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The rising temperatures in the oceans also cause a reduced solubility of oxygen in the water, which can explain about 50% of oxygen loss in the upper level of the ocean (>1000 m). Warmer ocean water holds less oxygen and is more buoyant than cooler water. This leads to reduced mixing of oxygenated
607:
At another extreme, some marine extremophiles inhabit sea ice brine pockets where temperature is very low and salinity is very high. Organisms trapped within freezing sea ice must adapt to a rapid change in salinity up to 3 times higher than that of regular seawater, as well as the rapid change to
1013:
A change in pH by 0.1 represents a 26% increase in hydrogen ion concentration in the world's oceans (the pH scale is logarithmic, so a change of one in pH units is equivalent to a tenfold change in hydrogen ion concentration). Sea-surface pH and carbonate saturation states vary depending on ocean
766:
significantly contributes as well. It is a combination of chemicals and trash, most of which comes from land sources and is washed or blown into the ocean. This pollution results in damage to the environment, to the health of all organisms, and to economic structures worldwide. Since most inputs
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Breitburg, Denise; Levin, Lisa A.; Oschlies, Andreas; Grégoire, Marilaure; Chavez, Francisco P.; Conley, Daniel J.; Garçon, Véronique; Gilbert, Denis; Gutiérrez, Dimitri; Isensee, Kirsten; Jacinto, Gil S.; Limburg, Karin E.; Montes, Ivonne; Naqvi, S. W. A.; Pitcher, Grant C.; Rabalais, Nancy N.;
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ratio will be lower because more magnesium ions are being removed from seawater and consumed by the rock, and more calcium ions are being removed from the rock and released to seawater. Hydrothermal activity at ridge crest is efficient in removing magnesium. A lower Mg/Ca ratio favors the
608:
regular seawater salinity when ice melts. Most brine-pocket dwelling organisms are photosynthetic, therefore, these microenvironments can become hyperoxic, which can be toxic to its inhabitants. Thus, these extremophiles often produce high levels of antioxidants.
694:
Experiments show that most modern high-Mg calcite organisms would have been low-Mg calcite in past calcite seas, meaning that the Mg/Ca ratio in an organism's skeleton varies with the Mg/Ca ratio of the seawater in which it was grown.
1156:. The reason for this lies in the multiple connections between density and solubility effects that result from warming. As a side effect, the availability of nutrients for marine life is reduced, therefore adding further stress to
363:
The impact of human activity on the chemistry of the Earth's oceans has increased over time, with pollution from industry and various land-use practices significantly affecting the oceans. Moreover, increasing levels of
467:
Marine life is largely similar in biochemistry to terrestrial organisms, except that they inhabit a saline environment. One consequence of their adaptation is that marine organisms are the most prolific source of
1117:. Secondly, ocean deoxygenation occurs also in the open ocean. In that part of the ocean, there is nowadays an ongoing reduction in oxygen levels. As a result, the naturally occurring low oxygen areas (so called
578:
S is abundant in hydrothermal vents, formed through interactions between seawater and rock at the high temperatures found within vents. This compound is a major energy source, forming the basis of the
372:, which has negative effects on marine ecosystems. The international community has agreed that restoring the chemistry of the oceans is a priority, and efforts toward this goal are tracked as part of
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water near the surface with deeper water, which naturally contains less oxygen. Warmer water also raises oxygen demand from living organisms; as a result, less oxygen is available for marine life.
596:. Iron-oxidation can be oxic, occurring in oxygen-rich parts of the ocean, or anoxic, requiring either an electron acceptor such as nitrate or light energy. In iron-oxidation, Fe(II) is used as an
1853:
Coggon, R. M.; Teagle, D. A. H.; Smith-Duque, C. E.; Alt, J. C.; Cooper, M. J. (2010-02-26). "Reconstructing Past
Seawater Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca from Mid-Ocean Ridge Flank Calcium Carbonate Veins".
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Slow spreading at mid-ocean ridges has the opposite effect and will result in a higher Mg/Ca ratio favoring the precipitation of aragonite and high-Mg calcite polymorphs of calcium carbonate (
2016:
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Studies have shown that oceans have already lost 1-2% of their oxygen since the middle of the 20th century, and model simulations predict a decline of up to 7% in the global ocean O
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formed from the fragmentation of plastic material. Marine debris is mainly discarded human rubbish which floats on, or is suspended in the ocean. Plastic pollution is harmful to
702:
and sediment-producing organisms is thus regulated by chemical reactions occurring along the mid-ocean ridge, the rate of which is controlled by the rate of sea-floor spreading.
2876:
Bednaršek, N., Harvey, C.J., Kaplan, I.C., Feely, R.A. and Možina, J. (2016) "Pteropods on the edge: Cumulative effects of ocean acidification, warming, and deoxygenation".
1915:
Ries, Justin B. (2004). "Effect of ambient Mg/Ca ratio on Mg fractionation in calcareous marine invertebrates: A record of the oceanic Mg/Ca ratio over the
Phanerozoic".
1018:. This can cause acidity to rise, lowering the pH and carbonate saturation levels in these areas. There are several other factors that influence the atmosphere-ocean CO
484:– organisms that thrive in extreme conditions of temperature, pressure, and light availability. Extremophiles inhabit many unique habitats in the ocean, such as
600:; conversely, iron-reducers utilize Fe(III) as an electron acceptor. These two metabolisms form the basis of the iron-redox cycle and may have contributed to
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can utilize thiosulfate as an electron donor, producing elemental sulfur. Additionally, many marine microorganisms are capable of iron-oxidation, such as
2356:"The recent state and variability of the carbonate system of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and adjacent basins in the context of ocean acidification"
807:
and dust can also play a role, as these pollutants can settle into waterways and oceans. Pathways of pollution include direct discharge, land runoff,
3167:
2315:"Two Decades of Ocean Acidification in the Surface Waters of the Beaufort Gyre, Arctic Ocean: Effects of Sea Ice Melt and Retreat From 1997–2016"
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586:; closer to the vents, organisms must use alternate metabolic pathways or utilize another electron acceptor, such as nitrate. Some species of
2020:
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863:
656:, an isotope that accompanies volcanism from the mantle, is emitted by hydrothermal vents and can be detected in plumes within the ocean.
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has driven some quite rapid (in a few decades) declines in oxygen to very low levels. This type of ocean deoxygenation is also called
2942:
Bopp, L; Resplandy, L; Orr, JC; Doney, SC; Dunne, JP; Gehlen, M; Halloran, P; Heinze, C; Ilyina, T; Seferian, R; Tjiputra, J (2013).
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1084:). The map indicates coastal sites where oxygen levels have declined to less than 2 mg/L (red dots), as well as expanding ocean
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2712:
464:(CDOM) is estimated to range 20-70% of carbon content of the oceans, being higher near river outlets and lower in the open ocean.
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1745:
925:
365:
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Stanley, S.M.; Hardie, L.A. (1999). "Hypercalcification: paleontology links plate tectonics and geochemistry to sedimentology".
1619:
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1967:
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1129:, as well as to people who depend on marine life for nutrition or livelihood. A decrease in ocean oxygen levels affects how
391:. An interdisciplinary field, chemical oceanographers study the distributions and reactions of both naturally occurring and
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Keeling, Ralph F., and Hernan E. Garcia (2002) "The change in oceanic O2 inventory associated with recent global warming."
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in hydrothermal vent ecosystems. In the colder waters surrounding vents, sulfur-oxidation can occur using oxygen as an
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Roman, Michael R.; Rose, Kenneth A.; Seibel, Brad A.; Telszewski, Maciej; Yasuhara, Moriaki; Zhang, Jing (2018).
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content over the next hundred years. The decline of oxygen is projected to continue for a thousand years or more.
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Several different metabolisms are present in hydrothermal vent ecosystems. Many marine microorganisms, including
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17:
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Spreading rates on mid-ocean ridges vary between 10 and 200 mm/yr. Rapid spreading rates cause increased
30:"Marine chemist" redirects here. For the National Fire Protection Association professional certification, see
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2017:"The Impacts of Atmospheric Deposition to the Ocean on Marine Ecosystems and Climate WMO Bulletin Vol 58 (1)"
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and cause harmful effects there. The majority of this waste (80%) comes from land-based activity, although
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Due to the interrelatedness of the ocean, chemical oceanographers frequently work on problems relevant to
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3198:
2128:"Ocean acidification in emission-driven temperature stabilization scenarios: the role of TCRE and non-CO
1962:. Vol. III, Ecological Issues and Environmental Impacts (Second ed.). London: Academic Press.
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Handbook of methods for the analysis of the various parameters of the carbon dioxide system in sea water
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3608:
3588:
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1535:
1430:, and dissolved CO₂ meters. Most data are collected through shipboard measurements and from autonomous
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1991:
570:, are capable of oxidizing sulfur compounds, including elemental sulfur and the often toxic compound H
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Magnesium to calcium ratio changes associated with hydrothermal activity at mid-ocean ridge locations
2662:"Biotic and Human Vulnerability to Projected Changes in Ocean Biogeochemistry over the 21st Century"
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921:
920:. Between 1950 and 2020, the average pH of the ocean surface fell from approximately 8.15 to 8.05.
31:
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this increases the loss of oxygen in the oceans. This is because the warmer temperatures increase
1011:, are especially vulnerable because they rely on calcium carbonate to build shells and skeletons.
496:. Some scientists have speculated that life may have evolved from hydrothermal vents in the ocean.
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Chemical oceanographers collect and measure chemicals in seawater, using the standard toolset of
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545:. Chemoautotrophic organisms, primarily prokaryotes, derive energy from these chemicals through
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1121:(OMZs)) are now expanding slowly. This expansion is happening as a consequence of human caused
841:, toxins and underwater noise. Plastic pollution in the ocean is a type of marine pollution by
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2944:"Multiple stressors of ocean ecosystems in the 21st century: projections with CMIP5 models"
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Jiang, Li-Qing; Carter, Brendan R.; Feely, Richard A.; Lauvset, Siv K.; Olsen, Are (2019).
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Gribble, Gordon W. (2004). "Natural
Organohalogens: A New Frontier for Medicinal Agents?".
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2713:"Environment. Oceans suffocating as huge dead zones quadruple since 1950, scientists warn"
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In hydrothermal vents and similar environments, many extremophiles acquire energy through
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Coble, Paula G. (2007). "Marine
Optical Biogeochemistry: The Chemistry of Ocean Color".
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due to human activities. There are two areas where this occurs. Firstly, it occurs in
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depth and location. Colder and higher latitude waters are capable of absorbing more CO
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Ocean deoxygenation: Everyone's problem - Causes, impacts, consequences and solutions
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Limburg, Karin E.; Breitburg, Denise; Swaney, Dennis P.; Jacinto, Gil (2020-01-24).
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Global map of low and declining oxygen levels in coastal waters (mainly due to
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1977:
1652:"Pace of Ocean Acidification Has No Parallel in 300 Million Years, Paper Says"
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1746:"Chemoautotrophy at Deep-Sea Vents: Past, Present, and Future | Oceanography"
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system. Hydrothermal vents at spreading centers introduce various amounts of
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Oschlies, Andreas; Brandt, Peter; Stramma, Lothar; Schmidtko, Sunke (2018).
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1125:. The resulting decrease in oxygen content of the oceans poses a threat to
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312:, is the study of chemical content in marine environments as influenced by
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Beaupré-Laperrière, Alexis; Mucci, Alfonso; Thomas, Helmuth (2020-07-31).
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from human activities are the primary cause of ocean acidification, with
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349:
240:
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to collect seawater for analysis. Sediments are commonly studied with a
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518:. Hydrothermal vents enrich the nearby environment in chemicals such as
3948:
2995:"Decline in global oceanic oxygen content during the past five decades"
2805:"Guest post: How global warming is causing ocean oxygen levels to fall"
1731:
1342: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1209: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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and other elements into the ocean, some of which are recycled into the
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Early inquiries into marine chemistry usually concerned the origin of
514:, using chemical compounds as energy sources, rather than light as in
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2049:. Silver Spring, MD: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
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1317:
1304:, which made the first systematic measurements of ocean chemistry.
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1297:. Modern chemical oceanography began as a field with the 1872–1876
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is also a contributing factor by carrying off iron, carbonic acid,
653:
616:
395:
329:
277:
77:
4052:
2986:
2068:"Ocean salinity: Climate change is also changing the water cycle"
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or dust particles into the ocean. The pollution often comes from
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414:
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219:
162:
140:
2857:
2240:"Surface ocean pH and buffer capacity: past, present and future"
2211:
Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide
2014:
2459:
2457:
2091:
Millero, Frank J. (2007). "The Marine
Inorganic Carbon Cycle".
1039:
996:
821:
The types of marine pollution can be grouped as pollution from
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in particular attracts significant interest due to its role in
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2402:
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Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
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Zhang, Y.; Yamamoto-Kawai, M.; Williams, W.J. (2020-02-16).
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Terhaar, Jens; Frölicher, Thomas L.; Joos, Fortunat (2023).
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exchange, and thus local ocean acidification. These include
480:
The ocean is home to a variety of marine organisms known as
4027:
2596:
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is absorbed by the oceans. This chemical reaction produces
864:
Effects of climate change on oceans § Chemical effects
633:
538:
3050:
Ralph F. Keeling; Arne
Kortzinger; Nicolas Gruber (2010).
2833:"Oceans losing oxygen at unprecedented rate, experts warn"
2821:
2603:
Stramma, L; Johnson, GC; Printall, J; Mohrholz, V (2008).
1852:
4037:
2406:"Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters"
2189:
1637:
The
American Sea: A natural history of the gulf of Mexico
727:
occurs when substances used or spread by humans, such as
2653:
2119:
549:. These organisms then serve as food sources for higher
3109:"Europa's Ocean May Have An Earthlike Chemical Balance"
2992:
2605:"Expanding Oxygen-Minimum Zones in the Tropical Oceans"
2237:
2043:"What is the biggest source of pollution in the ocean?"
913:
333:
3043:
2541:
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Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2941:
2746:
Long, Matthew C.; Deutsch, Curtis; Ito, Taka (2016).
1533:
2125:
1951:
475:
39:
3133:"The Chemistry of Enceladus' Plumes: Life or Not?"
503:A diagram showing ocean chemistry around deep sea
456:
1803:"Hydrothermal helium plumes in the Pacific Ocean"
1482:Marine chemistry on other planets and their moons
4126:
2898:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2863:Laffoley, D. & Baxter, J.M. (eds.) (2019).
2550:"Drivers and mechanisms of ocean deoxygenation"
2745:
2463:
1030:zones, proximity to large continental rivers,
3161:
2993:Schmidtko, S; Stramma, L; Visbeck, M (2017).
2015:Duce, Robert; Galloway, J.; Liss, P. (2009).
1781:
360:are sensitive to changes in ocean chemistry.
1494:vents hydrogen and carbon dioxide to space.
425:. Many chemical oceanographers investigate
3168:
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2710:
1474:, and older sediments may be recovered by
815:, atmospheric pollution and, potentially,
553:, forming the basis of unique ecosystems.
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2748:"Finding forced trends in oceanic oxygen"
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1402:Learn how and when to remove this message
1269:Learn how and when to remove this message
987:) lowers the pH of the ocean, increasing
441:. Other major topics of interest include
352:has adapted to the chemistries unique to
32:Confined space § Entry certification
3106:
3052:"Ocean Deoxygenation in a Warming World"
1957:
1280:
1067:
1034:coverage, and atmospheric exchange with
615:
498:
366:carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere
2467:Ocean deoxygenation: everyone's problem
2090:
1996:Education | National Geographic Society
1960:World seas: an Environmental Evaluation
1807:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
1709:
983:). The presence of free hydrogen ions (
14:
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2827:
2802:
2187:
1800:
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884:have significant implications for the
3149:
1910:
1908:
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1438:is used as well. On an oceanographic
4083:
3079:10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163855
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1914:
1848:
1846:
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1775:
1773:
1668:
1613:. In A.G. Dickson; C. Goyet (eds.).
1340:adding citations to reliable sources
1311:
1207:adding citations to reliable sources
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1088:at 300 metres (blue shaded regions).
4107:
2470:. Switzerland: Gland. p. 562.
1634:
1605:
932:exceeding 422 ppm (as of 2024). CO
710:
24:
1905:
1504:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
779:are more vulnerable to pollution.
611:
25:
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1843:
1770:
857:
775:or the atmosphere, it means that
476:Chemical ecology of extremophiles
398:from molecular to global scales.
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4071:
4070:
2464:Laffoley, D; Baxter, JM (2019).
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1579:
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1293:in the ocean, including work by
1183:
1060:This section is an excerpt from
1054:
901:This section is an excerpt from
895:
876:, are changing ocean chemistry.
716:This section is an excerpt from
705:
672:precipitation of low-Mg calcite
462:Colored dissolved organic matter
3125:
3100:
3059:Annual Review of Marine Science
2910:
2890:
2870:
2803:Pearce, Rosamund (2018-06-15).
2493:"Ocean Deoxygenation: A Primer"
2484:
2396:
2347:
2306:
2181:
2084:
2060:
2035:
2008:
1984:
1958:Sheppard, Charles, ed. (2019).
1327:needs additional citations for
1194:needs additional citations for
912:is the ongoing decrease in the
767:come from land, either via the
457:Organic compounds in the oceans
374:Sustainable Development Goal 14
2979:11858/00-001M-0000-0014-6A3A-8
2136:Environmental Research Letters
1794:
1738:
1703:
1643:
1628:
1599:
1424:electrical conductivity meters
926:atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO
13:
1:
3435:Interface and colloid science
3189:Glossary of chemical formulae
3107:Greicius, Tony (2016-05-16).
2660:Mora, C; et al. (2013).
1712:Journal of Chemical Education
1650:Gillis, Justin (2012-03-02).
1592:
1492:subsurface ocean of Enceladus
663:reactions with seawater. The
470:halogenated organic compounds
2886:10.1016/j.pocean.2016.04.002
2752:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
2679:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001682
2518:10.1016/j.oneear.2020.01.001
2319:Geophysical Research Letters
1458:, and is often mounted on a
1418:as well as instruments like
999:, with a pH higher than 8).
872:levels, mostly from burning
451:anthropogenic climate change
27:Chemistry of oceans and seas
7:
4140:Oceanographical terminology
3712:Bioorganometallic chemistry
3199:List of inorganic compounds
2047:National Ocean Service (US)
1801:Lupton, John (1998-07-15).
1497:
1001:Marine calcifying organisms
995:is acidic yet; it is still
492:, hypersaline regions, and
10:
4161:
3638:Dynamic covalent chemistry
3609:Enantioselective synthesis
3589:Physical organic chemistry
3542:Organolanthanide chemistry
2265:10.1038/s41598-019-55039-4
2188:Oxygen, Pro (2024-09-21).
1488:subsurface ocean of Europa
1174:
1099:in different parts of the
1059:
900:
861:
715:
593:Mariprofundus ferrooxydans
29:
4066:
3969:
3730:
3646:
3567:
3517:
3393:
3336:
3227:Electroanalytical methods
3212:
3184:
2711:Carrington (2018-01-04).
2574:10.1038/s41561-018-0152-2
991:(this does not mean that
3982:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
3898:Supramolecular chemistry
3537:Organometallic chemistry
2878:Progress in Oceanography
2156:10.1088/1748-9326/acaf91
1307:
1095:is the reduction of the
922:Carbon dioxide emissions
3920:Combinatorial chemistry
3831:Food physical chemistry
3794:Environmental chemistry
3678:Bioorthogonal chemistry
3604:Retrosynthetic analysis
3425:Chemical thermodynamics
3408:Spectroelectrochemistry
3351:Computational chemistry
2969:10.5194/bg-10-6225-2013
2630:10.1126/science.1153847
2431:10.1126/science.aam7240
2381:10.5194/bg-17-3923-2020
2300:16 October 2017 at the
2217:. Royal Society. 2005.
2190:"Earth's CO2 Home Page"
1875:10.1126/science.1182252
1758:10.5670/oceanog.2012.21
1448:electrical conductivity
48:Concentration (mol/kg)
3992:of element discoveries
3838:Agricultural chemistry
3826:Carbohydrate chemistry
3717:Bioinorganic chemistry
3582:Alkane stereochemistry
3527:Coordination chemistry
3356:Mathematical chemistry
3222:Instrumental chemistry
2906:10.1073/pnas.122154899
1490:may be Earthlike. The
1286:
1089:
624:Seafloor spreading on
621:
602:banded iron formations
507:
4135:Chemical oceanography
3987:Timeline of chemistry
3884:Post-mortem chemistry
3869:Clandestine chemistry
3799:Atmospheric chemistry
3722:Biophysical chemistry
3554:Solid-state chemistry
3504:Equilibrium chemistry
3413:Photoelectrochemistry
2918:"Ocean deoxygenation"
2900:, 99(12): 7848–7853.
1514:Physical oceanography
1486:The chemistry of the
1285:HMS Challenger (1858)
1284:
1071:
862:Further information:
795:such as agricultural
764:marine transportation
619:
502:
494:sea ice brine pockets
427:biogeochemical cycles
403:physical oceanography
3977:History of chemistry
3932:Chemical engineering
3707:Bioorganic chemistry
3457:Structural chemistry
3194:List of biomolecules
2867:. IUCN, Switzerland.
2773:10.1002/2015GB005310
2332:10.1029/2019GL086421
1416:analytical chemistry
1336:improve this article
1203:improve this article
1154:ocean stratification
1150:oceans become warmer
1131:productive the ocean
1119:oxygen minimum zones
1086:oxygen minimum zones
443:analytical chemistry
435:carbon sequestration
383:is the study of the
342:metamorphic activity
4000:The central science
3954:Ceramic engineering
3879:Forensic toxicology
3852:Chemistry education
3750:Radiation chemistry
3732:Interdisciplinarity
3685:Medicinal chemistry
3623:Fullerene chemistry
3499:Microwave chemistry
3368:Molecular mechanics
3363:Molecular modelling
3071:2010ARMS....2..199K
3020:10.1038/nature21399
3011:2017Natur.542..335S
2960:2013BGeo...10.6225B
2764:2016GBioC..30..381L
2621:2008Sci...320..655S
2566:2018NatGe..11..467O
2509:2020OEart...2...24L
2422:2018Sci...359M7240B
2372:2020BGeo...17.3923B
2256:2019NatSR...918624J
2148:2023ERL....18b4033T
2023:on 18 December 2023
1929:2004Geo....32..981R
1867:2010Sci...327.1114C
1861:(5969): 1114–1117.
1819:1998JGR...10315853L
1813:(C8): 15853–15868.
1724:2004JChEd..81.1441G
1617:. 2. ORNL/CDIAC-74.
1476:scientific drilling
1446:is used to measure
1093:Ocean deoxygenation
1062:Ocean deoxygenation
910:Ocean acidification
903:Ocean acidification
835:ocean acidification
787:, silicon, sulfur,
777:continental shelves
439:ocean acidification
431:marine carbon cycle
423:atmospheric science
370:ocean acidification
41:
4043:Chemical substance
3905:Chemical synthesis
3874:Forensic chemistry
3755:Actinide chemistry
3697:Clinical chemistry
3378:Molecular geometry
3373:Molecular dynamics
3328:Elemental analysis
3281:Separation process
2416:(6371): eaam7240.
2244:Scientific Reports
1992:"Marine Pollution"
1732:10.1021/ed081p1441
1635:Darnell, Rezneat.
1622:2015-07-18 at the
1351:"Marine chemistry"
1287:
1218:"Marine chemistry"
1139:carbon move around
1090:
839:nutrient pollution
756:invasive organisms
698:The mineralogy of
628:is a global scale
622:
508:
505:hydrothermal vents
486:hydrothermal vents
318:seafloor spreading
37:
4122:
4121:
4058:Quantum mechanics
4023:Chemical compound
4006:Chemical reaction
3944:Materials science
3862:General chemistry
3857:Amateur chemistry
3785:Photogeochemistry
3770:Stellar chemistry
3740:Nuclear chemistry
3661:Molecular biology
3628:Polymer chemistry
3599:Organic synthesis
3594:Organic reactions
3559:Ceramic chemistry
3549:Cluster chemistry
3479:Chemical kinetics
3467:Molecular physics
3346:Quantum chemistry
3259:Mass spectrometry
3005:(7641): 335–339.
2954:(10): 6625–6245.
2615:(5876): 655–658.
2554:Nature Geoscience
2477:978-2-8317-2013-5
2366:(14): 3923–3942.
2132:greenhouse gases"
2105:10.1021/cr0503557
1969:978-0-12-805204-4
1828:10.1029/98jc00146
1689:10.1021/cr050350+
1519:World Ocean Atlas
1412:
1411:
1404:
1386:
1279:
1278:
1271:
1253:
827:plastic pollution
678:calcium carbonate
584:electron acceptor
488:, black smokers,
358:marine ecosystems
296:
295:
16:(Redirected from
4152:
4110:
4109:
4098:
4086:
4085:
4074:
4073:
4018:Chemical element
3673:Chemical biology
3532:Magnetochemistry
3509:Mechanochemistry
3462:Chemical physics
3403:Electrochemistry
3308:Characterization
3170:
3163:
3156:
3147:
3146:
3137:
3136:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3089:. Archived from
3056:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3022:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2971:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2914:
2908:
2894:
2888:
2874:
2868:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2775:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2691:
2681:
2672:(10): e1001682.
2657:
2651:
2650:
2632:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2520:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2461:
2452:
2451:
2433:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2383:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2310:
2304:
2292:
2287:
2277:
2267:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2216:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2093:Chemical Reviews
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2019:. Archived from
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1937:10.1130/G20851.1
1912:
1903:
1902:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1830:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1779:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1677:Chemical Reviews
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1632:
1626:
1618:
1612:
1603:
1584:
1583:
1572:
1571:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1407:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1344:
1320:
1312:
1274:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1211:
1187:
1179:
1158:marine organisms
986:
982:
974:
973:
972:
969:
954:
793:nonpoint sources
725:Marine pollution
718:Marine pollution
711:Marine pollution
626:mid-ocean ridges
562:Halothiobacillus
520:elemental sulfur
447:marine pollution
301:, also known as
299:Marine chemistry
287:
286:
285:
266:
265:
264:
229:
228:
227:
193:
192:
191:
172:
171:
170:
151:
150:
149:
129:
128:
127:
108:
107:
106:
87:
86:
85:
66:
64:
63:
42:
36:
21:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4062:
3965:
3959:Polymer science
3915:Click chemistry
3910:Green chemistry
3804:Ocean chemistry
3780:Biogeochemistry
3726:
3642:
3614:Total synthesis
3577:Stereochemistry
3563:
3513:
3430:Surface science
3420:Thermochemistry
3389:
3332:
3303:Crystallography
3208:
3180:
3174:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3117:
3115:
3105:
3101:
3093:
3054:
3048:
3044:
2991:
2987:
2940:
2936:
2927:
2925:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2895:
2891:
2875:
2871:
2862:
2858:
2849:
2847:
2826:
2822:
2813:
2811:
2801:
2797:
2744:
2740:
2731:
2729:
2709:
2705:
2658:
2654:
2601:
2597:
2546:
2542:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2462:
2455:
2401:
2397:
2352:
2348:
2311:
2307:
2302:Wayback Machine
2236:
2232:
2225:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2194:
2192:
2186:
2182:
2131:
2124:
2120:
2089:
2085:
2076:
2074:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2052:
2050:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2024:
2013:
2009:
2000:
1998:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1970:
1956:
1952:
1913:
1906:
1851:
1844:
1799:
1795:
1780:
1771:
1762:
1760:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1708:
1704:
1673:
1669:
1660:
1658:
1648:
1644:
1633:
1629:
1624:Wayback Machine
1610:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1578:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1534:
1500:
1484:
1440:research vessel
1432:floats or buoys
1408:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1345:
1343:
1333:
1321:
1310:
1275:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1212:
1210:
1200:
1188:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1143:marine habitats
1065:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1021:
1017:
984:
980:
970:
967:
966:
964:
961:bicarbonate ion
953:
949:
945:
935:
929:
916:of the Earth's
906:
898:
880:and changes in
866:
860:
855:
854:
817:deep sea mining
813:bilge pollution
721:
713:
708:
614:
612:Plate tectonics
577:
573:
547:redox reactions
534:
527:
516:photoautotrophy
512:chemoautotrophy
478:
459:
445:of the oceans,
314:plate tectonics
303:ocean chemistry
284:
282:
281:
280:
278:
263:
261:
260:
259:
257:
244:
226:
224:
223:
222:
220:
208:
190:
188:
187:
186:
184:
169:
167:
166:
165:
163:
148:
145:
144:
143:
141:
126:
124:
123:
122:
120:
105:
103:
102:
101:
99:
84:
82:
81:
80:
78:
62:
59:
58:
57:
55:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Ocean chemistry
15:
12:
11:
5:
4158:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4104:
4092:
4080:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4003:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3984:
3979:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3871:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3843:Soil chemistry
3835:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3821:Food chemistry
3818:
3816:Carbochemistry
3813:
3811:Clay chemistry
3808:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3772:
3766:Astrochemistry
3762:Cosmochemistry
3759:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3745:Radiochemistry
3736:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3702:Neurochemistry
3699:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3652:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3633:Petrochemistry
3630:
3625:
3620:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3573:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3534:
3529:
3523:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3494:Spin chemistry
3491:
3489:Photochemistry
3486:
3481:
3476:
3474:Femtochemistry
3471:
3470:
3469:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3399:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3286:Chromatography
3283:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3204:Periodic table
3201:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3173:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3150:
3139:
3138:
3124:
3099:
3096:on 2016-03-01.
3042:
2985:
2948:Biogeosciences
2934:
2909:
2889:
2869:
2856:
2831:(2019-12-07).
2820:
2795:
2758:(2): 381–397.
2738:
2703:
2652:
2595:
2560:(7): 467–473.
2540:
2483:
2476:
2453:
2395:
2360:Biogeosciences
2346:
2305:
2230:
2223:
2201:
2180:
2129:
2118:
2099:(2): 308–341.
2083:
2059:
2034:
2007:
1983:
1968:
1950:
1904:
1842:
1793:
1769:
1737:
1702:
1683:(2): 402–418.
1667:
1642:
1627:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1576:
1564:
1552:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1499:
1496:
1483:
1480:
1464:Nansen bottles
1436:remote sensing
1410:
1409:
1324:
1322:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1277:
1276:
1191:
1189:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1123:climate change
1109:eutrophication
1097:oxygen content
1082:climate change
1074:eutrophication
1066:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1024:ocean currents
1019:
1015:
951:
947:
933:
927:
907:
899:
897:
894:
878:Global warming
870:carbon dioxide
859:
858:Climate change
856:
809:ship pollution
752:carbon dioxide
722:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
689:aragonite seas
613:
610:
598:electron donor
588:Thiomicrospira
575:
571:
558:Thiomicrospira
551:trophic levels
532:
525:
477:
474:
458:
455:
354:Earth's oceans
340:constituents,
294:
293:
290:
283:
273:
272:
269:
262:
252:
251:
248:
242:
236:
235:
232:
225:
215:
214:
211:
206:
200:
199:
196:
189:
179:
178:
175:
168:
158:
157:
154:
146:
136:
135:
132:
125:
115:
114:
111:
104:
94:
93:
90:
83:
73:
72:
69:
60:
50:
49:
46:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4157:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4115:
4114:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4048:Chemical bond
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3937:Stoichiometry
3935:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3893:Nanochemistry
3891:
3890:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3860:
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3854:
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3849:
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3809:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
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3792:
3791:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3777:
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3773:
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3763:
3760:
3756:
3753:
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3748:
3746:
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3738:
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3733:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3618:Semisynthesis
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3560:
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3525:
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3516:
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3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3452:Sonochemistry
3450:
3448:
3447:Cryochemistry
3445:
3441:
3440:Micromeritics
3438:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3384:
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3379:
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3374:
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3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3318:Wet chemistry
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3171:
3166:
3164:
3159:
3157:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3134:
3128:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2883:
2880:, 145: 1–24.
2879:
2873:
2866:
2860:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2829:Harvey, Fiona
2824:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
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2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2479:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2460:
2458:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2226:
2224:0-85403-617-2
2220:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2142:(2): 024033.
2141:
2137:
2133:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2022:
2018:
2011:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1909:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1847:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1638:
1631:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1598:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1472:sediment trap
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1406:
1403:
1395:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1353: –
1352:
1348:
1347:Find sources:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1325:This section
1323:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1283:
1273:
1270:
1262:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1220: –
1219:
1215:
1214:Find sources:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1192:This section
1190:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1105:coastal zones
1102:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1076:) and in the
1075:
1070:
1063:
1055:Deoxygenation
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
978:
962:
958:
943:
942:carbonic acid
939:
931:
923:
919:
915:
911:
904:
896:Acidification
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
865:
852:
848:
847:microplastics
844:
840:
836:
832:
831:microplastics
828:
824:
823:marine debris
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
799:, wind-blown
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
781:Air pollution
778:
774:
770:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
738:
734:
730:
726:
719:
706:Human impacts
703:
701:
700:reef-building
696:
692:
690:
685:
683:
679:
675:
670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
618:
609:
605:
603:
599:
595:
594:
589:
585:
581:
569:
568:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
528:
521:
517:
513:
506:
501:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:extremophiles
473:
471:
465:
463:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
394:
393:anthropogenic
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
310:
304:
300:
291:
289:
288:
275:
274:
270:
268:
267:
254:
253:
249:
247:(total boron)
246:
245:
238:
237:
233:
231:
230:
217:
216:
212:
210:
209:
202:
201:
197:
195:
194:
181:
180:
176:
174:
173:
160:
159:
155:
153:
152:
138:
137:
133:
131:
130:
117:
116:
112:
110:
109:
96:
95:
91:
89:
88:
75:
74:
70:
68:
67:
52:
51:
47:
44:
43:
40:
33:
19:
4145:Geochemistry
4111:
4099:
4087:
4075:
3925:Biosynthesis
3775:Geochemistry
3690:Pharmacology
3666:Cell biology
3656:Biochemistry
3484:Spectroscopy
3383:VSEPR theory
3232:Spectroscopy
3176:Branches of
3142:
3127:
3116:. Retrieved
3112:
3102:
3091:the original
3062:
3058:
3045:
3002:
2998:
2988:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2926:. Retrieved
2924:. 2019-12-06
2921:
2912:
2897:
2892:
2877:
2872:
2859:
2848:. Retrieved
2837:The Guardian
2836:
2823:
2812:. Retrieved
2809:Carbon Brief
2808:
2798:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2730:. Retrieved
2718:The Guardian
2716:
2706:
2669:
2666:PLOS Biology
2665:
2655:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2557:
2553:
2543:
2503:(1): 24–29.
2500:
2496:
2486:
2466:
2413:
2409:
2398:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2250:(1): 18624.
2247:
2243:
2233:
2210:
2204:
2193:. Retrieved
2183:
2175:
2139:
2135:
2121:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2075:. Retrieved
2072:usys.ethz.ch
2071:
2062:
2051:. Retrieved
2046:
2037:
2027:22 September
2025:. Retrieved
2021:the original
2010:
1999:. Retrieved
1995:
1986:
1959:
1953:
1920:
1916:
1858:
1854:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1787:
1783:
1761:. Retrieved
1749:
1740:
1718:(10): 1441.
1715:
1711:
1705:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1659:. Retrieved
1655:
1645:
1636:
1630:
1614:
1606:DOE (1994).
1601:
1529:RISE project
1509:Oceanography
1485:
1428:fluorometers
1413:
1398:
1389:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1346:
1334:Please help
1329:verification
1326:
1299:
1295:Robert Boyle
1288:
1265:
1256:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1213:
1201:Please help
1196:verification
1193:
1162:
1147:
1113:
1091:
1046:burning and
977:hydrogen ion
908:
890:environments
874:fossil fuels
867:
829:, including
733:agricultural
723:
697:
693:
686:
682:calcite seas
658:
630:ion-exchange
623:
606:
591:
587:
580:sulfur cycle
565:
561:
557:
555:
509:
479:
466:
460:
419:biochemistry
411:geochemistry
400:
381:oceanography
378:
368:have led to
362:
309:oceanography
306:
302:
298:
297:
276:
255:
239:
218:
203:
182:
161:
139:
118:
97:
76:
53:
38:
4113:WikiProject
3338:Theoretical
3323:Calorimetry
3065:: 199–229.
1923:(11): 981.
1452:temperature
1127:marine life
1048:agriculture
1044:fossil fuel
957:dissociates
851:marine life
737:residential
650:ocean crust
387:of Earth's
350:Marine life
338:atmospheric
4129:Categories
3949:Metallurgy
3648:Biological
3214:Analytical
3118:2022-05-22
2928:2021-05-02
2850:2019-12-07
2814:2023-07-04
2732:2023-07-04
2195:2024-09-21
2077:2022-05-22
2053:2022-09-21
2001:2023-06-19
1978:1052566532
1763:2024-02-08
1661:2020-04-28
1656:Green Blog
1593:References
1392:April 2021
1362:newspapers
1302:expedition
1300:Challenger
1259:April 2021
1229:newspapers
1145:function.
1141:, and how
1114:dead zones
1078:open ocean
1003:, such as
938:atmosphere
888:of marine
868:Increased
789:pesticides
758:enter the
729:industrial
674:polymorphs
490:cold seeps
429:, and the
4011:Catalysis
3519:Inorganic
3313:Titration
3178:chemistry
2845:0261-3077
2790:130885459
2782:0886-6236
2727:0261-3077
2647:206510856
2590:135112478
2582:1752-0894
2535:214348057
2527:2590-3330
2497:One Earth
2448:206657115
2390:221369828
2341:214271838
2176:Figure 1f
2172:255431338
2164:1748-9326
1945:0091-7613
1883:0036-8075
1837:0148-0227
1790:(2): 1–7.
1784:GSA Today
1562:Geography
1550:Chemistry
1468:box corer
1420:pH meters
1135:nutrients
1028:upwelling
936:from the
750:, excess
744:particles
665:magnesium
642:manganese
567:Beggiatoa
396:chemicals
385:chemistry
379:Chemical
330:sediments
322:turbidity
307:chemical
292:0.000068
271:0.000091
250:0.000416
234:0.000844
45:Component
4077:Category
4033:Molecule
3970:See also
3395:Physical
3087:21141663
3029:28202958
2698:24143135
2639:18451300
2440:29301986
2298:Archived
2284:31819102
2113:17300138
1899:22739139
1891:20133522
1697:17256912
1620:Archived
1524:Seawater
1498:See also
1456:pressure
1291:salinity
1133:is, how
1080:(due to
1036:nitrogen
1005:mollusks
997:alkaline
993:seawater
975:) and a
955:) which
930:) levels
882:salinity
843:plastics
785:nitrogen
654:Helium-3
336:levels,
326:currents
213:0.00206
4089:Commons
4053:Alchemy
3569:Organic
3067:Bibcode
3037:4404195
3007:Bibcode
2956:Bibcode
2760:Bibcode
2689:3797030
2617:Bibcode
2609:Science
2562:Bibcode
2505:Bibcode
2418:Bibcode
2410:Science
2368:Bibcode
2275:6901524
2252:Bibcode
2144:Bibcode
1925:Bibcode
1917:Geology
1863:Bibcode
1855:Science
1815:Bibcode
1750:tos.org
1720:Bibcode
1574:Science
1536:Portals
1460:rosette
1376:scholar
1243:scholar
1175:History
1148:As the
1032:sea ice
989:acidity
959:into a
886:ecology
669:calcium
646:silicon
543:methane
415:biology
407:geology
346:ecology
198:0.0102
177:0.0103
156:0.0282
134:0.0528
4101:Portal
3247:UV-Vis
3085:
3035:
3027:
2999:Nature
2843:
2788:
2780:
2725:
2696:
2686:
2645:
2637:
2588:
2580:
2533:
2525:
2474:
2446:
2438:
2388:
2339:
2282:
2272:
2221:
2170:
2162:
2111:
1976:
1966:
1943:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1835:
1695:
1586:Oceans
1454:, and
1434:, but
1378:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1349:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1216:
1107:where
1040:sulfur
1009:corals
805:debris
801:debris
797:runoff
773:sewage
769:rivers
661:basalt
638:sulfur
564:, and
541:, and
449:, and
421:, and
389:oceans
356:, and
344:, and
113:0.469
92:0.546
3274:MALDI
3242:Raman
3094:(PDF)
3055:(PDF)
3033:S2CID
2786:S2CID
2643:S2CID
2586:S2CID
2531:S2CID
2444:S2CID
2386:S2CID
2337:S2CID
2325:(3).
2215:(PDF)
2168:S2CID
1895:S2CID
1611:(PDF)
1470:or a
1383:JSTOR
1369:books
1308:Tools
1250:JSTOR
1236:books
1101:ocean
1042:from
918:ocean
760:ocean
748:noise
740:waste
71:53.6
4028:Atom
3296:HPLC
3113:NASA
3083:PMID
3025:PMID
2922:IUCN
2841:ISSN
2778:ISSN
2723:ISSN
2694:PMID
2635:PMID
2578:ISSN
2523:ISSN
2472:ISBN
2436:PMID
2280:PMID
2219:ISBN
2160:ISSN
2109:PMID
2029:2020
1974:OCLC
1964:ISBN
1941:ISSN
1887:PMID
1879:ISSN
1833:ISSN
1693:PMID
1442:, a
1355:news
1222:news
1137:and
1038:and
1026:and
1007:and
735:and
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