131:
246:
25:
809:
894:
picketers and their families from plantation housing. A total of 12,020 people were evicted. The evicted took shelter in homes of strike sympathizers, hotels, tents, empty buildings and factories as well as
Buddhists and Shinto churches, but Christian clergy had been prominent opponents of the strike
886:
Roughly speaking the strike began for
Filipinos on January 20, 1920, and the Japanese officially joined on February 1, although many Japanese joined independently earlier. The strike involved 8,300 workers spanning six plantations: 5,000 Japanese, 3,000 Filipinos, and 300 of other ethnicities –
898:
Another dilemma was finances for food. The
Japanese union's approach was to build up a reserve for the Japanese picketers and their families; this fund held $ 900,000. The Filipino union's approach was to be sustained by donations from Filipinos working on other plantations not affected by the
899:
strike. In less than a month, the
Filipinos were desperately low on funding and on the verge of starvation. If the Filipinos were to return to work the strike would collapse. The Japanese union used their reserves to sustain the Filipino picketers, averting a collapse of the strike.
915:
hit Hawaii. 1,056 Japanese fell ill by the flu of whom 55 died. 1,440 Filipinos fell ill and 95 died during the worldwide epidemic. Picketers blamed the plantations for these casualties as the evictions had forced many of them to live in crowded living quarters.
869:, supplies directed to the war effort drove up living expenses and wages remained the same, putting much of the plantation work force into destitution, which lingered after the war ended. After years of organizing, the Filipino Labor Union and the
873:
united the
Filipino and Japanese groups. The unions brought their demands to the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association on December 4, 1919. The demands were pay raises from $ 0.77 to a $ 1.25 for males and $ 0.58 to $ 0.90 per day and paid
932:
The strike had taken a toll on both sides; 1,000 strikers had gone back to work and more than 2,000 strikebreakers were hired. The HSPA lost $ 12,000,000 in potential income. Although the strike was successful, the
895:
and turned away homeless pickets and their families from lodging in
Christian churches. The Board of Health re-evicted 300 Filipinos that had taken up residence in a brewery at Kakaako and they moved into tents.
928:
which included a 50% pay raise and more benefits. Many workers felt the strike was a failure because the results were not immediate. It would take six months for the products of the strike to fully materialize.
902:
After months of striking immense boredom became a problem that had to be addressed. The
Federation of the Japanese Labor arranged a protest march with 3,000 participants on April 3 and went down King street.
861:
Before the 1920 strike, when one ethnic group went on strike the other groups worked as strikebreakers, leading to a strike's failure. Before the strike fieldworkers were paid wages that met the
1044:
958:
779:
552:
1019:
1014:
878:
for females (With inflation $ 1 in 1920 is about $ 15 in 2024). Initially the planters refused demands and expected to outlast the strike.
848:
640:
89:
202:
Federation of
Japanese Labor. The labor action involved 8,300 sugar plantation field workers out on strike from January to July 1920.
42:
61:
388:
1034:
206:
177:
68:
592:
75:
870:
992:
819:
265:
57:
582:
408:
358:
108:
660:
426:
1039:
841:
720:
690:
680:
135:
Media coverage of the Oahu sugar strike of 1920 overlaid on the painting Maui Sugar
Plantation by Jules Tavernier
46:
784:
170:
789:
710:
348:
1029:
834:
378:
226:
82:
1024:
925:
398:
318:
280:
1049:
670:
650:
35:
774:
769:
630:
562:
436:
213:
during the strike, with their poor living conditions presumably contributing to their deaths.
740:
730:
700:
474:
924:
The strike lasted until July 1, more than half a year, when a compromise was reached at the
794:
620:
512:
368:
8:
502:
484:
446:
308:
464:
988:
862:
764:
532:
235:
199:
195:
938:
934:
298:
245:
572:
875:
328:
255:
1008:
812:
808:
338:
130:
542:
209:. Some 150 evicted workers and their family members died of the epidemic
912:
866:
210:
887:
Portuguese, Chinese, Puerto Ricans, Spanish, Mexicans, and
Koreans.
24:
891:
610:
1045:
Agriculture and forestry labor disputes in the United States
941:" was exposed as a larger issue than the planters realized.
890:
In retaliatory action against the strike the plantations
205:
The unions' demands for a pay increase were met by the
194:
was a multiracial strike in Hawaii of two unions, the
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1006:
842:
144:19 January – 1 July 1920
849:
835:
129:
16:Multiracial strike in Hawaii of two unions
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
982:
951:
1007:
963:UC Press E-Books Collection, 1982-2004
983:Beechert, Edward D. (November 1985).
207:Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association
178:Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1020:Japanese-American culture in Hawaii
1015:Filipino-American culture in Hawaii
13:
985:Working in Hawaii: A Labor History
14:
1061:
807:
244:
23:
1035:1920 labor disputes and strikes
641:State Constitutional Convention
34:needs additional citations for
987:. University of Hawaii Press.
976:
1:
944:
919:
906:
270:
216:
198:Filipino Labor Union and the
871:Federation of Japanese Labor
171:American Federation of Labor
7:
661:Occupation of Iolani Palace
349:French invasion of Honolulu
58:"Oahu sugar strike of 1920"
10:
1066:
583:Honouliuli Internment Camp
399:Rebellions and revolutions
959:"The Japanese Conspiracy"
881:
192:Oahu sugar strike of 1920
164:
159:
140:
128:
124:Oahu sugar strike of 1920
123:
926:Alexander Young Building
281:Battle of Kealakekua Bay
266:Discovery and settlement
671:Honolulu molasses spill
1040:Protest-related deaths
911:During the strike the
631:Kalama Valley protests
563:Attack on Pearl Harbor
731:Red Hill water crisis
721:George Floyd protests
593:Democratic Revolution
319:Unification of Hawaii
865:. With the start of
795:Timeline of Honolulu
785:Sovereignty movement
621:Hawaii Admission Act
513:Hawaiian Organic Act
389:Bayonet Constitution
43:improve this article
691:False missile alert
503:Territory of Hawaii
437:Leper War on Kauaʻi
475:Counter-Revolution
465:Republic of Hawaii
379:Reciprocity Treaty
359:American Civil War
309:Kamehameha dynasty
1030:History of Hawaii
859:
858:
790:Sugar plantations
749:
748:
711:COVID-19 pandemic
601:
600:
533:Hanapēpē Massacre
523:Oahu sugar strike
493:
492:
455:
454:
417:
416:
289:
288:
237:History of Hawaii
200:Japanese American
196:Filipino American
188:
187:
184:
183:
119:
118:
111:
93:
1057:
1025:History of sugar
999:
998:
980:
974:
973:
971:
969:
955:
939:Filipino Problem
935:Japanese Problem
851:
844:
837:
822:
815:
811:
741:Hawaii wildfires
617:
616:
509:
508:
471:
470:
433:
432:
369:Kalākaua dynasty
305:
304:
299:Hawaiian Kingdom
275:
274: 1219–1266
272:
262:
261:
248:
238:
221:
220:
166:
165:
155:
153:
149:
133:
121:
120:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1002:
995:
981:
977:
967:
965:
957:
956:
952:
947:
922:
909:
884:
855:
826:
820:
813:
799:
751:
750:
614:
611:State of Hawaii
603:
602:
573:Niihau incident
506:
495:
494:
468:
457:
456:
430:
419:
418:
302:
291:
290:
273:
259:
236:
219:
180:
173:
151:
147:
145:
136:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1063:
1053:
1052:
1050:1920 in Hawaii
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1001:
1000:
994:978-0824808907
993:
975:
949:
948:
946:
943:
921:
918:
908:
905:
883:
880:
876:maternal leave
857:
856:
854:
853:
846:
839:
831:
828:
827:
825:
824:
817:
804:
801:
800:
798:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
761:
758:
757:
753:
752:
747:
746:
743:
737:
736:
733:
727:
726:
723:
717:
716:
713:
707:
706:
703:
701:Hurricane Lane
697:
696:
693:
687:
686:
683:
677:
676:
673:
667:
666:
663:
657:
656:
653:
647:
646:
643:
637:
636:
633:
627:
626:
623:
615:
613:(1959–present)
609:
608:
605:
604:
599:
598:
595:
589:
588:
585:
579:
578:
575:
569:
568:
565:
559:
558:
555:
549:
548:
545:
539:
538:
535:
529:
528:
525:
519:
518:
515:
507:
501:
500:
497:
496:
491:
490:
487:
481:
480:
477:
469:
463:
462:
459:
458:
453:
452:
449:
443:
442:
439:
431:
425:
424:
421:
420:
415:
414:
411:
405:
404:
401:
395:
394:
391:
385:
384:
381:
375:
374:
371:
365:
364:
361:
355:
354:
351:
345:
344:
341:
335:
334:
331:
329:Laplace affair
325:
324:
321:
315:
314:
311:
303:
297:
296:
293:
292:
287:
286:
283:
277:
276:
268:
260:
254:
253:
250:
249:
241:
240:
232:
231:
218:
215:
186:
185:
182:
181:
176:
174:
169:
162:
161:
157:
156:
142:
138:
137:
134:
126:
125:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1062:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1010:
996:
990:
986:
979:
964:
960:
954:
950:
942:
940:
936:
930:
927:
917:
914:
904:
900:
896:
893:
888:
879:
877:
872:
868:
864:
852:
847:
845:
840:
838:
833:
832:
830:
829:
823:
818:
816:
810:
806:
805:
803:
802:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
780:NRHP listings
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
762:
760:
759:
755:
754:
744:
742:
739:
738:
734:
732:
729:
728:
724:
722:
719:
718:
714:
712:
709:
708:
704:
702:
699:
698:
694:
692:
689:
688:
684:
682:
679:
678:
674:
672:
669:
668:
664:
662:
659:
658:
654:
652:
651:Xerox murders
649:
648:
644:
642:
639:
638:
634:
632:
629:
628:
624:
622:
619:
618:
612:
607:
606:
596:
594:
591:
590:
586:
584:
581:
580:
576:
574:
571:
570:
566:
564:
561:
560:
556:
554:
551:
550:
546:
544:
541:
540:
536:
534:
531:
530:
526:
524:
521:
520:
516:
514:
511:
510:
504:
499:
498:
488:
486:
483:
482:
478:
476:
473:
472:
466:
461:
460:
450:
448:
445:
444:
440:
438:
435:
434:
428:
423:
422:
412:
410:
407:
406:
402:
400:
397:
396:
392:
390:
387:
386:
382:
380:
377:
376:
372:
370:
367:
366:
362:
360:
357:
356:
352:
350:
347:
346:
342:
340:
339:Paulet affair
337:
336:
332:
330:
327:
326:
322:
320:
317:
316:
312:
310:
307:
306:
300:
295:
294:
284:
282:
279:
278:
269:
267:
264:
263:
257:
256:Early history
252:
251:
247:
243:
242:
239:
234:
233:
229:
228:
223:
222:
214:
212:
208:
203:
201:
197:
193:
179:
175:
172:
168:
167:
163:
158:
143:
139:
132:
127:
122:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
984:
978:
966:. Retrieved
962:
953:
931:
923:
910:
901:
897:
889:
885:
863:poverty line
860:
775:LGBT history
770:Legal status
715:2020–present
681:TMT protests
553:World War II
543:Massie Trial
522:
225:
204:
191:
189:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
968:21 December
937:" and the "
913:Spanish flu
867:World War I
505:(1898–1959)
467:(1894–1898)
429:(1893–1894)
427:Provisional
301:(1795–1893)
211:Spanish flu
1009:Categories
945:References
920:Conclusion
907:Casualties
485:Annexation
447:Black Week
258:(pre–1795)
217:Background
152:1920-07-01
148:1920-01-19
69:newspapers
587:1943–1946
557:1939–1945
451:1893–1894
409:Overthrow
403:1887–1895
373:1874–1893
363:1861–1865
313:1795–1874
99:June 2018
765:Big Five
735:2021–now
685:2014–now
227:a series
224:Part of
150: –
892:evicted
821:Commons
160:Parties
146: (
83:scholar
991:
882:Strike
814:Portal
756:Topics
230:on the
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
90:JSTOR
76:books
989:ISBN
970:2022
745:2023
725:2020
705:2018
695:2018
675:2013
665:2008
655:1999
645:1978
635:1971
625:1959
597:1954
577:1941
567:1941
547:1932
537:1924
527:1920
517:1900
489:1898
479:1895
441:1893
413:1893
393:1887
383:1875
353:1849
343:1943
333:1839
323:1810
285:1779
190:The
141:Date
62:news
45:by
1011::
961:.
271:c.
997:.
972:.
933:"
850:e
843:t
836:v
154:)
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
