665:'s portrait of her was presented by her fellow-workers in 1898, Hill made a speech in which she said, "When I am gone, I hope my friends will not try to carry out any special system, or to follow blindly in the track which I have trodden. New circumstances require various efforts, and it is the spirit, not the dead form, that should be perpetuated. We shall leave them a few houses, purified and improved, a few new and better ones built, a certain amount of thoughtful and loving management, a few open spaces..." But, she said, more important would be "the quick eye to see, the true soul to measure, the large hope to grasp the mighty issues of the new and better days to come – greater ideals, greater hope, and patience to realize both."
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364:) combined the weekly rent collection with checking every detail of the premises and getting to know the tenants personally, acting as early social workers. At first Hill believed, "Voluntary workers are a necessity. They are better than paid workers, and can be had in sufficient numbers." Later, she found it expedient to maintain a paid workforce. Her system required a large staff. Rent was collected on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday mornings. Rent accounts were balanced in the afternoons and arrangements were made with contractors for repairs. On Thursdays and Fridays arrears were pursued, contractors' invoices paid, new tenancy lettings and tenants' moves organised.
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well-being, and the first of many tranches of legislation aimed at improving working class housing had been passed. From Hill's point of view these had all failed the poorest members of the working class, the unskilled labourers. She found that their landlords routinely ignored their obligations towards their tenants, and that the tenants were too ignorant and oppressed to better themselves. She tried to find new homes for her charges, but there was a severe shortage of available property, and Hill decided that her only solution was to become a landlord herself.
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ascribes a number of contributory causes: "chronic overwork, a lack of delegation, the death of her close friend Jane Senior, the failure of a brief engagement", as well as an attack on her by John Ruskin. The Hill family found a companion for her, Harriot Yorke (1843–1930). Yorke took on a great amount of the everyday work that had contributed to Hill's collapse. She remained her companion until Hill's death. A further palliative was the building of a cottage, at
106:, whose main concern was the welfare of the inhabitants of cities, especially London, in the second half of the nineteenth century. Born into a family of radical thinkers and reformers with a strong commitment to alleviating poverty, she herself grew up in straitened circumstances owing to the financial failure of her father's businesses. Home educated by her mother, she worked from the age of 14 for the welfare of working people.
568:, who handed over to her the management of their housing estates in several poor areas of south London. By the end of the nineteenth century, Hill's women workers were no longer unpaid volunteers but trained professionals. Hill's influence spread beyond the properties under her own control. Her ideas were taken up and copied, with her enthusiastic support, in continental Europe and the United States of America.
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182:, a pioneer of sanitary reform. He engaged Caroline as a governess to his children in 1832, and they were married in 1835. The family's comfortably prosperous life was disrupted by James Hill's financial problems and his mental collapse. In 1840, he was declared bankrupt. Caroline Hill's father gave the family financial support, and took on some of Hill's paternal role.
673:, who worked with Hill for many years. Hill's determination to provide community space can still be seen in the shape of the Red Cross site in Southwark (1888), among others. The Octavia Hill Society website states that with a community hall, and soundly maintained attractive houses, Hill here anticipated the fundamental ingredients of town planning by some 15 years.
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bad debts were minimal. As Hill said, "Extreme punctuality, and diligence in collecting rents, and a strict determination that they shall be paid regularly, have accomplished this." In consequence of her prudent management, Hill was able to attract new backers, and by 1874 she had 15 housing schemes with around 3,000 tenants.
273:(COS), described by Hill's biographer Gillian Darley as "a contentious body which deplored dependence fostered by kindly but unrigorous philanthropy … support to the poor had to be carefully targeted and efficiently supervised. Later in life, however, she began to think the COS line … was over-harsh."
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Hill's system was based on closely managing not only the buildings but the tenants; she insisted, "you cannot deal with the people and their houses separately" and she strongly believed that good quality, well-managed homes make for happier, healthier lives. She maintained close personal contact with
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A co-operative guild providing employment for "distressed gentlewomen" accepted Hill for training in glass-painting when she was 13. When the work of the guild was expanded to provide work in toy-making for Ragged school children, she was invited, at the age of 14, to take charge of the workroom. The
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in 1994. The CIH is a professional body for those working in the housing profession in the UK and overseas. The training that Hill gave to
Charity Organisation Society volunteers contributed to the development of modern social work, and COS continued to be instrumental in developing social work as a
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A.S. Wohl notes that in the 1880s Hill had about £70,000 worth of property under her management, and at the end of her career she was managing the dwellings of "perhaps three or four thousand people at the most." The London County
Council, by contrast, had a budget of £1,500,000 for its programme of
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There is perhaps no need of the poor of London which more prominently forces itself on the notice of anyone working among them than that of space. ... How can it best be given? And what is it precisely which should be given? I think we want four things. Places to sit in, places to play in, places to
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Octavia Hill was key in pushing for the creation of what is now known as the Army Cadet Force, after seeing the success it was having in schools who ran what is now known as the
Combined Cadet Force. Originally aiming to teach young boys respect and discipline and to take them off of the streets and
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enabled her to put her theories into practice with the aid of his initial investment. She believed in self-reliance, and made it a key part of her housing system that she and her assistants knew their tenants personally and encouraged them to better themselves. She was opposed to municipal provision
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Gladstone approved of Hill's principles but thought her difficult as a person. Had Hill's appointment not been vetoed, she would have been the first woman member of a royal commission. In the event she was one of the commission's key witnesses. She served as a member of a later Royal commission, on
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After being improved the properties were let to those on intermittent and low incomes. A return of five per cent on capital was obtained as promised to Ruskin; any excess over the five per cent was reinvested within the properties for the benefit of the tenants. Rent arrears were not tolerated, and
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The
Octavia Hill Society was set up in 1992 "to promote awareness of the ideas and ideals of Octavia Hill, her family, fellow workers and their relevance in today's society nationally and internationally". Under the society's auspices her birthplace at Wisbech has been turned into the Octavia Hill
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Ruskin placed these houses, which were "in a dreadful state of dirt and neglect", under Hill's management. He told her that investors might be attracted to such schemes if a five per cent annual return could be secured. In 1866 Ruskin acquired the freehold of five more houses for Hill to manage in
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On 16 November 1893, Hill, Hunter and
Rawnsley met in the offices of the Commons Preservation Society and agreed to launch such a trust. Hill suggested that it should be called "The Commons and Gardens Trust", but the three agreed to adopt Hunter's suggested title, the "National Trust". Under its
509:, as a "Society for the Diffusion of Beauty". Under the slogan "Bring Beauty Home to the Poor" it aimed to bring art, books, music and open spaces into the lives of the urban poor. For a short period it flourished and expanded, and although it declined after a few years, it was a template for the
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wrote: "She was small in stature with a long body and short legs. She did not dress, she only wore clothes, which were often unnecessarily unbecoming; she had soft and abundant hair and regular features, but the beauty of her face lay in brown and very luminous eyes, which quite unconsciously she
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In 1907, Parliament passed the first
National Trust Act, enshrining the trust's permanent purpose and giving it powers to protect property for the benefit of the nation. The trust now looks after a wide range of coast, countryside and historic buildings. According to the trust's website, "Staff,
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An
American admirer described her as "ruling over a little kingdom of three thousand loving subjects with an iron scepter twined with roses." Although Hill drove her associates hard, she drove herself harder. In 1877, she collapsed and had to take a break of several months from her work. Darley
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It would be wrong to assume that
Octavia's principle of housing management was guided simply on the question of the payment of rent. Despite being up to date with his rent, a tenant was surprised to receive Notice to Quit, because he would not send his children to school and had overcrowded his
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Boards. Because these systems did not encourage recipients to work, she regarded them as "a profligate use of public funds." Under her methods, personal responsibility was encouraged. She insisted on dealing with arrears promptly; she appointed reliable caretakers; she took up on references of
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Hill was opposed to other reforms that came about in the early part of the twentieth century. She was against female suffrage on the grounds that "men and women help one another because they are different, have different gifts and different spheres." She also believed that provision of social
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Parliament and many concerned reformers had been attempting to improve the housing of the working classes since the early 1830s. When Hill began her work, the model dwelling movement had been in existence for twenty years, royal and select committees had sat to examine the problems of urban
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If any of Hill's assistants had spare time, whether during normal working hours or in frequent voluntary after-hours working, it was used to promote tenants' associations and after-work and children's after-school clubs and societies. In 1859, Hill created the
Southwark detachment of the
536:. From 1875 onwards, Hunter had been Hill's legal adviser on the protection of open spaces in London. Both he and Rawnsley, building on an idea put forward by Ruskin, conceived of a trust that could buy and preserve places of natural beauty and historic interest for the nation.
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prospective tenants, and visited them in their homes; she paid careful attention to allocations and the placing of tenants, with regard to size of families and the size and location of the accommodation to be offered; and she made no rules that could not be properly enforced.
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all her tenants, and was strongly opposed to impersonal bureaucratic organisations and to governmental intervention in housing. In her view, "municipal socialism and subsidized housing" led to indiscriminate demolition, re-housing schemes, and the destruction of communities.
178:. James Hill had been widowed twice, and had six surviving children (five daughters and a son) from his two previous marriages; Octavia was her father's eighth daughter and tenth child. He had been impressed by the writings on education of his future wife, the daughter of Dr
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rooms. Octavia's response to his complaint that he didn't owe any rent was that it was not the only thing she insisted upon. In her view, she could not allow anything so wrong as the neglect of children and overcrowding to continue where she had the power to prevent it!
727:. Shortly after her death, the family erected a stone seat there, from which walkers can enjoy views over the Surrey countryside. The National Trust, who now own the site, has set up a commemorative guided walk that passes the seat, and two Octavia Hill Trails in Kent.
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full formal title, the
National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty was inaugurated the following year. The trust was concerned primarily with protecting open spaces and endangered buildings of historic interest; its first property was Dinas Oleu,
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Hill's legacy includes the large holdings of the modern National Trust, several housing projects still run on her lines, a tradition of training for housing managers, and the Octavia Hill Birthplace House established by the Octavia Hill Society at her birthplace in
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Southwood Smith was a health and welfare reformer concerned with a range of social issues including child labour in mines and the housing of the urban poor. Caroline Hill held similar views on social reform, and her interest in progressive education, influenced by
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recognised her enlightened approach and turned to her to manage and reform 48 of their slum properties in South London, which were notorious for poverty and petty crime. Hill turned these estates into model properties, which still paid a return on investment.
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Women who had trained under Hill formed the Association of Women Housing Workers in 1916. This later changed its name to the Society of Housing Managers in 1948. After merging with the Institute of Housing Managers in 1965, the society became the present day
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The Horace Street Trust, founded by Hill, became a model for many subsequent housing associations and developed into the present trust that bears her name, Octavia Housing. Today it owns several of the homes, including Gable Cottages, designed by
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recorded, "The houses faced a bit of desolate ground occupied by dilapidated cowsheds and manure heaps. The needful repairs and cleaning were carried out, the waste land was turned into a playground where Mr. Ruskin had some trees planted."
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and a humanitarian he was affronted by the brutal ugliness of the slums. In 1865, having inherited a substantial sum of money from his father, he acquired for £750 the leases of three cottages of six rooms each in Paradise Place,
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means for the workman not only the cost of the journey but the loss of a whole day's wages; we want, besides, places where the long summer evenings or the Saturday afternoon may be enjoyed without effort or
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lifted upwards as she spoke on any matter for which she cared. Her mouth was large and mobile, but not improved by laughter. Indeed, Miss Octavia was nicest when she was made passionate by her earnestness."
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Among Hill's concerns was that her tenants, and all urban workers, should have access to open spaces. She believed in "the life-enhancing virtues of pure earth, clean air and blue sky." In 1883 she wrote:
246:, who was a family friend. She began her work on behalf of London's poor by helping to make toys for Ragged school children, and serving as secretary of the women's classes at the Working Men's College in
626:, and his ministerial colleagues vetoed a proposal to include Hill among the members of the commission. The municipal authorities quickly surpassed her in the number of properties under their management.
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to run new housing estates in London on Octavia Hill's lines. Even some local authorities, despite Hill's distrust, followed her model: some of the earliest examples of municipal council housing, at
372:, its first independent unit, which gave training along military lines for local boys. Hill considered that such an organisation would be more like the "real thing" than such existing outfits as the
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Hill's principles were summed up in an article of 1869: "Where a man persistently refuses to exert himself, external help is worse than useless." She was an outspoken critic of the principles of "
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volunteers and tenants are engaged daily in providing access to open spaces for people's enjoyment, providing habitats for wildlife and in improving our environment – 'for ever, for everyone'."
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from development. She was the first to use the term "Green Belt" in 1875 for the protected rural areas surrounding London and prevent the city sprawling out. Three hills in Kent (Mariners Hill,
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Ruskin, by now mentally unstable, had reacted fiercely when Hill opposed his plans to sell his properties to the St. George's Company, an organisation that she regarded as financially dubious.
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At the heart of the Octavia Hill system was the weekly visit to collect rent. From the outset, Hill conceived this as a job for women only. She and her assistants (who included
325:. The obituary for Octavia Hill, published by The Times 15 August 1912 quoted that Hill herself confessed "not many men would have trusted that the undertaking would succeed".
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Another of Hill's concerns was the availability of open spaces for poor people. She campaigned against development on existing suburban woodlands, and helped to save London's
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said that she "first became aware of the meaning of the poverty of the poor," while staying with her sister, who was a rent collector for Octavia Hill in the East End.
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The number of homes managed by Hill continued to grow. Although Ruskin had turned against her in a bout of mental instability, she found a new supporter, the
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292:, encountered her at a meeting of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, and wrote, "She spoke for half an hour … I never had such a beating in all my life."
692:(later called the Blackfriars Settlement) continues to serve local communities. Overseas, Hill's name is perpetuated in the Octavia Hill Association in
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inspired Octavia Hill's concern for the poorest in early Victorian London. She received no formal schooling: her mother educated the family at home.
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Before that, however, Hill was engaged in a campaign in 1883 to stop the construction of railways from the quarries in the fells overlooking
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Despite her opposition to interference by national or local government in the provision of housing, Hill had to cope with the newly created
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Birthplace House. In 1995, to mark the centenary of the National Trust, a new variety of rose, "Octavia Hill", was named in her honour. A
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735:'Octavia Hill' bred in Germany by plant-breeding company Elster PAC Jungpflanzen was launched at the Birthplace House in June 2009.
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A single grave marker for Miranda Hill, Octavia Hill and Harriot Yorke was placed in Holy Trinity churchyard, Crockham Hill, Kent.
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John Ruskin, who was interested in the co-operative guild, knew Hill from her work as his copyist and was impressed by her. As an
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A Hundred Years of Family Welfare: A Study of the Family Welfare Association (Formerly Charity Organisation Society) 1869–1969
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and therefore more attractive to young men "who had passed the age of make-believe". She invited a serving officer of the
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Octavia Hill's Letters to Fellow-Workers 1872–1911: Together with an Account of the Walmer Street Industrial Experiment
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Walker, Stephen P. "Philanthropic women and accounting. Octavia Hill and the exercise of ‘quiet power and sympathy’."
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House Property & its Management. Some papers on the methods of management introduced by Miss Octavia Hill, etc.
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696:, a small property company founded in 1896 to provide affordable housing to low and middle-income city residents.
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1362:, A & C Black, 1920–2008; online edition, Oxford University Press, December 2007, accessed 11 October 2010
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1771:‘Nobler imaginings and mightier struggles’: Octavia Hill, Social Activism, and the Remaking of British Society
238:, a book that portrayed the daily lives of slum dwellers. She was also strongly influenced by the theologian,
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and the involvement of the council and other local authorities in providing housing for the poor. In 1884 a
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680:(creating integrated mixed communities of rich and poor) grew directly out of Hill's work. Her colleagues
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Among those whom Hill trained was her assistant and secretary, Maud Jeffery, who was later engaged by the
170:, Isle of Ely, Cambridgeshire, the daughter of James Hill, a corn merchant, former banker and follower of
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Bremner, Robert H. "'An Iron Scepter Twined with Roses': The Octavia Hill System of Housing Management",
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services and old-age pensions by the government did more harm than good, sapping people's self-reliance.
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1731:"Council Housing in Winchester – Part II post-1945: 'Visually pleasing and economic in development'"
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to set up the company, and such was its popularity that its numbers had to be capped at 160 cadets.
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Josephine Butler, Octavia Hill, Florence Nightingale: Three Victorian Women Who Changed Their World
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In 1876 Hill became the treasurer of the Kyrle Society, founded in that year by her eldest sister,
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Octavia Hill was born in Bank House (now named the Octavia Hill Birthplace House), South Brink,
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Hill was a moving force behind the development of social housing, and her early friendship with
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Memorandum on the Report of the Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress.
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228:, now a north London suburb, but then a village. Octavia Hill was impressed and moved by
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profession during the twentieth century. COS is still in operation today as the charity
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She campaigned hard against building on existing suburban woodlands, and helped to save
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shows that the need is increasingly recognised. But a visit to Wimbledon, Epping, or
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1458:"Reform and Uplift Among the Philadelphia Negroes: the Diary of Helen Parrish, 1888"
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following year she began working in her spare time from the guild as a copyist for
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Octavia Hill and The Social Housing Debate: Essays and Letters by Octavia Hill
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A housing development in the 1990s by Winchester Housing Group, now part of
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Hill was short, like all her family, and indifferent to fashion. Her friend
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913:, The Encyclopaedia of Informal Education, 2008, accessed 14 November 2010.
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1127:, Vol. 39, No. 2 (June 1965), The University of Chicago Press, pp. 222–31
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on the housing of the working classes was set up, but the prime minister,
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Her views on encouraging self-reliance led to her association with the
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502:) which she helped to protect from development form part of the belt.
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945:, University of Chicago Press, Vol. 10, No. 2 (May 1971), pp. 105–31
688:, the first university-sponsored settlement, which together with the
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Morrell, Caroline. "Octavia Hill and women’s networks in housing."
1650:, The Wisbech Society and Preservation Trust. Retrieved 6 July 2020
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Hill's fiancé was one of her helpers, the barrister and later M.P.
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called Hill despotic. Later in Hill's life, the Bishop of London,
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Octavia Hill, social activism and the remaking of British society
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in Kent, where they could take breaks from their work in London.
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Octavia Hill: Social Reformer and founder of the National Trust
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2014:
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Wohl, A. S., "Octavia Hill and the Homes of the London Poor",
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Commemorations of Octavia Hill include a monument to her at a
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from being built on. She was one of the three founders of the
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stroll in, and places to spend a day in. The preservation of
190:, and Southwood Smith's daily experience in his work at the
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of housing, believing it to be bureaucratic and impersonal.
1488:, Chartered Institute of Housing, accessed 15 November 2010
1250:, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 16 November 2010
1227:, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 15 November 2010
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Further Account of the Walmer Street Industrial Experiment
872:, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 1 November 2010
1990:
Octavia Hill and The Crown Estate – a Continuing Legacy?
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Hill died from cancer on 13 August 1912 at her home in
1638:, The Octavia Hill Society, accessed 28 February 2023
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1070:, New Series, Vol. 52, No. 1 (February 1999), p. 158
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Barnett also spoke of Hill's streak of ruthlessness.
2015:
Website of Octavia Hill Birthplace House in Wisbech
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The Octavia Hill Society, accessed 15 November 2010
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The Octavia Hill Society, accessed 28 February 2023
1456:Davis, Allen; Sutherland, John F. (October 1970).
102:(3 December 1838 – 13 August 1912) was an English
1769:Baigent, Elizabeth, and Ben Cowell (eds., 2016),
1562:"Octavia Hill walk around Hydon's Ball and Heath"
1446:, Octavia Hill Society, accessed 28 February 2023
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911:"Octavia Hill: Housing, Space and Social Reform"
1526:, The National Trust, accessed 16 November 2010
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1287:, The National Trust, accessed 16 November 2010
1168:Hill 1883, VII. Space for the People, pp. 89–90
757:housing association, was named "Octavia Hill".
528:, who secured the support of Ruskin, Hill, and
1868:Jeffery, Maud, and Edith Neville (eds, 1921).
1462:Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
1022:. London: St Edmundsbury Press. pp. 4–5.
966:Mann, Peter H., "Octavia Hill: An Appraisal",
1948:Accounting, Business & Financial History
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1008:, 10 August 2010, accessed 14 November 2010.
970:, Vol. 23, No. 3 (October 1952), pp. 223–237
723:beauty spot, on the summit of a hill called
1877:Life of Octavia Hill as told in her letters
1858:. London: Kegan Paul, Trench. OCLC 49912542
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1196:Hill, Octavia, "Oratorios for the People",
1507:, Family Action, accessed 15 November 2010
1221:"Rawnsley, Hardwicke Drummond (1851–1920)"
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1101:Octavia Hill and the Social Housing Debate
1020:Octavia Hill and The Social Housing Debate
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2006:BBC Radio 4 discussion "Octavia Hill" on
1865:London: P.S. King and Son. OCLC 232315440
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224:The family settled in a small cottage in
1872:London: Allen & Unwin. OCLC 27713282
1839:Our Common Land (and other short essays)
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205:Early influences on Octavia Hill – top:
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1856:Colour, Space, and Music for the People
1833:. London: George Pulman. OCLC 560462399
1763:online with open access to all chapters
1248:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1225:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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1669:, Roses UK, accessed 16 November 2010
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1773:, Institute of Historical Research.
1761:(University of London Press, 2016).
1757:Baigent, Elizabeth, and Ben Cowell.
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630:rehousing London's poor in 1901–02.
1895:. London: Constable. OCLC 493117448
1879:. London: Macmillan. OCLC 187454788
1842:. London: Macmillan. OCLC 156901340
1612:"Octavia Hill Centenary Trail East"
1587:"Octavia Hill Centenary Trail West"
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1066:Morrell, Caroline, "Octavia Hill",
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16:English social reformer (1838–1912)
13:
1851:. London: Macmillan. OCLC 79061157
823:
459:– saved by Octavia Hill and others
14:
2111:
2075:English women non-fiction writers
1999:
1729:Boughton, John (13 August 2019).
578:Princess Alice of Hesse-Darmstadt
235:London Labour and the London Poor
139:Royal Commission on the Poor Laws
2100:19th-century English LGBT people
1244:"Hunter, Sir Robert (1844–1913)"
1242:Chubb L.W., rev. Graham Murphy,
1103:. London: St Edmundsbury Press.
1914:(1st ed.). Harmondsworth:
1875:Maurice, C. Edmund (ed, 1913).
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684:and Henrietta Barnett, founded
544:, its first built property was
1789:. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
1338:"The Housing Business Group",
1263:William Thompson Hill (1956).
1057:obituary, 15 August 1912, p. 7
1036:
1011:
993:
943:The Journal of British Studies
875:
702:Chartered Institute of Housing
559:
432:
308:slum in the nineteenth century
161:
1:
1964:IEA Health and Welfare Unit,
882:William Thomson Hill (1956).
817:
690:Women's University Settlement
1902:(Routledge, 2015) pp.91-121.
1410:. 15 August 1912. p. 6.
1303:BMJ: British Medical Journal
1001:"For houses and green space"
593:Commissioners of Crown Lands
566:Ecclesiastical Commissioners
534:Commons Preservation Society
414:Ecclesiastical Commissioners
271:Charity Organisation Society
156:
131:Charity Organisation Society
7:
2050:English non-fiction writers
1974:Whelan, Robert (ed, 2005).
1958:Whelan, Robert (ed, 1998).
1891:Moberly Bell, Enid (1942).
1884:Octavia Hill: Early Ideals.
1068:The Economic History Review
866:"Hill, Octavia (1838–1912)"
778:Now known as Garbutt Place.
242:priest and social reformer
10:
2116:
2090:Women of the Victorian era
1936:. London: Michael Joseph.
1900:Gender, health and welfare
1817:. London: Francis Boutle.
1541:www.historicengland.org.uk
188:Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
1893:Octavia Hill: A Biography
1427:, 28 February 1935, p. 13
1315:10.1136/bmj.300.6733.1207
1125:The Social Service Review
86:
76:
61:
56:, Cambridgeshire, England
46:
30:
23:
2070:British social reformers
1848:Homes of the London Poor
1813:Darley, Gillian (2004).
1799:Darley, Gillian (1990).
1665:29 November 2010 at the
1522:22 November 2010 at the
1200:, December 1884, p. 717
968:The Town Planning Review
765:
582:Homes of the London Poor
176:Caroline Southwood Smith
2060:English women activists
2045:English philanthropists
1978:. London: Kyrle Books.
1932:Rooff, Madeline (1972)
1908:West Kent and the Weald
1517:"For ever for everyone"
1364:(subscription required)
1283:4 February 2011 at the
1252:(subscription required)
1229:(subscription required)
1209:(subscription required)
1178:"Who Was Octavia Hill?"
1099:Whelan, Robert (1998).
1076:10.1111/1468-0289.00122
1018:Whelan, Robert (1998).
810:the Poor Laws, in 1905.
1950:16.2 (2006): 163-194.
1861:Hill, Octavia (1909).
1854:Hill, Octavia (1884).
1845:Hill, Octavia (1883).
1836:Hill, Octavia (1877).
1829:Hill, Octavia (1872).
1636:"Octavia Hill Society"
658:
611:
546:Alfriston Clergy House
492:Parliament Hill Fields
484:
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388:
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221:
211:Thomas Southwood Smith
180:Thomas Southwood Smith
174:, and his third wife,
123:Parliament Hill Fields
2080:National Trust people
1906:Newman, John (1969).
1803:. London: Constable.
1709:The Church of England
1421:Cockerell, Sir Sydney
1406:"Miss Octavia Hill".
1382:, 4 March 1901, p. 11
1376:"Housing of the Poor"
652:
616:London County Council
609:
466:
455:
440:
383:
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204:
1988:Wyatt, R.J. (2000).
1912:Buildings of England
1801:Octavia Hill: A Life
1785:Boyd, Nancy (1984).
1616:nationaltrust.org.uk
1591:nationaltrust.org.uk
1566:nationaltrust.org.uk
1503:18 July 2011 at the
1484:21 July 2011 at the
1396:, 15 July 1910, p. 9
1356:"Hill, Miss Octavia"
761:Notes and references
645:Legacy and memorials
641:, at the age of 73.
374:Church Lads' Brigade
296:Housing for the poor
82:Open spaces reformer
2040:People from Wisbech
1680:"Horticulture Week"
1537:"Independent Women"
1408:Westminster Gazette
1309:(6733): 1207–1208.
1183:1 June 2010 at the
678:Settlement movement
663:John Singer Sargent
532:, solicitor to the
402:Speenhamland system
378:Derbyshire Regiment
260:Dulwich Art Gallery
250:in central London.
39:John Singer Sargent
1423:, "Octavia Hill",
1299:"Much from little"
659:
612:
526:Hardwicke Rawnsley
513:, 20 years later.
461:
450:
352:Housing management
310:
222:
2065:Housing reformers
2055:English activists
1925:978-0-300-09614-9
1823:978-1-903427-53-8
1779:978-1-909646-00-1
1297:Lowry, S (1990).
1198:The Musical Times
864:Darley, Gillian,
744:Church of England
733:zonal pelargonium
530:Sir Robert Hunter
520:, in the English
278:Henrietta Barnett
133:(now the charity
97:
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71:, London, England
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331:Freshwater Place
290:Frederick Temple
264:National Gallery
153:out of trouble.
90:Co-founding the
80:Housing activist
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18:
2035:1912 deaths
2030:1838 births
2008:In Our Time
1360:Who Was Who
1089:Wyatt, p. 3
990:Wyatt, p. 2
789:Edward Bond
738:Octavia is
560:Later years
433:Open spaces
362:Eva McLaren
256:John Ruskin
207:John Ruskin
172:Robert Owen
162:Early years
111:John Ruskin
2024:Categories
1740:9 November
1689:27 October
1546:27 October
1278:"Timeline"
818:References
755:A2Dominion
740:remembered
653:Plaque in
639:Marylebone
601:Camberwell
597:Kensington
554:Wicken Fen
518:Buttermere
442:Wicken Fen
391:R.J. Wyatt
323:Marylebone
306:Marylebone
248:Bloomsbury
69:Marylebone
1621:27 August
1596:27 August
1571:27 August
1479:"History"
1425:The Times
1393:The Times
1380:The Times
1055:The Times
542:Merioneth
496:Toys Hill
471:Wimbledon
427:Sevenoaks
400:" or the
358:Emma Cons
336:The Times
213:; below:
157:Biography
141:in 1905.
1663:Archived
1520:Archived
1501:Archived
1482:Archived
1444:"Legacy"
1281:Archived
1181:Archived
1147:by Smith
1133:30017593
500:Ide Hill
482:expense.
406:Poor Law
318:aesthete
262:and the
240:Anglican
226:Finchley
196:East End
1714:8 April
1498:"1880s"
1346:, 2004.
1324:1662917
1206:3356074
746:with a
742:in the
507:Miranda
479:Windsor
448:in 1899
194:in the
168:Wisbech
147:Wisbech
54:Wisbech
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1952:online
1940:
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721:Surrey
682:Samuel
586:German
475:Epping
41:, 1898
1202:JSTOR
1129:JSTOR
766:Notes
661:When
584:into
425:near
1980:ISBN
1966:ISBN
1938:ISBN
1920:ISBN
1819:ISBN
1805:ISBN
1791:ISBN
1775:ISBN
1742:2022
1716:2021
1691:2019
1623:2022
1598:2022
1573:2022
1548:2019
1105:ISBN
1024:ISBN
676:The
599:and
552:was
498:and
490:and
473:and
360:and
217:and
209:and
121:and
62:Died
47:Born
1319:PMC
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258:in
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