223:
817:
Yukulta also has another sort of pronoun—bound pronouns—which occur as part of the clitic complex. Unlike free pronouns, bound pronouns do not consist of a stem and inflectional endings—each case form is separate. The form depends on a number of considerations, including the number of the subject of
784:
A Yukulta free pronoun consists of a root, case suffix, and possibly an inclusivity marker and/or a marker to distinguish between dual and plural (singular and exclusive are unmarked characteristics). Free pronouns have a different case-system than nominals, with intransitive and transitive subjects
835:
All
Yukulta verbs are either transitive or intransitive, with each group having a different conjugation pattern. The intransitive groups can be split into purely intransitive verbs and semi-transitive verbs, which take a dative object and an absolutive subject. There are three moods: indicative,
700:
All
Yukulta nouns and adjectives consist of a root and an inflectional ending. Nouns and the adjectives that go along with them have to agree in their endings. Yukulta nominals can take five case-endings: absolutive, ergative/locative, dative, ablative and allative. As in Kayardild, each
826:
The clitic complex attaches to the first constituent of every
Yukulta sentence that does not "emphasize a permanent, timeless state of affairs." It consists of bound pronouns corresponding to each party involved in the action, a transitivity marker, and a tense-aspect marker.
857:
Some types of subordinate clauses in
Yukulta, such as conditional clauses ("if...") and reason clauses ("because...") are simply marked by a clitic attaching to the first constituent. For clauses of time and relative clauses, Yukulta uses the clitic
746:
In addition to the inflectional endings that
Yukulta nominals can take, there are a few important derivational affixes that occur between the root and the inflectional ending. Like the inflectional endings, each has a few different allomorphs.
701:
morphological ending can be realized as various allomorphs, depending on the phonological environment. There can be many versions of any given morpheme. The absolutive marker, for instance, can be realized as any of eight allomorphs.
1047:
964:
917:
188:
836:
imperative and desiderative. There is a further distinction within the imperative mood between imperative and hortatory, and within the desiderative mood between intent and desire.
3042:
1084:
687:
There are many different rules governing what happens to each
Yukulta phoneme in any given environment, so most morphemes have at least two allomorphs.
3035:
5278:
3028:
1077:
1043:
5283:
4950:
981:
1070:
245:
5102:
5062:
1913:
3191:
3149:
1785:
1052:
4930:
2759:
91:
17:
5146:
4990:
3970:
3926:
3252:
3051:
2173:
235:
5273:
5055:
5017:
3225:
5141:
5128:
5008:
979:; Voegelin, Carl F.; Vogelin, Florence M. (1966). "Languages of the world : Indo-Pacific Fascicle Six".
386:
see
Yukulta and Nguburinji as dialects of the same language. Nguburinji is known only through a word list by
4906:
4378:
3731:
3309:
1290:
209:
676:
672:
668:
593:
588:
574:
569:
549:
544:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
5136:
5042:
4965:
4881:
4600:
4055:
2771:
1485:
1056:
5268:
5107:
4944:
3933:
3877:
3064:
2665:
2464:
2320:
2308:
2123:
1821:
1488:
1457:
1093:
931:
4955:
1936:
1764:
1375:
379:
4979:
4794:
3611:
3511:
3491:
3451:
3338:
3323:
3201:
3126:
2731:
1693:
1566:
1442:
1280:
1139:
1124:
709:. The subject of an intransitive verb or the direct object of a transitive verb takes this ending.
5227:
4587:
4402:
4177:
3790:
3196:
2522:
2494:
1642:
1318:
1275:
1208:
3020:
4595:
4564:
4531:
4498:
4226:
3762:
3631:
3315:
3088:
2695:
2685:
2016:
2001:
1955:
1883:
1841:
849:
Yukulta word order is very free, in large part due to its relatively high level of inflection.
5151:
716:. The subject of a transitive verb or the place where something takes place takes this ending.
5239:
3706:
3699:
3687:
3542:
3518:
2905:
2598:
2585:
2397:
2214:
1973:
1390:
1270:
1218:
975:
581:
4083:
2793:
5221:
5096:
4973:
4920:
4764:
4700:
4554:
4549:
4521:
4516:
4508:
4275:
4065:
3656:
3160:
3154:
2926:
2834:
2780:
2634:
2570:
2433:
2282:
2254:
2249:
2064:
1993:
1978:
1908:
1903:
1893:
1888:
1878:
1846:
1759:
1665:
1650:
1599:
1594:
1584:
1411:
1380:
1228:
1223:
408:
373:
960:
913:
200:
194:
8:
5179:
4938:
4914:
4870:
4799:
4733:
4723:
4539:
4485:
4462:
4348:
4220:
4205:
4183:
4126:
4109:
3820:
3797:
3548:
3462:
3288:
3186:
3109:
3098:
3093:
3055:
2900:
2890:
2880:
2824:
2710:
2575:
2428:
2405:
2382:
2239:
1931:
1833:
1746:
1706:
1673:
1609:
1589:
1500:
1328:
1254:
1134:
1129:
976:
450:
369:
365:
315:
1001:
4889:
4747:
4695:
4682:
4645:
4493:
4452:
4431:
4295:
4210:
4078:
4044:
4013:
4002:
3939:
3921:
3893:
3769:
3555:
3478:
3434:
3294:
3281:
3132:
2996:
2968:
2958:
2885:
2798:
2614:
2410:
2351:
2343:
2328:
2305:
2272:
2196:
2186:
2163:
2092:
2087:
2006:
1968:
1898:
1818:
1754:
1731:
1726:
1716:
1683:
1678:
1574:
1518:
1462:
1421:
1349:
1303:
1298:
1233:
1159:
445:
425:
345:
307:
3753:
2677:
179:
172:
5071:
4984:
4855:
4835:
4779:
4753:
4741:
4710:
4655:
4572:
4457:
4415:
4281:
4254:
4241:
4161:
4024:
3984:
3953:
3948:
3882:
3872:
3603:
3596:
3590:
3563:
3485:
3427:
3361:
3329:
3301:
3167:
2983:
2950:
2931:
2921:
2870:
2860:
2629:
2517:
2512:
2504:
2461:
2420:
2333:
2277:
2264:
2244:
2224:
2181:
2143:
2120:
2074:
2051:
2031:
2021:
1963:
1862:
1856:
1701:
1556:
1551:
1513:
1437:
1416:
1385:
1323:
1249:
1203:
1144:
556:
457:
435:
413:
364:
means "person" in all four languages). These languages were classified as
Tangkic by
357:
341:
299:
156:
97:
241:
5049:
5026:
4830:
4668:
4663:
4640:
4632:
4622:
4614:
4544:
4387:
4364:
4310:
4259:
4245:
4188:
4088:
4073:
3848:
3842:
3833:
3806:
3668:
3644:
3617:
3471:
3392:
3385:
2936:
2875:
2803:
2788:
2705:
2555:
2550:
2540:
2532:
2489:
2387:
2361:
2229:
2209:
2204:
2158:
2148:
2097:
2082:
2059:
2041:
1721:
1632:
1627:
1541:
1523:
1508:
1452:
1370:
1365:
1344:
1213:
1154:
1149:
531:
440:
418:
353:
5161:
4895:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4718:
4392:
4215:
4156:
4150:
4038:
4032:
3992:
3813:
3783:
3776:
3680:
3624:
3525:
3442:
3401:
3349:
3276:
3271:
3258:
3244:
3140:
3103:
3001:
2991:
2963:
2895:
2865:
2855:
2736:
2715:
2700:
2690:
2619:
2565:
2545:
2484:
2438:
2369:
2234:
2219:
2153:
2135:
2036:
2011:
1923:
1870:
1795:
1780:
1736:
1711:
1655:
1622:
1533:
1447:
1308:
1185:
1169:
1164:
1106:
430:
349:
83:
607:
It is not clear if the two rhotics are trill and flap, or flap and approximant.
222:
214:
5174:
5169:
4784:
4476:
4436:
4343:
4315:
4120:
4114:
4104:
3902:
3887:
3724:
3419:
3231:
2839:
2829:
2819:
2641:
2476:
1790:
1617:
1579:
1406:
891:
877:
5262:
5216:
5188:
4860:
4690:
4577:
4325:
4320:
3412:
3373:
3264:
2026:
1983:
1546:
1195:
723:. Indirect objects and the objects of semi-transitive verbs take this ending.
625:
390:(1897), which shares 90 per cent of its vocabulary with present-day Yukulta.
4789:
151:
144:
5211:
1062:
770:, the privative marker, denotes the absence of association or possession.
637:
620:
387:
383:
5233:
1003:
Ethnological
Studies Among the North-west-central Queensland Aborigines
894:
882:
652:
630:
494:
329:
303:
62:
48:
5184:
5077:
1048:
Australian
Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
965:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
918:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
360:
and adjoining mainland. The languages are mutually intelligible, and
165:
135:
5194:
5113:
737:. An item toward or to which motion is happening takes this ending.
253:
5035:
3050:
314:
people, whose traditional lands lie on the southern coast of the
311:
249:
58:
818:
a verb, and the number, person, and exclusivity of the subject.
730:. An item away from which motion is happening takes this ending.
328:) is regarded as a dialect of the same language, spoken by the
667:
Yukulta has three vowels, each with a long and short variant:
3996:
963:
Nguburinji at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
916:
Ganggalida at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
252:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
892:
Nyangga/Yangkaal (two different languages covered by at
1044:
Bibliography of Yukulta people and language resources
1059:. Digital story discussing the Ganggalida language.
5260:
932:"Language of the Week: Week Seventeen - Yukulta"
920: (see the info box for additional links)
3036:
1078:
764:, the comitative marker, denotes association.
1006:. Brisbane: E. Gregory, Government Printer.
862:along with the rest of the clitic complex.
789:ending, semi-transitive objects taking the
3043:
3029:
1092:
1085:
1071:
758:, the genitive markers, denote possession.
712:The canonical ergative/locative marker is
221:
2304:
1817:
909:
907:
2460:
2119:
1484:
2758:
741:
246:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
227:Traditional lands of the Yukulta people
14:
5261:
2663:
904:
852:
27:Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
3024:
2757:
2662:
2459:
2303:
2118:
1816:
1483:
1104:
1066:
956:
954:
952:
929:
159:(two different languages covered by )
1053:Lila Pigliafiori-Baker digital story
1016:
999:
1105:
705:The canonical absolutive marker is
24:
949:
871:
785:and transitive objects taking the
310:, Australia. It was spoken by the
25:
5295:
1037:
821:
812:
733:The canonical allative marker is
726:The canonical ablative marker is
335:
930:Crump, Des (21 September 2020).
779:
5279:Extinct languages of Queensland
5147:South Australian Pidgin English
719:The canonical dative marker is
5284:Languages extinct in the 2000s
1010:
993:
969:
923:
13:
1:
5142:Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
865:
844:
695:
682:
398:
4517:Malak-Malak (Nguluk Wanggar)
393:
7:
5137:Port Jackson Pidgin English
4499:Pungu Pungu (Kandjerramalh)
1057:State Library of Queensland
982:Anthropological Linguistics
936:State Library Of Queensland
774:
690:
340:Yukulta is a member of the
332:people. It is now extinct.
10:
5300:
4276:Kungarakany (Koongurrukuñ)
74:1 full speaker (2007)
5204:
5160:
5127:
5087:
5025:
5016:
5003:
4964:
4929:
4905:
4880:
4869:
4848:
4808:
4772:
4763:
4732:
4709:
4681:
4654:
4631:
4613:
4586:
4563:
4530:
4507:
4484:
4475:
4445:
4424:
4411:
4401:
4377:
4357:
4337:Eastern (Goulburn Island)
4336:
4303:
4294:
4268:
4240:
4198:
4170:
4143:
4136:
4097:
4064:
4054:
4023:
3983:
3966:
3911:
3865:
3832:
3752:
3745:
3719:
3700:Wilson River (Wangkumara)
3643:
3583:
3576:
3535:
3504:Yimidhirr–Yalanji–Yidinic
3503:
3461:
3348:
3243:
3221:
3214:
3179:
3119:
3081:
3074:
3063:
2982:
2949:
2914:
2848:
2812:
2779:
2770:
2766:
2753:
2724:
2676:
2672:
2658:
2607:
2531:
2503:
2475:
2471:
2455:
2419:
2396:
2360:
2342:
2319:
2315:
2299:
2263:
2195:
2172:
2134:
2130:
2114:
2073:
2050:
1992:
1954:
1922:
1869:
1855:
1832:
1828:
1812:
1773:
1745:
1692:
1664:
1641:
1608:
1565:
1532:
1499:
1495:
1479:
1430:
1399:
1358:
1337:
1289:
1263:
1242:
1194:
1178:
1117:
1113:
1100:
839:
610:
417:
412:
407:
405:
232:
220:
208:
187:
163:
133:
128:
113:
80:
68:
54:
44:
39:
34:
4573:Matngele (Werret/Dakayu)
4047:(Kurnindirri, southwest)
1000:Roth, Walter E. (1897).
830:
4416:Gulumoerrgin (Larrakia)
3150:Central New South Wales
900:(subscription required)
888:(subscription required)
358:North Wellesley Islands
148: – Ganggalida
4896:Southwestern Tasmanian
4890:Northwestern Tasmanian
4180:(Kunwinjku, Gunwinggu)
4010:(Ganggalida, Nyangga)
2624:old Wangkumara/Garlali
2593:new Wangkumara/Garlali
1094:Pama–Nyungan languages
342:Tangkic language group
234:This article contains
5274:North West Queensland
4494:Batjamalh (Wadjiginy)
4486:Wagaydyic (Anson Bay)
4477:Daly River Sprachbund
3707:Bulloo River (Galali)
3226:Western Torres Strait
3052:Australian Aboriginal
1914:Woiwurrung–Taungurung
1017:Keen, Sandra (1983).
155: – Nyangga/
5097:Torres Strait Creole
5009:Aboriginal Englishes
4773:Western (Nyulnyulic)
3669:Arabana–Wangkangurru
3141:Anewan (Nganyaywana)
2974:Gangalidda (Yukulta)
977:O'Grady, Geoffrey N.
742:Derivational endings
286:, and also known as
5034:Roper River Kriol (
4985:Southeast Tasmanian
4874:family-level groups
3120:New South Wales P–N
2760:Macro-Pama–Nyungan?
853:Subordinate clauses
793:ending, as well as
316:Gulf of Carpentaria
302:language spoken in
4951:Lhotsky/Blackhouse
4915:Northern Tasmanian
4137:Gunwinyguan proper
3971:Proto-Pama–Nyungan
3834:Ngarna/Warluwarric
3584:Arandic–Thura–Yura
3408:Guwa–Yanda ?
2225:Ngarluma-Kariyarra
308:Northern Territory
198: Ganggalida,
92:Macro-Pama–Nyungan
5269:Tangkic languages
5256:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5123:
5122:
5072:Mornington Island
5048:Kimberley Kriol (
4999:
4998:
4945:Tyerrernotepanner
4844:
4843:
4677:
4676:
4609:
4608:
4471:
4470:
4373:
4372:
4304:Central (Warrkbi)
4290:
4289:
4236:
4235:
4056:Macro-Gunwinyguan
3979:
3978:
3962:
3961:
3927:Kanyara–Mantharta
3741:
3740:
3652:Northern (Palku)
3572:
3571:
3386:Bidyara–Gungabula
3210:
3209:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3009:
2945:
2944:
2813:Mangarrayi-Marran
2772:Macro-Gunwinyguan
2749:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2174:Kanyara–Mantharta
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
1950:
1949:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1458:Mbariman-Gudhinma
898:(18th ed., 2015)
886:(18th ed., 2015)
665:
664:
605:
604:
260:
259:
242:rendering support
238:phonetic symbols.
176: Ganggalida
16:(Redirected from
5291:
5103:Cape York Creole
5061:Westside Kriol (
5027:Australian Kriol
5023:
5022:
5014:
5013:
4878:
4877:
4809:Eastern (Dyukun)
4770:
4769:
4629:
4628:
4482:
4481:
4425:Limilngan–Wulna?
4409:
4408:
4301:
4300:
4141:
4140:
4062:
4061:
3750:
3749:
3581:
3580:
3512:Guugu Yimidihirr
3219:
3218:
3079:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3022:
3021:
2777:
2776:
2768:
2767:
2755:
2754:
2674:
2673:
2660:
2659:
2473:
2472:
2457:
2456:
2317:
2316:
2301:
2300:
2132:
2131:
2116:
2115:
1941:Kuurn Kopan Noot
1937:Dhauwurd Wurrung
1867:
1866:
1830:
1829:
1814:
1813:
1765:Pallanganmiddang
1497:
1496:
1481:
1480:
1376:Aghu Tharrnggala
1115:
1114:
1102:
1101:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1064:
1063:
1023:
1022:
1014:
1008:
1007:
997:
991:
990:
973:
967:
958:
947:
946:
944:
942:
927:
921:
911:
902:
901:
889:
875:
678:
674:
670:
615:
614:
595:
590:
576:
571:
551:
546:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
403:
402:
366:Geoffrey O'Grady
264:Yukulta language
225:
204: Nguburinji
203:
197:
182:
175:
154:
147:
138:
86:
76:51-250 (2018-19)
32:
31:
21:
18:Nyangga language
5299:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5248:
5200:
5162:Mixed languages
5156:
5152:Pidgin Ngarluma
5119:
5089:
5083:
5041:Bamyili Kriol (
5007:
5005:
5004:New Indigenous
4995:
4980:Little Swanport
4960:
4947:(North Midland)
4925:
4901:
4898:(Toogee) ?
4873:
4865:
4840:
4804:
4795:Djabirr-Djabirr
4759:
4728:
4705:
4673:
4650:
4627:
4605:
4601:Ngan’gityemerri
4582:
4559:
4526:
4503:
4467:
4441:
4420:
4397:
4369:
4353:
4332:
4286:
4264:
4232:
4229:(Enindhilyagwa)
4194:
4166:
4132:
4093:
4050:
4035:(Garrwa, north)
4019:
3975:
3958:
3907:
3861:
3828:
3737:
3715:
3639:
3568:
3531:
3499:
3457:
3344:
3339:Flinders Island
3310:Southwest Paman
3239:
3206:
3175:
3115:
3067:
3059:
3049:
3019:
3006:
2978:
2941:
2910:
2844:
2808:
2762:
2741:
2720:
2668:
2646:
2603:
2580:Wangka-Yutjurru
2527:
2499:
2467:
2443:
2415:
2392:
2356:
2338:
2311:
2287:
2259:
2191:
2168:
2126:
2102:
2069:
2046:
1988:
1946:
1918:
1884:Dja Dja Wurrung
1865:
1851:
1824:
1800:
1769:
1741:
1688:
1660:
1637:
1604:
1561:
1528:
1491:
1467:
1443:Flinders Island
1426:
1395:
1354:
1333:
1285:
1281:Guugu Yimidhirr
1259:
1238:
1190:
1174:
1140:Arritinngithigh
1125:Adithinngithigh
1109:
1107:Paman languages
1096:
1091:
1040:
1026:
1015:
1011:
998:
994:
974:
970:
959:
950:
940:
938:
928:
924:
912:
905:
899:
890:
887:
876:
872:
868:
855:
847:
842:
833:
824:
815:
782:
777:
744:
698:
693:
685:
613:
401:
396:
356:, all from the
338:
240:Without proper
228:
199:
193:
183: Yangkaal
178:
177:
171:
150:
149:
143:
142:
134:
109:
87:
84:Language family
82:
75:
71:
70:Native speakers
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5297:
5287:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5246:
5245:Murdi Language
5243:
5237:
5231:
5225:
5219:
5214:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5192:
5182:
5177:
5175:Gurindji Kriol
5172:
5170:Light Warlpiri
5166:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5133:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5111:
5108:Lockhart River
5105:
5100:
5093:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5075:
5069:
5066:
5063:Victoria River
5059:
5053:
5050:Fitzroy Valley
5046:
5039:
5031:
5029:
5020:
5011:
5006:languages and
5001:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4982:
4977:
4970:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4942:
4941:(Northeastern)
4935:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4911:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4893:
4886:
4884:
4875:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4776:
4774:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4751:
4745:
4738:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4715:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4687:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4660:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4637:
4635:
4626:
4625:
4619:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4592:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4569:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4555:Marramaninjsji
4552:
4547:
4542:
4536:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4513:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4490:
4488:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4412:
4406:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4384:
4382:
4379:Marrku–Wurrugu
4375:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4313:
4307:
4305:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4272:
4270:
4269:Other isolates
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4224:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4186:
4181:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4147:
4145:
4138:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4124:
4118:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4059:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4042:
4041:(Wanji, south)
4036:
4029:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4011:
4005:
4000:
3989:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3915:
3913:
3912:South-West P–N
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3890:
3885:
3875:
3869:
3867:
3866:Desert Nyungic
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3846:
3838:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3810:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3794:
3784:Dhuwal–Dhuwala
3780:
3773:
3766:
3758:
3756:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3728:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3703:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3684:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3649:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3600:
3587:
3585:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3552:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3492:Lower Burdekin
3482:
3475:
3467:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3452:Lower Burdekin
3449:
3448:
3447:
3439:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3416:
3406:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3389:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3354:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3324:Southern Paman
3321:
3320:
3319:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3302:Mbarrumbathama
3298:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3253:Northern Paman
3249:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3232:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
3222:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3137:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3061:
3060:
3048:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3025:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2955:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2774:
2764:
2763:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2732:Lower Burdekin
2728:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2670:
2669:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2523:Lower Arrernte
2520:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2495:Western Desert
2492:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2469:
2468:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2313:
2312:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2128:
2127:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2056:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1861:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1826:
1825:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1791:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
1788:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1493:
1492:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1319:Kuuk Thaayorre
1316:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1111:
1110:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1050:
1039:
1038:External links
1036:
1035:
1034:
1029:Keen, Sandra.
1025:
1024:
1021:. p. 221.
1009:
992:
968:
948:
922:
903:
869:
867:
864:
854:
851:
846:
843:
841:
838:
832:
829:
823:
822:Clitic complex
820:
814:
813:Bound pronouns
811:
781:
778:
776:
773:
772:
771:
765:
759:
743:
740:
739:
738:
731:
724:
717:
710:
697:
694:
692:
689:
684:
681:
663:
662:
660:
657:
655:
649:
648:
645:
643:
640:
634:
633:
628:
623:
618:
612:
609:
603:
602:
600:
598:
596:
591:
586:
584:
578:
577:
572:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
553:
552:
547:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
528:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
491:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
454:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
422:
421:
416:
411:
406:
400:
397:
395:
392:
380:Nicholas Evans
337:
336:Classification
334:
258:
257:
244:, you may see
230:
229:
226:
218:
217:
212:
206:
205:
191:
185:
184:
169:
161:
160:
139:
131:
130:
129:Language codes
126:
125:
124:
123:
120:
115:
111:
110:
108:
107:
106:
105:
90:
88:
81:
78:
77:
72:
69:
66:
65:
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5296:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5235:
5232:
5229:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5217:Nunga English
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5189:Tennant Creek
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5126:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5088:Northeastern
5086:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5064:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5051:
5047:
5044:
5040:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5002:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:(Paredarerme)
4975:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4922:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4596:Murrinh-patha
4594:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4588:Southern Daly
4585:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4509:Northern Daly
4506:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4403:Darwin Region
4400:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4178:Bininj Kunwok
4176:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3901:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3791:Djambarrpuyŋu
3788:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3634:
3633:
3632:Adnyamathanha
3629:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3450:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3393:Margany–Gunya
3390:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3316:Kuuk Thayorre
3313:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3197:Gumbaynggiric
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:Victorian P–N
3080:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3034:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2657:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2002:Adnyamathanha
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1842:Yabula-Yabula
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1643:Gumbaynggiric
1640:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1590:Gureng Gureng
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1276:Gugu Yalandyi
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1005:
1004:
996:
988:
984:
983:
978:
972:
966:
962:
957:
955:
953:
937:
933:
926:
919:
915:
910:
908:
897:
896:
885:
884:
879:
874:
870:
863:
861:
850:
837:
828:
819:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
780:Free pronouns
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
753:
750:
749:
748:
736:
732:
729:
725:
722:
718:
715:
711:
708:
704:
703:
702:
688:
680:
661:
658:
656:
654:
651:
650:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
616:
608:
601:
599:
597:
592:
587:
585:
583:
580:
579:
573:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
555:
554:
548:
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
530:
529:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
496:
493:
492:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
459:
456:
455:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
423:
420:
415:
410:
404:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
344:, along with
343:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
266:, also spelt
265:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
237:
231:
224:
219:
216:
213:
211:
207:
202:
196:
192:
190:
186:
181:
174:
170:
168:
167:
162:
158:
153:
146:
140:
137:
132:
127:
121:
118:
117:
116:
112:
104:
101:
100:
99:
96:
95:
93:
89:
85:
79:
73:
67:
64:
60:
57:
53:
50:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5068:Barkly Kriol
4991:Bruny Island
4931:Northeastern
4917:(Tommeginne)
4701:Gajirrawoong
4565:Eastern Daly
4532:Western Daly
4227:Anindilyakwa
4007:
3938:
3934:Kartu–Nhanda
3892:
3878:Ngumpin–Yapa
3841:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3730:
3723:
3705:
3698:
3688:Yandruwandha
3686:
3679:
3667:
3655:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3602:
3595:
3554:
3547:
3524:
3519:Kuku Yalanji
3517:
3510:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3441:
3433:
3418:
3411:
3400:
3391:
3384:
3372:
3360:
3337:
3328:
3314:
3300:
3293:
3282:Umbindhamuic
3272:Middle Paman
3257:
3230:
3192:Bandjalangic
3166:
3159:
3139:
3131:
3108:
3089:Lower Murray
3075:Southeastern
3065:Pama–Nyungan
2973:
2906:Anindilyakwa
2666:Pama–Nyungan
2620:Bulloo River
2599:Yandruwandha
2586:Wilson River
2465:Pama–Nyungan
2377:Yindjilandji
2321:Ngumpin–Yapa
2309:Pama–Nyungan
2250:Yindjibarndi
2215:Martuthunira
2124:Pama–Nyungan
1956:Lower Murray
1822:Pama–Nyungan
1489:Pama–Nyungan
1271:Barrow Point
1030:
1018:
1012:
1002:
995:
986:
980:
971:
939:. Retrieved
935:
925:
893:
881:
873:
859:
856:
848:
834:
825:
816:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
783:
767:
761:
755:
751:
745:
734:
727:
720:
713:
706:
699:
686:
666:
606:
378:
374:Flo Voegelin
361:
339:
325:
321:
320:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
261:
233:
164:
102:
29:
5212:Neo-Nyungar
5185:Wumpurrarni
5180:Modern Tiwi
5099:(Yumplatok)
4921:Port Sorell
4892:(Peerapper)
4550:Marrithiyel
4545:Merranunggu
4540:Marri Ngarr
4316:Garig–Ilgar
3995:(register:
3821:Ganhalpuyŋu
3763:Dhaŋu–Djaŋu
3657:Pitta-Pitta
3543:Kalkatungic
3180:North Coast
3161:Barranbinja
2927:Kungarakany
2849:Gunwinyguan
2835:Warndarrang
2635:Barranbinja
2571:Pitta Pitta
2434:Mayi-Kutuna
2398:Kalkatungic
2283:Nyangumarta
2255:Yinhawangka
2065:Ngadjunmaya
1979:Yitha-Yitha
1909:Wemba Wemba
1894:Madhi-Madhi
1889:Ledji-Ledji
1760:Gunaikurnai
1651:Kumbainggar
1412:Mbara-Yanga
1381:Ikarranggal
1229:Wik-Ngathan
1224:Wik-Mungkan
1209:Kugu-Muminh
989:(2): 1–197.
941:14 December
795:benefactive
582:Approximant
388:Walter Roth
384:Gavan Breen
288:Ganggalidda
248:instead of
122:Nguburindi†
5263:Categories
5056:Daly River
4987:(Nuenonne)
4974:Oyster Bay
4939:Pyemmairre
4800:Nimanburru
4765:Nyulnyulan
4744:(Northern)
4724:Gooniyandi
4463:Bugurnidja
4446:Umbugarlic
4349:Manangkari
4221:Nunggubuyu
4206:Rembarrnga
4191:(Ngalkbun)
4184:Kunbarlang
4127:Mangarrayi
4110:Warndarang
4066:Maningrida
3612:Thura–Yura
3549:Kalkatungu
3202:Waka–Kabic
3155:Wiradhuric
3127:Yuin–Kuric
3110:Bungandidj
2901:Nunggubuyu
2891:Rembarrnga
2881:Kunbarlang
2825:Mangarrayi
2781:Maningrida
2590:Bundhamara
2576:Wanggamala
2560:Yarluyandi
2429:Mayi-Kulan
2406:Kalkatungu
2383:Warluwarra
2362:Warluwaric
2240:Nyiyaparli
1994:Thura-Yura
1932:Bungandidj
1904:Wathaurong
1786:Bandjalang
1707:Darkinjung
1694:Yuin–Kuric
1674:Gamilaraay
1666:Wiradhuric
1567:Waka–Kabic
1463:Umbindhamu
1329:Yir-Yoront
1313:Ogh-Undjan
1255:Morrobolam
1135:Anguthimri
1130:Andjingith
895:Ethnologue
883:Ethnologue
878:Ganggalida
866:References
845:Word order
787:nominative
696:Inflection
683:Morphology
409:Peripheral
399:Consonants
330:Nguburinji
326:Ngubirindi
322:Nguburinji
304:Queensland
296:Ganggalida
292:Kangkalita
215:Ganggalida
63:Nguburinji
49:Queensland
40:Ganggalida
5240:Cherbourg
5187:English (
5078:Kowanyama
4871:Tasmanian
4756:(Western)
4750:(Eastern)
4748:Ngarinyin
4734:Worrorran
4696:Miriwoong
4646:Jaminjung
4453:Umbugarla
4432:Limilngan
4242:Yangmanic
4211:Ngalakgan
4084:Ndjébbana
4079:Gurr-goni
4045:Gunindiri
4014:Mingginda
4003:Kayardild
3940:Yinggarda
3894:Warumungu
3798:Gupapuyŋu
3770:Ritharrŋu
3732:Paakantyi
3556:Yalarnnga
3479:Warrgamay
3463:Dyirbalic
3435:Dharumbal
3381:Southern
3357:Northern
3295:Umbuygamu
3289:Lamalamic
3187:Durubalic
3133:Dhanggati
3099:Gippsland
3094:Yotayotic
3068:subgroups
3058:languages
3056:Tasmanian
2997:Gunindiri
2959:Kayardild
2886:Ngalakgan
2871:Kunwinjku
2799:Gurr-goni
2794:Ndjébbana
2711:Ritharrŋu
2615:Baagandji
2411:Yalarnnga
2352:Warumungu
2344:Warumungu
2273:Karajarri
2187:Mantharta
2164:Yinggarda
2093:Natingero
2088:Kalaamaya
2007:Barngarla
1969:Ngayawung
1899:Wadi-Wadi
1863:Kolakngat
1834:Yotayotic
1755:Dhudhuroa
1747:Gippsland
1727:Ngunnawal
1717:Dhanggati
1684:Wiradjuri
1679:Ngiyambaa
1610:Durubalic
1585:Gabi-Gabi
1575:Barunggam
1519:Warrgamay
1501:Dyirbalic
1422:Walangama
1304:Kok Thawa
1299:Koko-Bera
1291:Southwest
1243:Lamalamic
1234:Wik-Ompom
1219:Wik-Me'nh
1179:Northeast
1160:Ndrangith
1046:, at the
809:endings.
791:objective
451:Retroflex
394:Phonology
346:Kayardild
166:Glottolog
136:ISO 639-3
55:Ethnicity
5195:Alyawarr
5114:Napranum
4907:Northern
4856:Giimbiyu
4849:isolates
4836:Ngumbarl
4780:Nyulnyul
4754:Worrorra
4742:Wunambal
4683:Jarrakan
4522:Tyerraty
4458:Ngurmbur
4358:Southern
4296:Iwaidjan
4282:Gaagudju
4255:Wardaman
4162:Uwinymil
4153:(Djauan)
4016:(Minkin)
3922:Ngayarda
3918:Pilbara
3849:Southern
3695:Eastern
3676:Central
3664:Western
3604:Kaytetye
3597:Arrernte
3486:Nyawaygi
3430: ?
3369:Eastern
3362:Warrongo
3330:Mbabaram
3277:Umpilaic
3215:Northern
3168:Muruwari
2932:Wardaman
2922:Gaagudju
2861:Uwinymil
2630:Muruwari
2518:Kaytetye
2513:Arrernte
2306:Northern
2245:Panyjima
2197:Ngayarta
2144:Badimaya
2032:Ngadjuri
2022:Narungga
1879:Bunurong
1847:Yotayota
1819:Southern
1732:Tharawal
1702:Awabakal
1600:Wuliwuli
1595:Wakawaka
1557:Warrongo
1514:Nyawaygi
1453:Kok Narr
1438:Djabugay
1417:Mbabaram
1400:Southern
1324:Kuuk Yak
1264:Yalanjic
1250:Lamalama
1204:Ayabadhu
1145:Awngthim
1031:Yukulta.
807:ablative
803:allative
799:locative
775:Pronouns
756:-wakaran
691:Nominals
446:Alveolar
426:Bilabial
376:(1966).
298:), is a
254:Help:IPA
180:nyan1300
173:gang1267
157:Yangkaal
114:Dialects
5197:English
5129:Pidgins
5090:creoles
5043:Barunga
5036:Ngukurr
5018:Creoles
4966:Eastern
4882:Western
4831:Nyigina
4711:Bunuban
4669:Wambaya
4664:Ngarnka
4656:Ngurlun
4641:Nungali
4623:Jingulu
4405: ?
4388:Wurrugu
4381: ?
4365:Amurdag
4311:Iwaidja
4278: ?
4260:Wagiman
4246:Wagiman
4223:(Wubuy)
4199:Eastern
4189:Dalabon
4171:Central
4144:Western
4129: ?
4123: ?
4117: ?
4089:Nakkara
4074:Burarra
4058: ?
4025:Garrwan
4008:Yukulta
3985:Tangkic
3949:Mirning
3943: ?
3897: ?
3883:Ngumpin
3873:Marrngu
3843:Yanyuwa
3746:Western
3710: ?
3618:Wirangu
3591:Arandic
3577:Central
3494: ?
3472:Dyirbal
3454: ?
3446: ?
3438: ?
3428:Kingkel
3405: ?
3144: ?
3136: ?
2984:Garrwan
2951:Tangkic
2937:Wagiman
2876:Dalabon
2804:Nakkara
2789:Burarra
2556:Ngamini
2551:Mithaka
2541:Arabana
2505:Arandic
2462:Central
2388:Yanyuwa
2374:Bularnu
2334:Ngumbin
2329:Ngarrga
2278:Mangala
2265:Marrngu
2230:Nhuwala
2210:Kurrama
2205:Jurruru
2182:Kanyara
2159:Wajarri
2149:Malgana
2121:Western
2098:Nyungar
2083:Galaagu
2075:Nyungic
2060:Mirning
2052:Mirniny
2042:Wirangu
1974:Yaralde
1964:Keramin
1857:Kulinic
1722:Ngarigo
1633:Turrbal
1628:Nunukul
1552:Kingkel
1542:Bidjara
1524:Wulguru
1509:Dyirbal
1486:Eastern
1407:Agwamin
1391:Thaypan
1386:Takalak
1371:Angkula
1366:Alungul
1359:Thaypan
1350:Kuthant
1345:Kurtjar
1214:Pakanha
1155:Mbiywom
1150:Luthigh
1019:Yukulta
626:Central
557:Lateral
458:Plosive
436:Palatal
414:Laminal
368:, with
354:Yanggal
312:Yukulta
300:Tangkic
268:Yugulda
250:Unicode
189:AIATSIS
141:Either:
119:Yukulta
103:Yukulta
98:Tangkic
59:Yukulta
35:Yukulta
5234:Woorie
5222:Yarrie
5205:Others
5116:Creole
5110:Creole
5080:Creole
5074:Creole
4956:Norman
4826:Warrwa
4821:Dyugun
4816:Yawuru
4719:Bunuba
4633:Yirram
4615:Mirndi
4393:Marrgu
4216:Ngandi
4151:Jawoyn
4098:Marran
4039:Waanyi
4033:Garawa
3993:Lardil
3954:Nyunga
3853:Ngarru
3814:Djinba
3807:Djinaŋ
3681:Diyari
3645:Karnic
3625:Kaurna
3526:Yidiny
3443:Bayali
3402:Bindal
3259:Uradhi
3002:Waanyi
2992:Garrwa
2969:Minkin
2964:Lardil
2896:Ngandi
2856:Jawoyn
2737:Bindal
2706:Djinaŋ
2701:Djinba
2691:Dhuwal
2664:Other
2642:Yardli
2546:Diyari
2533:Karnic
2490:Wanman
2485:Ngardi
2439:Ngawun
2370:Wagaya
2235:Nyamal
2220:Ngarla
2154:Nhanda
2037:Nukunu
2017:Kuyani
2012:Kaurna
1796:Yidiny
1781:Anewan
1712:Dharug
1656:Yaygir
1623:Janday
1580:Dappil
1448:Gugadj
1338:Norman
1309:Kunjen
1186:Umpila
1170:Uradhi
1165:Ngkoth
840:Syntax
728:-inapa
675:, and
611:Vowels
532:Rhotic
441:Dental
419:Apical
362:tangka
350:Lardil
284:Jakula
282:, and
280:Jugula
276:Yukala
272:Yokula
45:Region
5224:Lingo
5058:Kriol
4785:Bardi
4437:Wulna
4344:Maung
4326:Ilgar
4321:Garig
4157:Waray
4121:Alawa
4115:Yugul
4105:Marra
3997:Damin
3856:Thawa
3777:Nhaŋu
3754:Yolŋu
3725:Yarli
3420:Yanda
3350:Maric
3245:Paman
3104:Kulin
2915:Other
2866:Waray
2840:Yugul
2830:Marra
2820:Alawa
2725:Other
2716:Nhaŋu
2696:Djaŋu
2686:Dhaŋu
2678:Yolŋu
2608:Other
2566:Ngura
2136:Kartu
1924:Drual
1871:Kulin
1774:Other
1737:Wormi
1618:Guwar
1534:Maric
1431:Other
1118:North
1033:1983.
860:-ŋala
831:Verbs
768:-wari
762:-wuɭu
721:-iɲca
659:a aː
647:u uː
642:i iː
621:Front
495:Nasal
431:Velar
5242:Talk
5236:Talk
5230:Talk
5228:Palm
4861:Tiwi
4790:Jawi
4691:Kija
4578:Kamu
3903:Wati
3888:Yapa
3564:Mayi
3536:Gulf
3413:Guwa
3374:Biri
3054:and
2477:Wati
2421:Mayi
2027:Nauo
1984:Yuyu
1547:Biri
943:2023
805:and
754:and
752:-wan
735:-iɭu
714:-iya
638:High
631:Back
382:and
372:and
370:Carl
352:and
306:and
262:The
3265:Wik
1196:Wik
961:G19
914:G34
880:at
707:-ta
653:Low
236:IPA
210:ELP
201:G19
195:G34
152:nny
145:gcd
61:,
5265::
1055:,
985:.
951:^
934:.
906:^
801:,
797:,
679:.
671:,
515:n̪
478:t̪
348:,
318:.
294:,
278:,
274:,
270:,
94:?
5191:)
5065:)
5052:)
5045:)
5038:)
4248:?
4244:–
3999:)
3044:e
3037:t
3030:v
1086:e
1079:t
1072:v
987:8
945:.
677:u
673:i
669:a
594:j
589:ɰ
575:ɭ
570:l
550:ɽ
545:r
525:ɳ
520:n
510:ɲ
505:ŋ
500:m
488:ʈ
483:t
473:c
468:k
463:p
324:(
290:(
256:.
20:)
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