 31, 2008).
458:. The May 18, 1865, issue of the
365:24th United States Colored Troops
1468:Murdered African-American people
1375:
1260:"Convention of Colored People".
885:Douglass, F (October 20, 1848).
601:
1503:19th-century American sportsmen
1473:People murdered in Pennsylvania
1418:19th-century American educators
1293:. November 12, 1897. p. 6.
1285:. September 5, 1869. p. 1.
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1135:
1109:
1090:Lamb, Chris (October 8, 2020).
1057:
450:system, along with his fiancée
361:State House (Independence Hall)
90:, Collingdale, Pennsylvania, US
1331:"Octavius V. Catto, 1839–1871"
1016:
1004:
951:also, An Appendix, containing
938:
724:21st century memorial campaign
1:
1508:19th-century baseball players
1438:Educators from South Carolina
973:Catto, O. V. (May 10, 1864).
792:
697:Some twenty years later, the
167:
659:Catto's military funeral at
569:
548:Later enlisting the help of
350:United States Colored Troops
37:Octavius Catto, Year unknown
7:
1433:Educators from Philadelphia
1428:Burials at Lebanon Cemetery
1346:. Temple University Press.
780:
462:ran a story discussing the
232:Institute for Colored Youth
201:gradually abolished slavery
126:Institute for Colored Youth
10:
1524:
1413:African-American activists
1276:. May 18, 1865. p. 5.
730:Octavius V. Catto Memorial
727:
130:Charleston, South Carolina
57:Charleston, South Carolina
908:Lapsansky, E. J. (1993).
837:Silcox, Harry C. (1977).
740:Collingdale, Pennsylvania
718:, November 12, 1897, p. 6
674:Collingdale, Pennsylvania
616:Collingdale, Pennsylvania
494:, May 18, 1865, p. 5
321:Activist for equal rights
292:Emancipation Proclamation
104:
94:
83:
64:
42:
30:
23:
1443:Pennsylvania Republicans
990:Griffin, H. H. (n. d.).
771:Philadelphia's City Hall
433:Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
315:Richard Theodore Greener
274:Catto also spoke of the
178:Brown Fellowship Society
118:Octavius Valentine Catto
144:player in 19th-century
911:Discipline to the Mind
868:Delany, M. R. (1852).
763:The sculptural group,
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618:
588:Pythian Base Ball Club
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497:
429:
381:
284:
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253:Activism and influence
234:(ICY). Managed by the
222:
1322:National Public Radio
1174:Philadelphia Inquirer
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609:
598:, September 5, 1869)
584:Negro league baseball
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468:
442:Catto fought for the
435:, in February 1865. (
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280:
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228:Allentown, New Jersey
220:
99:Civil rights movement
1384:at Wikimedia Commons
1317:"The Forgotten Hero"
843:Pennsylvania History
680:O. V. Catto Memorial
439:March 3, 1865: 35).
307:Fanny Jackson Coppin
339:US Secretary of War
1131:, Philadelphia, PA
1011:Christian Recorder
766:A Quest for Parity
686:Christian Recorder
619:
464:civil disobedience
446:of Philadelphia's
424:Christian Recorder
382:
370:Christian Recorder
327:Frederick Douglass
311:Franklin Institute
259:Banneker Institute
243:Jacob C. White Jr.
236:Society of Friends
223:
212:Banneker Institute
78:, Pennsylvania, US
1380:Media related to
1219:Lane, R. (1991).
1211:978-1-59213-466-3
1071:. October 3, 2020
1028:. PublicAffairs.
1013:, January 7, 1865
874:. Self-published.
610:Catto's grave at
557:William D. Kelley
454:and abolitionist
205:Revolutionary War
132:, in a prominent
115:
114:
53:February 22, 1839
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1294:
1291:"New York Times"
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1000:on July 9, 2007.
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661:Lebanon Cemetery
553:Thaddeus Stevens
495:
452:Caroline LeCount
427:
426:, April 22, 1865
342:Edwin M. Stanton
247:Ebenezer Bassett
160:, who were anti-
158:Democratic Party
109:Caroline LeCount
71:
68:October 10, 1871
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1310:Further reading
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1149:. June 10, 2016
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