757:
480:(VLIC) respectively. The port to the new hardware led to the IMPI instruction set and the horizontal microcode implementing it being replaced by the PowerPC AS instruction set and its implementation in PowerAS processors. This required the VLIC to be rewritten to target PowerPC instead of IMPI, and for the operating system functionality previously implemented in the HLIC to be re-implemented elsewhere. This led to the HLIC and VLIC being replaced with a single layer named the
877:
41:
4848:
4429:
580:
50:
4868:
4858:
1309:– Users must log in with a username and password of a known user profile, but will have almost full access to the system once logged in. Creation or modification of user profiles is restricted to user profiles which have been granted authorities for profile management. Limited access accounts can be created, which can be restricted to accessing certain objects, or running certain commands.
1215:(ASP) in order to organize data to limit the impact of storage-device failures and to reduce recovery time. If a disk failure occurs, only the data in the pool containing the failed unit needs to be recovered. ASPs may also be used to improve performance by isolating objects with similar performance characteristics, for example journal receivers, in their own pool.
510:
899:
Prior to the
Advanced/36, the System/36 line used two different processors in each system - the Main Storage Processor (MSP) which ran most of the SSP operating system as well as user code, and the Control Storage Processor (CSP) which ran so-called "microcode" which implemented core operating system
673:
translation of the TIMI instructions into native machine code for the processor, and stores the generated machine code for future execution of the program. If the translation process changes, or a different CPU instruction set is adopted, the operating system can transparently regenerate the machine
895:
feature of the operating system. Support was discontinued in the V4R5 release, coinciding with IBM's discontinuation of the
Advanced/36 product line as a whole. The Advanced 36 Machine feature is distinct from the System/36 Environment introduced in the initial OS/400 release and still supported in
844:
PASE consists of the AIX userspace running on top of a system call interface implemented by the SLIC. The system call interfaces allows interoperability between PASE and native IBM i applications, for example, PASE applications can access the integrated database, or call native IBM i applications,
890:
Introduced in 1994, the
Advanced/36 platform ran unmodified System/36 applications and the SSP operating system in emulation on top of the OS/400 SLIC using hardware which was mostly identical to that of contemporary AS/400 systems. This functionality was incorporated into OS/400 itself from V3R6
492:
code, replacing some of the HLIC code, and most of the VLIC code. Owing to the amount of work needed to implement the SLIC, IBM Rochester hired several hundred C++ programmers for the project, who worked on the SLIC in parallel to new revisions of the VLIC for the CISC AS/400 systems. The first
419:
was started at
Rochester by engineers, who succeeded in developing code which allowed System/36 applications to run on top of the System/38, and when Fort Knox was cancelled, this project evolved into an official project to replace both the System/36 and System/38 with a single new hardware and
849:
was added to the operating system, which allows each PASE process to have a private 1TiB space which is addressed with 64-bit pointers. This was necessary since all IBM i jobs (i.e. processes) typically share the same address space. PASE applications do not use the hardware-independent TIMI
900:
functionality as well as I/O. The CSP microcode was invoked from the MSP through the use of the
Supervisor Call (SVC) instruction. On the Advanced/36, the CSP microcode was reimplemented inside the SLIC. An MSP emulator was also built into the SLIC, sometimes referred to as the
933:
in 1994 to indicate comparable functionality to IBM's other commercial databases. Despite the Db2 branding, Db2 for IBM i is an entirely separate codebase to Db2 on other platforms, and is tightly integrated into the SLIC layer of IBM i as opposed to being an optional product.
772:, it is responsible for translating TIMI instructions into machine code, and it also implements some high level functionality which is exposed through the TIMI, such as IBM i's integrated relational database. The SLIC implements IBM i's object-based storage model on top of a
1331:
The first three levels correspond to the security levels available in CPF and the initial releases of OS/400. Security level 40 was added in OS/400 V1R3 and become the default security level for the operating system. The addition of Level 40 required the removal of the
713:
architecture in 1995. Applications compiled on systems using the IMPI instruction set could run on top of the newer RS64 systems without any code changes, recompilation or emulation, while also allowing those applications to avail of 64-bit addressing.
439:), and had originally begun as a port of CPF to the Fort Knox hardware. In addition to adding support for System/36 applications, some of the user interface and ease-of-use features from the System/36 were carried over to the new operating system.
748:. In 2008, the release of i5/OS V6R1 (later known as IBM i 6.1) introduced a number of changes to the TIMI layer which caused problems for third-party software which removed observability from the application objects shipped to customers.
736:
format used by IBM's compilers. IBM partially documents the OMI instructions, whereas the NMI instructions are not officially documented. OMI instructions are used by the original AS/400 compilers, whereas NMI instructions are used by the
805:, which provide backwards compatibility APIs and utilities for applications and data migrated from SSP and CPF systems. The XPF is IBM's internal name for this layer, and as the name suggests, began as an evolution of the System/38
2139:
2471:
552:, in order to remove the association with POWER5 processors. The two most recent versions of the operating system at that time, which had been released as i5/OS V5R4 and V6R1, were renamed to IBM i 5.4 and 6.1.
792:
The XPF consists of the code which implements the hardware-independent components of the operating system, which are compiled into TIMI instructions. Components of the XPF include the user interface, the
904:. Even with the overhead of emulation, the Advanced/36 systems were significantly faster than the original System/36 systems they replaced due to the performance of their PowerPC AS processors.
768:
The SLIC consists of the code which implements the TIMI on top of the IBM Power architecture. In addition to containing most of the functionality typically associated with an operating system
645:
The TIMI isolates users and applications from the underlying hardware. This isolation is more thorough than the hardware abstractions of other operating systems, and includes abstracting the
853:
Ports of open source software to IBM i typically target PASE instead of the native IBM i APIs in order to simplify porting. Open source software for IBM i is typically packaged using the
1130:(ILE) allows programs from ILE compatible languages (C, C++, COBOL, RPG, and CL), to be bound into the same executable and call procedures written in any of the other ILE languages.
1133:
When PASE was introduced, it was necessary to compile code for PASE on an AIX system. This requirement was removed in OS/400 V5R2 when it became possible to compile code using the
3730:"IBM AS/400 Programming Languages and Application Development Tools Version 3 Release 7 - Enhancements Provide Windows Support, Improved Integration and Additional Capabilities"
2617:
2502:
2143:
502:
2478:
741:
compilers. During the PowerPC port, native support for the OMI format was removed, and replaced with a translator which converted OMI instructions into NMI instructions.
1303:– Users can log in without a password, and have full access to the system. If a user logs in with an unknown username, a new user profile will be automatically created.
1337:
3275:
625:
IBM often uses different names for the TIMI, SLIC and XPF in documentation and marketing materials, for example, the IBM i 7.4 documentation refers to them as the
1265:
which dictates the set of default authorities available to that user profile. There are five standard user classes which, in order of increasing privilege, are:
681:. All data in IBM i, such as data files, source code, programs and regions of allocated memory, are encapsulated inside objects managed by the operating system (
2190:
1829:
At the time of their release, the V1 releases were named
Release 1, 2 and 3. Upon the release of V2R1, they were retroactively renamed to V1R1, V1R2 and V1R3.
1164:
Developer for i which runs on developer workstations instead of IBM i. Prior to the
Eclipse-based IDE, IBM provided an IDE based on WorkFrame/2 which ran on
3729:
2853:
3448:
Hernando Bedoya; Brad
Bentley; Xie Dan Dan; Sadamitsu Hayakawa; Shirley Pintos; Guo Qi; Morten Buur Rasmussen; Satid Singkorapoom; Wang Yun (March 2009).
3317:
3101:
1000:
allows applications designed for those databases to use Db2 for i as a backing store. Other open source databases have been ported to IBM i, including
2306:
442:
Silverlake was available for field test in June 1988, and was officially announced in August of that year. By that point, it had been renamed to the
2784:
4463:
977:
which selects the appropriate optimizer depending on the type of the query. Remote access through the native interface and SQL is provided by the
4092:
1296:
IBM i can be set to use one of five levels of security, which control the extent to which the operating system's security features are enforced:
411:
OS/400 was developed alongside the AS/400 hardware platform beginning in
December 1985. Development began in the aftermath of the failure of the
1242:, which represents the permission to carry out a specific action on a specific object. Authorities can be granted to individual users (known as
1336:
model of the System/38 which was also present in earlier releases of OS/400. Security level 50 was added in V2R3 when OS/400 was certified to
3906:
2596:
4025:
4004:
3980:
3959:
4512:
776:
addressing scheme, which does not distinguish between primary and secondary storage, and instead manages all types of storage in a single
2978:
841:. It was first announced to customers at the time of the V4R5 release, by which time it had gained significant additional functionality.
4907:
2907:
868:
environment, which is an implementation of a Unix shell and associated utilities built on top of IBM i's native POSIX-compatible APIs.
2571:
1988:
2445:
693:). IBM i objects have a fixed type, which defines the set of applicable operations which may be carried out on them (for example, a
978:
705:. Instead, the operating system automatically handles the process of retrieving and then storing the changes to permanent storage.
583:
Diagram showing the architectural layers of the IBM i operating system, and their relationship to hardware and user applications
4917:
3405:
Scholerman, S.; Miller, L.; Tenner, J.; Tomanek, S.; Zolliker, M. (1993). "Relational database integration in the IBM AS/400".
3246:
2550:
3700:
3015:
555:
Along with the rebranding to IBM i, IBM changed the versioning nomenclature for the operating system. Prior releases used a
4912:
4456:
1012:. These databases run on the PASE environment, and are independent of the operating system's integrated database features.
4085:
709:
The hardware isolation provided by the TIMI allowed IBM to replace the AS/400's 48-bit IMPI architecture with the 64-bit
1258:, making it possible to grant authorities on all objects in the list by granting authorities on the authorization list.
891:
through V4R4, making it possible to run up to four System/36 "virtual machines" (to use IBM's term) using the so-called
533:
processors. The first release of i5/OS, V5R3, was described by IBM as "a different name for the same operating system".
4861:
4277:
3076:
2041:
1921:
1157:
571:
for specific releases of the operating system which add new functionality or hardware support to the operating system.
517:
The AS/400 product line was rebranded multiple times throughout the 1990s and 2000s. As part of the 2004 rebranding to
425:
1321:– Access to certain system programs and MI instructions are restricted, and can only be used by operating system code.
3552:
3216:
3147:
2173:
1144:
Certain development tools for IBM i run on top of the operating system itself, such as the Source Edit
Utility (SEU)
1070:
In addition, IBM provides a web-based management console and performance analysis product named IBM Navigator for i.
929:. The database originally had no name, instead it was described simply as "data base support". It was given the name
1285:. IBM i ships with a default user profile for each user class, and the default Security Officer user profile, named
797:, data management and query utilities, development tools and system management utilities. The XPF also contains the
3032:
2827:
1039:
cabling. With the decline of dedicated terminal hardware, modern IBM i systems are typically accessed through 5250
3503:
1315:– Authorities are enforced, meaning that users cannot access objects unless they have an authority for the object.
4748:
4449:
4232:
3778:
3381:
3332:
1851:
1149:
1127:
738:
3754:
2861:
925:. The database evolved from the non-relational System/38 database, gaining support for the relational model and
837:. PASE was first included in a limited and undocumented form in the V4R3 release of OS/400 to support a port of
4902:
4432:
4078:
1227:
2691:
Justin C. Haase; Dwight Harrison; Adam Lukaszewicz; David Painter; Tracy Schramm; Jiri Sochr (December 2014).
3627:
2885:
1111:
3528:
4871:
4731:
1327:– Includes changes needed for the system to achieve TCSEC C2 compliance, and adds a security audit journal.
1025:
834:
646:
4441:
4227:
4173:
2931:
1095:
1048:
733:
666:
485:
157:
92:
3356:
Jarek Miszczyk; Bronach Bromley; Mark Endrei; Skip Marchesani; Deepak Pai; Barry Thorn (February 2000).
2220:
4851:
3831:
1099:
958:
596:
380:
applications. It inherits a number of distinctive features from the System/38 platform, including the
4780:
769:
670:
275:
249:
2082:
4341:
4282:
4237:
4131:
3881:
3806:
2785:"DSPHMCINF/DSPSMDTA: Querying the Current Status of Every HMC or SM Straight from the Command Line"
1134:
1087:
806:
436:
366:
301:
114:
84:
3914:
4659:
3171:
2806:
1218:
By default, all disk drives are assigned to pool 1. The concept of IBM i pools is similar to the
1138:
1021:
744:
The storing of the TIMI instructions alongside the native machine code instructions is known as
697:
object can be executed, but cannot be edited). The object model hides whether data is stored in
384:
which provides hardware independence, the implementation of object-based addressing on top of a
4892:
4726:
4669:
4664:
4653:
4272:
4183:
4178:
4168:
4121:
845:
and vice versa. During the creation of PASE, a new type of single level storage object named a
415:
project, which left IBM without a competitive midrange system. During the Fort Knox project, a
373:
297:
17:
587:
When IBM i was first released as OS/400, it was split into two layers, the hardware-dependent
4753:
4364:
4190:
2760:
1333:
777:
568:
210:
2575:
2549:
4126:
2690:
2524:
2421:
2249:
1383:
833:
which do not interact directly with the AIX kernel, and supports the 32-bit and 64-bit AIX
822:
761:
686:
459:
287:
75:
3449:
3357:
3054:
2709:
2692:
2396:
1938:
8:
4791:
3652:
2953:
2664:
2639:
1963:
1369:
918:
854:
607:
389:
223:
3676:
3447:
1230:; however, with IBM i it is typical for all disk drives to be assigned to a single ASP.
961:
require SQL and cannot be accessed through the native interface. IBM i has two separate
563:
scheme, e.g. 6.1. Beginning with IBM i 7.1, IBM replaced the Modification releases with
362:
in 2004, before being renamed a second time to IBM i in 2008. It is an evolution of the
4827:
4758:
4145:
4141:
3430:
3355:
2735:
2371:
1188:
1153:
962:
773:
726:
416:
385:
381:
2058:
603:(TIMI). Later versions of the operating system gained additional layers, including an
4681:
4475:
4222:
4153:
3856:
3481:
3422:
3212:
3040:
3011:
2363:
2341:
2169:
2037:
1917:
1177:
1060:
1040:
1036:
702:
545:
347:
242:
188:
184:
96:
3254:
2618:"IBM i5/OS V6R1 delivers the next step for efficient, resilient business processing"
1673:
1659:
1137:
inside PASE itself. Since then, other compilers have been ported to PASE, including
937:
IBM i provides two mechanisms for accessing the integrated database - the so-called
4721:
4395:
4390:
4292:
4101:
3708:
3414:
3318:"DB2 database -> does it continue to be platform-specific? (iSeries, LUW, z/OS)"
3036:
2375:
2353:
1083:
794:
339:
282:
200:
195:
3434:
3297:
406:
4897:
4822:
4699:
4648:
4638:
4532:
3005:
2273:
2031:
1911:
885:
698:
412:
260:
218:
3935:
3602:
3577:
1989:"IBM i 7.5 and IBM i Portfolio give strong foundation for continuing innovation"
1469:
1430:
4741:
4257:
1856:
1690:
858:
469:
268:
227:
55:
4336:
2114:
1640:
1623:
1609:
1595:
1581:
1567:
1553:
1539:
1525:
1511:
1497:
1483:
1455:
1441:
1416:
1405:
1394:
674:
code from the TIMI instructions without needing to recompile from source code.
4886:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4603:
4351:
4262:
4113:
3426:
2367:
1743:
1729:
1715:
1701:
756:
669:
defined by the TIMI. When a program is run, the operating system carries out
650:
370:
363:
132:
4832:
4643:
4633:
4598:
4416:
4385:
4200:
4070:
3247:"Withdrawal of Advanced 36 SSP from AS/400 and Application Program Options"
1161:
880:
Main Menu of SSP 7.5, running on top of the Advanced 36 Machine environment
662:
657:
and persistence. This is accomplished through two interrelated mechanisms:
541:
180:
4471:
3418:
2358:
876:
4772:
4674:
4296:
4242:
3960:"IBM AS/400 OPERATING SYSTEM/400 AND RELATED LICENSED PROGRAMS RELEASE 3"
3473:
1145:
830:
256:
104:
88:
2230:(Interview). Interviewed by Arthur L. Norberg. Charles Babbage Institute
729:
instructions, whereas NMI instructions are lower-level, resembling the
4691:
4590:
4359:
4309:
1001:
850:
instructions, and are instead compiled directly to Power machine code.
677:
Instead of operating on memory addresses, TIMI instructions operate on
355:
238:
63:
4786:
4048:
2556:
1290:
1173:
1123:
838:
826:
579:
464:
The port to PowerPC required a rewrite of most of the code below the
2163:
941:, which is based on the database access model of the System/38, and
465:
40:
4817:
4812:
4714:
4705:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4517:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4484:
4380:
4304:
4267:
2979:"Frank Soltis Discusses A Possible Future for Single-Level Storage"
2597:"IBM i5/OS V5R4 improves system availability and price performance"
1032:
717:
There are two different formats of TIMI instructions, known as the
100:
1759:
640:
4807:
4521:
4326:
4252:
4163:
4158:
3981:"APPLICATION SYSTEM/400 LICENSED PROGRAMS RELEASE 2 AVAILABILITY"
1079:
1005:
993:
922:
377:
49:
4064:
4053:
3126:
725:(NMI) formats. OMI instructions are essentially the same as the
312:
4210:
4195:
3233:
AS/400 Advanced 36 General Information for SSP Operating System
2851:
2572:"IBM Introduces the First in a New Generation of Power Systems"
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
1200:
1184:
865:
622:
environment which ran System/36 SSP applications in emulation.
530:
2693:"IBM i 7.1 Technical Overview with Technology Refresh Updates"
1066:
IBM i Access for Web/Mobile provides web-based 5250 emulation.
493:
release of OS/400 to support PowerPC-based hardware was V3R6.
4321:
4314:
3404:
1223:
1196:
1192:
1115:
1103:
1091:
1056:
1052:
1031:
IBM i systems were historically accessed and managed through
1009:
989:
810:
780:. The SLIC is primarily implemented in C++, and replaced the
489:
80:
2291:
1254:
authorities). Related objects can be grouped together in an
821:
PASE (Portable Applications Solutions Environment) provides
4331:
4215:
4058:
3189:
2665:"It's Official: Now We're Power Systems and i for Business"
1219:
1165:
1119:
1107:
1078:
Programming languages available from IBM for IBM i include
982:
710:
690:
501:
472:
layers of the System/38, although they were renamed to the
3398:
3077:"What Is IBM i Architecture? Plus an Overview of IBM PASE"
1805:
4472:
4400:
4205:
4105:
3786:
2108:
2106:
2104:
1793:
1788:
1043:. IBM provides two terminal emulator products for IBM i:
973:(SQE). These are implemented inside the SLIC alongside a
942:
926:
682:
654:
604:
343:
68:
3003:
2954:"i5/OS V6R1 Compatibility an Issue for Software Vendors"
2908:"A More Complete View of the Machine Interface of IBM i"
2352:(10). Association for Computing Machinery (ACM): 54–64.
2112:
949:(DDS) language, which is used to define schemas and the
540:. In April 2008, IBM consolidated the System i with the
536:
In 2006, IBM rebranded the AS/400 line one last time to
509:
2662:
2419:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2033:
Fortress Rochester: the Inside Story of the IBM iSeries
3102:"Exploring Open Source on IBM i: The PASE Environment"
2446:"5763-SS1 IBM Operating System/400 (OS/400) Version 3"
2101:
2397:"RE: Dave McKenzie's UNDELete utility - a LifeSaver!"
2025:
2340:
Berg, William; Cline, Marshall; Girou, Mike (1995).
2207:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
3235:(Third ed.). IBM. November 1997. SC21-8299-02.
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
3653:"GCC: Bringing More Open Source Software to IBM i"
3450:"Using IBM DB2 for i as a Storage Engine of MySQL"
2188:
431:The operating system for Silverlake was codenamed
3148:"PASE Versus ILE: Which Is Best For Open Source?"
2686:
2684:
2164:Roy A. Bauer; Emilio Collar; Victor Tang (1992).
2083:"IBM i: A platform for innovators, by innovators"
2002:
784:layers used in versions of OS/400 prior to V3R6.
567:. Technology Refreshes are delivered as optional
4884:
3755:"UCS-2 and its relationship to Unicode (UTF-16)"
2852:Frank G. Soltis; Adam T. Stallman (2003-09-01).
2525:"IBM i Slow to Catch On, But What Does It Mean?"
2503:"IBM i5/OS V5R3 — the next generation of OS/400"
2326:
2140:"IBM i5/OS V5R3 — the next generation of OS/400"
369:operating system, with compatibility layers for
3276:"IBM OPERATING SYSTEM/400(TM) LICENSED PROGRAM"
2804:
2551:"IBM merges System i and System p server lines"
2182:
2029:
1964:"Reader Feedback on AS/400 to i Mystery Solved"
1909:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
641:Technology Independent Machine Interface (TIMI)
420:software platform. The project became known as
3999:
3997:
3495:
3358:"DB2 UDB for AS/400 Object Relational Support"
3295:
2681:
2339:
2247:
1936:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1024:networking in addition to the proprietary IBM
957:query API. Certain Db2 for i features such as
559:scheme, e.g. V2R1M1. This was replaced with a
4457:
4086:
3907:"OS 400 - Complete History of the IBM OS/400"
3099:
2394:
2166:The Silverlake Project: Transformation at IBM
1798:
1211:In IBM i, disk drives may be grouped into an
665:directly, instead they generate a high level
4100:
4005:"IBM OPERATING SYSTEM/400 (TM) AVAILABILITY"
3504:"More Open Source Databases Coming To IBM i"
3207:Holt, Ted; Kulack, Fred (February 1, 2004).
3200:
3074:
2469:
2342:"Lessons learned from the OS/400 OO project"
2304:
983:Distributed Relational Database Architecture
3994:
3650:
3526:
3145:
2951:
2880:
2878:
2637:
2522:
2056:
1868:
661:Compilers for IBM i do not generate native
4464:
4450:
4093:
4079:
3206:
2307:"The IBM AS/400: A technical introduction"
2218:
1110:. Compilers were previously available for
902:Technology Independent Emulation Interface
813:, although other languages are also used.
612:Portable Application Solutions Environment
446:, and the operating system had been named
3330:
3124:
3030:
2905:
2357:
2113:Steve Will; Tom Huntington (2020-07-16).
1238:Security in IBM i is defined in terms of
548:. At the same time, i5/OS was renamed to
468:. Early versions of OS/400 inherited the
4513:1800 Data Acquisition and Control System
2875:
2547:
2472:"Introducing IBM eServer i5 & i5/OS"
1810:
979:Distributed Data Management Architecture
875:
781:
755:
601:Technology Independent Machine Interface
578:
508:
500:
350:. It was originally released in 1988 as
3172:"Open Source Has Never Tasted So Good!"
2640:"IBM Gives i5/OS V5R4 a New Name–i 5.4"
2221:"An Interview with DAVID L. SCHLEICHER"
1771:
1753:
945:. The native interface consists of the
857:package format, and installed with the
484:(SLIC). The SLIC was implemented in an
54:Main Menu of IBM i 7.1, shown inside a
14:
4885:
3529:"Man-DB Brings Documentation to IBM i"
3501:
2663:Timothy Prickett Morgan (2008-04-07).
2420:Timothy Prickett Morgan (2007-08-20).
2191:"The brave new world of IBM Rochester"
1126:but have since been discontinued. The
1035:terminals attached to the system with
912:
871:
453:
354:, as the sole operating system of the
4445:
4074:
2115:"IBM i in 2020: It's Not Just AS/400"
959:object-relational database management
460:IBM AS/400 § The move to PowerPC
4867:
4857:
4715:Applications, software, and concepts
4067:- IBM Midrange Computer news website
4026:"IBM OPERATING SYSTEM/400 VERSION 2"
591:(SLIC) and the hardware-independent
3004:Jim Hoskins; Roger Dimmick (1998).
2219:Schleicher, David L. (2006-01-24).
2132:
1343:
1289:, is the closest equivalent to the
1047:IBM i Access Client Solutions is a
809:. The XPF is mostly implemented in
488:style with over 2 million lines of
426:Silver Lake in Rochester, Minnesota
358:line of systems. It was renamed to
24:
3176:IBM Systems Magazine - Open Your i
2976:
1838:There was no Modification Level 1.
1745:Old version, yet still maintained:
1731:Old version, no longer maintained:
1717:Old version, no longer maintained:
1703:Old version, no longer maintained:
1692:Old version, no longer maintained:
1675:Old version, no longer maintained:
1661:Old version, no longer maintained:
1642:Old version, no longer maintained:
1625:Old version, no longer maintained:
1611:Old version, no longer maintained:
1597:Old version, no longer maintained:
1583:Old version, no longer maintained:
1569:Old version, no longer maintained:
1555:Old version, no longer maintained:
1541:Old version, no longer maintained:
1527:Old version, no longer maintained:
1513:Old version, no longer maintained:
1499:Old version, no longer maintained:
1485:Old version, no longer maintained:
1471:Old version, no longer maintained:
1457:Old version, no longer maintained:
1443:Old version, no longer maintained:
1432:Old version, no longer maintained:
1418:Old version, no longer maintained:
1407:Old version, no longer maintained:
1396:Old version, no longer maintained:
1385:Old version, no longer maintained:
1371:Old version, no longer maintained:
1158:integrated development environment
649:of the processor, the size of the
25:
4929:
4908:Object-oriented operating systems
4042:
3127:"IBM i and Capability Addressing"
2574:. IBM. 2008-04-02. Archived from
2548:Niccolai, James (April 2, 2008).
2189:Eric J. Wieffering (1992-05-23).
2142:. IBM. 2004-05-04. Archived from
2089:. International Business Machines
1913:Inside the AS/400, Second Edition
1293:of a Unix-like operating system.
1261:User profiles have an associated
616:Private Address Space Environment
593:Extended Control Program Facility
474:Horizontal Licensed Internal Code
470:Horizontal and Vertical Microcode
388:, and the tight integration of a
4866:
4856:
4847:
4846:
4428:
4427:
3296:James Hamilton (December 2017).
2422:"TFH Flashback: The Joy of V3R6"
2250:"Happy 30th Anniversary, IBM i!"
1770:
1752:
1191:, but also provides support for
48:
39:
4749:Programming Development Manager
4018:
3973:
3952:
3928:
3899:
3874:
3849:
3832:"IBM i 7.4 Authorization lists"
3824:
3799:
3771:
3747:
3722:
3693:
3669:
3644:
3620:
3595:
3578:"IBM I Access Client Solutions"
3570:
3545:
3520:
3466:
3441:
3374:
3349:
3324:
3310:
3289:
3268:
3239:
3225:
3182:
3164:
3139:
3118:
3093:
3068:
3047:
3024:
2997:
2970:
2945:
2924:
2899:
2845:
2820:
2798:
2777:
2753:
2728:
2702:
2656:
2631:
2610:
2589:
2564:
2541:
2516:
2495:
2463:
2438:
2413:
2388:
2266:
2241:
2157:
1852:Comparison of operating systems
1832:
1823:
1150:Programming Development Manager
1128:Integrated Language Environment
947:Data Description Specifications
739:Integrated Language Environment
574:
478:Vertical Licensed Internal Code
4843:* Also based on the System/36
3807:"IBM i 7.4 Types of Authority"
3677:"IBM Rational Developer for i"
3007:Exploring IBM AS/400 Computers
2805:Lars Johanneson (2013-09-04).
2075:
2050:
1981:
1956:
1930:
1073:
595:(XPF). These are divided by a
557:Version, Release, Modification
13:
1:
4918:Proprietary operating systems
3628:"eServer iSeries OS/400 PASE"
3190:"IBM i Open Source using yum"
3055:"Planning for IBM PASE for i"
2736:"IBM i: A history in numbers"
2305:Tom Van Looy (January 2009).
2248:Tom Huntington (2018-06-21).
1937:Leif Svalgaard (2003-10-08).
1862:
1794:Old version, still maintained
1015:
917:IBM i features an integrated
835:Application Binary Interfaces
589:System Licensed Internal Code
496:
482:System Licensed Internal Code
4732:Dynamic Logical Partitioning
3333:"Moving from OPNQRYF to SQL"
3253:. 1999-08-03. Archived from
3100:Peter Helgren (2018-10-11).
2807:"Future of Power: IBM Power"
2711:IBM i 6.1 Technical Overview
2395:Dave McKenzie (2004-09-01).
1026:Systems Network Architecture
647:instruction set architecture
631:IBM i Licensed Internal Code
407:IBM AS/400 § Silverlake
7:
4913:Power ISA operating systems
4478:, workstations, and servers
3882:"IBM i 7.4 Security Levels"
3502:Woodie, Alex (2020-06-15).
3075:Erwin Earley (2019-01-16).
2168:. Oxford University Press.
1845:
1789:Old version, not maintained
1233:
1051:-based client that runs on
907:
734:intermediate representation
727:System/38 Machine interface
667:intermediate representation
392:into the operating system.
10:
4934:
4813:3790 Communications System
3651:Alex Woodie (2015-10-14).
3527:Alex Woodie (2020-08-12).
3146:Alex Woodie (2018-10-22).
2952:Alex Woodie (2008-02-26).
2761:"IBM i Technology Refresh"
2638:Alex Woodie (2008-09-23).
2523:Alex Woodie (2017-10-11).
2057:Alex Woodie (2020-05-13).
1366:
1206:
1063:to provide 5250 emulation.
883:
864:PASE is distinct from the
719:Original Machine Interface
597:hardware abstraction layer
457:
404:
395:
263:(TIMI) design philosophies
4841:
4800:
4771:
4690:
4589:
4531:
4503:1500 instructional system
4483:
4425:
4409:
4373:
4350:
4291:
4140:
4112:
3857:"IBM i 7.4 PASE Security"
2932:"IBM i Machine Interface"
2886:"IBM i 7.4 Documentation"
2346:Communications of the ACM
1777:
1687:
1682:
1654:
1425:
1378:
614:(originally known as the
400:
307:
293:
281:
276:Text-based user interface
267:
248:
234:
217:
206:
194:
176:
156:
138:
128:
120:
110:
74:
62:
47:
38:
4862:Minicomputers on Commons
4342:Red Hat Enterprise Linux
4283:Red Hat Enterprise Linux
4132:Red Hat Enterprise Linux
3331:Gene Cobb (March 2008).
3125:Mark Funk (2014-08-04).
3031:Dan Hicks (1998-08-21).
2906:Junlei Li (2013-10-02).
2030:Frank G. Soltis (2001).
1910:Frank G. Soltis (1997).
896:current IBM i versions.
807:Control Program Facility
521:, OS/400 was renamed to
302:Control Program Facility
230:for open source packages
4818:8100 Information System
4579:7330 Magnetic Tape Unit
4476:mini/midrange computers
3041:comp.sys.ibm.as400.misc
1761:Current stable version:
1152:. IBM also provides an
816:
751:
627:IBM i Machine Interface
211:Program temporary fixes
162:7.5 / May 10, 2022
4727:Dealer Business System
4574:1442 card reader/punch
4564:1402 card reader/punch
4498:1442 card reader/punch
4179:DOS/360 and successors
3298:"Four DB2 Code Bases?"
2401:Midrange Archive MI400
1806:Latest preview version
1279:Security Administrator
1213:auxiliary storage pool
1160:(IDE) for IBM i named
881:
787:
765:
635:IBM i Operating System
584:
529:signifying the use of
514:
506:
444:Application System/400
298:System Support Program
144:; 36 years ago
4903:IBM operating systems
4781:ThinkPad Power Series
4754:Quick Response Engine
4191:OS/360 and successors
3603:"IBM Navigator for i"
3419:10.1145/166635.166639
3382:"SQE and CQE engines"
2854:"What Is an iSeries?"
2505:. ibm.com. 2004-05-04
2477:. IBM. Archived from
2470:Denny Insell (2004).
2359:10.1145/226239.226253
1939:"Re: Re: MI emulator"
1334:capability addressing
1135:IBM XL compiler suite
988:A storage engine for
879:
803:System/38 Environment
799:System/36 Environment
778:virtual address space
759:
723:New Machine Interface
653:and the specifics of
582:
512:
504:
164:; 2 years ago
4061:- IBM i news website
3936:"Release life cycle"
3783:IBM Knowledge Center
2717:. IBM. December 2009
1246:), groups (known as
1172:and an IDE based on
967:Classic Query Engine
823:binary compatibility
762:initial program load
687:Everything is a file
565:Technology Refreshes
448:Operating System/400
142:August 26, 1988
4706:RS64 microprocessor
4054:IBM i Documentation
3701:"CODE/400 for OS/2"
2228:conservancy.umn.edu
2036:. System iNetwork.
921:currently known as
919:relational database
913:Database management
893:Advanced 36 Machine
872:Advanced 36 Machine
859:YUM package manager
620:Advanced 36 Machine
608:compatibility layer
544:platform to create
513:Original IBM i logo
454:The move to PowerPC
390:relational database
35:
4872:Servers on Commons
4759:Single-level store
3209:Qshell for iSeries
2858:systeminetwork.com
1256:authorization list
1189:character encoding
1041:terminal emulators
882:
774:single-level store
766:
585:
515:
507:
417:skunkworks project
386:single-level store
33:
4880:
4879:
4767:
4766:
4569:1403 line printer
4508:1627 drum plotter
4493:1132 line printer
4439:
4438:
4102:Operating systems
4028:. IBM. 1991-04-22
4007:. IBM. 1988-11-01
3983:. IBM. 1989-09-05
3962:. IBM. 1990-08-21
3482:Zend Technologies
3407:ACM SIGMOD Record
3278:. IBM. 1988-07-05
3194:IBM i Open Source
3033:"UNIX vs AS/400?"
3017:978-1-885068-19-4
3010:. Maximum Press.
2787:. IBM. 2019-12-18
2620:. IBM. 2008-01-29
2599:. IBM. 2006-01-31
2278:wiki.midrange.com
2059:"Where is IBM i?"
1991:. IBM. 2022-05-03
1819:
1818:
1815:
1275:System Programmer
1178:Microsoft Windows
923:IBM Db2 for IBM i
703:secondary storage
546:IBM Power Systems
382:Machine Interface
348:IBM Power Systems
325:
324:
243:IBM Power Systems
189:enterprise server
185:midrange computer
97:Assembly language
16:(Redirected from
4925:
4870:
4869:
4860:
4859:
4850:
4849:
4722:Control Language
4712:
4711:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4443:
4442:
4431:
4430:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4072:
4071:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4001:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3913:. Archived from
3911:history-computer
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3707:. Archived from
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3632:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3540:
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3518:
3517:
3515:
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3499:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
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3454:
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3438:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3378:
3372:
3371:
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3362:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3337:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3229:
3223:
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3204:
3198:
3197:
3186:
3180:
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3159:
3158:
3143:
3137:
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3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3097:
3091:
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3088:
3087:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2882:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2860:. Archived from
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2828:"IBM PASE for i"
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2781:
2775:
2774:
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2748:
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2732:
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2723:
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2716:
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2679:
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2660:
2654:
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2629:
2628:
2626:
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2608:
2607:
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2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2483:
2476:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2361:
2337:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2225:
2216:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2195:postbulletin.com
2186:
2180:
2179:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2110:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2027:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1907:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1795:
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1785:
1778:
1773:
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1755:
1746:
1732:
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1693:
1676:
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1643:
1626:
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1598:
1584:
1570:
1556:
1542:
1528:
1514:
1500:
1486:
1472:
1458:
1444:
1433:
1419:
1408:
1397:
1386:
1372:
1348:
1347:
1344:Release timeline
1288:
1283:Security Officer
1267:Workstation User
1250:) or all users (
1084:Control Language
999:
975:Query Dispatcher
971:SQL Query Engine
963:query optimizers
956:
952:
939:native interface
795:Control Language
340:operating system
321:
318:
316:
314:
308:Official website
177:Marketing target
172:
170:
165:
152:
150:
145:
52:
43:
36:
32:
30:Operating system
27:Operating system
21:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4837:
4796:
4792:Academic System
4763:
4710:
4686:
4585:
4527:
4479:
4470:
4440:
4435:
4421:
4405:
4369:
4346:
4287:
4136:
4108:
4099:
4065:MC Press Online
4045:
4040:
4031:
4029:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4010:
4008:
4003:
4002:
3995:
3986:
3984:
3979:
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3963:
3958:
3957:
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3905:
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3891:
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3854:
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3829:
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3789:
3777:
3776:
3772:
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3739:
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3728:
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3699:
3698:
3694:
3685:
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3661:
3659:
3649:
3645:
3636:
3634:
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3625:
3621:
3611:
3609:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3586:
3584:
3576:
3575:
3571:
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3559:
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3537:
3535:
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3487:
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3472:
3471:
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3379:
3375:
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3325:
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3300:
3294:
3290:
3281:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3260:
3258:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3205:
3201:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3156:
3154:
3144:
3140:
3131:
3129:
3123:
3119:
3110:
3108:
3106:MC Press Online
3098:
3094:
3085:
3083:
3073:
3069:
3060:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3002:
2998:
2988:
2986:
2975:
2971:
2962:
2960:
2950:
2946:
2937:
2935:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2916:
2914:
2912:MC Press Online
2904:
2900:
2891:
2889:
2884:
2883:
2876:
2867:
2865:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2834:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2812:
2810:
2803:
2799:
2790:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2769:
2767:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2745:
2743:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2695:
2689:
2682:
2673:
2671:
2661:
2657:
2648:
2646:
2636:
2632:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2602:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2581:
2579:
2578:on May 11, 2008
2570:
2569:
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1370:
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1286:
1271:System Operator
1236:
1209:
1187:as the default
1076:
1020:IBM i supports
1018:
997:
954:
950:
915:
910:
888:
886:IBM Advanced/36
874:
819:
790:
754:
643:
577:
561:Version.Release
499:
486:object-oriented
462:
456:
409:
403:
398:
311:
270:
261:Virtual machine
219:Package manager
168:
166:
163:
148:
146:
143:
139:Initial release
58:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4828:IntelliStation
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4785:Predecessors:
4783:
4777:
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4658:Predecessors:
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4069:
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4056:
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4044:
4043:External links
4041:
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3117:
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3016:
2996:
2977:Woodie, Alex.
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2100:
2074:
2049:
2043:978-1583040836
2042:
2001:
1980:
1955:
1945:(Mailing list)
1929:
1923:978-1882419661
1922:
1916:. Duke Press.
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1857:Object (IBM i)
1854:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1831:
1821:
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1817:
1816:
1811:Future release
1809:
1804:
1800:Latest version
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1360:End of Program
1358:
1355:
1352:
1345:
1342:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1248:group profiles
1235:
1232:
1208:
1205:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1017:
1014:
985:respectively.
914:
911:
909:
906:
884:Main article:
873:
870:
818:
815:
789:
786:
753:
750:
707:
706:
675:
642:
639:
637:respectively.
576:
573:
505:IBM i5/OS logo
498:
495:
455:
452:
402:
399:
397:
394:
323:
322:
309:
305:
304:
295:
291:
290:
285:
279:
278:
273:
271:user interface
265:
264:
253:
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236:
232:
231:
221:
215:
214:
208:
204:
203:
198:
192:
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178:
174:
173:
160:
158:Latest release
154:
153:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
78:
72:
71:
66:
60:
59:
53:
45:
44:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4930:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4893:1988 software
4891:
4890:
4888:
4873:
4865:
4863:
4855:
4853:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4831:
4829:
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4824:
4821:
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4803:
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4779:
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4774:
4770:
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4755:
4752:
4750:
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4739:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4683:
4682:Power Systems
4680:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4628:
4625:
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4620:
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4609:
4608:
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4602:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
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4580:
4577:
4575:
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4567:
4565:
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4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
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4544:
4542:
4539:
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4534:
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4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:
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4482:
4477:
4474:
4467:
4462:
4460:
4455:
4453:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4434:
4424:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4352:Point of sale
4349:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4306:
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4302:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4284:
4281:
4279:
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4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
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4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
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4234:
4231:
4229:
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4224:
4221:
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4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
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4182:
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4177:
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4172:
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4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4114:Supercomputer
4111:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4091:
4089:
4084:
4082:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4027:
4021:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3982:
3976:
3961:
3955:
3941:
3937:
3931:
3917:on 2020-08-01
3916:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3760:
3756:
3750:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3711:on 1996-12-25
3710:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3658:
3654:
3647:
3629:
3623:
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3579:
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3548:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3509:
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3479:
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3412:
3408:
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3387:
3383:
3377:
3359:
3352:
3334:
3327:
3319:
3313:
3299:
3292:
3277:
3271:
3257:on 2001-01-10
3256:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3234:
3228:
3220:
3218:1-58347-046-8
3214:
3210:
3203:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3177:
3173:
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3128:
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3019:
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2959:
2955:
2948:
2933:
2927:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2864:on 2012-04-15
2863:
2859:
2855:
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2829:
2823:
2808:
2801:
2786:
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2766:
2762:
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2670:
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2577:
2573:
2567:
2559:
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2552:
2544:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2504:
2498:
2484:on 2022-10-09
2480:
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2391:
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2279:
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2269:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2177:
2175:9780195067545
2171:
2167:
2160:
2146:on 2014-08-08
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2141:
2135:
2120:
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2109:
2107:
2105:
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2064:
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2053:
2045:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1990:
1984:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1906:
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1784:
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1429:
1422:
1415:
1411:
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1400:
1393:
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1365:
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1357:Release date
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1317:
1314:
1311:
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1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:user profiles
1241:
1231:
1229:
1228:volume groups
1225:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1176:which ran on
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1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
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1142:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1129:
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1093:
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1038:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
995:
991:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
965:known as the
964:
960:
948:
944:
940:
935:
932:
928:
924:
920:
905:
903:
897:
894:
887:
878:
869:
867:
862:
860:
856:
851:
848:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
785:
783:
782:HLIC and VLIC
779:
775:
771:
763:
760:IBM i during
758:
749:
747:
746:observability
742:
740:
735:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
712:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
671:ahead-of-time
668:
664:
660:
659:
658:
656:
652:
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