708:
378:
332:
66:
259:
168:
25:
562:
574:
600:. The middle finger is still used though, and it is considered more insulting. Another variation of the middle finger is used, where all the fingers but the middle one are spread wide while moving the hand back and forth in the axis the middle finger creates. In this gesture, the thumb sometimes touches the middle finger. The insult of this is equivalent to the finger.
403:). This gesture is most commonly used to refuse giving of aid or to disagree with the target of gesture. Usually it is connected with requests for a financial loan or assistance with performing physical work. The gesture is typically made with the hand and fingers curled and the thumb thrust between the middle and index fingers. This gesture is also used similarly in
477:". This usage of the gesture may also be employed when confronted with unfortunate events or even when such events are mentioned, and it is usually performed with the fingers pointed downward (or simply not directed towards someone) to distinguish the apotropaic usage of the gesture from the obscene usage of the gesture.
723:
has granted it an international connotation of assent, it also bears negative, vulgar, or offensive meanings in parts of the Middle East and the
Mediterranean regions. In contrast to Japan's use of the expression to represent coins and wealth, the gesture's "O" shape stands for "zero" meaning "worth
685:
In
Elizabethan England, this gesture was performed by placing the tip of the thumb behind the front teeth and flicking it forward. It can be interpreted as being equivalent to giving someone the middle finger or challenging to a fight. This version is still in use in some countries.
516:) is instead obscene, disrespectful, and insulting. Unlike the first usage of the gesture, this obscene usage of the gesture involves pointing the two fingers upward or directing the gesture towards someone and swiveling the hand back and forth. This usage of the gesture implies
677:, the middle finger is lowered towards the palm and pointed towards someone, while all other fingers are kept straight. It could be considered the opposite movement of the traditional middle finger gesture, but it serves the same purpose and meaning.
707:
727:
In many
Mediterranean countries such as Turkey, Tunisia, and Greece, as well as in the Middle East, parts of Germany, and several South American countries, the gesture may be interpreted as a vulgar expression resembling a
603:
In
Iranian culture, a similar gesture is used to represent "Dirt on your head", a verbal insult that is often used, implying that the receiver did something idiotic, or can't do something so easy, or just to humiliate.
286:. Many other gestures are used in addition to, or in lieu of, the finger in various parts of the world to express the same sentiment. In some parts of the world, "the finger" does not have any meaning at all.
465:, where it generally takes on two different meanings depending on context and positioning of the hand. The first, more innocuous usage of the gesture in Italy and the Mediterranean is deployed for
852:
246:
is a movement or position of the body, especially of the hands or arms, that is considered exceedingly offensive or vulgar in some particular cultures. Such gestures are often
639:
666:—is used instead of the finger to express roughly the same sentiment – roughly equivalent in meaning to "shove it up your ass/arse," "up yours," or "go fuck yourself".
974:
615:
countries, a similarly obscene gesture is extending all five digits with the palm facing forward, meaning "you have five fathers" (thus calling someone a
1030:
1135:
860:
882:
457:("horns"), is a gesture with various meanings depending on culture, context, or the placement or movement of the gesture. It is especially common in
1056:
826:
949:
1109:
130:
102:
1523:
361:(the middle and index fingers raised, and given with back of the hand towards the recipient) serves a similar purpose to
1201:
1165:
1014:
933:
109:
229:
211:
149:
52:
1083:
193:
83:
38:
116:
178:
87:
1518:
908:
323:, the middle finger is used to simply point (usually at the speaker themselves) and to communicate emphasis.
305:
use the middle finger gesture in the same sense that it is used in those cultures. The same is true for most
1143:
480:
The second usage of the gesture, also found in Italy and other
Mediterranean and Latin countries (including
98:
630:, abruptly thrusting the palm of the hand to someone means they are worthy of shame and are dishonourable.
596:, the five fingers are spread wide and the palm is pushed towards someone in a gesture known as the
1901:
1685:
1607:
1584:
1309:
1043:
350:
276:" has been called "the universal sign of disrespect", it is not truly universal. For example, in
189:
76:
1194:
699:, Capulet's servant Sampson starts a fight by "biting his thumb" at Abram, Montague's servant.
277:
1881:
1513:
247:
123:
1891:
1790:
1713:
462:
44:
377:
8:
690:
344:
185:
953:
1932:
979:
646:
countries, this gesture serves the same purpose and meaning of a raised middle finger.
1927:
1860:
1820:
1680:
1675:
1640:
1528:
1365:
1187:
1010:
1003:
929:
902:
444:
1876:
1718:
1375:
695:
627:
454:
1785:
1765:
1599:
1435:
923:
336:
1775:
1493:
1420:
1360:
800:. Vol. 12–13. United States Office of Industrial Relations. January 1959.
1921:
1906:
1850:
1770:
1744:
1617:
1564:
1543:
1533:
1470:
1385:
1269:
1239:
763:, and is used as a curse, sometimes in conjunction with verbal condemnation.
737:
623:
470:
302:
1670:
1046:, by Matthew Link. Posted Jul 26th 2010 01:00 PM. Retrieved on July 26, 2017
358:
1886:
1840:
1825:
1795:
1508:
1400:
1395:
1344:
1259:
663:
616:
662:, a gesture involving exposing only the thumb in a vertical orientation—a
331:
1815:
1800:
1734:
1665:
1538:
1503:
1498:
1450:
1329:
1254:
428:
1031:"Excerpt – 'How to Behave Badly in Elizabethan England' by Ruth Goodman"
1835:
1830:
1810:
1780:
1760:
1739:
1650:
1465:
1339:
1324:
1274:
1249:
1244:
811:
Sheehy, Gail (1 September 1969). "The End of the
Drinking Generation".
756:
749:
729:
720:
466:
369:
with palm face outwards is used to signify victory or as a peace sign.
362:
306:
273:
267:
1445:
715:
countries, this gesture bears negative, vulgar, or offensive meanings.
1612:
1574:
1569:
1334:
1289:
1279:
1264:
612:
481:
404:
298:
196:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
65:
1845:
1805:
1700:
1645:
1635:
1579:
1559:
1314:
1299:
1234:
1229:
925:
Rude Hand
Gestures of the World: A Guide to Offending without Words
760:
505:
489:
474:
420:
386:
313:
294:
280:, when the palm is facing out, it is recognized as the character せ
258:
1660:
1655:
1475:
1455:
1430:
1415:
1405:
1319:
1210:
745:
733:
517:
513:
432:
424:
573:
561:
1708:
1690:
1589:
1485:
1460:
1410:
1380:
1370:
1284:
1005:
Gestures: The Do's and Taboos of Body
Language Around the World
741:
651:
608:
597:
593:
587:
501:
497:
485:
408:
366:
354:
320:
1896:
1855:
1440:
1425:
1390:
1294:
1224:
674:
509:
458:
416:
412:
392:
290:
1304:
1179:
712:
670:
659:
655:
643:
520:
in the person it is directed towards. The common words for
493:
1057:"What's A-O.K. in the U.S.A. Is Lewd and Worthless Beyond"
975:"What's A-O.K. in the U.S.A. Is Lewd and Worthless Beyond"
638:
1136:"4 weird unspoken laws in foreign lands! | Chill Feel"
1110:"7 Innocent Gestures That Can Get You Killed Overseas"
316:, this gesture is also called "Pirete" or "Manguito".
786:, 159 Md. App. 110, 115; 858 A.2d 1018, 1021 (2004).
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1002:
853:"International field guide to rude hand gestures"
1919:
1084:"10 common gestures easily misunderstood abroad"
473:purposes, as a way to ward off bad luck or the "
1000:
391:More commonly in Russian-influenced areas, the
281:
1049:
950:"Hand Gestures Part Two — The Cuckold Gesture"
921:
1195:
1101:
1075:
952:. Reading-Body-Language.co.uk. Archived from
889:. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017
736:"), or an offensive, homophobic reference to
543:
525:
1127:
537:
531:
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1202:
1188:
724:nothing" in France, Belgium, and Tunisia.
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
706:
637:
376:
330:
257:
1107:
1081:
1920:
810:
1183:
1133:
883:"Hand Gestures in Different Cultures"
1082:Merritt, Anne (September 22, 2010).
301:, the social circles exposed to the
161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
1524:Three-finger salute (pro-democracy)
1037:
1001:Roger E. Axtell (14 October 1997).
732:, either as an insult ("You are an
680:
13:
1009:(Second revised ed.). Wiley.
548:respectively, literally "horned".
524:in Italian, Greek and Spanish are
14:
1944:
827:"Rude hand gestures of the world"
34:This article has multiple issues.
633:
572:
560:
166:
64:
23:
1158:
1023:
994:
702:
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
1044:Dangerous Body Language Abroad
967:
942:
915:
875:
845:
819:
804:
789:
773:
1:
1519:Three-finger salute (Serbian)
1108:Cameron, Tim (June 4, 2008).
766:
381:The dulya (Дуля) or fig sign.
253:
1209:
719:While widespread use of the
7:
759:, this sign represents the
538:
282:
192:the claims made and adding
10:
1949:
585:
449:The sign of the horns, or
442:
384:
342:
265:
1869:
1753:
1727:
1699:
1626:
1598:
1552:
1484:
1353:
1217:
907:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
551:
532:
326:
1166:"Gestures, Arab Culture"
438:
372:
1902:Nonverbal communication
1686:Thumb/index-finger ring
1608:Chinese number gestures
1310:Liberian snap handshake
922:Romana Lefevre (2011).
744:. In Brazil, it can be
351:Commonwealth of Nations
716:
673:countries, especially
647:
544:
526:
429:South Slavic countries
382:
340:
278:Japanese Sign Language
263:
16:Expression of contempt
1882:Articulatory gestures
1514:Scout sign and salute
1134:Freny (5 July 2016).
796:"C is for Courtesy".
710:
641:
380:
334:
261:
1892:Manual communication
1553:Celebratory gestures
1173:. GlobalSecurity.org
748:with giving someone
463:Mediterranean region
427:(called "fityisz"),
84:improve this article
1354:Gestures of respect
1146:on 15 November 2018
928:. Chronicle Books.
863:on 14 December 2013
691:William Shakespeare
431:(shipak/šipak) and
359:V sign as an insult
345:V sign as an insult
248:sexually suggestive
980:The New York Times
717:
648:
383:
353:countries (except
341:
264:
177:possibly contains
1915:
1914:
1861:Sign of the cross
1821:Hand-in-waistcoat
1681:Sign of the horns
1529:Two-finger salute
1218:Friendly gestures
1063:. August 18, 1996
983:. August 18, 1996
833:. 5 December 2017
813:New York Magazine
750:the middle finger
445:Sign of the horns
240:
239:
232:
222:
221:
214:
179:original research
160:
159:
152:
134:
99:"Obscene gesture"
57:
1940:
1877:List of gestures
1719:Talk to the hand
1628:Obscene gestures
1376:Canonical digits
1204:
1197:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1142:. Archived from
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1008:
998:
992:
991:
989:
988:
971:
965:
964:
962:
961:
946:
940:
939:
919:
913:
912:
906:
898:
896:
894:
879:
873:
872:
870:
868:
859:. Archived from
849:
843:
842:
840:
838:
823:
817:
816:
808:
802:
801:
793:
787:
777:
696:Romeo and Juliet
681:Biting the thumb
628:Assyrian culture
576:
564:
547:
541:
535:
534:
529:
303:western cultures
285:
235:
228:
217:
210:
206:
203:
197:
194:inline citations
170:
169:
162:
155:
148:
144:
141:
135:
133:
92:
68:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1865:
1791:Distress signal
1786:Crossed fingers
1766:Allergic salute
1749:
1723:
1695:
1671:Reversed V sign
1622:
1600:Finger-counting
1594:
1548:
1480:
1349:
1213:
1208:
1178:
1177:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1149:
1147:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1088:Matador Network
1080:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1017:
999:
995:
986:
984:
973:
972:
968:
959:
957:
948:
947:
943:
936:
920:
916:
900:
899:
892:
890:
881:
880:
876:
866:
864:
851:
850:
846:
836:
834:
831:Telegraph.co.uk
825:
824:
820:
809:
805:
795:
794:
790:
784:Echard v. Kraft
778:
774:
769:
740:and the act of
705:
683:
636:
590:
584:
583:
582:
581:
580:
577:
569:
568:
565:
554:
447:
441:
395:(also known as
389:
375:
347:
337:Robbie Williams
329:
270:
256:
244:obscene gesture
236:
225:
224:
223:
218:
207:
201:
198:
183:
171:
167:
156:
145:
139:
136:
93:
91:
81:
69:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1946:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1776:Awkward turtle
1773:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1754:Other gestures
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1641:Bras d'honneur
1638:
1632:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1494:Bellamy salute
1490:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1157:
1126:
1100:
1074:
1061:New York Times
1048:
1036:
1022:
1016:978-0471183426
1015:
993:
966:
941:
935:978-0811878074
934:
914:
874:
844:
818:
803:
788:
771:
770:
768:
765:
704:
701:
682:
679:
635:
632:
586:Main article:
579:Double moutza.
578:
571:
570:
567:Single moutza.
566:
559:
558:
557:
556:
555:
553:
550:
443:Main article:
440:
437:
385:Main article:
374:
371:
343:Main article:
339:using a V sign
328:
325:
266:Main article:
255:
252:
238:
237:
220:
219:
174:
172:
165:
158:
157:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1945:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1908:
1907:Sign language
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1851:Pollice verso
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1771:Aussie salute
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1651:Middle finger
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1618:Finger binary
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1585:Victory clasp
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1565:Crossed hands
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1544:Zogist salute
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1534:Vulcan salute
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1386:Fist-and-palm
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1270:Forehead kiss
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1167:
1161:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1045:
1040:
1032:
1026:
1018:
1012:
1007:
1006:
997:
982:
981:
976:
970:
956:on 2012-04-19
955:
951:
945:
937:
931:
927:
926:
918:
910:
904:
888:
884:
878:
862:
858:
854:
848:
832:
828:
822:
814:
807:
799:
798:Safety Review
792:
785:
781:
776:
772:
764:
762:
758:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
738:homosexuality
735:
731:
725:
722:
714:
709:
700:
698:
697:
692:
687:
678:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
645:
640:
634:Middle finger
631:
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
610:
605:
601:
599:
595:
589:
575:
563:
549:
546:
540:
528:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
478:
476:
472:
471:superstitious
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
446:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
388:
379:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
346:
338:
333:
324:
322:
317:
315:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
284:
279:
275:
269:
260:
251:
249:
245:
234:
231:
216:
213:
205:
202:December 2018
195:
191:
187:
181:
180:
175:This article
173:
164:
163:
154:
151:
143:
140:February 2011
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101: –
100:
96:
95:Find sources:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
1887:Hand signals
1841:Merkel-Raute
1826:Hand rubbing
1796:Duterte fist
1728:Head motions
1627:
1509:Roman salute
1396:Genuflection
1366:Añjali Mudrā
1345:Thumb signal
1260:Finger heart
1160:
1148:. Retrieved
1144:the original
1139:
1129:
1117:. Retrieved
1113:
1103:
1093:17 September
1091:. Retrieved
1087:
1077:
1065:. Retrieved
1060:
1051:
1039:
1025:
1004:
996:
985:. Retrieved
978:
969:
958:. Retrieved
954:the original
944:
924:
917:
891:. Retrieved
886:
877:
865:. Retrieved
861:the original
856:
847:
835:. Retrieved
830:
821:
812:
806:
797:
791:
783:
779:
775:
754:
726:
718:
703:Okay gesture
694:
688:
684:
668:
649:
621:
606:
602:
591:
521:
479:
450:
448:
435:("ciuciu").
400:
396:
390:
348:
318:
311:
288:
271:
243:
241:
226:
208:
199:
176:
146:
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
1816:Gang signal
1801:Eyelid pull
1735:Head bobble
1666:Nazi salute
1539:Wolf salute
1504:Raised fist
1499:Nazi salute
1451:Prostration
1330:Pinky swear
1255:Eskimo kiss
1150:15 November
1119:15 November
1114:Cracked.com
1067:15 November
893:13 December
867:13 December
837:13 December
309:countries.
307:South Asian
1922:Categories
1836:Laban sign
1831:Jazz hands
1811:Finger gun
1761:Air quotes
1740:Head shake
1466:Schwurhand
1275:Hand heart
1250:Elbow bump
1240:Cheek kiss
987:2008-04-11
960:2016-12-11
887:Buzzle.com
857:Theloop.ca
767:References
757:Arab world
746:synonymous
730:human anus
721:OK gesture
650:In former
467:apotropaic
363:the finger
274:the finger
272:Although "
268:The finger
262:The finger
254:The finger
186:improve it
110:newspapers
39:improve it
1933:Obscenity
1781:Che vuoi?
1613:Chisanbop
1575:High five
1570:Fist pump
1401:Hand-kiss
1335:Pound hug
1290:High five
1285:Hand wave
1280:Handshake
1265:Fist bump
1140:ChillFeel
664:thumbs up
654:, mainly
613:Caribbean
522:cuckolded
518:cuckoldry
482:Argentina
405:Indonesia
299:Sri Lanka
190:verifying
45:talk page
1928:Gestures
1846:Pointing
1806:Facepalm
1646:Fig sign
1636:Anasyrma
1580:Low five
1560:Applause
1315:Lip kiss
1300:ILY sign
1235:Applause
1230:Air kiss
1211:Gestures
903:cite web
761:evil eye
711:In some
693:'s play
669:In some
642:In some
607:In some
506:Portugal
490:Colombia
475:evil eye
461:and the
421:Mongolia
397:fig sign
387:Fig sign
314:Portugal
295:Pakistan
1870:Related
1676:Shocker
1661:Mountza
1656:Mooning
1486:Salutes
1476:Zolgokh
1456:Sampeah
1446:Pranāma
1431:Namaste
1416:Kuji-in
1406:Hat tip
1320:Namaste
755:In the
734:asshole
617:bastard
609:African
545:cornudo
539:keratas
533:κερατάς
527:cornuto
514:Uruguay
455:Italian
433:Romania
425:Hungary
357:), the
349:In the
335:Singer
184:Please
124:scholar
1897:Mudras
1709:Akanbe
1701:Taunts
1691:Wanker
1590:V sign
1461:Sembah
1411:Kowtow
1381:Curtsy
1013:
932:
742:sodomy
652:Persia
598:Moutza
594:Greece
588:Moutza
552:Moutza
542:) and
512:, and
502:Greece
498:France
486:Brazil
409:Turkey
367:V sign
365:. The
355:Canada
327:V sign
321:Russia
297:, and
283:("se")
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
1856:Shrug
1714:Loser
1441:Orans
1436:Ojigi
1426:Mudra
1391:Gadaw
1340:Shaka
1295:Hongi
1225:Aegyo
1169:(PDF)
675:Egypt
624:Iraqi
510:Spain
459:Italy
451:corna
439:Corna
417:China
413:Korea
401:shysh
393:dulya
373:Dulya
291:India
131:JSTOR
117:books
1421:Mano
1361:Adab
1305:Kiss
1152:2018
1121:2018
1095:2018
1069:2018
1011:ISBN
930:ISBN
909:link
895:2017
869:2017
839:2017
780:E.g.
713:Arab
671:Arab
660:Iraq
658:and
656:Iran
644:Arab
626:and
611:and
494:Cuba
103:news
1745:Nod
1471:Wai
1371:Bow
1245:Dap
689:In
622:In
619:).
592:In
469:or
453:in
399:or
319:In
312:In
289:In
242:An
188:by
86:by
1924::
1325:OK
1138:.
1112:.
1086:.
1059:.
977:.
905:}}
901:{{
885:.
855:.
829:.
782:,
752:.
530:,
508:,
504:,
500:,
496:,
492:,
488:,
484:,
423:,
419:,
415:,
411:,
407:,
293:,
250:.
48:.
1203:e
1196:t
1189:v
1171:.
1154:.
1123:.
1097:.
1071:.
1033:.
1019:.
990:.
963:.
938:.
911:)
897:.
871:.
841:.
815:.
536:(
233:)
227:(
215:)
209:(
204:)
200:(
182:.
153:)
147:(
142:)
138:(
128:·
121:·
114:·
107:·
80:.
55:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
