Conscientious objector

1656:(district military replacement office), which had discretion to either approve or reject a conscientious objection, which had to consist of a detailed written statement by an applicant giving reasons as to why the applicant was conscientiously objecting. This was generally just a formality, and objections were not often rejected. In later years in particular however, with the rise of the Internet, conscientious objections fell into disrepute because of the ease of being able to simply download existing example objections. It earned some conscientious objections the suspicion of an applicant simply attempting an easy way out of military service. On the other hand, certain organizations within the German peace movement had been offering pamphlets for decades giving suggestions to applicants as to the proper wording and structure of an objection which would have the greatest chances of success. 1500:

non-military nature. Persons who declare themselves to be conscientious objectors only after a crisis has started must, however, prove their conviction before a special board. Before the new legislation, the right to conscientious objection was acknowledged only in peacetime. The changes to the service term and to the legal status of objectors during a crisis situation were made as a response to human rights concerns voiced by several international bodies, who are overseeing the implementation of human rights agreements. These organisations had demanded Finland to take measures to improve its legislation concerning conscientious objectors, which they considered discriminatory. None of these organisations have yet raised concerns on the current legislation.

1852: 2284: 2450:. About 5,500 objectors were imprisoned, most charged with refusal to attend a medical examination as a necessary preliminary to call-up after being refused exemption, and some charged with non-compliance with the terms of conditional exemption. A further 1,000 were court-martialled by the armed forces and sent to military detention barracks or civil prisons. Unlike the First World War, most sentences were relatively short, and there was no pattern of continually repeated sentences. The social stigma attached to 'conchies' (as they were called) was considerable; regardless of the genuineness of their motives, cowardice was often imputed. 1496:

duration of the service was shortened to 13 months and the board of inspection was abolished. In 2008, the term was further shortened to 12 months to match the duration of the longest military service (that of officer trainees and technical crew). Today, a person subject to conscription may apply for civilian service at any time before or during his military service, and the application is accepted as a matter of course. A female performing voluntary military service can quit her service anytime during the first 45 days, however, if she wants to quit after those 45 days she would be treated like a male and assigned to civilian service.

2113:"the state's anti-human rights violence" and "its acts of brutality" during the 1970s that continued into the mid-1980s. This decision is significant since it is the first one recognizing the state's responsibility for deaths resulting from violence within the military. According to the commission's decision, "the beatings and acts of brutality committed against them by military officials were attempts to compel and coerce them to act against their conscience (religion) and were unconstitutional, anti-human rights acts that infringed severely upon the freedom of conscience (religion) guaranteed in the Constitution." 2426:

applicants succeeded at the Appellate Tribunal, sometimes after a "qualifying" sentence of three-months' imprisonment for an offence deemed to have been committed on grounds of conscience. Of those directed to non-combatant military service almost 7,000 were allocated to the Non-Combatant Corps, re-activated in mid-1940; its companies worked in clothing and food stores, in transport, or any military project not requiring the handling of "material of an aggressive nature". In November 1940 it was decided to allow troops in the NCC to volunteer for work in

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countered by the argument that women usually gave up their careers either temporarily or permanently to raise their children. With the end of the Cold War and the German military's primary purpose of defending its home territory increasingly looking doubtful, draft also began to become more arbitrary, as only certain portions of a particular birth year were drafted (usually those in very healthy physical condition), while others were not. This was seen as a problem of

1022: 655: 8175: 1383:, Canadian conscientious objectors were given the options of noncombatant military service, serving in the medical or dental corps under military control or working in parks and on roads under civilian supervision. Over 95% chose the latter and were placed in Alternative Service camps. Initially the men worked on road building, forestry and firefighting projects. After May 1943, as the labour shortage developed within the nation and another 711:: "Article 18 of the Covenant does put some limits on the right , stating that manifestations must not infringe on public safety, order, health or morals. Some states argue that such limitations would permit them to make conscientious objection during time of war a threat to public safety, or mass conscientious objection a disruption to public order, ... even that it is a 'moral' duty to serve the state in its military." 2421:, there were nearly 60,000 registered Conscientious Objectors. Testing by tribunals resumed, this time by special Conscientious Objection Tribunals chaired by a judge, and the effects were much less harsh. If objectors were not a member of the Quakers or some similar pacifist organisation, it was generally enough to say that they objected to "warfare as a means of settling international disputes", a phrase from the 1277:(CoE) regard and promote conscientious objection as a human right, as of 2004, it still does not have a legal basis in most countries. Among the roughly one-hundred countries that have conscription, only thirty countries have some legal provisions, 25 of them in Europe. In Europe, most countries with conscription more or less fulfill international guidelines on conscientious objection legislation (except for 3277:"Selective Conscientious Objection; Editor Note: An address given at Western Maryland College, June 4, 1967. First published as pamphlet entitled "Selective Conscientious Objection" by Our Sunday Visitor (Huntington, IN: Our Sunday Visitor, Inc.). Republished as "War and Conscience" in A Conflict of Loyalties: The Case for Selective Conscientious Objected, 19–30, ed. by James Finn, (New York: Gegasus, 1968)" 552: 1247:. Alternatives to military or civilian service include serving an imprisonment or other punishment for refusing conscription, falsely claiming unfitness for duty by feigning an allergy or a heart condition, delaying conscription until the maximum drafting age, or seeking refuge in a country which does not extradite those wanted for military conscription. Avoiding military service is sometimes labeled 1270:) such as hospital work, farming, forestry, road construction and similar occupations. Their objection is in being part in any military capacity whether noncombatant or regular service. During World War II and the Korean, Vietnam war eras they served in many such capacities in alternative I-W service programs initially through the Mennonite Central Committee and now through their own alternatives. 1512: 1009:, participating in research to help others. The Church preferred to call them "conscientious participants", because they were willing to risk their lives as test subjects in potentially life-threatening research. Over 2,200 Seventh-day Adventists volunteered in experiments involving various infectious agents during the 1950s through the 1970s in Fort Detrick, MD." Earlier, a 3921:: Das Verhältnis der Partei- und Staatsführung der DDR zu den Bausoldaten a) die agitatorische Diskriminierung der Bausoldaten b) die substantielle Diskriminierung der Bausoldaten. pp. 115–125. in: Kriegsdienstverweigerung in der DDR – ein Friedensdienst? Genesis, Befragung, Analyse, Dokumente. 190 Seiten + Anhang. Hrsg. Haag + Herchen, Frankfurt 1978. 2127:

objections other than religious reasons. Since 1950, there have been more than 16,000 Jehovah's Witnesses sentenced to a combined total of 31,256 years for refusing to perform military service. If alternative service is not provided, some 500 to 900 young men will continue to be added each year to the list of conscientious objectors criminalized in Korea.

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objector's application, he could be summoned to appear before a panel at the Kreiswehrersatzamt to explain his reasons in person. An approved conscientious objection in any case then meant that an applicant was required by law to perform Wehrersatzdienst. Complete objection both to military and replacement service was known as

2363:, were taken to France as conscripts and given military orders, the disobedience of which would warrant a death sentence. These men, known as "The Frenchmen", refused; the four ringleaders were formally sentenced to death by court-martial but immediately reprieved, with commutation to ten-years' penal servitude. 2370:, acting as nursing/paramedic assistants, the majority of non-combatants served in the Non-Combatant Corps on non-lethal stores, road and railway building and general labouring in the UK and France. Conscientious objectors who were deemed not to have made any useful contribution to the state were formally 2508:

As of 2005, conscientious objectors in several countries may serve as field paramedics in the army (although some do not consider this a genuine alternative, as they feel it merely helps to make war more humane instead of preventing it). Alternatively, they may serve without arms, although this, too,

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of 1928. The tribunals could grant full exemption, exemption conditional on alternative service, exemption only from combatant duties, or dismiss the application. Of the 61,000 who were registered, 3,000 were given complete exemption; 18,000 applications were initially dismissed, but a number of such

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South Korea's stance has drawn criticism from The U.N. Human Rights Committee, which argues that South Korea is violating article 18 of the ICCPR, which guarantees freedom of thought and conscience. In 2006, 2010, and again in 2011 the U.N. Human Rights Committee, after reviewing petitions from South

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units in South Russia in lieu of their military obligation. The program was under church control from 1881 through 1918, reaching a peak of seven thousand conscientious objectors during World War I. An additional five thousand Mennonites formed complete hospital units and transported wounded from the

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was developed in order to reconcile warfare with Christian belief. After Theodosius I made Christianity an official religion of the Empire, this position slowly developed into the official position of the Western Church. In the 11th century, there was a further shift of opinion in the Latin-Christian

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At least two state constitutions have recognized an individual right not to bear arms. Pennsylvania's Constitution of 1790 states "Those who conscientiously scruple to bear arms, shall not be compelled to do so; but shall pay an equivalent for personal service." New Hampshire's Constitution of 1784

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In 1998, the Human Rights Commission reiterated previous statements and added "states should ... refrain from subjecting conscientious objectors ... to repeated punishment for failure to perform military service". It also encouraged states "to consider granting asylum to those conscientious objectors

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is one and one-half times longer than military service. In 2005, the Swiss parliament considered whether willingness to serve one and a half times longer than an army recruit was sufficient proof of sincerity, citing that the cost of judging the state of conscience of a few thousand men per year was

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In June 2018, the Constitutional Court ruled 6–3 that Article 5 of the country's Military Service Act is unconstitutional because it fails to provide an alternative civilian national service for conscientious objectors. As of 2018, 19,300 South Korean conscientious objectors had gone to prison since

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Military service and draft were controversial during much of their existence. Reasons included the consideration that Germans could be made to fight against their fellow Germans in East Germany. Moreover, draft only applied to men, which was seen as gender based discrimination by some, but was often

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Some conscientious objectors are unwilling to serve the military in any capacity, while others accept noncombatant roles. While conscientious objection is usually the refusal to collaborate with military organizations, as a combatant in war or in any supportive role, some advocate compromising forms

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Regardless of nationality, all men are brothers. God is "our Father who art in heaven". The commandment "Thou shalt not kill" is unconditional and inexorable. ... The lowly Nazarene taught us the doctrine of non-resistance, and so convinced was he of the soundness of that doctrine that he sealed his

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Militarism is contrary to the spirit of the New Testament and the teachings of Jesus Christ. Even from humanitarian principles alone, it is utterly indefensible. It is our profound and God-given conviction that none of our people be required to participate in war of any form and that these God-given

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Many conscientious objectors have been executed, imprisoned, or otherwise penalized when their beliefs led to actions conflicting with their society's legal system or government. The legal definition and status of conscientious objection has varied over the years and from nation to nation. Religious

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On 15 January 2009 the Korean Presidential Commission on Suspicious Deaths in the Military released its decision acknowledging that the government was responsible for the deaths of five young men, who were Jehovah's Witnesses and had forcibly been conscripted into the army. The deaths resulted from

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The government argues that introducing an alternative service would jeopardize national security and undermine social equality and cohesion. This is amid an increasing number of countries which retain compulsory service have introduced alternatives. In addition, some countries, including those with

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The terminology conscientious objector technically has not existed in Korean dictionary until recently. In fact, significant majority of Korean citizens simply associate conscientious objectors with draft dodging, and are unaware of the fact that conscientious objector draftees in other westernized

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said in a 1994 speech (which was frequently cited as an argument for draft abolition) that only the necessity for national defense, not any other arguments can justify draft. On the other hand, this logic tended to not be extended to men serving Wehrersatzdienst, as they usually worked in fields of

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Wehrersatzdienst was for a long time considerably longer than military service, by up to a third, even when the duration of service was gradually reduced following reunification and the end of the Cold War. This was held by some as a violation of constitutional principles, but was upheld in several

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considerably improved this status, simplifying the conditions under which the status would be granted. Conscientious objectors were then free to choose an activity in the social realm where they would spend their civil service time. However, in order to avoid too many applications for civil service

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Around 16,000 men were recorded as conscientious objectors, with Quakers, traditionally pacifist, forming a large proportion: 4,500 objectors were exempted on condition of doing civilian "work of national importance", such as farming, forestry or social service; and 7,000 were conscripted into the

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Serbia introduced civil service for Conscientious objectors in 2009. the service lasted 9 months and people serving were task to help out in government facilities such as post offices, kindergartens, hospitals etc. In 2020 during covid-19 they were called to help prepare military hospitals for the

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students should be exempt from military service. This derives from the Jewish tradition that if a man wants to dedicate his life to religious study, society must allow him to do so. The request of orthodox political parties to "prevent neglect of studying the Torah" was granted by the authorities.

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Following a 1985 Federal Constitution Court decision, Wehrersatzdienst could be no simple choice of convenience for an applicant, but he had to cite veritable conflict of conscience which made him unable to perform any kind of military service at all. If there was doubt about the true nature of an

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males until 1994, when it was suspended. Civilian service was possible since 1963. Objectors could apply for the status of conscience objector. When granted, they did an alternative service with the civil service or with a socio-cultural organisation. The former would last 1.5 times as long as the

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general comment 22, Paragraph 11: "The Covenant does not explicitly refer to a right to conscientious objection, but the Committee believes that such a right can be derived from article 18, inasmuch as the obligation to use lethal force may seriously conflict with the freedom of conscience and the

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and tried by a military tribunal; after 1972, objectors could choose an alternative civilian service, which was eight months longer than standard military service (fifteen months, then twelve, as for Army and Air Force, 24 months, then eighteen, then twelve as for the Navy). Since such length was

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now solely relies on service members who deliberately choose it as a career path. Neither Article 12a (establishing the possibility of draft) nor Article 4 (3) (permitting conscientious objection) have been removed from the German Constitution. In theory, this makes a full reversion to draft (and

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entry: "from 800 men in 1968 to 41,450 in 2005 compared to 7 million for the entire population of Israel. In percentage terms, 2.4% of the soldiers enlisting to the army in 1974 were benefiting from Torato Omanuto compared to 9.2% in 1999, when it was projected that the number would reach 15% by

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until the last call-up in 1960 and the last discharge in 1963. The use of all volunteer soldiers was hoped to remove the need to consider conscientious objectors. Ever since the First World War, there have been volunteer members of the armed forces who have developed a conscientious objection to

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The records of conscientious objectors to military service are kept by a governmental investigative body as criminal files for five years. As a consequence, conscientious objectors are not allowed to enter a government office and apply for any type of national certification exam. It is also very

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In September 2007, the government announced a program to give conscientious objectors an opportunity to participate in alternative civilian service. The program stipulates three years of civilian service that is not connected with the military in any way. However, that program has been postponed

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In as much as they ruled out as illicit all use of violence and injury against others, clearly implied the illegitimacy of participation in war ... The early Christians took Jesus at his word, and understood his inculcations of gentleness and non-resistance in their literal sense. They closely

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announced a draft proposal to legalise conscientious objection in Turkey and that it was to take effect two weeks after approval by the President to the change. This decision to legalize by the Turkish government was because of pressure from the European Court of Human Rights. The ECHR gave the

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Conscription was mandatory to all able-bodied Dutch males until 1 May 1997, when it was suspended. The Law on conscientious objections military services is active since 27 September 1962. Objectors have to work a third time longer in civil service than is normal for military service. The civil

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After the war, a conscientious objector's civilian service lasted 16 months, whereas military service was 8 months at its shortest. To qualify for civilian service, an objector had to explain his conviction before a board of inspection that included military officers and clergymen. In 1987, the

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The varied experiences of non-combatants are illustrated by those of Seventh-day Adventists when there was mandatory military service: "Many Seventh-day Adventists refuse to enter the army as combatants, but participate as medics, ambulance drivers, etc. During World War II in Germany, many SDA

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was called up in 1916: he and many other Quaker activists took the unconditionalist stand, refusing both military and alternative service, and on enforced enlistment were court-martialled and imprisoned for disobedience. Conscientious objectors formed only a tiny proportion of Military Service

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During World War Two, conscription was re-introduced in 1940 and 5000 men applied for an exemption on the grounds of conscientious objection. Of these, 800 were imprisoned for the length of the war, and were barred from voting for ten years when they were released following the end of the war.

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status was usually only granted if a person had physical or mental disabilities or was otherwise significantly impaired, such as due to very poor eyesight or debilitating chronic illnesses. However, in the last years of the draft, T5 was increasingly given to potential recruits with only minor

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From 2000 to 2008, Korean Military Manpower Administration said that at least 4,958 men have objected to service in the military because of religious beliefs. Among those, 4,925 were Jehovah's Witnesses, 3 were Buddhists, and the other 30 refused the mandatory service because of conscientious

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Persons who have completed their civilian service during peacetime have, according to the legislation enacted in 2008, the right to serve in non-military duties also during a crisis situation. They may be called to serve in various duties with the rescue services or other necessary work of a

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Nearly the only legal way to get both out of military service and replacement service was to be deemed physically unfit for military service. Both men who entered military service and those who wanted to go into replacement service had to pass a military physical examination at the military

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Jean-Paul Cahn, Françoise Knopper, Anne-Marie Saint-Gille, De la Guerre juste à la paix juste: Aspects confessionnels de la construction de la paix dans l'espace franco-allemand (XVIe-XXe siècle), Collection Histoire et civilisations, Presses Universitaires Septentrion, 2008, 313 pages,

1715:, while somebody who had served out his replacement service could not. Moreover, work conditions under military service typically involved more hardship and inconvenience than Wehrersatzdienst. In 2004, military service and Wehrersatzdienst were then made to last equal lengths of time. 765:

or draft-evasion. It is not enough for a person to be in disagreement with his government regarding the political justification for a particular military action. Where, however, the type of military action, with which an individual does not wish to be associated, is condemned by the

1607:, there was no official right to conscientious objection. Nevertheless, and uniquely among the Eastern bloc, objections were accepted and the objectors assigned to construction units. They were however part of the military, so that a fully civilian alternative did not exist. Also, " 642:

Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and

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resolution 1995/83 stated that "persons performing military service should not be excluded from the right to have conscientious objections to military service". This was re-affirmed on April 22, 1998, when resolution 1998/77 recognized that "persons performing military service may

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Tribunals' cases over the conscription period, estimated at 2 per cent. Tribunals were notoriously harsh towards conscientious objectors, reflecting widespread public opinion that they were lazy, degenerate, ungrateful 'shirkers' seeking to benefit from the sacrifices of others.

1699:'s special status between the end of the Second World War and 1990 as a city governed by foreign military powers, draft did not apply within its borders. This made Berlin a safe haven for many young people who chose to move to the city to prevent criminal court repercussions for 2176:(non-submittants) publicly refused the PSS, and hundreds were imprisoned. In addition a number of those in the military decided to refuse further duties. A number of people not liable for military service made declarations of self-incrimination, stating that they had encouraged 2517:, there is the option of performing an alternative civilian service, subject to the review of a written application or after a hearing about the state of conscience. In Greece, the alternative civilian service is twice as long as the corresponding military service; in Austria 1095:

described him as a "spy suspect". The US military (in which he was never inducted) charged him with desertion and spreading propaganda, then sentenced him to death (this was later revised to 25 years hard labor). On June 5, 1917, Salmon wrote in a letter to President Wilson:

868:) raises the burning issue of selective conscientious objection: While it is universally accepted that an individual cannot be compelled against conscience to war in general, does the same hold for an individual who objects, in the depths of the soul, to a particular war?" 2856:"Conscientious objection to military service, Commission on Human Rights resolution 1998/77, Navigation to document: press "next" four times, see bottom listing, and at the right choose letter for language ("E" for English) Document: CHR 54th 4/22/1998E/CN.4/RES/1998/77" 1577:, conscientious objection was not recognized in the law. In theory, objectors would be drafted and then court-martialled for desertion. The practice was even harsher: going beyond the letter of an already extremely flexible law, conscientious objection was considered 2121:

Conscientious objectors ... often spend the rest of their lives tainted by their decision... Criminal records from draft dodging make it difficult for objectors to find good jobs and the issue of army service is often raised by potential employers during job

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In the present day, Russian draft legislation allows people to choose an alternative civilian service for religious or ideological reasons. Most objectors are employed in healthcare, construction, forestry and post industries, serving 18 to 21 months.

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On 1 November 2018, the Supreme Court of Korea decided that conscientious objection is a valid reason to refuse mandatory military service, and vacated and remanded the appellate court's decision finding a Jehovah's Witness guilty of the objection.

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But in recent years this exemption practice has become the subject of debate in Israeli society, as the absolute and the relative numbers of the men who received this exemption rose sharply. In 2012, the Israeli Supreme Court ruled in the case of

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judged too punitive, an arrangement was made to make the civilian service as long as the military service. Since 2004, Italian males no longer need to object because military service has been turned into volunteer for both males and females.

580:, was conscripted into the Roman Army in the year 295, but "told the Proconsul in Numidia that because of his religious convictions he could not serve in the military". He was executed for this, and was later canonized as Saint Maximilian. 1013:

arose during and after World War I between Seventh-day Adventists in Germany who agreed to serve in the military if conscripted and those who rejected all participation in warfare—the latter group eventually forming a separate church (the

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in 1918, conscription was reintroduced for all able-bodied men. In 1922, the option of noncombatant military service was introduced, but service in the military remained compulsory on pain of imprisonment. After the struggle of pacifist

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having automatic exemption from the conscription. During the First World War, between 1,500 and 2,000 objectors and defaulters were convicted, or came under state control, for their opposition to war. At least 64 of these were still at

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belief with death on the cross. When human law conflicts with Divine law, my duty is clear. Conscience, my infallible guide, impels me to tell you that prison, death, or both, are infinitely preferable to joining any branch of the Army.

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males. Those who were born in the last months of the year typically used to serve in the Navy, unless judged unable for ship service (in this case they could be sent back to Army or Air Force). Until 1972, objectors were considered as

1411:, those not willing to enter mandatory military service could avoid it by signing a contract for work lasting years in unattractive occupations, such as mining. Those who did not sign were imprisoned. Both numbers were tiny. After the 2493:. The United States recognizes religious and moral objections, but not selective objections. Conscientious objectors in the United States may perform either civilian work or noncombatant service in lieu of combatant military service. 2541:

In the United States, military personnel who come to a conviction of conscientious objection during their tour of duty must appear in front of a panel of experts, which consists of psychiatrists, military chaplains and officers.

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Fronting the decreasing birth rate and the popular opposition to an army seen as a continuating institution of one of the pillars of the dictatorship's regime, the Spanish government tried to modernise the model carried from the

1120:, young Jehovah's Witnesses were imprisoned because of their conscientious objection to military service; this was discontinued in November 2013. The government of South Korea also imprisons hundreds for refusing the draft. In 2378:

at the insistence of back-bench MPs) for the five years 1 September 1921 – 31 August 1926, but as it was a last-minute amendment there was no administrative machinery to enforce it, which was admitted to be a "dead letter".

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no person can be conscripted if, after being afforded a reasonable opportunity to do so, he has established that he is a conscientious objector to participation in war (Marshall Islands Constitution Article II Section 11).

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and permanent residents are liable to military service. However, the Ministry of Defense has used its discretion under article 36 of this law to automatically exempt all non-Jewish women and all Arab men, except for the

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As of March 2011, there were 125 objectors including 25 female objectors in Turkey. Another 256 people of Kurdish origin also had announced their conscientious objection to military service. Conscientious objector

2014:. The law was not applied uniformly and hundreds of objectors were imprisoned and over 200 were executed.The United Council was forced to cease activity in December 1920, but alternative service was available under the 1848:

service have to be provided by government services, or by institutions designated for employment of conscientious objectors designated by the Secretary of Social Affairs and Employment, who work in the public interest.

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In some cases, conscientious objectors have been interned in concentration-camp-like conditions, which would be coercive for objectors to "volunteer" for quasi-ethical experimentation. Such a technique was used in the

2390:. In 1918 the Army's manpower shortage led to passing a further act enabling conscription in Ireland if and when the government saw fit. In the event, the government never saw fit, although the legislation led to the 2018:

until it was abolished in 1936. Unlike the earlier forestry and hospital service, later conscientious objectors were classified "enemies of the people" and their alternative service was performed in remote areas in a

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The effect of these laws was suspended in 2001 when compulsory military service was abolished in France. The special prison at Strasbourg for Jehovah's Witnesses, who refuse to join any military, was also abolished.

1805:, the Supreme Court reiterated its position that selective conscientious objection was not permitted, adding that conscientious objection could only be recognized in cases of general objection to military service. 828:

concerning a more specific type of conscientious objection: "the issue of selective conscientious objection, conscientious objection to particular wars, or as it is sometimes called, discretionary armed service."

700:. It was based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and was originally created in 1966. Nations that have signed this treaty are bound by it. Its Article 18 begins: "Everyone shall have the right to 1735:, medical assistance or assistance for the disabled. Their relatively low-paid work was seen as an ever more important backbone of a health sector which was grappling with rapidly increasing costs of care. 5308: 3130:"Out of the margins: The right to conscientious objection to military service in Europe. An announcement of amnesty international's forthcoming campaign and briefing for the UN commission on Human Rights" 2036:

influx of military and civilian patients. When civil service was introduced the mandatory military service period was reduced from 12 months to 6 months. Mandatory military service was abolished in 2011.

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which states, "...neither shall they learn war anymore". Other objections can stem from a deep sense of responsibility toward humanity as a whole, or from simple denial that any government possesses the

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of January 1916, which came into full effect on 2 March 1916. The Act allowed for objectors to be absolutely exempted, to perform alternative civilian service or to serve as a non-combatant in the army

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for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights has not shown a clear stance on the pressing human rights issues such as, among other things, the rights of conscientious objectors to military service.

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that "the exemption for those who oppose 'participation in war in any form' applies to those who oppose participating in all war and not to those who object to participation in a particular war only."

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The doctrine of the Emmanuel Association is similar to that of the Pilgrim Holiness Church, but it has a very rigid behavior code called Principles of Holy Living. Members are conscientious objectors.

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Conscription was suspended in Hungary in 2004. Before being drafted anyone can apply for the status of conscientious objector and fulfill his duties in unarmed military service or civilian service.

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Peter Dueck; Conrad Stoesz; Grant Klassen; Lynette Wiebe; Elsie Rempel; Lawrence Klippenstein; Alf Redekopp; Dan Dyck; John C. Klassen; Grant Klassen; Edward Enns; Jake K. Wiens; David Schroeder.

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Women can claim exemption from military service on grounds of conscience under arts. 39 (c) and 40 of the Defense Service Law, according to which religious reasons can be grounds for exemption.

1581:, a crime normally punished with death. On 15 September 1939, August Dickmann, a Jehovah's Witness, and the first conscientious objector of the war to be executed, died by a firing squad at the 1107:

Public authorities should make equitable provision for those who for reasons of conscience refuse to bear arms; these are nonetheless obliged to serve the human community in some other way.

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as contrary to basic rules of human conduct, punishment for desertion or draft-evasion could, in the light of all other requirements of the definition, in itself be regarded as persecution.

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era, professionalizing it and thus bringing an end to conscription by the end of 2001. The new army tried to provide an education for civilian life and participated in peace operations in

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Korean conscientious objectors, declared that the government was violating Article 18 of the ICCPR, the provision that guarantees the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion.

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is "Pānātipātā veramaṇi sikkhāpadam samādiyāmi", or "I undertake the precept to refrain from destroying living creatures", which is in obvious opposition to the practice of warfare. The

2089:, thousands of conscientious objectors had no choice but to be imprisoned as criminals. Every year about 500 young men, mostly Jehovah's Witnesses, are arrested for refusing the draft. 730:

included this quote: "The right to conscientious objection to military service is not a marginal concern outside the mainstream of international human rights protection and promotion."

2882:"THE STATUS OF CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION UNDER ARTICLE 4 OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, 33 N.Y.U. J. INT'L L. & POL. 379 (2000); See pages 412–424, (or PDF pages 34–36)" 886:

Cases of behavior which could be considered as religiously motivated conscientious objection are historically attested long before the modern term appeared. For example, the Medieval

2727: 1648:) until the abolition of draft in 2011. Initially, each conscientious objector had to appear in person to a panel hearing at the draft office (or contest a negative decision at the 1525:

The creation of a legal status for conscientious objectors in France was the subject of a long struggle involving for instance or the much-publicised trials of Protestant activists

1153:

has stated that war "should be relegated to the dustbin of history". On the other hand, many Buddhist sects, especially in Japan, have been thoroughly militarized, warrior monks (

2414:

had their own laws: in general, all the larger countries of the Empire participated, and some were, in proportion to their population, major participants in the First World War.

1112:

Because of their conscientious objection to participation in military service, whether armed or unarmed, Jehovah's Witnesses have often faced imprisonment or other penalties. In

5340:

The Right to Refuse to Bear Arms – the most authoritative recent world survey on provisions for conscientious objection to military service, by War Resisters' International

2230:(ECHR) found Turkey had violated article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (prohibition of degrading treatment) in a case dealing with the conscientious objection of 1913: 719:

right to manifest one's religion or belief." In 2006, the committee has found for the first time a right to conscientious objection under article 18, although not unanimously.

2150:. Conscientious objectors usually refused to serve on religious grounds, such as being Jehovah's Witnesses, and were placed in prison for the duration of their sentences. The 1116:, for example, before the introduction of alternative civilian service in 1997, hundreds of Witnesses were imprisoned, some for three years or even more for their refusal. In 2311:

were used to strengthen army and navy rolls on occasions from the 16th to the early 19th centuries. Pressed men did have the right of appeal, in the case of sailors, to the

1503:

There are a small number of total objectors who refuse even civilian service, and are imprisoned for six months. This is not registered into the person's criminal record.

1435:

Any male getting drafted, but unwilling to serve, has the possibility to avoid military service by instead serving community service for the duration of the conscription.

984:

have been known as non-combatants, and have done work in hospitals or to give medical care rather than combat roles, and the church has upheld the non-combative position.

4601: 3166: 2807: 2538:

Only two European Union countries – Germany and the Netherlands – recognize the right to conscientious objection for contract and professional military personnel.

6129: 1652:). The suspension of the procedure (1977), allowing to "object with a post card", was ruled unconstitutional in 1978. Beginning in 1983, competence was shifted to the 1304:

In 1991, The Peace Abbey established the National Registry for Conscientious Objection where people can publicly state their refusal to participate in armed conflict.

2269:

to write a new constitution in 2012. The commission is still in negotiations on various articles and conscientious objection is one of the most controversial issues.

1948:

voted to abolish conscription in October 2005, with the vote formalizing one of many military modernization and reform programs that Romania agreed to when it joined

1371:

of 1873 yet initially, many were imprisoned until the matter was again resettled. With pressure of public opinion, the Canadian government barred entry of additional

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In Switzerland, the panel consists entirely of civilians, and military personnel have no authority whatsoever. In Germany, the draft has been suspended since 2011.

6178: 2347:

specially-created Non-Combatant Corps. Six thousand were refused any exemption and forced into main army regiments; if they then refused to obey orders, they were

5016:. Telford, PA: Cascadia Publishing/Herald Press. A history and analysis of conscientious objection in the Assemblies of God, the largest Pentecostal denomination. 4672: 4210:

The National Registry of Conscientious Objectors launched in 1989, listed some 700 plus objectors for that year alone. Source: Argus, Thursday, September 21, 1989

992:, refuse to participate in the armed services on the grounds that they believe they should be neutral in worldly conflicts and often cite the latter portion of 896: – the future Saint Magnus – had a reputation for piety and gentleness, and because of his religious convictions refused to fight in a Viking raid on 2066:. Most lived in a state of internal exile, forced to go underground within the borders of the country until a moratorium on conscription was declared in 1993. 1380: 1005:

conscientious objectors were sent to concentration camps or mental institutions; some were executed. Some Seventh-day Adventists volunteered for the US Army's

240: 1707:

were often part of the far-left political spectrum, this was one factor which spawned a politically active left-wing and left-wing radical scene in the city.

6188: 5581: 3204:

Source: Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees

2097: 1251:, particularly if the goal is accomplished through dishonesty or evasive maneuvers. However, many people who support conscription will distinguish between " 6163: 2671: 1925: 694: 236: 1785:

In discussing the status of the armed forces shortly after the founding of the State of Israel, representatives of orthodox religious parties argued that

6017: 3191: 738: 6103: 2833: 853:. These specific missions included "civilian population centers" in "the territories". These pilots clarified: "We ... shall continue to serve in the 31: 4849: 2680: 6757: 5240: 5236: 4505: 2226:

are the only two countries refusing to recognize conscientious objection and sustain their membership in the Council of Europe. In January 2006, the

1905:

No. 1, which "involved being tethered tightly by the wrists to a sloping pole to ensure their bodies hung with their hands taking all their weight."

1345:

Since conscription was suspended in 1994 and military service is voluntary, the status of conscience objector can not be granted anymore in Belgium.

4367: 613:, conscientious objection was permitted from the country's founding, although regulation was left to individual states prior to the introduction of 4491: 686:

said, in his Nobel Lecture, "To the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights one more might, with relevance, be added. It is '

5076: 3741: 3683:

also barred immigrants and objectors from voting. This bar on entry was overturned in the 1920s, allowing immigrants to escape Soviet repression.

3763: 3329: 1692:, which stated that if two older brothers had already served in the military, any following male children of a family were exempt from service. 1174:

are advised to do social service instead of active army service, but when this is not possible because of obligations in certain countries, the

3649:"THE STATUS OF CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION UNDER ARTICLE 4 OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, 33 N.Y.U. J. INT'L L. & POL. 379 (2000)" 4613:

Ordás García, Carlos Ángel (May 2022). "The Antimilitarist Campaign against Compulsory Military Service in Spain during the 1970s and 1980s".

4109: 714:

On 30 July 1993, explicit clarification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 18 was made in the United Nations

707:

However, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights left the issue of conscientious objection inexplicit, as in this quote from

7161: 6032: 2560: 1364: 750: 2164:

was the only important organisation employing objectors. Because of this, the waiting lists for the PSS were long, especially in areas like

6608: 6236: 6210: 3797: 2575: 2470: 255: 5218:

Rick Tejada-Flores, Judith Ehrlich (2000), "The good war and those who refused to fight it"; Paradigm Productions in association with the

5109: 4527: 2735: 2299:

The United Kingdom recognised the right of individuals not to fight in the 18th century following major problems with attempting to force

2242:

was tried by a Turkish court for supporting Tarhan and advocating conscientious objection as a human right; but later, she was acquitted.

1940:, as of 23 October 2006 conscription was suspended, therefore, the status of conscience objector does not apply. This came about due to a 1798:

the authority of the Minister of Defence, and that it violated Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty and was, therefore, unconstitutional.

1342:

After their service, objectors are not allowed to take jobs that require them to carry weapons, such as police jobs, until the age of 42.

1091:

was a Catholic conscientious objector during World War I and outspoken critic of Just War theology. The Catholic Church denounced him and

7258: 4783:

These strange criminals: an anthology of prison memoirs by conscientious objectors to military service from the Great War to the Cold War

4295: 3648: 2881: 2570: 2387: 341: 4012: 3941:[ * Sergej Kaledin: Das Baubataillon.Übersetzung der russischen Originalausgabe "Strojbat" (1991). Verlag Volk & Welt. Berlin 1992. 8108: 6168: 2496:

Historically, conscientious objectors have been persecuted in the United States. After the Selective Service System was founded during

1424: 3276: 2238:

was sentenced to four years in a military prison as a conscientious objector (he was unexpectedly released in March 2006). Journalist

1488:, Pekurinen and other conscientious objectors were imprisoned, and Pekurinen was eventually executed at the front in 1941, during the 6173: 5985: 3587: 2063: 1623:: "No person may be forced against their conscience to perform armed military service. Details shall be regulated by a federal law." 1387:

burgeoned, men were shifted into agriculture, education and industry. The 10,700 Canadian objectors were mostly Mennonites (63%) and

850: 529: 6134: 6099: 4692: 3079: 2418: 416: 6276: 6205: 5323: 5298: 2210:

There is the possibility of avoiding military service by instead serving civilian services for the duration of the conscription.

2054:

During the 1980s, hundreds of South African white males dodged the draft, refused the call-up or objected to conscription in the

1598: 799:, of the British Royal Air Force (RAF), served in the military from 1898 to 1928. In 1923 he selectively refused to serve in the 734:

compelled to leave their country of origin because they fear persecution owing to their refusal to perform military service ..."

679: 606:

as a professional national military reserve, a clause in the Militia Ballot Act allowed Quakers exemption from military service.

7111: 6251: 5803: 5717: 2079: 481: 4285: 3170: 2811: 2785:"UN Commission on Human Rights, Conscientious objection to military service., 8 March 1995, E/CN.4/RES/1995/83 (See point #2)" 1451:– and those who refuse the draft are imprisoned. Some Jehovah's Witness conscientious objectors have been in jail since 1994. 7193: 6634: 5904: 5471: 5178: 5149: 5007: 4941: 3426: 2375: 2331: 2262:

Turkish government a deadline until the end of 2011 to legalize conscientious objection. The draft was withdrawn afterwards.

1921: 1015: 915:

object to war in their sixth principle "The goal of world community with peace, liberty and justice for all". Members of the

635: 5349: 7588: 7005: 6256: 6109: 6061: 525:

A number of organizations around the world celebrate the principle on May 15 as International Conscientious Objection Day.

5344: 3053: 1167:. Both Sikhs and Hindus believe war should be a last resort and should be fought to sustain life and morality in society. 321: 7748: 7688: 6332: 4319: 2490: 1917: 1554:

Since 1986, the associations defending conscientious objection in France have chosen to celebrate their cause on 15 May.

1547:

at the expense of the military, the duration of the civil service is however kept twice as long as the military service.

35: 3027: 785:

states "No person, who is conscientiously scrupulous about the lawfulness of bearing arms, shall be compelled thereto."

7183: 6286: 6266: 5852: 5748: 5394: 5090: 4669: 2453: 2278: 2219: 833: 421: 176: 171: 5134:

Robb, Linsey. "The 'Conchie Corps': Conflict, Compromise and Conscientious Objection in the British Army, 1940–1945."

4351: 4199: 3302: 2978: 1998:

issued a decree allowing alternative service for religious objectors whose sincerity was determined upon examination.

1738:

In 2011 the mandatory draft was abolished in Germany, mainly due to a perceived lack of aforementioned necessity. The

1711:

court decisions based on the reasoning that former service personnel could be redrafted for military exercises called

911:

The reasons for refusing to perform military service are varied. Many conscientious objectors cite religious reasons.

6114: 5778: 5436: 5225:

Catherine Ryan, Gary Weimberg (2008), "Soldiers of Conscience"; Luna Productions. Aired on the PBS nonfiction series

5192: 5125: 5104: 5049: 4895: 4589: 4401: 3946: 3926: 3857: 2808:"Conscientious objection to military service; Commission on Human Rights resolution 1998/77; see preamble "Aware..."" 2625: 2480: 2266: 960: 893: 426: 71: 4055: 2485:

There are currently legal provisions in the United States for recognizing conscientious objection, both through the

1427:

in both countries now guarantees the right to refuse military service on grounds on conscience or religious belief.

8214: 6472: 6193: 6183: 5798: 4417: 4377: 4220: 3966:"Conscientious objection to military service in Israel: an unrecognised human right – War Resisters' International" 2134:

1953. The Defense Ministry said it would honor the ruling by introducing alternative services as soon as possible.

1835: 1582: 1298: 952: 181: 4739: 4439: 3477: 1626:

According to Article 12a, a law may be passed to require every male from the age of 18 to military service called

8023: 7738: 5566: 5561: 5303: 5239:(2019), "Objector"; Java Films. A documentary about Israeli conscientious objector Atalya Ben-Abba, premiered at 4948: 3965: 3870: 3771: 2757: 2645: 2200: 2070:, was rife in English-speaking campuses, and later the war in the townships became the focus of these groupings. 2045: 1680:, meant that a person was rejected for military service and thus also did not need to enter replacement service. 1539:

The legal status law was passed in December 1963, 43 years (and many prison sentences) after the first requests.

1314: 631: 511: 366: 336: 48: 3005: 2707:"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights" 1363:

Mennonites and other similar peace churches in Canada were automatically exempt from any type of service during

8028: 6141: 5481: 5431: 5219: 4982: 4790: 2947: 2784: 2227: 1912:

In the contemporary setting, there is no statute or case law which deal with conscientious objection. But, the

1358: 1321:

where objectors were deliberately exposed to biological weapons and would gain their freedom if they survived.

948: 5139: 2160:) as an alternative to the Army. In spite of this, a strong movement appeared that refused both services. The 1478:

a law was passed providing for a peacetime-only alternative to military service, or civilian service (Finnish

431: 326: 7603: 7578: 7042: 6902: 6281: 6156: 5743: 4615: 3871:"15 mai – Journée internationale de l'objection de conscience – Internationale des Résistant(e)s à la Guerre" 3601: 3500: 2935: 2565: 1354: 727: 381: 5272: 4470: 3463: 3080:"Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief. Framework for communications. Conscientious Objection" 2914: 2681:"Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief. Framework for communications. Conscientious Objection" 7938: 7898: 7614: 7583: 6872: 6779: 6584: 6492: 5887: 5808: 5788: 5571: 5491: 5476: 5441: 4254: 3827: 2434:. For conscientious objectors exempted conditional upon performing civil work, acceptable occupations were 2258: 2151: 1886: 993: 981: 821: 749:

The Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status (the Handbook) of the Office of the

599: 386: 93: 3167:"Conscientious objection to military service; Commission on Human Rights resolution 1998/77; see point *7" 2684: 1851: 1589:

was executed after his conscientious objection, on the grounds that he could not fight for an evil force.

651:

during the General Assembly on 10 December 1948 by a vote of 48 in favour, 0 against, with 8 abstentions.

30:

This article is about freedom of conscience in the military. For conscientious objection in medicine, see

8219: 8078: 7598: 6952: 6679: 6593: 6231: 6055: 5773: 5456: 5201: 4911: 3680: 2391: 2303:

into military service. The Militia Ballot Act of 1757 allowed Quakers to be excluded from service in the

2055: 1760: 1384: 708: 514:

due to a crisis of conscience. In some countries, conscientious objectors are assigned to an alternative

401: 316: 311: 6897: 6767: 5120:. Revised and expanded by Cornelius Krahn. Newton, Kansas: Faith and Life Press. pp. 299–300, 311. 2283: 8148: 7788: 7573: 7218: 7076: 6964: 6299: 6146: 6124: 5823: 5783: 5501: 5421: 4632: 2590: 2447: 2340: 2312: 1991: 956: 865: 474: 361: 211: 39: 7503: 4334: 4125: 2461:

service; a procedure was devised for them in the Second World War and with adaptations, it continues.

1163:) participating in the civil wars. Hindu beliefs do not go against the concept of war, as seen in the 1048:

identified their religion with peace; they strongly condemned war for the bloodshed which it involved.

963:, object to war from the conviction that Christian life is incompatible with military action, because 757:

171. Not every conviction, genuine though it may be, will constitute a sufficient reason for claiming

7978: 7593: 7273: 7268: 6747: 6735: 6613: 6557: 6532: 6482: 6419: 6349: 6198: 6151: 6119: 5813: 5758: 5033:

Brennan, Jason. "Conscientious tax objection: why the liberal state must accommodate tax resisters."

3775: 3326: 2855: 2059: 2049: 1975: 1526: 838: 391: 206: 201: 17: 2180:. The government, fearing popular reaction, reduced the length of service and instead of sentencing 7993: 7953: 7903: 7768: 7358: 7263: 7188: 7177: 7071: 7020: 6712: 6598: 6399: 6074: 6007: 5877: 5857: 5840: 5496: 5367: 4016: 3215: 2912: 2486: 2431: 2367: 2130:

In 2015, Lee Yeda was the first conscientious objector to be allowed to live in France via asylum.

2067: 825: 595: 7393: 3704:"Alternative Service in the Second World War: Conscientious Objectors in Canada: 1939 – 1945" 1317:

whereby objectors agreed to be starved to near-death conditions in exchange for their freedom and

573:

beliefs were a starting point in many nations for legally granting conscientious objector status.

8063: 7753: 7723: 7668: 7663: 6892: 6672: 6650: 6603: 6325: 6067: 5753: 5556: 5486: 4577: 4554:"South Korea Supreme Court allows conscientious objection to military service in landmark ruling" 2585: 2422: 2411: 2307:. It then ceased to be a major issue, since Britain's armed forces were generally all-volunteer. 2304: 1941: 1775: 1766: 1630:; also, a law can require conscientious objectors to perform non-military service instead called 1586: 1563: 1448: 1290: 1213: 936: 912: 877: 767: 603: 454: 436: 331: 291: 286: 276: 271: 261: 7438: 3805: 3105: 2109:

national security concerns have shown that alternative service can be successfully implemented.

8038: 7973: 7908: 7833: 7813: 7808: 7653: 7643: 7488: 6990: 6807: 6789: 6742: 6689: 6623: 6618: 6497: 6487: 6477: 6044: 6038: 5867: 5768: 5387: 4888:

Danger UXB The Remarkable Story of the Disposal of Unexploded Bombs During the Second World War

4187: 2706: 2675: 2525: 2519: 2352: 2251: 2193: 1961: 1294: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1036: 985: 944: 804: 715: 411: 406: 396: 376: 371: 356: 351: 346: 301: 296: 281: 251: 226: 221: 4080: 3655: 2888: 2500:, such persecutions decreased in frequency, and recognition for conscientious objectors grew. 2359:

In an attempt to press the issue, in May 1916 a group of thirty-five objectors, including the

1465:

Finland introduced conscription in 1881, but its enforcement was suspended in 1903 as part of

8138: 7948: 7928: 7888: 7873: 7718: 7698: 7478: 7253: 7228: 7171: 7121: 6567: 6512: 6379: 6369: 6364: 6012: 5862: 5627: 5334: 5283: 5144:

Tinnelly CM, Joseph T. "The Conscientious Objector Under the Selective Service Act of 1940."

4717: 3535: 3518: 2834:"Conscientious objection to military service; E/CN.4/RES/1998/77; See introductory paragraph" 1230:

in 2007 for dying for his beliefs, and is viewed as a symbol of self-sacrificing resistance.

940: 854: 723: 577: 503: 467: 266: 231: 3264: 2348: 8193: 8054: 8043: 8033: 8018: 8008: 7958: 7913: 7893: 7843: 7823: 7818: 7798: 7793: 7778: 7773: 7758: 7743: 7728: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7658: 7648: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7564: 7378: 7348: 7338: 7092: 7066: 5882: 5793: 5358:" A film about conscientious objector, Desmond T.Doss who received 'Medal of Honor' in WW2. 3377:

Random, Jack (25 May 2005). "Just Say No: The Case for Selective Conscientious Objection".

3280: 2650: 2476: 2154:

acknowledged conscientious objectors. The Spanish parliament established a longer service (

1649: 1608: 814: 594:

Formal legislation to exempt objectors from fighting was first granted in mid-18th-century

306: 246: 216: 5330:

Watch His Conscience: A Short History Of The Conscientious Objector. By Michael D. Peabody

5028:

Radical Pacifism: The War Resisters League and Gandhian Nonviolence in America, 1915–1963.

4713: 4157: 3129: 3106:"HRC views in case Yoon and Choi v. Republic of Korea, communications nos. 1321-1322/2004" 1171: 8: 8128: 8013: 8003: 7988: 7968: 7963: 7943: 7923: 7918: 7883: 7878: 7868: 7848: 7803: 7783: 7703: 7693: 7623: 7518: 7408: 7289: 7203: 7166: 7141: 7106: 7081: 7048: 7037: 6857: 6847: 6762: 6730: 6643: 6572: 6241: 6215: 5955: 5940: 5935: 5925: 5892: 5682: 5677: 5615: 3392: 2963: 2600: 2580: 2336: 2015: 2010:, which successfully freed 8000 conscientious objectors from military service during the 1945: 1578: 1318: 1273:

Despite the fact that international institutions such as the United Nations (UN) and the

1267: 1266:

Conservative Mennonites do not object to serving their country in peaceful alternatives (

1074: 1006: 932: 881: 507: 148: 113: 108: 5294:

Alternative Service in the Second World War: Conscientious Objectors in Canada 1939–1945

4873: 4689: 3083: 2292: 2231: 2117:

unlikely that they will be employed by any company that inquires about criminal records.

2085:

countries are required to serve in alternative services. Since the establishment of the

1175: 8186: 7998: 7983: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7828: 7763: 7713: 7708: 7493: 7418: 7233: 7223: 7126: 7060: 7026: 6980: 6318: 6001: 5975: 5930: 5763: 5722: 5642: 4652: 2615: 2169: 1078: 968: 701: 584: 118: 98: 7363: 6246: 5171:

A Pacifist at War: Military Memoirs of a Conscientious Objector in Palestine 1917–1918

4942:"Professional Soldiers and the Right to Conscientious Objection in the European Union" 3143: 1664:; it was illegal and could be punished with a fine or a suspended custodial sentence. 191: 8158: 8088: 7933: 7838: 7733: 7448: 7318: 7101: 7054: 6817: 6694: 6547: 6409: 6261: 5647: 5426: 5403: 5380: 5188: 5174: 5121: 5100: 5086: 5045: 5011: 4891: 4786: 4656: 4644: 4585: 4485: 3942: 3922: 3853: 3703: 3422: 2943: 2858:. United Nations Human Rights, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 1998 2595: 2086: 2011: 1999: 1971: 1470: 1412: 1274: 1227: 1010: 744: 697: 559: 546: 5326:: conscientious objection and human rights in World War I. Peace Pledge Union, 2006. 4037: 3908: 3631: 2239: 1297:) today. In many countries outside Europe, especially in armed conflict areas (e.g. 133: 8179: 8068: 7508: 7453: 7368: 7238: 7213: 7156: 7131: 7032: 6974: 6942: 6927: 6862: 6802: 6772: 6752: 6720: 6684: 6667: 6655: 6562: 6522: 6432: 6427: 6271: 5995: 5950: 5828: 5622: 5605: 5541: 5521: 5516: 5461: 5329: 5314:"Making a Choice: Conscientious Objection or Refusing to Register" (Resisters.info) 5083:

Smoke Jumping on the Western Fire Line: Conscientious Objectors during World War II

4636: 4200:

https://www.paragraf.rs/propisi/odluka_o_obustavi_obaveze_sluzenja_vojnog_roka.html

3572: 2620: 2457: 2399: 2395: 2371: 2360: 2288: 2189: 2062:, an anti-war movement banned in 1988, while others fled into exile and joined the 1902: 1898: 1882: 1489: 1368: 1244: 1128: 989: 818: 800: 515: 499: 143: 138: 5287: 5276: 4952: 860:

On 25 May 2005, journalist Jack Random wrote the following: "The case of Sergeant

683: 8118: 7528: 7428: 7423: 7403: 7373: 7328: 7323: 7313: 7278: 7151: 7000: 6822: 6797: 6725: 6502: 6384: 5531: 5205: 4865: 4696: 4676: 4405: 4355: 4323: 3918: 3504: 3333: 3164: 3082:. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived from 3030:. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived from 2805: 2683:. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived from 2327: 2320: 2247: 2147: 1771: 1475: 1460: 1150: 1061: 998: 888: 861: 807: 796: 7483: 7303: 5021:

Conscience, government and war: Conscientious objection in Great Britain 1939–45

4828: 2172:

and a low unemployment rate discouraged young males from the army. Thousands of

1778:

may volunteer to perform military service, but very few do so (except among the

591:

in 1575. They could refuse military service in exchange for a monetary payment.

8133: 8123: 7383: 7298: 7208: 6922: 6917: 6907: 6842: 6812: 6527: 6457: 6414: 6394: 6389: 6080: 5899: 5662: 5632: 5536: 5526: 5511: 5466: 5407: 4528:"South Korea Must Offer Civilian Alternatives to Military Service, Court Rules" 3995: 3627: 3350: 3256: 3236: 3203: 3144:"Conscientious objection to military service; E/CN.4/RES/1998/77; See Point #5" 3057: 2630: 2610: 2555: 2407: 2023:-like environment in order to break their resistance and encourage enlistment. 1967: 1416: 1408: 1216:, who was executed on August 9, 1943, for openly refusing to serve in the Nazi 1209: 1082: 1029: 916: 602:

into military service. In 1757, when the first attempt was made to establish a

5372: 4640: 4316: 3701: 1021: 851:

27 reserve pilots and former pilots refused to serve in only specific missions

8208: 7543: 7498: 7463: 7443: 7398: 7353: 7248: 7198: 7116: 6937: 6882: 6467: 6462: 6442: 6027: 5965: 5945: 5872: 5847: 5652: 4648: 4628: 4349:

Korean government held responsible for deaths of five conscientious objectors

3481: 3474: 3031: 2427: 2326:

A more general right to refuse military service was not introduced until the

2235: 1984: 1779: 1529:, Philippe Vernier and Camille Rombault in 1932–1933 or the hunger strike of 1466: 1240: 1223: 1198: 1146: 1070: 793: 610: 123: 5339: 3654:. New York University School of Law, Issues – Volume 33. Archived from 3475:"The Seventh-day Adventist Church: Controversies, books and other resources" 2913:

The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2012).

2887:. New York University School of Law, Issues – Volume 33. Archived from 1894:

Prison on 5 March 1919 – some of whom had gone on hunger strike in protest.

1794:. that the blanket exemption granted to ultra-Orthodox yeshiva students was 8083: 8073: 7548: 7473: 7413: 7388: 7333: 6985: 6947: 6912: 6437: 6374: 5980: 5818: 5672: 5610: 5576: 5546: 5232: 5164:

Army GI, Pacifist CO: The World War II Letters of Frank and Albert Dietrich

4801:

Adrian Gregory, 'Military Service Tribunals, 1916–1918' in J. Harris (ed.)

4447: 4372: 4348: 4290: 4198:

Decision on the suspension of the obligation to serve the military service

2982: 2640: 2635: 2443: 1995: 1732: 1727: 1640:. These laws were applicable and demanded compulsory service in the German 1604: 1574: 1533: 1248: 1141:, or on an explicit prohibition of violence by their religion, e.g., for a 1057: 1053: 663: 614: 519: 153: 63: 5364:– a 2019 documentary about Israeli conscientious objector Atalya Ben-Abba. 4398: 2761: 7553: 7523: 7513: 7468: 7343: 6932: 6887: 6852: 6542: 6452: 5990: 5727: 5692: 5657: 5637: 5551: 5304:

International Conscientious Objectors' Day (War Resisters' International)

5245: 2605: 2514: 2497: 2308: 2003: 1874: 1696: 1636: 1620: 1543: 1415:

in 1989, alternative civil service was established. As of 2006, both the

1263:, which they view as evasion of military service without a valid excuse. 1194: 1138: 1121: 659: 128: 5313: 5064:

Krahn, Cornelius, Gingerich, Melvin & Harms, Orlando (Eds.) (1955).

5052: 4228: 2875: 2873: 2366:

Although a few objectors were accepted for non-combatant service in the

967:

enjoins his followers to love their enemies and to refuse violence. The

857:

and the Air Force for every mission in defense of the state of Israel."

47:"Objector" redirects here. For the 1966 Australian television play, see 8113: 8098: 8093: 7538: 7010: 6660: 6537: 6507: 6404: 6022: 5834: 5712: 5697: 5687: 5506: 5350:

You have no enemies. A Call for Conscientious Objection. By Dieter Duhm

4747: 3355: 3346: 2351:

and sent to prison. Thus, the well-known pacifist and religious writer

2316: 2223: 1641: 1485: 1197:, which states "An it harm none, do what ye will" (or variations). The 1131:, the opposition to warfare may be based on either the general idea of 1124:, virtually every Jehovah's Witness is exempted from military service. 1088: 924: 564: 77: 5355: 5071:

Magelssen, Morten. "When should conscientious objection be accepted?"

3973: 3878: 3533: 2105:

indefinitely after the succeeding administration took office in 2008.

1379:

immigrants, rescinding the privileges of the Order in Council. During

630:

In 1948, the issue of the right to "conscience" was dealt with by the

8153: 8103: 7433: 6995: 6552: 6447: 6341: 5960: 5446: 4624: 4440:"Ruling allows Korea to continue imprisoning conscientious objectors" 2870: 2728:"Confessions of a Military Industrial Complex Conscientious Objector" 2161: 1530: 1388: 1376: 1372: 1252: 1218: 1205: 762: 667: 654: 588: 5293: 3646: 2879: 1944:

which allowed the parliament to make military service optional. The

1443:

There is no right to conscientious objection to military service in

7458: 7015: 6699: 6517: 6049: 5702: 5288:

1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

5277:

1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

4850:

Silence in castle to honour First World War conscientious objectors

3169:. United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived from 3165:

United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (22 April 1998).

2810:. United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived from 2806:

United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (22 April 1998).

2403: 1891: 1855: 1668:

replacement office. Five categories/levels of physical fitness, or

1420: 1186: 1142: 897: 648: 5185:

Writing Peace: The Unheard Voices of Great War Mennonite Objectors

4740:"NTV Haber – Türkiye ve Dünya Gündemi Güncel Son Dakika Haberleri" 3606:

Selected Topics of Comparison in Christianity and the Baháʼí Faith

3497: 2406:

volunteered to fight in both world wars. The various parts of the

1159: 745:

Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status

510:. The term has also been extended to objecting to working for the 8143: 6359: 5059:

Service for Peace, A History of Mennonite Civilian Public Service

4054:

Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.

2533: 2510: 2430:

and over 350 men volunteered. Other non-combatants worked in the

2383: 2300: 2165: 1937: 1928:

creates a legal framework which enables conscientious objection.

1878: 1822: 1786: 1444: 1335: 1117: 1066: 920: 758: 498:

is an "individual who has claimed the right to refuse to perform

5309:

of Human Rights factsheet on case law on conscientious objection

5042:

The CPS Story: An Illustrated History of Civilian Public Service

4158:"Forsteidienst, Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online" 3559:

Unsung Hero of the Great War: The Life and Witness of Ben Salmon

3054:"A Conscientious Objector's Guide to the UN Human Rights System" 7308: 7243: 5970: 5920: 5667: 5597: 4335:

Conscientious Objectors to Get Non-Armed Services for 36 Months

2439: 1980: 1611:" were discriminated against in their later professional life. 1239:

of conscientious objection. One compromising form is to accept

1133: 1113: 1040: 846: 671: 583:

An early recognition of conscientious objection was granted by

551: 5345:

A Conscientious Objector's Guide to the UN Human Rights System

5199:

Conscientious Objection and Alternative Service: Who Qualifies

5198: 4919: 4107: 1897:

Also during the First World War fourteen objectors, including

1743:

Wehrersatzdienst) possible, if it is thought to be necessary.

7533: 5707: 3453:. The Sound of Trumpet Ministries. 17 March 1960. p. 14. 2782: 2020: 1817: 1511: 1190: 964: 928: 905: 901: 6310: 5361: 4241:

Imprisonment of conscientious objectors to military service]

4188:

https://www.paragraf.rs/propisi/zakon_o_civilnoj_sluzbi.html

2382:

Britain's conscription legislation of 1916 did not apply to

2058:. Some simply deserted, or joined organisations such as the 1901:, were forcibly sent to the front lines and were subject to 1634:, literally "military replacement service", or colloquially 1484:). The law was dubbed "Lex Pekurinen" after him. During the 5249: 5013:

Peace to War: Shifting Allegiances in the Assemblies of God

4156:

Braun, Abraham; Block, Th.; Klippenstein, Lawrence (1989).

2435: 1949: 1774:, from military service ever since Israel was established. 1324: 1164: 4280: 4278: 4276: 1803:

David Zonschein et al. v. Military Advocate General et al.

5318: 4255:"South Korea military objectors say don't jail pacifists" 3303:"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions" 3216:"Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania – 1790" 2758:"Campaigns: International Day on Conscientious Objection" 2456:

was retained, with rights of conscientious objection, as

2339:, according to the extent to which they could convince a 1816:

Until 2004 conscription was mandatory to all able-bodied

1542:

In 1983, a new law passed by socialist Interior Minister

5068:, Volume I, pp. 76–78. Mennoniite Publishing House. 3647:

D. CHRISTOPHER DECKER; AND LUCIA FRESA (29 March 2001).

2880:

D. CHRISTOPHER DECKER; AND LUCIA FRESA (29 March 2001).

2509:

has its problems. In certain European countries such as

1801:

As for conscientious objection, in 2002, in the case of

1073:. Objectors became a minority. Some theologians see the 625: 4977: 4273: 3734:"Objecion conciencia cuando y donde se puede practicar" 2979:"Questions and answers about the Universal Declaration" 1109:" (point 2311 of the Catechism of the Catholic Church) 4155: 3351:"In Fact... (THE ISRAELI PEACE MOVEMENT TAKES FLIGHT)" 3028:"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights" 1204:

A notable example of a conscientious objector was the

1182:, and the individual should perform the army service. 4785:, p. 14, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004, 4317:

Second Session of the Universal Periodic Review (UPR)

4146:

The decree was issued in October 1918. Smith, p. 329.

3498:"Origin of the Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement" 1688:

Another way to get out of service completely was the

1614: 1339:

shortest military service, the latter twice as long.

1222:, consciously accepting the penalty of death. He was 2672:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

1926:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

788: 695:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

6018:

Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)

3588:

Armenia Releases All Imprisoned Jehovah's Witnesses

3419:

The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions

3192:

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

2995:

under "Who are the signatories of the Declaration?"

1399:Conscientious objection is recognised in Colombia. 739:

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

38:. For the documentary film about Desmond Doss, see 5582:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom 4714:"Prisoner of conscience escapes and is rearrested" 2184:to prison declared them unfit for public service. 2008:United Council of Religious Fellowships and Groups 32:Conscience clause in medicine in the United States 5299:The National Registry for Conscientious Objection 5110:Quakers in Britain — Conscientious Objectors 4912:"Conscientious Objection and Alternative Service" 4606: 4446:(Press release). 2 September 2011. Archived from 1301:), conscientious objection is punished severely. 741:recognised the right to conscientious objection. 27:Person refusing military service on moral grounds 8206: 4506:"News & Stories – Amnesty International USA" 3451:Discipline of the Reformed Free Methodist Church 2670:On July 30, 2001, explicit clarification of the 2218:Conscientious objection is highly controversial 5402: 5319:The European Bureau for Conscientious Objection 4843: 3907:by Florida Center for Instructional Technology 3534:Staff of the Catholic Peace Fellowship (2007). 1001:to command warlike behavior from its citizens. 971:of the Reformed Free Methodist Church teaches: 3960: 3958: 3726: 3279:. Woodstock Theological Center. Archived from 3146:. UN Commission on Human Rights. 22 April 1998 2836:. UN Commission on Human Rights. 22 April 1998 2783:UN Commission on Human Rights (8 March 1995). 2534:Conscientious objection in professional forces 1518:Centre de défense des objecteurs de conscience 1334:Conscription was mandatory to all able-bodied 1307: 1069:, strengthening the idea and acceptability of 576:The earliest recorded conscientious objector, 6326: 6033:Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces 5388: 4128:, United Press International, 23 October 2006 4110:"New Zealand Law and Conscientious Objection" 4015:(in Hebrew). 21 February 2012. Archived from 4013:"בבית המשפט העליון בשבתו כבית משפט גבוה לצדק" 3516: 3488:, Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. 3056:. War Resisters International. Archived from 2915:"Conscientious objection to military service" 2561:Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors 2155: 2146:Conscientious objection was not permitted in 1479: 1233: 947:), as well as Holiness Pacifists such as the 751:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 726:'s forthcoming campaign and briefing for the 475: 4612: 4584:. Syracuse University Press, New York, 1999 4490:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4368:"Abuse blamed for mysterious deaths in army" 3556: 2576:Conscientious objection to military taxation 2471:Conscientious objection in the United States 1516: 1105:Nowadays, the Catholic Church teaches that " 904:, instead staying on board his ship singing 598:following problems with attempting to force 5097:Troublesome People: Enemies of War, 1916–86 4444:Jehovah’s Witnesses Official Media Web Site 4286:"Should conscientious objectors be jailed?" 4225:Jehovah’s Witnesses Official Media Web Site 3955: 3445: 3443: 3441: 2571:Conscientious Objectors Commemorative Stone 2330:. Britain introduced conscription with the 8109:Definition of anarchism and libertarianism 6333: 6319: 5395: 5381: 5368:International Conscientious Objectors' Day 4471:"A Korean Conscientious Objector in Paris" 3345: 2674:Article 18 was made in the United Nations 1425:Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms 482: 468: 5986:Global Day of Action on Military Spending 4951:. October 2008. p. 6. Archived from 4872:(Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 116; 4344: 4342: 4249: 4247: 4126:Romania drops compulsory military service 3798:"Suomi syrjii aseistakieltäytyjiä! – AKL" 3410: 2933: 2064:Committee on South African War Resistance 666:stated "I ain't got no quarrel with them 530:United Nations Commission on Human Rights 4772:(Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 116. 4525: 4213: 3438: 2419:National Service (Armed Forces) Act 1939 2282: 1850: 1723:, or equal justice of military service. 1510: 1325:Conscientious objection around the world 1020: 976:convictions of our members be respected. 824:and theologian, delivered an address at 653: 550: 4007: 4005: 2417:In the Second World War, following the 1873:In 1916 conscription was introduced in 1599:Conscientious objection in East Germany 680:Secretary-General of the United Nations 14: 8207: 7112:Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA 5718:Soviet influence on the peace movement 4879: 4339: 4244: 3376: 3274: 3268: 2096:The government's National Action Plan 2080:Conscientious objection in South Korea 6314: 5905:World March for Peace and Nonviolence 5376: 5115: 4885: 4103: 4101: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4038:Wet gewetensbezwaren militaire dienst 3599: 3416: 3275:Murray, John Courtney (4 June 1967). 3237:"State Constitution - Bill of Rights" 2929: 2927: 2523:is one-third times longer, the Swiss 2376:Representation of the People Act 1918 1922:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1016:Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement 636:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 626:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 6062:Third Party Non-violent Intervention 4818:(Manchester University Press, 2009). 4468: 4108:United Nations Human Rights Office. 4002: 3536:"The Life and Witness of Ben Salmon" 2942:. Greenwood Press. pp. 99–102. 2386:, despite it then being part of the 2265:A commission was founded within the 1792:Ressler et al. v. The Knesset et al. 1381:Canada's involvement in World War II 871: 620: 4670:"Chamber Judgement Ulke vs. Turkey" 4551: 4294:. 19 September 2011. Archived from 3845: 3626: 3620: 3520:The Early Christian Attitude to War 2343:of the quality of their objection. 2287:Conscientious Objector memorial in 1829: 1365:Canada's involvement in World War I 1201:may also be grounds for objection. 1193:, may object on the grounds of the 36:Conscientious objection to abortion 24: 6287:Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir 6184:Anti-war protests in Russia (2014) 5472:Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp 5212: 5156: 5001: 4706: 4098: 4053: 4042: 3905:A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust 2924: 2503: 2464: 2454:Conscription in the United Kingdom 2374:(through a clause inserted in the 2279:Conscription in the United Kingdom 1842: 1615:West Germany and reunified Germany 834:Supreme Court of the United States 25: 8231: 5779:International Day of Non-Violence 5437:Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions 5265: 5136:Twentieth Century British History 4602:Spanish Constitution section 30.2 4582:Pacifism in the Twentieth Century 4399:Restrictions on Religious Freedom 4376:. 17 January 2009. Archived from 3421:. Prometheus Books. p. 304. 2940:An Encyclopedia of War and Ethics 2626:Selective conscientious objection 2481:Conscription in the United States 2319:last took pressed men during the 2272: 2267:National Assembly of the Republic 1619:According to Article 4(3) of the 1423:have abolished conscription. The 1402: 961:Church of God (Guthrie, Oklahoma) 894:Magnus Erlendsson, Earl of Orkney 789:Selective conscientious objection 8173: 7147:International Conference of Rome 7137:International Conference of Rome 6189:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 5085:, University of Oklahoma Press. 4970: 4934: 4904: 4859: 4803:Civil Society in British History 3574:Catechism of the Catholic Church 1836:Republic of the Marshall Islands 1583:Sachsenhausen concentration camp 1299:Democratic Republic of the Congo 953:Emmanuel Association of Churches 803:. (He later went on to serve as 779: 70: 5562:Social Democratic Party (Japan) 5183:Mock, Melanie Springer (2003). 5118:Smith's Story of the Mennonites 4890:. Channel 4 books. p. 92. 4821: 4808: 4795: 4775: 4762: 4732: 4690:pages of the "opponents to war" 4682: 4663: 4595: 4571: 4552:Lee, Joyce (30 December 2018). 4545: 4526:Sang-Hun, Choe (28 June 2018). 4519: 4498: 4462: 4432: 4410: 4392: 4360: 4328: 4310: 4204: 4192: 4180: 4171: 4149: 4140: 4131: 4119: 4073: 4031: 3988: 3935: 3912: 3893: 3863: 3820: 3790: 3756: 3717: 3695: 3686: 3673: 3640: 3593: 3581: 3565: 3550: 3527: 3510: 3491: 3468: 3457: 3393:"Bruderhof Communities – GAMEO" 3385: 3370: 3339: 3320: 3295: 3263:), 1999, relevant quotation at 3261:Nu dog du: bombernas århundrade 3250: 3229: 3208: 3197: 3185: 3158: 3136: 3122: 3098: 3072: 3046: 3020: 2998: 2970: 2956: 2934:Churchill, Robert Paul (1996). 2906: 2787:. UN Commission on Human Rights 2201:Insubordinate movement in Spain 2046:South African resistance to war 2039: 1592: 1579:subversion of military strength 1568: 1315:Minnesota Starvation Experiment 774: 632:United Nations General Assembly 7259:Australian Anarchist Centenary 7184:German Revolution of 1918–1919 5482:List of pacifist organisations 5220:Independent Television Service 5061:, Mennonite Central Committee. 5044:, pp. 75–79. Good Books. 4983:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 2848: 2826: 2799: 2776: 2750: 2720: 2699: 2678:general comment 22, Para. 11: 2664: 2566:Center on Conscience & War 2394:. British conscription in the 2228:European Court of Human Rights 2157:Prestación Social Sustitutoria 2073: 1868: 1685:physical or mental handicaps. 1413:communist party lost its power 1359:War Resisters Support Campaign 980:Since the American Civil War, 949:Reformed Free Methodist Church 13: 1: 6898:Decentralized planned economy 6340: 5187:, Cascadia Publishing House. 5173:Anastasia Press, Much Hadham 4978:"Aktuelle Nachrichten online" 4616:Contemporary European History 3006:"The Imperatives of Survival" 2657: 2291:Gardens, London—dedicated on 2068:Opposition to the Angolan War 1942:2003 constitutional amendment 1859: 1355:Canada and Iraq War resisters 1243:roles during conscription or 728:UN Commission on Human Rights 6493:Proletarian internationalism 5888:World Peace Bell Association 5789:Dialogue Among Civilizations 5492:New Socialist Party of Japan 5477:Iraq War resisters in Canada 5442:Coalition of Women for Peace 5095:Moorehead, Caroline (1987). 4949:War Resisters' International 4876:at spartacus-educational.com 3772:War Resisters' International 3608:(MA thesis). Landegg Academy 2938:. In Donald K. Wells (ed.). 2646:War Resisters' International 2152:Spanish Constitution of 1978 1780:Bedouin population of Israel 722:In 1997, an announcement of 704:, conscience and religion." 94:Alternative civilian service 7: 7194:1919 United States bombings 6056:The whole world is watching 5824:Peace & Love (festival) 5774:Imagine Piano Peace Project 3802:aseistakieltaytyjaliitto.fi 3681:Conscription Crisis of 1917 2548: 2392:Conscription Crisis of 1918 2056:South African Defence Force 1761:Refusal to serve in the IDF 1394: 1308:Informed Consent Violations 1180:loyalty to one's government 1026:Blessed are the Peacemakers 709:War Resisters International 688:The Right to Refuse to Kill 537:conscientious objections". 512:military–industrial complex 10: 8236: 8149:Situationist International 7219:Spanish Revolution of 1936 7077:Self-managed social center 6179:2011 intervention in Libya 5799:List of places named Peace 5784:International Day of Peace 5502:Peace and conflict studies 5422:Anti-nuclear organizations 5162:Bennett, Scott H. (2005). 5066:The Mennonite Encyclopedia 5057:Gingerich, Melvin (1949), 5026:Bennett, Scott H. (2003). 4870:English History, 1914–1945 4856:, accessed 19 October 2014 4770:English History, 1914–1945 4703:), accessed on 15 May 2011 4633:Cambridge University Press 3259:, "A History of Bombing" ( 2474: 2468: 2276: 2254:by Amnesty International. 2198: 2077: 2043: 1992:Russian Revolution of 1917 1959: 1931: 1858:Prison for WW1 objectors, 1758: 1746: 1596: 1561: 1557: 1458: 1454: 1438: 1430: 1352: 1329: 1234:Alternatives for objectors 957:Immanuel Missionary Church 875: 544: 540: 46: 41:The Conscientious Objector 29: 8168: 8053: 7613: 7563: 7288: 7274:Really Really Free Market 7269:1999 Seattle WTO protests 7091: 6963: 6871: 6835: 6788: 6711: 6642: 6633: 6583: 6558:Temporary autonomous zone 6483:Permanent autonomous zone 6420:Consensus decision-making 6348: 6295: 6224: 6089: 5913: 5814:Nobel Peace Prize Concert 5809:Mother's Day Proclamation 5759:Dances of Universal Peace 5736: 5590: 5572:The Women's Peace Crusade 5414: 5335:Catholic Peace Fellowship 5197:U.S. Selective Service, " 5073:Journal of Medical Ethics 4641:10.1017/S0960777322000224 4469:Diplomat, Yena Lee, The. 4056:"Conscientious objection" 2964:"Conscientious Objection" 2936:"Conscientious Objection" 2341:Military Service Tribunal 2257:On 14 November 2011, the 2213: 2205: 2060:End Conscription Campaign 2050:End Conscription Campaign 2030: 1955: 1754: 1506: 1348: 1043:refused to take up arms. 845:On 14 September 2003, in 839:Gillette v. United States 670:... They never called me 658:Refusing to serve in the 7264:Carnival Against Capital 7189:Bavarian Soviet Republic 7178:Manifesto of the Sixteen 7072:Radical environmentalism 7021:Independent Media Center 6953:Workers' self-management 6400:Autonomous social center 6075:Violence begets violence 6008:Non-aggression principle 5878:The Non-Violence Project 5858:Promoting Enduring Peace 5841:Promoting Enduring Peace 5497:Pacifist Socialist Party 5116:Smith, C. Henry (1981). 5040:Keim, Albert N. (1990). 5035:Public Affairs Quarterly 4916:Selective Service System 4679:, Accessed June 7, 2006. 4186:Law about civil service 3417:Lewis, James R. (2001). 3008:. Nobel Foundation. 1974 2487:Selective Service System 2432:Royal Army Medical Corps 2368:Royal Army Medical Corps 2141: 1920:and the ratification of 1811: 826:Western Maryland College 8215:Conscientious objection 6893:Cost the limit of price 6169:Military action in Iran 5804:Monuments and memorials 5754:Concert Yutel for Peace 5557:React, Include, Recycle 5487:List of peace activists 5452:Conscientious objectors 5273:Conscientious Objectors 5099:, Hamish Hamilton Ltd, 5081:Matthews, Mark (2006). 5030:(Syracuse Univ. Press). 4816:Telling Tales About Men 4081:"Field punishment No 1" 2591:Friends' Ambulance Unit 1918:Bill of Rights Act 1990 1564:Conscription in Germany 1257:conscientious objection 937:Conservative Mennonites 917:Historic Peace Churches 913:Unitarian Universalists 878:List of pacifist faiths 768:international community 678:In 1974, the Assistant 7689:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6498:Propaganda of the deed 6488:Prefigurative politics 6478:Participatory politics 6424:Conscientious objector 6090:Opposition to specific 6045:Swords to ploughshares 6039:Soldiers are murderers 5432:Anti-war organizations 5169:McNair, Donald (2008) 5166:(Fordham Univ. Press). 5138:29.3 (2018): 411–434. 4852:dated 25 June 2013 at 3517:C John Cadoux (1919). 3486:religioustolerance.org 2676:Human Rights Committee 2353:Stephen Henry Hobhouse 2296: 2252:prisoner of conscience 2156: 2124: 1962:Conscription in Russia 1887:Seventh-day Adventists 1865: 1726:Then-German President 1603:After World War II in 1522: 1517: 1480: 1185:Some practitioners of 1103: 1050: 1037:early Christian Church 1032: 982:Seventh-day Adventists 978: 945:Church of the Brethren 805:Air Officer Commanding 772: 716:Human Rights Committee 675: 645: 569: 528:On March 8, 1995, the 496:conscientious objector 104:Conscientious objector 8139:Libertarian socialism 7254:Kate Sharpley Library 7229:Red inverted triangle 7172:High Treason Incident 7162:Congress of Amsterdam 6568:Voluntary association 6380:Anti-authoritarianism 6370:Anarchist criminology 6365:Anarchist Black Cross 6092:wars or their aspects 6013:Nonviolent resistance 5863:Show of Peace Concert 5628:Anti-nuclear movement 5282:Patterson, David S.: 5146:St. John's Law Review 5037:26.2 (2012): 141–159. 4854:thenorthernecho.co.uk 4829:"The Men Who Said No" 4718:Amnesty International 4418:"Objectors Top 5,000" 3738:gobiernobogota.gov.co 3602:"1. The Moral Domain" 3600:Mazal, Peter (1999). 3557:Torin Finney (1989). 3480:11 September 2012 at 3349:(23 September 2003). 2491:Department of Defense 2286: 2277:Further information: 2119: 1854: 1609:construction soldiers 1515:Stamp created by the 1514: 1367:by provisions of the 1098: 1045: 1024: 973: 941:Bruderhof Communities 855:Israel Defense Forces 836:ruled in the case of 832:On 8 March 1971, the 755: 724:Amnesty International 657: 647:The proclamation was 640: 634:in Article 18 of the 554: 545:Further information: 522:or military service. 504:freedom of conscience 163:By historical country 76:1780 caricature of a 8180:Anarchism portal 7584:Fictional characters 7067:Radical cheerleading 6174:Sri Lankan Civil War 6068:Turn the other cheek 5883:University for Peace 5794:List of peace prizes 5075:38.1 (2012): 18–21. 4886:Jappy, M. J (2001). 4831:. Peace Pledge Union 4688:See the list on the 2985:on 12 September 2012 2651:War Resisters League 2477:New York Draft Riots 2332:Military Service Act 1974:to run and maintain 1674:Tauglichkeitsstufe 5 1650:administrative court 1056:officially embraced 815:John Courtney Murray 518:as a substitute for 502:" on the grounds of 446:By geographical area 417:United Arab Emirates 51:Australian Playhouse 8129:Left-libertarianism 7204:Kronstadt rebellion 7142:Trial of the Thirty 7107:Revolutions of 1848 7049:No gods, no masters 6858:Synthesis anarchism 6848:Anarcho-syndicalism 6836:Types of federation 6216:Nuclear disarmament 6199:in Russian Far East 5956:Department of Peace 5941:Counter-recruitment 5936:Conflict resolution 5926:Central Park be-ins 5914:Slogans and tactics 5893:Japanese Peace Bell 5683:Non-interventionism 5678:Modern-war pacifism 5616:Christian anarchism 4019:on 31 December 2013 3899:September 17, 1939 3679:Smith, p. 321. The 3661:on 22 November 2011 3636:. pp. 134–135. 3561:. pp. 118–119. 3173:on 19 November 2018 2894:on 22 November 2011 2814:on 19 November 2018 2601:Medical Cadet Corps 2581:Counter-recruitment 2423:Kellogg–Briand Pact 2337:Non-Combatant Corps 2259:Ministry of Justice 2016:New Economic Policy 1946:Romanian Parliament 1670:Tauglichkeitsstufen 1621:German constitution 1385:Conscription Crisis 1319:Operation Whitecoat 1268:alternative service 1075:Constantinian shift 1065:tradition with the 1007:Operation Whitecoat 986:Jehovah's Witnesses 933:Old Order Mennonite 882:Freedom of religion 149:Penal military unit 114:Counter-recruitment 109:Conscription crisis 8220:Military sociology 8079:Anti-globalization 7749:Dominican Republic 7574:Anarcho-punk bands 7234:Labadie Collection 7224:Barcelona May Days 7127:Cantonal rebellion 7061:Property is theft! 7027:The Internationale 6981:Anarchist bookfair 6780:Without adjectives 6635:Schools of thought 6110:American Civil War 6002:Make love, not war 5976:Economic sanctions 5931:Civil disobedience 5764:Festival for Peace 5737:Media and cultural 5723:Testimony of peace 5643:Christian pacifism 5204:2017-04-27 at the 5023:(Routledge, 2021). 4958:on 18 January 2012 4750:on 5 November 2013 4695:2011-06-04 at the 4675:2006-10-09 at the 4532:The New York Times 4404:2010-02-18 at the 4354:2010-01-11 at the 4322:2008-07-26 at the 4298:on 25 January 2013 4261:. 2 September 2008 3976:on 21 January 2013 3901:The New York Times 3778:on 31 October 2018 3744:on 21 October 2022 3503:2010-08-15 at the 3332:2010-03-08 at the 2616:Peace Pledge Union 2586:Franz Jägerstätter 2297: 2170:Basque nationalism 2168:, where pacifism, 1972:Russian Mennonites 1916:believes that the 1866: 1654:Kreiswehrersatzamt 1587:Franz Jägerstätter 1523: 1214:Franz Jägerstätter 1093:The New York Times 1079:Christian pacifism 1033: 969:Book of Discipline 702:freedom of thought 698:entered into force 676: 585:William the Silent 570: 119:Draft-card burning 99:Civil conscription 8202: 8201: 8159:Spontaneous order 8089:Anti-war movement 7594:Jewish anarchists 7102:French Revolution 7055:Popular education 6831: 6830: 6548:Spontaneous order 6410:Classless society 6308: 6307: 6211:Military taxation 6081:War tax resisters 5648:Deterrence theory 5427:Anti-war movement 5179:978-0-9536396-1-8 4805:. (Oxford, 2003). 4768:A. J. P. Taylor, 4580:and Nigel Young, 4450:on 7 October 2011 4380:on 11 August 2011 4085:nzhistory.govt.nz 3881:on 15 August 2016 3723:Krahn, pp. 76–78. 3692:Gingerich p. 420. 3633:Unfolding Destiny 3428:978-1-61592-738-8 3327:Courage to Refuse 2687:on 6 January 2020 2596:GI Rights Network 2448:ambulance service 2398:did not apply to 2087:Republic of Korea 2012:Russian Civil War 2000:Vladimir Chertkov 1721:Wehrgerechtigkeit 1701:Totalverweigerung 1690:two brothers rule 1662:Totalverweigerung 1471:Finnish Civil War 1449:indefinite length 1447:– which is of an 1275:Council of Europe 1228:Pope Benedict XVI 1170:Followers of the 1127:For believers in 1083:the great failing 872:Religious motives 866:Iraq War Resister 621:International law 560:Boardman Robinson 547:Anti-war movement 492: 491: 192:By modern country 16:(Redirected from 8227: 8178: 8177: 8176: 8069:Anti-consumerism 8064:Anti-corporatism 7214:Amakasu Incident 7157:Strandza Commune 7132:Haymarket affair 7033:Jewish anarchism 6975:A las Barricadas 6943:Social ownership 6928:Market socialism 6903:Free association 6863:Union of egoists 6640: 6639: 6573:Workers' council 6563:Union of egoists 6523:Security culture 6433:Decentralization 6428:Critique of work 6335: 6328: 6321: 6312: 6311: 6135:list of protests 5996:Lesson of Munich 5951:Demilitarisation 5829:Peace journalism 5623:Anti-imperialism 5606:Anarcho-pacifism 5542:Peace psychology 5522:Peace conference 5517:Peace commission 5462:Culture of Peace 5397: 5390: 5383: 5374: 5373: 5324:Refusing to Kill 5261: 5259: 5257: 5148:15.2 (2013): 6+ 5131: 5019:Barker, Rachel. 4995: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4957: 4946: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4922:on 27 April 2017 4918:. 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Among others, 1520: 1490:Continuation War 1483: 1369:Order in Council 1245:military service 1224:declared Blessed 1129:Indian religions 1077:and the loss of 990:Christadelphians 813:On 4 June 1967, 801:RAF Iraq Command 753:(UNHCR) states: 516:civilian service 500:military service 484: 477: 470: 144:National service 139:Military service 85:Related concepts 74: 60: 59: 21: 8235: 8234: 8230: 8229: 8228: 8226: 8225: 8224: 8205: 8204: 8203: 8198: 8174: 8172: 8164: 8163: 8162: 8119:Labour movement 8049: 8048: 8047: 7609: 7608: 7607: 7559: 7558: 7557: 7284: 7283: 7282: 7279:Occupy movement 7152:Ferrer movement 7087: 7086: 7085: 7001:Escuela Moderna 6959: 6958: 6957: 6867: 6827: 6784: 6748:Insurrectionary 6707: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6579: 6578: 6577: 6503:Refusal of work 6390:Anti-militarism 6385:Anti-capitalism 6344: 6339: 6309: 6304: 6291: 6220: 6164:Afghanistan War 6115:Second Boer War 6091: 6085: 5909: 5732: 5586: 5532:Peace education 5415:Peace advocates 5410: 5401: 5271:Schleif, Luke: 5268: 5255: 5253: 5244: 5237:Amitai Ben-Abba 5222:, aired on PBS. 5215: 5213:Further viewing 5206:Wayback Machine 5159: 5157:Primary sources 5128: 5008:Alexander, Paul 5004: 5002:Further reading 4999: 4998: 4988: 4986: 4976: 4975: 4971: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4944: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4925: 4923: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4898: 4884: 4880: 4866:A. 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Taylor 4864: 4860: 4848: 4844: 4834: 4832: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4814:Lois Bibbings, 4813: 4809: 4800: 4796: 4780: 4776: 4767: 4763: 4753: 4751: 4738: 4737: 4733: 4723: 4721: 4720:. 28 April 2011 4712: 4711: 4707: 4697:Wayback Machine 4687: 4683: 4677:Wayback Machine 4668: 4664: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4596: 4576: 4572: 4562: 4560: 4550: 4546: 4536: 4534: 4524: 4520: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4483: 4482: 4475: 4473: 4467: 4463: 4453: 4451: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4423: 4421: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4406:Wayback Machine 4397: 4393: 4383: 4381: 4366: 4365: 4361: 4356:Wayback Machine 4347: 4340: 4333: 4329: 4324:Wayback Machine 4315: 4311: 4301: 4299: 4284: 4283: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4253: 4252: 4245: 4234: 4232: 4219: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4197: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4172: 4162: 4160: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4112: 4106: 4099: 4089: 4087: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4064: 4062: 4052: 4043: 4036: 4032: 4022: 4020: 4011: 4010: 4003: 3993: 3989: 3979: 3977: 3964: 3963: 3956: 3940: 3936: 3919:Bernd Eisenfeld 3917: 3913: 3898: 3894: 3884: 3882: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3850: 3846: 3836: 3834: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3811: 3809: 3808:on 26 July 2007 3796: 3795: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3747: 3745: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3678: 3674: 3664: 3662: 3658: 3651: 3645: 3641: 3628:Effendi, Shoghi 3625: 3621: 3611: 3609: 3598: 3594: 3586: 3582: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3555: 3551: 3532: 3528: 3515: 3511: 3505:Wayback Machine 3496: 3492: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3458: 3449: 3448: 3439: 3429: 3415: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3375: 3371: 3361: 3359: 3344: 3340: 3334:Wayback Machine 3325: 3321: 3311: 3309: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3286: 3284: 3283:on 14 June 2008 3273: 3269: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3202: 3198: 3194:, Article 10, 2 3190: 3186: 3176: 3174: 3163: 3159: 3149: 3147: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3063: 3061: 3052: 3051: 3047: 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5107: 5093: 5091:978-0806137667 5079: 5069: 5062: 5055: 5038: 5031: 5024: 5017: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4969: 4933: 4903: 4896: 4878: 4858: 4842: 4820: 4807: 4794: 4774: 4761: 4731: 4705: 4681: 4662: 4605: 4594: 4570: 4544: 4518: 4497: 4461: 4431: 4409: 4391: 4359: 4338: 4327: 4309: 4272: 4243: 4231:on 25 May 2012 4212: 4203: 4191: 4179: 4177:Smith, p. 330. 4170: 4148: 4139: 4137:Smith, p. 311. 4130: 4118: 4097: 4072: 4041: 4030: 4001: 3996:Torato Omanuto 3987: 3954: 3934: 3911: 3892: 3862: 3844: 3819: 3789: 3755: 3725: 3716: 3694: 3685: 3672: 3639: 3619: 3592: 3580: 3564: 3549: 3546:(Spring 2007). 3526: 3509: 3490: 3467: 3456: 3437: 3427: 3409: 3384: 3369: 3338: 3319: 3294: 3267: 3257:Sven Lindqvist 3249: 3228: 3207: 3196: 3184: 3157: 3135: 3121: 3097: 3086:on 17 May 2008 3071: 3060:on 15 May 2008 3045: 3034:on 5 July 2008 3019: 2997: 2969: 2955: 2948: 2923: 2905: 2869: 2847: 2825: 2798: 2775: 2749: 2719: 2698: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2631:Tax resistance 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2611:Peace movement 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2556:Antimilitarism 2552: 2550: 2547: 2535: 2532: 2505: 2502: 2469:Main article: 2466: 2463: 2408:British Empire 2388:United Kingdom 2274: 2273:United Kingdom 2271: 2240:Perihan Mağden 2215: 2212: 2207: 2204: 2143: 2140: 2075: 2072: 2041: 2038: 2032: 2029: 2006:, chaired the 1968:Russian Empire 1960:Main article: 1957: 1954: 1933: 1930: 1870: 1867: 1844: 1841: 1831: 1828: 1813: 1810: 1759:Main article: 1756: 1753: 1748: 1745: 1616: 1613: 1597:Main article: 1594: 1591: 1570: 1567: 1562:Main article: 1559: 1556: 1527:Jacques Martin 1508: 1505: 1456: 1453: 1440: 1437: 1432: 1429: 1417:Czech Republic 1409:Czechoslovakia 1404: 1403:Czechoslovakia 1401: 1396: 1393: 1350: 1347: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1309: 1306: 1235: 1232: 1210:Roman Catholic 1030:George Bellows 892:mentions that 873: 870: 817:, an American 790: 787: 781: 778: 776: 773: 746: 743: 627: 624: 622: 619: 542: 539: 490: 489: 487: 486: 479: 472: 464: 461: 460: 458: 457: 451: 448: 447: 443: 442: 440: 439: 434: 429: 424: 422:United Kingdom 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 249: 244: 241:child soldiers 237:Congo-Kinshasa 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 198: 195: 194: 188: 187: 185: 184: 179: 177:Russian Empire 174: 172:Ottoman Empire 168: 165: 164: 160: 159: 157: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 134:Levée en masse 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 90: 87: 86: 82: 81: 75: 67: 66: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8232: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8212: 8210: 8196: 8195: 8191: 8189: 8188: 8184: 8182: 8181: 8170: 8167: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8058: 8056: 8052: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8029:United States 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7789:French Guiana 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 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7202: 7200: 7199:Biennio Rosso 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7179: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7117:Paris Commune 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7096: 7094: 7090: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7062: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7050: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7028: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6966: 6962: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6938:Mutual credit 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6883:Communization 6881: 6880: 6876: 6874: 6870: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6834: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6787: 6781: 6778: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6728: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6710: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6674: 6673:Philosophical 6671: 6669: 6666: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6652: 6651:Individualist 6649: 6647: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6594:Animal rights 6592: 6588: 6586: 6582: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6463:Individualism 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6443:Direct action 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6353: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6336: 6331: 6329: 6324: 6322: 6317: 6316: 6313: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6294: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6282:United States 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6223: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6142:War on Terror 6140: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6098:War of 1812 ( 6097: 6096: 6094: 6088: 6082: 6079: 6076: 6072: 6069: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6057: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6040: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6028:Peacebuilding 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6003: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5966:Draft evasion 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5946:De-escalation 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5912: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5848:Peace One Day 5846: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5653:Direct action 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5611:Anarcho-punks 5609: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5589: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5577:War resisters 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5398: 5393: 5391: 5386: 5384: 5379: 5378: 5375: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5356:Hacksaw Ridge 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5269: 5251: 5247: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5224: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5207: 5203: 5200: 5196: 5194: 5193:1-931038-09-0 5190: 5186: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5127:0-87303-069-9 5123: 5119: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5106: 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4256: 4250: 4248: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4221:"South Korea" 4216: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4189: 4183: 4174: 4159: 4152: 4143: 4134: 4127: 4122: 4111: 4104: 4102: 4086: 4082: 4076: 4061: 4060:teara.govt.nz 4057: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4039: 4034: 4018: 4014: 4008: 4006: 3997: 3991: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3959: 3952: 3948: 3947:3-353-00927-2 3944: 3938: 3932: 3928: 3927:3-88129-158-X 3924: 3920: 3915: 3909: 3906: 3902: 3896: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3866: 3859: 3858:9782757400388 3855: 3848: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3729: 3720: 3705: 3698: 3689: 3682: 3676: 3657: 3650: 3643: 3635: 3634: 3629: 3623: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3589: 3584: 3576: 3575: 3568: 3560: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3540:Sign of Peace 3537: 3530: 3522: 3521: 3513: 3506: 3502: 3499: 3494: 3487: 3483: 3482:archive.today 3479: 3476: 3471: 3465: 3460: 3452: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3398: 3394: 3388: 3380: 3373: 3358: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3336:Pilots letter 3335: 3331: 3328: 3323: 3308: 3304: 3298: 3282: 3278: 3271: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3238: 3232: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3200: 3193: 3188: 3172: 3168: 3161: 3145: 3139: 3131: 3125: 3107: 3101: 3085: 3081: 3075: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3033: 3029: 3023: 3007: 3001: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2965: 2959: 2951: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2930: 2928: 2916: 2909: 2890: 2883: 2876: 2874: 2857: 2851: 2835: 2829: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2786: 2779: 2763: 2759: 2753: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2723: 2708: 2702: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2663: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2513:, Greece and 2512: 2501: 2499: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2465:United States 2462: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2428:bomb disposal 2424: 2420: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 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Turkey and 2221: 2211: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2094: 2090: 2088: 2081: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2051: 2047: 2037: 2028: 2024: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1986: 1985:Ekaterinoslav 1982: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1963: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1840: 1837: 1827: 1824: 1819: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1776:Israeli Arabs 1773: 1768: 1762: 1752: 1744: 1741: 1736: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1722: 1716: 1714: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1693: 1691: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1665: 1663: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1638: 1633: 1629: 1624: 1622: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1600: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1565: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1521:(around 1936) 1519: 1513: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1469:. 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