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120:. Pulvinus cells are located at the base or apex of the petiole and the flux of water from the dorsal to ventral motor cells regulates leaf closure. This flux is in response to movement of potassium ions between pulvinus and surrounding tissue. Movement of potassium ions is connected to the concentration of Pfr or Pr. In
159:
Fluorescence studies have shown that the binding sites of leaf opening and closing factors are located on the surface of the motor cell. Shrinking and expansion of the motor cell in response to this chemical signal allows for leaf opening and closure. The binding of leaf opening and closing factors
139:
Leaf movement is also controlled by bioactive substances known as leaf opening or leaf closing factors. Several leaf-opening and leaf-closing factors have been characterized biochemically. These factors differ among plants. Leaf closure and opening is mediated by the relative concentrations of leaf
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in which he considers the predators of herbivores in addition to the plants and herbivores themselves. By moving leaves up or down, herbivores become more visible to nocturnal predators in both a spatial and olfactory sense, increasing herbivore predation and subsequently decreasing damage to a
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to detect red and far red light. Depending on which kind of light is absorbed, the protein can switch between a Pr state that absorbs red light and a Pfr state that absorbs far red light. Red light converts Pr to Pfr and far red light converts Pfr to Pr. Many plants use phytochrome to establish
136:-like structures, rendering the plant incapable of closing its leaflets at night. Non-pulvinar mediated movement is also possible and happens through differential cell division and growth on either side of the petiole, resulting in a bending motion within the leaves to the desired position.
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plant's leaves. Studies using mutant plants with a loss of function gene that results in petiole growth instead of pulvini found that these plants have less biomass and smaller leaf area than the wild type. This indicates nyctinastic movement may be beneficial toward plant growth.
537:
Ueda, Minoru; Asano, Miho; Sawai, Yoshiyuki; Yamamura, Shosuke (April 1999). "Leaf-movement factors of nyctinastic plant, Phyllanthus urinaria L.; the universal mechanism for the regulation of nyctinastic leaf-movement".
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Sugimoto, Takanori; Wada, Yoko; Yamamura, Shosuke; Ueda, Minoru (December 2001). "Fluorescence study on the nyctinasty of Cassia mimosoides L. using novel fluorescence-labeled probe compounds".
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due to the plant being able to reduce its surface area during night time, which can lead to better temperature retention and also reduces night-time herbivory. Minorsky specifically suggests a
140:
opening and closing factors in a plant. Either the leaf opening or closing factor is a glycoside, which is inactivated by hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond via beta glucosidase. In
79:
nyctinasty, it is a crucial mechanism for survival; however, most plants do not exhibit any nyctinastic movements. Nyctinasty is found in a range of plant species and across
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The functions of nyctinastic movement have yet to be conclusively identified, although several have been proposed. Minorsky hypothesized that nyctinastic behaviors are
162:
475:
Ohnuki, Takashi; Ueda, Minoru; Yamamura, Shosuke (October 1998). "Molecular mechanism of the control of nyctinastic leaf-movement in
Lespedeza cuneata G. Don".
678:"Identification and characterization of petiolule- like pulvinus mutants with abolished nyctinastic leaf movement in the model legume Medicago truncatula"
156:, leaf closing factor Phyllanthurinolactone is hydrolyzed to its aglycon during the day. Beta glucosidase activity is regulated via circadian rhythms.
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circadian cycles which influence the opening and closing of leaves associated with nyctastic movements. Anatomically, the movements are mediated by
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Zhou, Chuanen; Han, Lu; Fu, Chunxiang; Chai, Maofeng; Zhang, Wenzheng; Li, Guifen; Tang, Yuhong; Wang, Zeng-Yu (October 2012).
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Chronomics and
Continuous Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring: Vascular Chronomics: From 7-Day/24-Hour to Lifelong Monitoring
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335:"Phytochrome-controlled Nyctinasty in Albizzia julibrissin: V. Evidence against Acetylcholine Participation"
126:, longer darker periods, leading to low Pfr, result in a faster leaf opening. In the SLEEPLESS mutation of
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in response to the onset of darkness, or a plant "sleeping". Nyctinastic movements are associated with
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Ueda, Minoru; Yamamura, Shosuke (17 April 2000). "Chemistry and
Biology of Plant Leaf Movements".
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262:(1729) proposed that this was the plants sleeping, but this idea has been widely contested.
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The earliest recorded observation of this behavior in plants dates back to 324 BC when
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Lattanzio, Vincenzo; Escribano-Bailon, Maria Teresa; Santos-Buelga, Celestino (2010).
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Kawaguchi M (2003). "SLEEPLESS, a gene conferring nyctinastic movement in legume".
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environments, suggesting that this singular behavior may serve a variety of
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believed that nyctinasty exists to reduce the risk of plants freezing.
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insects are inactive. Conversely, some flowers that are pollinated by
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Wetherell, D. F. (1990). "Leaf movements in plants without pulvini".
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Ueda M, Nakamura Y (2007). "Chemical basis of plant leaf movement".
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Satter, R. L.; Applewhite, P. B.; Galston, A. W. (1 October 1972).
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of a flower at dusk and the sleep movements of the leaves of many
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the leaf opening factor, potassium lespedezate, is hydrolyzed to
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226:, keeping pollen dry and intact during the nighttime when most
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Movements of higher plants in response to the onset of darkness
619:"The functions of foliar nyctinasty: a review and hypothesis"
284:"The functions of foliar nyctinasty: a review and hypothesis"
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Why do poppy flowers open in the morning and close at night?
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is specific to related plants. The leaf movement factor of
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Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
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254:, noted the opening and closing of
23:Illustration of sleep movements in
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756:Otsuka, Kuniaki (18 March 2016).
725:Why Do Flowers Close Up at Night?
617:Minorsky, Peter V. (2018-07-11).
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282:Minorsky, Peter V. (July 2018).
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176:. The leaf movement factor of
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148:4 hydroxy phenyl pyruvic acid
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596:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
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760:. Springer. pp. ix.
396:10.1007/s10265-003-0079-5
182:Chamaecrista mimosoides
163:Chamaecrista mimosoides
248:Androsthenes of Thasos
71:and controlled by the
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210:Tritrophic Hypothesis
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793:at Wikimedia Commons
153:Phyllanthus urinaria
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483:(40): 12173–12184.
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178:Albizia julibrissin
173:Albizia julibrissin
123:Albizia julibrissin
69:temperature changes
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442:Plant Cell Physiol
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39:(1880)
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232:moths
150:. In
85:mesic
81:xeric
762:ISBN
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641:ISSN
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