8677:
8572:
2133:
8692:
8737:
2115:
11172:
8722:
911:
2306:
8707:
8493:
9102:, p. 19: "The Georgian alphabet seems unlikely to have a pre-Christian origin, for the major archaeological monument of the 1st century 4IX the bilingual Armazi gravestone commemorating Serafua, daughter of the Georgian viceroy of Mtskheta, is inscribed in Greek and Aramaic only. It has been believed, and not only in Armenia, that all the Caucasian alphabets — Armenian, Georgian and Caucaso-Albanian — were invented in the 4th century by the Armenian scholar Mesrop Mashtots.<...> The Georgian chronicles The Life of Kartli – assert that a Georgian script was invented two centuries before Christ, an assertion unsupported by archaeology. There is a possibility that the Georgians, like many minor nations of the area, wrote in a foreign language — Persian, Aramaic, or Greek — and translated back as they read."
9197:, p. 450: "There is also the claim advanced by Koriwn in his saintly biography of Mashtoc' (Mesrop) that the Georgian script had been invented at the direction of Mashtoc'. Yet it is within the realm of possibility that this tradition, repeated by many later Armenian historians, may not have been part of the original fifth-century text at all but added after 607. Significantly, all of the extant MSS containing The Life of Mashtoc* were copied centuries after the split. Consequently, scribal manipulation reflecting post-schism (especially anti-Georgian) attitudes potentially contaminates all MSS copied after that time. It is therefore conceivable, though not yet proven, that valuable information about Georgia transmitted by pre-schism Armenian texts was excised by later, post-schism individuals."
4176:
8596:
4198:
8721:
2277:
2132:
487:
9114:, p. 289: Alphabets. "Mastoc' was a charismatic visionary who accomplished his task at a time when Armenia stood in danger of losing both its national identity, through partition, and its newly acquired Christian faith, through Sassanian pressure and reversion to paganism. By preaching in Armenian, he was able to undermine and co-opt the discourse founded in native tradition, and to create a counterweight against both Byzantine and Syriac cultural hegemony in the church. Mastoc' also created the Georgian and Caucasian-Albanian alphabets, based on the Armenian model."
518:
6614:
1406:
91:
450:
4059:
8676:
8662:
8639:
3431:
8752:
4064:
8550:
691:
1316:
8535:
906:
8608:
3650:
4034:
3349:
8571:
2097:
4144:
8520:
3395:
3571:
3511:
3977:
3616:
3598:
15608:
1583:
8623:
8584:
6757:
6605:
4023:
43:
884:
8505:
4048:
1532:
1543:
1392:
6781:
3317:
3832:
1549:
1538:
8691:
2045:
267:
1321:
1370:
4126:, above), and six dots were to indicate the end of the sentence. Starting in the 11th century, marks resembling the apostrophe and comma came into use. An apostrophe was used to mark an interrogative word, and a comma appeared at the end of an interrogative sentence. From the 12th century on, these were replaced with the semicolon (the
8736:
680:. Recent historiography focuses on greater similarities with the Greek alphabet than in the other Caucasian writing systems, most notably the order and numeric value of letters. Some scholars have also suggested certain pre-Christian Georgian cultural symbols or clan markers as a possible inspiration for particular letters.
6592:
617:(3rd century BC) as its inventor. This account is now considered legendary, and is rejected by scholarly consensus, as no archaeological confirmation has been found. Rapp considers the tradition to be an attempt by the Georgian Church to rebut the earlier tradition that the alphabet was invented by the Armenian scholar
10118:
6893:
Georgian characters are found in three
Unicode blocks. The first block (U+10A0–U+10FF) is simply called Georgian. Mkhedruli (modern Georgian) occupies the U+10D0–U+10FF range (shown in the bottom half of the first table below) and Asomtavruli occupies the U+10A0–U+10CF range (shown in the top half of
4217:
This table lists the three scripts in parallel columns, including the letters that are now obsolete in all alphabets (shown with a blue background), obsolete in
Georgian but still used in other alphabets (green background), or additional letters in languages other than Georgian (pink background). The
807:
monuments of the 10th to 18th centuries continued to be written in
Asomtavruli script. Asomtavruli in this later period became more decorative. In the majority of 9th-century Georgian manuscripts which were written in Nuskhuri script, Asomtavruli was used for titles and the first letters of chapters.
2262:
Mkhedruli became more and more dominant over the two other scripts, though
Khutsuri (Nuskhuri with Asomtavruli) was used until the 19th century. Mkhedruli became the universal writing Georgian system outside of the Church in the 19th century with the establishment and development of printed Georgian
2239:
text in titles or to emphasize a word, though in the late 19th and early 20th centuries it was occasionally used, as in Latin and
Cyrillic scripts, to capitalize proper nouns or the first word of a sentence. Contemporary Georgian script does not recognize capital letters and their usage has become
2271:
Mkhedruli inscriptions of the 10th and 11th centuries are characterized in rounding of angular shapes of
Nuskhuri letters and making the complete outlines in all of its letters. Mkhedruli letters are written in the four-linear system, similar to Nuskhuri. Mkhedruli becomes more round and free in
1364:
The "Curly" decorative form of
Asomtavruli is also used where the letters are wattled or intermingled on each other, or the smaller letters are written inside other letters. It was mostly used for the headlines of the manuscripts or the books, although there are complete inscriptions which were
668:
strongly defended Koryun as a reliable source and rejected criticisms of his accounts on the invention of the
Georgian script by Mashtots. Acharian dated the invention to 408, four years after Mashtots created the Armenian alphabet (he dated the latter event to 404). Some Western scholars quote
3635:) often has a small circle with a tail hanging into the bowl, rather than two small circles as in print, or as an O with a straight vertical line intersecting the top. It may also be rotated a bit clockwise, with the small circles further to the right and not as close to the top.
10115:
664:, but has been rejected by Georgian scholarship and some Western scholars who judge the passage in Koryun unreliable or even a later interpolation. In his study on the history of the invention of the Armenian alphabet and the life of Mashtots, the Armenian linguist
1295:. The latter were used at the beginnings of paragraphs which started new sections of text. In the early stages of the development of Nuskhuri texts, Asomtavruli letters were not elaborate and were distinguished principally by size and sometimes by being written in
6866:
height. Before this addition, font creators included
Mtavruli in various ways. Some fonts came in pairs, of which one had lowercase letters and the other uppercase; some Unicode fonts placed Mtavruli letterforms in the Asomtavruli range (U+10A0-U+10CF) or in the
8706:
2114:
11171:
1526:
Nuskhuri letters vary in height, with ascenders and descenders, and are slanted to the right. Letters have an angular shape, with a noticeable tendency to simplify the shapes they had in
Asomtavruli. This enabled faster writing of manuscripts.
8595:
4134:
reformed the system again, with commas, single dots, and double dots used to mark "complete", "incomplete", and "final" sentences, respectively. For the most part, Georgian today uses the punctuation as in international usage of the
1338:
From the 11th-century "limb-flowery", "limb-arrowy" and "limb-spotty" decorative forms of Asomtavruli are developed. The first two are found in 11th- and 12th-century monuments, whereas the third one is used until the 18th century.
9508:
8492:
4109:
and to separate phrases, clauses, and paragraphs. In monumental inscriptions and manuscripts of 5th to 10th centuries, these were written as dashes, like −, = and =−. In the 10th century, clusters of one (·), two (:), three
910:
2072:
made an attempt in the 1950s to introduce Asomtavruli into the Mkhedruli script as capital letters to begin sentences, as in the Latin script, but it did not catch on. Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri are officially used by the
2305:
547:
The origin of the Georgian script is poorly known, and no full agreement exists among Georgian and foreign scholars as to its date of creation, who designed the script, and the main influences on that process.
6730:; in the collections of the National Center of Manuscripts in Tbilisi there are also a few short poems in the Russian language written in Georgian script dating from the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
4118:
to indicate increasing breaks in the text. One dot indicated a "minor stop" (presumably a simple word break), two dots marked or separated "special words", three dots for a "bigger stop" (such as the
7914:
encoding, using the 128 code points from 0x80 through 0xFF to represent the characters of the Asomtavruli and Mkhedruli scripts plus a number of widely-used symbols not included in 7-bit ASCII.
1299:
ink. Later, from the 10th century, the letters were illuminated. The style of Asomtavruli capitals can be used to identify the era of a text. For example, in the Georgian manuscripts of the
8947:
9505:
6894:
the same table). The second block is the Georgian Supplement (U+2D00–U+2D2F), and it contains Nuskhuri. Mtavruli capitals are included in the Georgian Extended block (U+1C90–U+1CBF).
3470:) may go in the other direction than shown in the chart (that is, counter-clockwise starting at 3 o'clock, and upwards – see the external-link section for videos of people writing).
8988:, p. 230: Archaeological work in the last decade has confirmed that a Georgian alphabet did exist very early in Georgia's history, with the first examples being dated from the
11064:
9465:
669:
Koryun's claims without taking a stance on its validity or concede that Armenian clerics, if not Mashtots himself, must have played a role in the creation of the Georgian script.
11068:
6747:; the Georgian script was used for writing North Caucasian and Dagestani languages in connection with Georgian missionary activities in the areas starting in the 18th century.
555:, which dates back to the 5th century; the other scripts were formed in the following centuries. Most scholars link the creation of the Georgian script to the process of
2272:
writing. It breaks the strict frame of the previous two alphabets, Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri. Mkhedruli letters begin to get coupled and more free calligraphy develops.
3578:
symbol ⟨ϱ⟩. Even when all three are written, they're generally not all the same size, as they are in print, but rather riding on one wide arc like two dimples in it.
2259:, historical documents, manuscripts and inscriptions. Mkhedruli was used for non-religious purposes only and represented the "civil", "royal" and "secular" script.
2984:
Mkhedruli has been adapted to languages besides Georgian. Some of these alphabets retained letters obsolete in Georgian, while others acquired additional letters:
928:
From the 7th century, the forms of some letters began to change. The equal height of the letters was abandoned, with letters acquiring ascenders and descenders.
400:, Georgian is presently written in a 33-letter alphabet, as five letters are obsolete. The number of Georgian letters used in other Kartvelian languages varies.
6595:
Ossetian text written in Mkhedruli script, from a book on Ossetian folklore published in South Ossetia in 1940. The non-Georgian letters ჶ and ჷ can be seen.
8622:
2710:
621:, and is a Georgian application of an Iranian model in which primordial kings are credited with the creation of basic social institutions. Georgian linguist
3352:(sometimes with a taller ascender, or with a diagonal cross bar); even when it is written at a diagonal, the cross-bar is generally shorter than in print.
449:
6720:, the Georgian script was occasionally used for writing Armenian in the 18th and 19th centuries, and some samples of this kind of texts are kept at the
15218:
10927:
Rewriting Caucasian History: The Medieval Armenian Adaptation of the Georgian Chronicles : the Original Georgian Texts and the Armenian Adaptation
4043:
Mkhedruli, in the 11th to 17th centuries also came to employ digraphs to the point that they were obligatory, requiring adherence to a complex system.
236:
9004:, p. 19: footnote 43: "The date of the supposed grave marker is hopelessly circumstantial ... I cannot support Chilashvili's dubious hypothesis."
11871:
11355:
12301:
12291:
11866:
4097:
formatting to Georgian text. Traditionally, Asomtavruli was used for chapter or section titles, where Latin script might use bold or italic type.
12281:
12271:
11861:
11856:
11851:
8939:
1518:
and dates to 835 AD. The oldest surviving Nuskhuri manuscripts date to 864 AD. Nuskhuri becomes dominant over Asomtavruli from the 10th century.
10216:
388:
Georgian scripts are unique in their appearance and their exact origin has never been established; however, in strictly structural terms, their
15841:
10916:
10890:
10679:
10656:
672:
Another controversy regards the main influences at play in the Georgian alphabet, as scholars have debated whether it was inspired more by the
15728:
15723:
15715:
15464:
13997:
12286:
404:
uses 36: thirty-three that are current Georgian letters, one obsolete Georgian letter, and two additional letters specific to Mingrelian and
15688:
11058:
6854:
Mtavruli letters were added in Unicode version 11.0 in June 2018. They are capital letters with similar letterforms to Mkhedruli, but with
10245:
9885:
8751:
16225:
15231:
11430:
11131:
9469:
8549:
6813:
Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0. In creating the Georgian Unicode block, important roles were played by German
16133:
15744:
10282:
9773:
9564:
8661:
15653:
14029:
435:
256:
10078:
15648:
15576:
4280:
3792:), the crucial difference is whether the letter is written below or above x-height, and whether it's written top-down or bottom-up.
16070:
15912:
15704:
9839:
9166:
9128:
6721:
456:
428:
9967:
420:, it uses Georgian letters as utilized in Mingrelian, with an additional obsolete Georgian letter and sometimes supplemented by
16100:
15887:
15698:
15586:
15520:
15211:
2857:) /uɪ/ (like a cluster of the oo in too and the i in ill), Svan /w/ (like the w in water) came to be pronounced the same as ვი
841:). There have been various attempts to explain this exception. Georgian linguist and art historian Helen Machavariani believes
13219:
9078:
16076:
15928:
15592:
15099:
11348:
10956:
10935:
10874:
10844:
10821:
10797:
10751:
10711:
10631:
10608:
10584:
10563:
10542:
10495:
10474:
10453:
10430:
10409:
10377:
10186:
10088:
4175:
396:, with the exception of letters denoting uniquely Georgian sounds, which are grouped at the end. Originally consisting of 38
13668:
16055:
15826:
15678:
15566:
9726:
15693:
15683:
13105:
11417:
9690:
6829:
systems. Significant contributions were also made by Anton Dumbadze and Irakli Garibashvili (not to be mistaken with the
5357:
4865:
11641:
15668:
15643:
15633:
15510:
5985:
1514:
Nuskhuri first appeared in the 9th century as a graphic variant of Asomtavruli. The oldest inscription is found in the
10137:
827:
In most Asomtavruli letters, straight lines are horizontal or vertical and meet at right angles. The only letter with
16165:
16087:
15960:
15814:
15794:
15479:
15360:
15204:
14867:
14853:
14823:
13962:
10774:
6710:; the 18th-century Persian translation of the Arabic Gospel is kept at the National Center of Manuscripts in Tbilisi.
2247:
dating back to 982 AD. The second oldest Mkhedruli-written text is found in the 11th-century royal charters of King
15877:
15819:
15085:
13802:
13199:
11341:
10726:
8534:
5793:
5745:
803:
From the 9th century, Nuskhuri script started becoming dominant, and the role of Asomtavruli was reduced. However,
534:
11646:
8638:
2031:
Note: Without proper font support, you may see question marks, boxes or other symbols instead of Nuskhuri letters.
412:
uses the same 33 current Georgian letters as Mingrelian plus that same obsolete letter and a letter borrowed from
16122:
16035:
15836:
15809:
15755:
15530:
15417:
15407:
13525:
12786:
11280:
11124:
8519:
6276:
4242:
218:
16095:
15922:
15799:
15616:
15495:
15092:
13658:
13297:
10159:
4529:
8583:
16060:
15782:
13767:
13292:
12350:
8917:
6844:
6744:
6129:
5161:
503:
12629:
16218:
15943:
15917:
15865:
15804:
15505:
15239:
15078:
15057:
12345:
12120:
11636:
11412:
9906:
9137:]. Հայագիտական հետազոտությունների մատենաշար (in Armenian). Yerevan: Hayastan Publishing. p. 181.
6225:
5841:
5257:
4577:
10837:
History of the Language Sciences / Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaften / Histoire des sciences du language
6231:
5411:
5351:
5067:
5007:
4675:
4671:
4339:
2880:
427:
The "living culture of three writing systems of the Georgian alphabet" was granted the national status of
232:
228:
15902:
15892:
15628:
15571:
15402:
15380:
15259:
14958:
14937:
13617:
13612:
13307:
13209:
11731:
11422:
8629:
6371:
6177:
5937:
5061:
4769:
4197:
3900:
3237:
2923:
649:
9425:გ. აბრამიშვილი, ატენის სიონის უცნობი წარწერები, "მაცნე" (ისტ. და არქეოლოგ. სერია), 1976, No. c2, გვ. 170
2276:
16265:
16234:
16127:
16065:
16040:
15561:
15314:
15025:
13622:
13189:
12602:
11663:
11117:
11061:. Gives the sound of each letter, illustrates several fonts, and shows the stroke order of each letter.
11054:
10732:
6033:
5506:
5013:
4721:
2963:
556:
12355:
11673:
11002:
Khurtsilava, B. The Georgian asomtavruli alphabet and its authors: Bakur and Gri Ormizd, Tbilisi, 2009
9156:
16260:
16170:
15851:
15831:
15469:
15442:
13275:
12997:
12550:
12137:
10391:
10208:
9165:]. Հայագիտական հետազոտությունների մատենաշար (in Armenian). Yerevan: Hayastan Publishing. p.
6830:
6469:
6416:
6369:
6321:
6274:
6223:
6175:
6127:
6079:
6031:
5983:
5935:
5889:
5887:
5839:
5791:
5743:
5695:
5648:
5600:
5552:
5504:
5456:
5403:
5355:
5303:
5255:
5207:
5159:
5111:
5059:
5011:
4959:
4911:
4863:
4815:
4767:
4719:
4625:
4623:
4575:
4527:
4479:
4431:
4383:
4333:
4331:
3269:
3235:
3191:
2961:
2929:
2921:
637:
625:
offers an alternative interpretation of the tradition, in the pre-Christian use of foreign scripts (
16239:
15882:
15581:
15427:
15385:
15370:
15304:
14775:
14761:
14066:
12649:
12452:
11668:
11230:
11211:
10688:
7923:
6908:
6880:
6081:
5405:
4247:
3450:
There is individual and stylistic variation in many of the letters. For example, the top circle of
2931:
2074:
793:
785:) "round", so named because of its round letter shapes. Despite its name, this "capital" script is
572:
492:
378:
191:
90:
17:
14380:
11796:
11074:
486:
16185:
15907:
15432:
15355:
15264:
15064:
14092:
13049:
12726:
12705:
12585:
12565:
12397:
12068:
11972:
11449:
11407:
11364:
5554:
4481:
4385:
4151:
3665:) may be written without the hook at the top, and often with a completely straight vertical line.
808:
However, some manuscripts written completely in Asomtavruli can be found until the 11th century.
10238:
10016:Язык, история и культура вайнахов, И. Ю Алироев p.85, Чех-Инг. изд.-полигр. об-ние "Книга", 1990
15330:
13782:
12721:
12711:
12644:
12154:
11587:
9877:
8607:
8556:
8525:
5602:
5305:
5113:
4218:"national" transliteration is the system used by the Georgian government, whereas "Laz" is the
3933:
3365:
567:. The alphabet was therefore most probably created between the conversion of Iberia under King
382:
214:
10946:
10832:
10785:
10619:
10598:
10574:
10530:
10464:
10441:
10420:
10399:
10337:
3722:), the critical difference is whether the top is a full arc or a (more-or-less) vertical line.
3374:
An equal number have descenders, like p or q in English: გ, დ, ე, ვ, კ, ლ, ჟ, ტ, უ, ფ, ღ, ყ, ც
362:
15437:
15166:
15071:
14860:
14809:
14269:
14191:
13955:
13894:
13879:
13448:
13327:
13069:
13029:
12761:
12437:
11621:
11609:
11582:
11567:
10925:
10811:
10722:
10387:
8713:
7943:
7939:
6863:
6859:
6323:
5209:
4961:
4913:
4294:
4070:
3952:
3361:
3338:) are almost always written without the small tick at the end, while the handwritten form of
3199:
3193:
2423:
2139:
855:
614:
576:
13874:
13079:
10553:
10271:
10270:
Everson, Michael; Gujejiani, Nika; Vakhtangishvili, Giorgi; Razmadze, Akaki (24 June 2017).
9762:
9553:
8504:
626:
15846:
15340:
14930:
14681:
14358:
13854:
13509:
13473:
12878:
12801:
12634:
12382:
12372:
12211:
12194:
11510:
11275:
11196:
11161:
8743:
8683:
8668:
8059:
6733:
6717:
6645:
5650:
4433:
3987:
3965:
3928:
3907:
3815:
3385:: ქ, ჭ, and (in handwriting) ჯ. წ sometimes has both ascender and descender in handwriting.
2724:
2284:
2248:
2103:
921:
797:
575:
of 430. It was first used for translation of the Bible and other Christian literature into
568:
523:
374:
106:
10307:
7928:
Below is the standard Georgian-language keyboard layout, the traditional layout of manual
2243:
Mkhedruli first appears in the 10th century. The oldest Mkhedruli inscription is found in
816:
In early Asomtavruli, the letters are of equal height. Georgian historian and philologist
8:
16020:
15997:
15658:
15500:
15474:
15397:
15350:
15254:
13757:
13653:
13375:
12898:
11604:
11268:
11235:
9761:
Everson, Michael; Melkadze, Ninell; Pentzlin, Karl; Yevlampiev, Ilya (17 February 2010).
8758:
8698:
8043:
8003:
7314:
6884:
6833:
4817:
4127:
3945:
3918:
3895:
3883:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3151:
2953:
1468:
1414:
1292:
874:
613:), assigns a much earlier, pre-Christian origin to the Georgian alphabet, and names King
401:
196:
11920:
2283:
Example of one of the oldest Mkhedruli-written texts found in the royal charter of King
16045:
15540:
15525:
15454:
15422:
15412:
15375:
15345:
15335:
14916:
14893:
14527:
14416:
14406:
14298:
14241:
14227:
14184:
13889:
13772:
13607:
13499:
13458:
13412:
13407:
13302:
13284:
12952:
12883:
12848:
12796:
12609:
12597:
12008:
11930:
11831:
11386:
11322:
10910:
10884:
10673:
10650:
10626:. Vol. 1: Traditions in Linguistics Worldwide. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
10182:
9392:ივ. ჯავახიშვილი, ქართული დამწერლობათა-მცოდნეობა ანუ პალეოგრაფია, თბილისი, 1949, 127–128
9359:ივ. ჯავახიშვილი, ქართული დამწერლობათა-მცოდნეობა ანუ პალეოგრაფია, თბილისი, 1949, 124–126
9323:ივ. ჯავახიშვილი, ქართული დამწერლობათა-მცოდნეობა ანუ პალეოგრაფია, თბილისი, 1949, 185–187
7899:
6818:
6737:
6613:
4131:
4010:
were scarce and therefore precious, abbreviating was a practical measure widespread in
3923:
3912:
3878:
3851:
3117:
2252:
2244:
2078:
1589:
1515:
1405:
1308:
580:
517:
389:
366:
14149:
13807:
9837:ქართული დამწერლობის ძეგლები ანტიკური ხანისა (The monuments of ancient Georgian script)
9836:
3702:
Several letters are similar and may be confused at first, especially in handwriting.
3546:) are generally written with straight, vertical lines at the top, so that for example
3371:
Thirteen have ascenders, like b or d in English: ბ, ზ, მ, ნ, პ, რ, ს, შ, ჩ, ძ, წ, ხ, ჰ
2717:
in 1879, discarded five letters from the Georgian alphabet that had become redundant:
416:
for a total of 35. The fourth Kartvelian language, Svan, is not commonly written, but
16115:
16110:
16006:
15975:
15607:
15449:
15390:
15365:
15294:
15227:
15039:
15032:
14768:
14754:
14666:
14555:
14465:
14444:
14423:
14351:
14283:
14142:
14100:
14052:
13787:
13777:
13422:
13417:
13322:
13317:
13224:
13179:
13002:
12982:
12972:
12962:
12957:
12893:
12888:
12816:
12751:
12736:
12686:
12681:
12624:
12560:
12518:
12360:
12246:
12169:
11685:
11680:
11557:
11294:
11240:
11206:
11201:
11140:
10952:
10931:
10870:
10840:
10817:
10793:
10770:
10747:
10707:
10627:
10604:
10580:
10559:
10538:
10491:
10470:
10449:
10426:
10405:
10373:
10084:
9964:
7641:
6888:
6713:
6633:
6471:
5458:
4186:
4074:
3741:), it is whether the bottom is an open curve or closed (a loop). The same is true of
3271:
3265:
3113:
2973:
2714:
2231:
2167:
2153:
1476:
1445:
1425:
1376:
873:
indicates the end of the alphabet, and has the same function as the similarly shaped
764:
725:
705:
645:
622:
584:
560:
397:
358:
336:
277:
201:
102:
10034:Грузинско-дагестанские языковые контакты, Маджид Шарипович Халилов p.29, Наука, 2004
4222:
used in Turkey. The table also shows the traditional numeric values of the letters.
16175:
15980:
15663:
15556:
15274:
15269:
15173:
15111:
15004:
14965:
14951:
14909:
14784:
14730:
14711:
14645:
14637:
14623:
14616:
14541:
14337:
14312:
14248:
14220:
14135:
14121:
14038:
14011:
13948:
13859:
13762:
13584:
13427:
13054:
13034:
13024:
13019:
12903:
12592:
12580:
12545:
12540:
12523:
12462:
12427:
12387:
12189:
12184:
12132:
12083:
11967:
11901:
11841:
11791:
11736:
11653:
11631:
11616:
11562:
11552:
11486:
11263:
11191:
11148:
11022:
10505:
Greppin, John A.C. (1981). "Some comments on the origin of the Georgian alphabet".
9152:
9124:
9072:
8728:
7953:
6868:
6727:
6707:
6701:
6673:
4204:
4105:
In Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri punctuation, various combinations of dots were used as
3403:
3399:
3313:
The following table shows the stroke order and direction of each Mkhedruli letter:
2794:
2790:
2316:
2296: : King : of Kings : great-grandfather : of mine : Bagrat
2293:
2211:
2121:
1467:), meaning "inventory" or "schedule". Nuskhuri was soon augmented with Asomtavruli
1369:
1320:
1304:
917:
792:
The oldest Asomtavruli inscriptions found so far date from the 5th century and are
694:
677:
665:
661:
630:
15011:
14206:
13832:
13483:
12853:
11045:, Omniglot page on Mkhedruli which shows some stylistic variations mentioned above
10178:
4058:
3986:
Nuskhuri, like Asomtavruli, is also often highly stylized. Writers readily formed
824:, though the direction of the earliest surviving texts is from left to the right.
640:
in that process. According to medieval Armenian sources and a number of scholars,
16197:
15673:
15535:
15515:
15459:
15309:
14997:
14689:
14630:
14576:
14569:
14548:
14534:
14518:
14496:
14451:
14344:
14319:
14291:
14276:
14199:
14177:
14170:
14128:
14088:
14059:
13747:
13717:
13540:
13463:
13229:
13159:
13064:
13012:
12992:
12928:
12918:
12908:
12873:
12838:
12833:
12828:
12741:
12696:
12691:
12575:
12570:
12417:
12407:
12261:
12226:
12221:
12201:
12095:
12053:
11993:
11876:
11846:
11756:
11716:
11658:
11592:
11572:
11520:
11503:
11491:
11304:
11299:
11247:
11095:
10807:
10741:
10701:
10594:
10485:
10367:
10163:
10141:
10122:
9971:
9843:
9833:
9512:
7903:
7895:
6822:
6704:; a Turkish Gospel, dictionary, poems, medical book dating from the 18th century.
6695:
6681:
6667:
6659:
6653:
6639:
3890:
3873:
3407:
2969:
2068:, murals, and exterior design, especially in stone engravings. Georgian linguist
901:, though these letters do not have that function in Phoenician, Greek, or Latin.
869:). According to Georgian scholar Ramaz Pataridze, the cross-like shape of letter
817:
657:
641:
618:
13194:
12377:
11042:
10442:"Turkish texts in Georgian script: Sociolinguistic and ethno-linguistic aspects"
8778:
Oldest found Georgian inscription so far. Exact date of introduction is unclear.
15992:
15134:
15018:
14902:
14882:
14791:
14659:
14590:
14489:
14437:
14430:
14262:
14255:
14234:
14213:
14114:
14107:
13914:
13869:
13797:
13792:
13643:
13627:
13602:
13545:
13535:
13530:
13370:
13244:
13204:
13174:
13120:
13115:
13110:
13084:
13059:
13007:
12947:
12913:
12863:
12811:
12776:
12731:
12701:
12654:
12614:
12513:
12467:
12422:
12340:
12276:
12231:
12216:
12179:
12159:
12127:
12115:
12063:
12058:
12048:
12038:
12033:
11950:
11935:
11925:
11891:
11881:
11826:
11811:
11776:
11626:
11530:
11478:
11368:
10898:
10854:
9716:
7911:
7907:
7646:
7319:
6913:
6826:
6773:
3378:
2757:
2669:
2614:
2581:
2069:
1315:
895:
888:
690:
673:
656:, a fifth-century historian and biographer of Mashtots, and has been quoted by
413:
393:
332:
304:
125:
13344:
11048:
11027:
10743:
Studies in medieval Georgian historiography: early texts and Eurasian contexts
10517:
9680:
6901:, of Mkhedruli, and Asomtavruli as the upper case and title case of Nuskhuri.
4063:
905:
820:
believes that the direction of Asomtavruli, like that of Greek, was initially
361:
share the same names and alphabetical order and are written horizontally from
16254:
16155:
16050:
16027:
15985:
15897:
15768:
15141:
14990:
14923:
14846:
14816:
14674:
14652:
14583:
14479:
14458:
14305:
14163:
14081:
14074:
14045:
14004:
13919:
13909:
13904:
13691:
13385:
13044:
12987:
12639:
12412:
12296:
12251:
12206:
12174:
12023:
11940:
11913:
11886:
11816:
11801:
11786:
11741:
11498:
10695:. Vol. 5 (New ed.). London: W. & R. Chambers. pp. 164–166.
9763:"Proposal for encoding Georgian and Nuskhuri letters for Ossetian and Abkhaz"
8614:
7963:
6691:
6687:
6677:
6663:
6649:
6623:
6562:
4115:
3846:
3430:
3301:
3243:
3213:
3147:
3109:
2945:
2917:
2680:
2568:
2557:
2524:
2469:
2458:
2445:
2412:
2401:
2390:
2368:
2357:
2346:
2256:
2192:
1331:
1327:
1300:
865:
836:
821:
417:
405:
370:
182:
11960:
10487:
Unicode Demystified: A Practical Programmer's Guide to the Encoding Standard
10134:
6591:
16180:
16013:
15965:
14597:
14562:
14503:
13990:
13752:
13648:
13561:
13453:
13354:
13164:
12977:
12942:
12923:
12858:
12746:
12508:
12432:
12241:
12236:
12147:
12142:
12078:
12018:
11998:
11955:
11945:
11896:
11781:
11761:
11751:
11599:
11577:
11535:
11333:
11285:
10516:
Gugushvili, A. (1937). Allen, William Edward David; Gugushvili, A. (eds.).
8871:
8868:"The Creation of the Caucasian Alphabets as Phenomenon of Cultural History"
8049:
7993:
7983:
6814:
6518:
6423:
6418:
5697:
4301:
4219:
4136:
4106:
4090:
4033:
3992:
3940:
3689:) is sometimes written so that it looks like a hooked version of the Latin
3287:
3231:
3217:
3169:
3105:
2957:
2910:
2768:
2746:
2691:
2546:
2513:
2480:
2379:
2335:
1571:
1563:
1555:
1410:
1388:
The following table shows the stroke direction of each Asomtavruli letter:
891:
409:
12806:
11080:
10043:История аварцев, М. Г Магомедов p.150, Дагестанский гос. университет, 2005
9275:კ. დანელია, ზ. სარჯველაძე, ქართული პალეოგრაფია, თბილისი, 1997, გვ. 218–219
9266:შანიძე ა., ქართული საბჭოთა ენციკლოპედია, ტ. 2, გვ. 454–455, თბ., 1977 წელი
7858:
3394:
2171:) is the third and current Georgian script. Mkhedruli, literally meaning "
2096:
16150:
15180:
14944:
14875:
14156:
13847:
13707:
13468:
13312:
13169:
13074:
12843:
12771:
12756:
12664:
12457:
12367:
12266:
12256:
12110:
12073:
12028:
12013:
11988:
11908:
11836:
11821:
11525:
11075:
Reference grammar of Georgian by Howard Aronson (SEELRC, Duke University)
10395:
9341:ელენე მაჭავარიანი, ენციკლოპედია "ქართული ენა", თბილისი, 2008, გვ. 403–404
8462:
8447:
8417:
8410:
8185:
8181:
8063:
7973:
7842:
4143:
4015:
3823:
3592:
3382:
3348:
2735:
2297:
2065:
1508:
828:
365:. Of the three scripts, Mkhedruli, once the civilian royal script of the
10507:
7855:
3649:
2041:
The following table shows the stroke direction of each Nuskhuri letter:
154:, Georgian (Mkhedruli and Mtavruli) – Georgian (Mkhedruli)
16192:
13837:
13812:
13380:
12823:
12313:
12308:
12164:
12105:
11746:
10269:
8053:
8039:
8029:
8019:
8009:
7999:
7989:
7979:
7969:
7959:
7949:
7929:
6898:
6862:, with a wider central oval, and with the top slightly higher than the
4119:
4114:) and six (჻჻) dots (later sometimes small circles) were introduced by
4011:
3976:
3968:, intertwined letters, and placed letters within letters or other such
3444:
804:
9552:
Everson, Michael; Gujejiani, Nika; Razmadze, Akaki (24 January 2016).
9434:კ. დანელია, ზ. სარჯველაძე, ქართული პალეოგრაფია, თბილისი, 1997, გვ. 218
9416:კ. დანელია, ზ. სარჯველაძე, ქართული პალეოგრაფია, თბილისი, 1997, გვ. 219
6871:, and some ASCII-based ones mapped them to the ASCII capital letters.
6787:
6763:
6547:
6501:
6454:
6401:
6354:
6306:
6259:
6209:
6161:
6113:
6065:
6017:
5969:
5921:
5873:
5825:
5777:
5729:
5680:
5634:
5586:
5538:
5490:
5441:
5389:
5337:
5289:
5241:
5193:
5145:
5097:
5045:
4993:
4945:
4897:
4849:
4801:
4753:
4705:
4657:
4609:
4561:
4513:
4465:
4417:
4369:
4317:
4111:
3079:
3068:
3057:
3046:
16105:
15638:
15148:
15127:
15120:
13899:
13736:
13432:
13399:
13234:
13125:
12674:
12402:
12318:
12043:
10166:
9622:
Putkaradze, T. (2006), "Development of the Georgian writing system",
8440:
8432:
8394:
8308:
8289:
8199:
8023:
8013:
6855:
6512:
4094:
3969:
2658:
2647:
1582:
507:
421:
287:
143:
13842:
11109:
10762:
10272:"Action plan for the complete representation of Mtavruli characters"
10156:
9991:
9603:
7839:
3570:
3510:
1311:, capitals were illuminated with images of birds and other animals.
16160:
15763:
15196:
13864:
13827:
13822:
13702:
13663:
13504:
13263:
13148:
13039:
12781:
12669:
12619:
12490:
12003:
11806:
11766:
11547:
11540:
11391:
11013:
Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian",
10116:უნიკოდში ქართულის ასახვის ისტორია (History of the Georgian Unicode)
9721:
9685:
9350:ვ. სილოგავა, ენციკლოპედია "ქართული ენა", თბილისი, 2008, გვ. 269–271
9105:
8944:
Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
8867:
8541:
8511:
8454:
7807:
7801:
7789:
7786:
7780:
7777:
7774:
7754:
6797:
6604:
4287:
4086:
4039:
A Nuskhuri abbreviation of იესუ ქრისტე (iesu kriste) "Jesus Christ"
3615:
3597:
3440:
3357:
2592:
2535:
2491:
2434:
2236:
2204:
2176:
1593:
1296:
436:
Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
299:
224:
63:
13884:
9139:Կասկածել Կորյունի վրա՝ նշանակում է առհասարակ ուրանալ պատմությունը։
8940:"Living culture of three writing systems of the Georgian alphabet"
8909:
7852:
7845:
7830:
7827:
7821:
7815:
7804:
7798:
7795:
7792:
7783:
7768:
7765:
7762:
7751:
7745:
7742:
7739:
7736:
7730:
7727:
7724:
7718:
7715:
7712:
6756:
4022:
2789:) /eɪ/ (like the ay in pay), Svan /eː/ (like the e in egg in some
1570:). A ligature of these letters produced a new letter in Nuskhuri,
15733:
15289:
15284:
13971:
13478:
13349:
13239:
13214:
13100:
12937:
12791:
12766:
12535:
12442:
12090:
11704:
11515:
11156:
11071:, submissions to the 2014 International Exhibition of Calligraphy
10866:
9760:
9314:რ. პატარიძე, ქართული ასომთავრული, თბილისი, 1980, გვ. 151, 260–261
8425:
8084:
7836:
7833:
7824:
7818:
7771:
7748:
7733:
7721:
7709:
6810:
4232:
2200:
2172:
883:
846:
786:
636:
Another point of contention among scholars is the role played by
599:, in the 1980s, to the 1st or 2nd century has not been accepted.
596:
592:
538:
373:, is now the standard script for modern Georgian and its related
164:
42:
9803:
4047:
3964:
Asomtavruli is often highly stylized and writers readily formed
3677:) may be written without the loop, like a conflation of ს and ჰ.
1531:
249:
Living culture of three writing systems of the Georgian alphabet
15970:
15738:
15299:
15279:
14972:
12716:
12528:
12447:
12392:
12100:
11771:
10157:საქართველოში საინტერნეტო მისამართები მხედრული ანბანით დაიწერება
9296:
9293:პ. ინგოროყვა, "შოთა რუსთაველი", "მნათობი", 1966, No. 3, გვ. 116
9068:
9051:
9049:
8890:
8645:
4208:
4007:
2835:) after a vowel, but came to have the same pronunciation as ი (
2196:
1542:
1504:
653:
564:
432:
6780:
3831:
3268:
when it was written in the Georgian script. It was pronounced
1391:
1342:
Importance was attached also to the colour of the ink itself.
602:
A Georgian tradition first attested in the medieval chronicle
13339:
13334:
13184:
12967:
12868:
12555:
11466:
10693:
Chambers's encyclopaedia; a dictionary of universal knowledge
9666:
Otar Jishkariani, Praise of the Alphabet, 1986, Tbilisi, p. 1
9554:"Proposal for the addition of Georgian characters to the UCS"
9176:
8387:
8383:
8376:
8369:
8362:
8356:
8352:
8345:
8338:
8331:
8324:
8317:
8282:
8275:
8268:
8261:
8254:
8247:
8240:
8233:
8227:
8223:
8216:
8210:
8206:
8174:
8168:
8164:
8157:
8150:
8143:
8136:
8129:
8123:
8119:
8112:
8105:
8098:
8091:
8033:
4002:
3165:
3143:
3135:
3035:
3024:
3013:
3002:
2991:
2909:) /oː/ (somewhat like the American o in go) was used for the
2704:
2636:
2625:
2603:
2502:
1548:
1537:
1346:
1291:
In Nuskhuri manuscripts, Asomtavruli are used for titles and
9591:
9547:
9545:
9506:ილია მეორე ერს ქართული ენის დაცვისკენ კიდევ ერთხელ მოუწოდებს
9046:
3316:
266:
13817:
13712:
10533:. In Matthias Hüning; Ulrike Vogl; Olivier Moliner (eds.).
9374:
9362:
9239:
3806:
2884:
2861:
and was replaced by that sequence, as in სხჳსი > სხვისი
2312:
2214:, with capital letters that are called Mkhedruli Mtavruli (
2044:
1358:
1354:
10576:
Standard Languages and Multilingualism in European History
10535:
Standard Languages and Multilingualism in European History
9200:
8878:
7269:
7266:
7074:
7068:
7056:
7053:
7047:
7044:
7041:
7021:
10573:
Hüning, Matthias; Vogl, Ulrike; Moliner, Olivier (2012).
10097:
10046:
9815:
9542:
9530:
9446:
9395:
9229:
9227:
8836:
8834:
7278:
7115:
7097:
7094:
7088:
7082:
7071:
7065:
7062:
7059:
7050:
7035:
7032:
7029:
7018:
7012:
7009:
7006:
7003:
6997:
6994:
6991:
6985:
6982:
6979:
6848:
6586:
3757:); in handwriting, the tops may look the same. Similarly
3575:
3101:
2976:
in the short time they were written in Mkhedruli script.
878:
9924:
9791:
9551:
8481:
Gallery of Asomtavruli, Nuskhuri and Mkhedruli scripts.
7870:
7617:
7542:
7532:
7512:
7507:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7457:
7290:
7260:
7102:
7091:
7085:
7038:
7015:
7000:
6988:
6976:
3982:
A ligature of the Asomtavruli letters Ⴃ Ⴀ (და, da) "and"
3647:) is generally written with a round bowl at the bottom,
2051:
377:, whereas Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri are used only by the
10466:
The Politics of Ethnic Separatism in Russia and Georgia
9518:
9212:
9141:[To doubt Koryun means to deny history itself.]
7599:
7577:
7572:
7562:
7552:
7537:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7502:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7452:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7275:
6843:
script received an official status for being Georgia's
3377:
Three letters have both ascenders and descenders, like
10315:
The Unicode Standard Version 11.0 – Core Specification
9639:
9588:ატენის სიონის უცნობი წარწერები, აბრამიშვილი, გვ. 170-1
9332:ე. მაჭავარიანი, ქართული ანბანი, თბილისი, 1977, გვ. 5–6
9224:
9093:
9024:
9022:
8831:
7584:
7567:
7557:
7482:
7447:
7422:
7402:
7382:
6690:(historically), later replaced in the 17th century by
6676:(historically), later replaced in the 17th century by
6662:(historically), later replaced in the 17th century by
6648:(historically), later replaced in the 17th century by
4089:, though word processors can apply automatic ("fake")
591:
inscriptions, discovered by him at the ruined town of
11081:"Unicode Code Chart (10A0–10FF) for Georgian scripts"
10686:
10620:"The Origin of Kartuli (Georgian) Writing (Alphabet)"
10531:"Ethnic Conflict and standardisation in the Caucasus"
10522:
Georgica: A Journal of Georgian and Caucasian Studies
10058:
9936:
9912:
9609:
9484:
8969:
8967:
8965:
2711:
Society for the Spreading of Literacy among Georgians
2328:
The modern Georgian alphabet consists of 33 letters:
898:
10720:
10622:. In David Cram; Andrew R. Linn; Elke Nowak (eds.).
10386:
10239:"The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0 - U110-1C90.pdf"
9848:
9809:
9111:
9007:
8910:"Georgian alphabet granted cultural heritage status"
4122:
name and title "the sovereign Alexander", below, or
2081:
called on people to use all three Georgian scripts.
1471:
in religious manuscripts. The combination is called
223:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
10767:
Mythical Landscapes then and Now: The Mystification
10444:. In Boeschoten, Hendrik; Rentzsch, Julian (eds.).
10025:Чеченский язык, И. Ю. Алироев, p.24, Академия, 1999
9957:
9284:ე. მაჭავარიანი, მწიგნობრობაჲ ქართული, თბილისი, 1989
9188:
9019:
8979:
7257:
3508:) is frequently written with a simple loop at top,
2979:
357:. Although the systems differ in appearance, their
10401:Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World
9466:"Lasha Kintsurashvili: About Georgian calligraphy"
9034:
8995:
8962:
7225:
7219:
7207:
7204:
7198:
7195:
7192:
7172:
4028:A Nuskhuri abbreviation of რომელი (romeli) "which"
11015:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
10763:"Recovering the Pre-National Caucasian Landscape"
10572:
9954:The Abkhazians: A Handbook, George Hewitt, p. 171
8896:
7272:
7263:
7248:
7245:
7239:
7233:
7222:
7216:
7213:
7210:
7201:
7186:
7183:
7180:
7169:
7163:
7160:
7157:
7154:
7148:
7145:
7142:
7136:
7133:
7130:
6821:, and American-Irish linguist and script-encoder
2839:) and was replaced by it. Thus, ქრისტჱ ~ ქრისტეჲ
16252:
11012:
8404:
8302:
8193:
8078:
7934:
7254:
7251:
7242:
7236:
7189:
7166:
7151:
7139:
7127:
3556:) resembles a U with a dimple in the right side.
2235:). Nowadays, Mkhedruli Mtavruli is only used in
237:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
10948:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania
10790:The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity
9717:"Ossetian language, alphabet and pronunciation"
6897:Mtavruli is defined as the upper case, but not
3653:. Another variation features a triangular bowl.
2827:) /je/ (like the word “yeah”), but also called
644:, generally acknowledged as the creator of the
9615:
3684:
3672:
3660:
3642:
3630:
3608:
3586:
3563:
3551:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3503:
3491:
3481:
3465:
3455:
3434:
2221:
2215:
2186:
2180:
2157:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1435:
1429:
1365:written in the Asomtavruli "Curly" form only.
1353:) is often written with decoration effects of
924:minted using Asomtavruli script, 1200–1210 AD.
811:
780:
774:
768:
754:
748:
742:
736:
730:
715:
709:
27:Three related alphabets used to write Georgian
15212:
13956:
11349:
11125:
10593:
10279:Unicode Technical Committee Document Registry
9597:
9561:Unicode Technical Committee Document Registry
9443:ე. მაჭავარიანი, ქართული ანბანი, თბილისი, 1977
9412:
9410:
1383:
11363:
11059:Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia
10640:
10617:
10308:"7: Europe-I: Modern and Liturgical Scripts"
9869:
9710:
9708:
9674:
9672:
9380:
9368:
9302:
9245:
9055:
8884:
7882:Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
7629:Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
7302:Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
3398:Stylistic variation of letters რ and ლ on a
2266:
652:. This tradition originates in the works of
551:The first attested version of the script is
10903:The Basics of the Georgian language grammar
10329:
9681:"Bats alphabet, pronunciation and language"
9458:
6825:, who created the Georgian Unicode for the
4207:seen on panorama of Georgia's port city of
3568:) is frequently written with a single arc,
3308:
2323:
1521:
1286:
15219:
15205:
13963:
13949:
11356:
11342:
11132:
11118:
10983:Writing system and the old Georgian script
10915:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10889:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10765:. In Büttner, Ruth; Peltz, Judith (eds.).
10678:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10663:
10655:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10537:. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 299.
10515:
9821:
9621:
9536:
9452:
9437:
9407:
9401:
6809:The first Georgian script was included in
3830:
2705:Letters removed from the Georgian alphabet
2036:
1449:) is the second Georgian script. The name
729:) is the oldest Georgian script. The name
124:Uncertain, alphabetical order modelled on
89:
11026:
10833:"Greek influence in Georgian linguistics"
10699:
9705:
9669:
9524:
8932:
8790:ჳ and უ have the same numeric value (400)
8786:
8784:
8484:
6796:) is sometimes used as a hand or fist in
3172:in Svan and Mingrelian. It is a reversed
3154:, and formerly in Ossetian and Abkhazian.
2891:), and was replaced by it. e.g. ჴელმწიფე
10897:
10853:
10830:
10806:
10555:Georgian: A Structural Reference Grammar
10528:
9875:
9854:
9756:
9754:
9752:
9750:
9748:
9746:
9744:
9662:
9660:
9658:
9656:
9654:
9645:
9218:
9151:
9123:
9099:
9061:
9013:
8902:
8840:
8589:Nuskhuri of Jruchi Gospels, 13th century
8498:Asomtavruli of the 6th and 7th centuries
7890:
6779:
6755:
6590:
4246:
4228:
3807:Ligatures, abbreviations and calligraphy
3429:
3393:
2251:. Mkhedruli was mostly used then in the
1404:
1326:Decorative Asomtavruli capital letters,
759:) "principal/head". It is also known as
689:
431:in Georgia in 2015 and inscribed on the
10923:
10504:
10418:
10365:
10335:
10076:
9976:Nart, İki Aylık Düşün ve Kültür Dergisi
9930:
9797:
9233:
9206:
9182:
8824:
8822:
8820:
8818:
8816:
8814:
8812:
8810:
8808:
8806:
8653:
7878:
7625:
7298:
6722:Georgian National Center of Manuscripts
4085:Georgian scripts come in only a single
2887:) came to be pronounced the same as ხ (
1379:in Asomtavruli "Curly" decorative form.
595:, in Georgia's easternmost province of
14:
16253:
10997:Georgian script in the writing systems
10551:
10483:
10462:
10439:
10209:"Mtavruli for Perfect Bicameral Fonts"
10125:Georgian Unicode fonts by BPG-InfoTech
10103:
10064:
10052:
9942:
9918:
9570:from the original on 11 September 2017
9490:
9081:from the original on 27 September 2011
9067:
8973:
8861:
8859:
8857:
8855:
8853:
8851:
8849:
8781:
8563:
7647:Official Unicode Consortium code chart
7320:Official Unicode Consortium code chart
6914:Official Unicode Consortium code chart
6587:Use for other non-Kartvelian languages
4123:
3613:) is frequently written with one arc,
3120:. It derives from the Greek letter Φ (
15200:
15100:American Printing House for the Blind
14876:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
14528:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
13944:
13734:
13689:
13582:
13261:
13146:
12488:
11702:
11464:
11447:
11337:
11139:
11113:
10336:Everson, Michael (20 February 2002).
9741:
9651:
8865:
8828:Unicode Standard, V. 6.3. U10A0, p. 3
4053:A Mkhedruli ligature of და (da) "and"
2916:and is now spelled ჰოი. Also used in
2230:
2166:
1444:
724:
159:– Khutsuri (Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri)
15226:
13583:
10944:
10813:The Literature of Georgia: A History
10783:
10760:
10739:
10372:. Columbus, OH: Slavica Publishers.
10219:from the original on 26 January 2018
9714:
9678:
9194:
9040:
9028:
9001:
8985:
8950:from the original on 3 December 2016
8920:from the original on 1 December 2016
8803:
4006:. Because writing materials such as
3246:. It derives from the Arabic letter
381:, in ceremonial religious texts and
227:. For the distinction between ,
13970:
8846:
7917:
6885:Georgian Supplement (Unicode block)
6626:inscriptions in Asomtavruli script.
3496:) with a closed loop at the bottom.
2960:alphabets as well, for the y-sound
2064:Asomtavruli is used intensively in
1599:
1507:"), and it was principally used in
257:UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage
24:
15511:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
13690:
10967:
10338:"Mac OS Georgian to Unicode table"
10135:Font Contributors Acknowledgements
10077:Steffen, James (31 October 2013).
9729:from the original on 27 April 2021
9693:from the original on 24 April 2021
9112:Bowersock, Brown & Grabar 1999
8866:Seibt, Werner (8 September 2011).
4142:
4130:). In the 18th century, Patriarch
4124:the title of the Gospel of Matthew
3697:
3315:
2304:
2043:
1390:
676:, or by Semitic alphabets such as
25:
16277:
15361:Unification of the Georgian realm
11036:
10317:. Unicode Consortium. 5 June 2018
10288:from the original on 15 June 2019
9257:ქსე, ტ. 7, თბ., 1984, გვ. 651–652
9077:. Translated by Norehad, Bedros.
8727:Mkhedruli royal charter of Queen
8577:Nuskhuri of 8th to 10th centuries
6889:Georgian Extended (Unicode block)
3802:) is written with a vertical top.
3406:, showing variations in the name
15606:
15480:Absorption by the Russian Empire
11170:
10728:Dittionario giorgiano e italiano
10189:from the original on 6 June 2018
10083:. University of Wisconsin Pres.
9965:Çerkes-Adığe yazısının tarihçesi
9888:from the original on 14 May 2018
9810:Paolini & Cholokashvili 1629
9779:from the original on 6 July 2017
8757:Mkhedruli royal charter of King
8750:
8742:Mkhedruli royal charter of King
8735:
8720:
8712:Mkhedruli royal charter of King
8705:
8697:Mkhedruli royal charter of King
8690:
8682:Mkhedruli royal charter of King
8675:
8667:Mkhedruli royal charter of King
8660:
8637:
8621:
8606:
8594:
8582:
8570:
8548:
8533:
8518:
8503:
8491:
6612:
6603:
4196:
4174:
4069:Mkhedruli calligraphy of Prince
4062:
4057:
4046:
4032:
4021:
3975:
3648:
3614:
3596:
3569:
3509:
3347:
2980:Letters added to other alphabets
2275:
2131:
2113:
2095:
1581:
1547:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1368:
1319:
1314:
909:
904:
882:
648:, also created the Georgian and
633:) to write down Georgian texts.
535:Simon Janashia Museum of Georgia
516:
485:
448:
341:
265:
41:
13735:
10490:. Addison-Wesley Professional.
10300:
10263:
10251:from the original on 8 May 2018
10231:
10201:
10171:
10147:
10128:
10109:
10070:
10037:
10028:
10019:
10010:
9984:
9948:
9900:
9876:Simonson, Mark (20 June 2005).
9860:
9827:
9630:
9582:
9496:
9428:
9419:
9386:
9353:
9344:
9335:
9326:
9317:
9308:
9287:
9278:
9269:
9260:
9251:
9145:
9117:
8897:Hüning, Vogl & Moliner 2012
6551:
6546:
6543:
6540:
6505:
6500:
6497:
6494:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6445:
6405:
6400:
6397:
6394:
6358:
6353:
6350:
6347:
6310:
6305:
6302:
6299:
6263:
6258:
6255:
6252:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6200:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6056:
5684:
5679:
5676:
5673:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5432:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5328:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4984:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4648:
3077:
3066:
3055:
3044:
3033:
3022:
3011:
3000:
2989:
2968:. Several others were used for
2843:"Christ" is now written ქრისტე
2766:
2755:
2744:
2733:
2722:
2689:
2678:
2667:
2656:
2645:
2634:
2623:
2612:
2601:
2590:
2579:
2566:
2555:
2544:
2533:
2522:
2511:
2500:
2489:
2478:
2467:
2456:
2443:
2432:
2421:
2410:
2399:
2388:
2377:
2366:
2355:
2344:
2333:
2077:alongside Mkhedruli. Patriarch
2014:
2003:
1992:
1981:
1970:
1959:
1948:
1937:
1926:
1915:
1904:
1893:
1882:
1871:
1860:
1849:
1838:
1827:
1816:
1803:
1792:
1781:
1770:
1759:
1748:
1737:
1726:
1715:
1704:
1693:
1682:
1671:
1660:
1649:
1638:
1627:
1616:
1605:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1071:
1062:
1053:
1044:
1035:
1026:
1017:
1008:
999:
990:
981:
972:
963:
954:
945:
936:
219:International Phonetic Alphabet
15496:Democratic Republic of Georgia
11429:Languages by writing system /
10666:The restored Georgian alphabet
10366:Aronson, Howard Isaac (1990).
10080:The Cinema of Sergei Parajanov
9089:– via armenianhouse.org.
8772:
7850:
7848:
7606:
7604:
7597:
7595:
7593:
7591:
7589:
7582:
7120:
7118:
7113:
7111:
7109:
7107:
7105:
7100:
5010:, Mingrelian, Laz, & Svan
4100:
3996:, including diacritics called
3346:) often uses a vertical line,
735:means "capital letters", from
683:
563:), a core Georgian kingdom of
353:
51:
13:
1:
14868:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
14824:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
13262:
13147:
12489:
11096:"Transliteration of Georgian"
10579:. John Benjamins Publishing.
10558:. John Benjamins Publishing.
9909:, V. 8, p. 231, Tbilisi, 1984
9715:Ager, Simon (23 April 2021).
9679:Ager, Simon (23 April 2021).
8797:
6845:internationalized domain name
6772:) is often used as a love or
6745:Northeast Caucasian languages
6718:Armenian community in Tbilisi
3198:in evangelical literature in
2944:) continue to be used in the
607:
559:(not to be confused with the
527:
504:Studium Biblicum Franciscanum
496:
347:
15756:Russian-occupied territories
15587:Timeline of Georgian history
15079:National Braille Association
15058:Braille Institute of America
14776:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
11703:
10703:Writing Systems of the World
10448:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
10404:. Harvard University Press.
9978:, Sayı 51, Eylül-Ekim 2006.
9907:Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia
9624:History of Georgian language
9171:408 ... հնարում է վրաց գրերը
8601:Nuskhuri of the 11th century
6751:
4080:
3389:
3234:") is occasionally used for
2988:
2797:accents), sometimes called "
2721:
2578:
2455:
2332:
2084:
1815:
1604:
1303:era, when the styles of the
697:in Asomtavruli, 9th century.
650:Caucasian Albanian alphabets
604:Lives of the Kings of Kartli
459:The three Georgian scripts:
429:intangible cultural heritage
212: This article contains
7:
14959:Refreshable braille display
14938:Optical braille recognition
14535:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
14067:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
13210:New Epoch Notation Painting
11050:Georgian alphabet animation
10976:Inscriptions of Ateni Sioni
10924:Thomson, Robert W. (1996).
10835:. In Sylvain Auroux (ed.).
10769:. Antares. pp. 13–52.
10624:History of Linguistics 1996
10618:Kemertelidze, Nino (1999).
10425:. Oxford University Press.
10422:The World's Writing Systems
10369:Georgian: A Reading Grammar
8630:Iadgari of Mikael Modrekili
8555:Asomtavruli inscription at
8540:Asomtavruli inscription at
3685:
3673:
3661:
3643:
3631:
3609:
3587:
3564:
3552:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3504:
3492:
3482:
3466:
3456:
3435:
3304:of the preceding consonant.
3290:of the preceding consonant.
2181:
2124:in Mkhedruli, 12th century.
2106:in Mkhedruli, 11th century.
1493:
1457:
1451:
1398:
812:Form of Asomtavruli letters
775:
749:
737:
731:
392:largely corresponds to the
10:
16282:
15315:Christianization of Iberia
15026:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
11465:
10831:Shanidze, Mzekala (2000).
10733:Palazzo di Propaganda Fide
10600:The Languages of the World
10419:Daniels, Peter T. (1996).
10358:
9970:December 14, 2013, at the
9636:მაჭავარიანი, თბილისი, 1977
9610:Chambers Encyclopedia 1901
8476:
7921:
7874:As of Unicode version 16.0
7863:
7639:
7621:As of Unicode version 16.0
7610:
7312:
7294:As of Unicode version 16.0
7283:
6906:
6878:
6804:
4165:
1384:Handwriting of Asomtavruli
579:, by monks in Georgia and
557:Christianization of Iberia
476:
441:
16212:
16143:
16086:
15951:
15942:
15873:
15864:
15790:
15781:
15754:
15714:
15624:
15615:
15604:
15549:
15488:
15470:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
15443:Principality of Mingrelia
15323:
15247:
15238:
15158:
15109:
15049:
14982:
14892:
14838:
14801:
14762:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
14741:
14722:
14703:
14608:
14514:
14475:
14402:
14329:
14028:
14021:
13982:
13940:
13743:
13730:
13698:
13685:
13636:
13595:
13591:
13578:
13554:
13518:
13492:
13441:
13398:
13363:
13283:
13276:Chinese family of scripts
13274:
13270:
13257:
13155:
13142:
13093:
12501:
12497:
12484:
12346:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
12333:
11981:
11724:
11715:
11711:
11698:
11473:
11460:
11456:
11448:
11443:
11431:by first written accounts
11400:
11379:
11375:
11315:
11256:
11220:
11179:
11168:
11147:
11028:10.1017/S0025100306002659
10945:West, Barbara A. (2010).
10792:. John Wiley & Sons.
10784:Rapp, Stephen H. (2010).
10761:Rapp, Stephen H. (2006).
10740:Rapp, Stephen H. (2003).
10700:Nakanishi, Akira (1990).
10641:Machavariani, E. (2011).
10529:Haarmann, Harald (2012).
10469:. Palgrave Macmillan US.
10463:George, Julie A. (2009).
9992:"The Circassian Alphabet"
9598:Katzner & Miller 2002
8430:
8391:
8305:
8287:
6874:
6831:Prime Minister of Georgia
6328:in evangelical literature
4251:
4241:
4238:
4231:
4161:"The sovereign Alexander"
3300:) was used in Abkhaz for
3286:) was used in Abkhaz for
2831:, appeared instead of ი (
2813:, as in ქრისტჱ ~ ქრისტეჲ
2809:"), was equivalent to ეჲ
2267:Form of Mkhedruli letters
2222:
2216:
2187:
2158:
1499:
1487:
1481:
1463:
1436:
1430:
781:
769:
755:
743:
716:
710:
317:
312:
293:
283:
273:
264:
253:
248:
210:
180:
170:
163:
142:
137:
117:
112:
98:
83:
70:
58:
40:
34:
15724:Administrative divisions
15465:Shah Abbas I's invasions
15428:Principality of Abkhazia
15371:First Kingdom of Kakheti
14749:Chinese semi-syllabaries
14012:Unicode braille patterns
13998:International uniformity
12453:Thomas Natural Shorthand
10484:Gillam, Richard (2003).
9998:. Circassian Family Tree
9170:
9138:
8765:
8459:
8452:
8445:
8437:
8422:
8415:
8407:
8381:
8374:
8367:
8360:
8350:
8343:
8336:
8329:
8322:
8315:
8280:
8273:
8266:
8259:
8252:
8245:
8238:
8231:
8221:
8214:
8204:
8196:
8179:
8172:
8162:
8155:
8148:
8141:
8134:
8127:
8117:
8110:
8103:
8096:
8089:
8081:
8067:
8057:
8047:
8037:
8027:
8017:
8007:
7997:
7987:
7977:
7967:
7957:
7947:
7937:
7924:Georgian keyboard layout
6881:Georgian (Unicode block)
3574:, a little like a Greek
3460:) and the top stroke of
3309:Handwriting of Mkhedruli
2324:Modern Georgian alphabet
2075:Georgian Orthodox Church
1522:Form of Nuskhuri letters
1287:Asomtavruli illumination
587:'s dating of fragmented
573:Bir el Qutt inscriptions
493:Bir el Qutt inscriptions
379:Georgian Orthodox Church
369:and mostly used for the
197:U+2D00–U+2D2F Supplement
15433:Principality of Svaneti
15356:Kingdom of the Iberians
15260:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
15086:Blindness organizations
15065:Braille Without Borders
14854:Canadian currency marks
14476:Egyptian lineage family
13659:Southwest Paleohispanic
10951:. Infobase Publishing.
10788:. In Parry, Ken (ed.).
10786:"Georgian Christianity"
10687:Morfill, W. R. (1901).
10664:Mchedlidze, T. (2013).
10597:; Miller, Kirk (2002).
10518:"The Georgian Alphabet"
10440:Enwall, Joakim (2010).
9878:"Fake vs. True Italics"
8467:
4152:Alexander II of Kakheti
3473:Other common variants:
2228:Georgian pronunciation:
2164:Georgian pronunciation:
2120:Royal charter of Queen
2037:Handwriting of Nuskhuri
1442:Georgian pronunciation:
722:Georgian pronunciation:
215:phonetic transcriptions
15331:Principality of Iberia
14403:Russian lineage family
13803:Great Lakes Algonquian
12712:Greco-Iberian alphabet
12645:Gabelsberger shorthand
11588:Inscriptional Parthian
10746:. Peeters Publishers.
10723:Cholokashvili, Nikoloz
10552:Hewitt, B. G. (1995).
10388:Bowersock, Glen Warren
9185:, pp. xxii–xxiii.
8557:Nikortsminda Cathedral
8526:Doliskana inscriptions
8485:Gallery of Asomtavruli
6801:
6777:
6622:Old Avar crosses with
6596:
6565:of preceding consonant
6521:of preceding consonant
6320:Dagestanian languages
5694:Mingrelian & Svan
5455:Mingrelian & Svan
4147:
3990:and abbreviations for
3486:) may be written like
3447:
3427:
3356:Only four letters are
3320:
3168:") is used in for the
2319:in Mkhedruli, 1187 AD.
2309:
2220:) or simply Mtavruli (
2142:in Mkhedruli, 1712 AD.
2138:Royal charter of King
2102:Royal charter of King
2048:
1418:
1395:
726:[asomtʰavɾuli]
698:
202:U+1C90–U+1CBF Extended
192:U+10A0–U+10FF Georgian
15475:1795 Persian Invasion
15438:Principality of Guria
15167:Accessible publishing
15093:Schools for the blind
15072:Japan Braille Library
14861:Computer Braille Code
14515:Indian lineage family
13895:Old Persian cuneiform
12762:Carolingian minuscule
11568:Ancient North Arabian
10990:Georgian palaeography
10865:] (in Georgian).
10863:The Georgian Language
10839:. Walter de Gruyter.
10706:. Tuttle Publishing.
9963:Papşu, Murat (2006)."
9626:, paragraph II, 2.1.5
8714:George III of Georgia
7891:Non-Unicode encodings
6783:
6759:
6594:
4146:
4071:Garsevan Chavchavadze
4018:by the 11th century.
3433:
3397:
3319:
3200:Dagestanian languages
2308:
2140:Vakhtang VI of Kartli
2047:
1408:
1394:
1334:(t), 12–13th century.
693:
571:(326 or 337) and the
424:for its many vowels.
16071:World Heritage Sites
15654:Environmental issues
14931:Mountbatten Brailler
14286:(largely reassigned)
14069:(largely reassigned)
13618:Southeastern Iberian
13613:Northeastern Iberian
11511:Egyptian hieroglyphs
11276:Kartvelian languages
11065:Lasha Kintsurashvili
11043:Gallery of Mkhedruli
11007:Georgian Asomtavruli
10643:Georgian manuscripts
10215:. 24 February 2016.
9882:Mark Simonson Studio
9074:The life of Mashtots
8744:George IV of Georgia
8684:George II of Georgia
8669:Bagrat IV of Georgia
8654:Gallery of Mkhedruli
6784:The Georgian letter
6760:The Georgian letter
6698:in the 20th century.
6684:in the 20th century.
6670:in the 20th century.
6656:in the 20th century.
4181:The Georgian letter
4159:ჴლმწიფე ჻ ალექსანდრე
3443:text, on a Georgian
3220:the preceding vowel.
3190:) was once used for
2713:, founded by Prince
2285:Bagrat IV of Georgia
2249:Bagrat IV of Georgia
2104:Bagrat IV of Georgia
1554:Asomtavruli letters
1469:illuminated capitals
1293:illuminated capitals
932:Asomtavruli letters
922:George IV of Georgia
798:Bolnisi inscriptions
524:Bolnisi inscriptions
375:Kartvelian languages
107:Kartvelian languages
15521:Independent Georgia
15351:Kingdom of Abkhazia
15265:Kura–Araxes culture
15255:Prehistoric Georgia
14883:Nemeth braille code
14669:(reassigned vowels)
14194:(extended to 8-dot)
13768:Canadian Aboriginal
13654:Khitan small script
13376:Khitan large script
12566:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
11236:Georgian Supplement
10930:. Clarendon Press.
10816:. RoutledgeCurzon.
10106:, pp. 137–138.
10055:, pp. 144–145.
9305:, pp. 121–122.
9209:, pp. 449–456.
9163:The Armenian Script
9135:The Armenian Script
8759:George V of Georgia
8699:David IV of Georgia
8564:Gallery of Nuskhuri
7315:Georgian Supplement
6834:Irakli Garibashvili
4154:, with the divider
4128:Greek question mark
3052:modifier letter nar
2232:[mtʰavɾuli]
1602:
1491:; "clerical", from
1415:Monastery of Iviron
1345:Asomtavruli letter
933:
313:Inscription history
87:Left-to-right
15913:Telecommunications
15541:Russo-Georgian War
15455:Kingdom of Kakheti
15423:Kingdom of Imereti
15418:Turkmen incursions
15413:Samtskhe atabegate
15376:Kingdom of Georgia
15346:Emirate of Tbilisi
15336:Bagrationi dynasty
14917:Braille translator
14894:Braille technology
14870:(science; GS8/GS6)
14839:Symbols in braille
14769:Taiwanese Mandarin
14284:Taiwanese Mandarin
13890:Nwagu Aneke script
13442:Other logosyllabic
13364:Chinese-influenced
13303:Oracle bone script
13285:Chinese characters
13220:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
12610:Eclectic shorthand
12598:Duployan shorthand
12551:Caucasian Albanian
12351:Canadian syllabics
11387:History of writing
11323:Georgian Knowledge
11281:Proto-Georgian–Zan
11057:, produced by the
10988:Javakhishvili, I.
10721:Paolini, Stefano;
10446:Turcology in Mainz
10213:BPG Georgian Fonts
10183:Unicode Consortium
10162:2016-01-22 at the
10140:2018-03-22 at the
10121:2014-03-09 at the
9842:2012-03-09 at the
9511:2016-03-04 at the
7900:character encoding
6858:shifted above the
6819:Kartvelian studies
6802:
6778:
6597:
6426:of preceding vowel
4220:Latin Laz alphabet
4150:Signature of King
4148:
4132:Anton I of Georgia
3591:) is written as a
3448:
3428:
3321:
3264:) was used in the
3142:, is used for the
3112:, and formerly in
2310:
2253:Kingdom of Georgia
2245:Ateni Sioni Church
2168:[mχedɾuli]
2079:Ilia II of Georgia
2049:
1600:
1516:Ateni Sioni Church
1419:
1413:collection of the
1396:
1309:Kingdom of Georgia
931:
847:monogram of Christ
773:) "rounded", from
699:
390:alphabetical order
367:Kingdom of Georgia
335:used to write the
16266:Caucasian scripts
16248:
16247:
16208:
16207:
16101:Ethnic minorities
16030:
16023:
16016:
16009:
15938:
15937:
15860:
15859:
15842:Political parties
15805:Foreign relations
15777:
15776:
15602:
15601:
15506:Red Army invasion
15450:Kingdom of Kartli
15408:Timur's invasions
15391:Battle of Didgori
15366:Kingdom of Hereti
15295:Kingdom of Iberia
15194:
15193:
15190:
15189:
15112:tactile alphabets
15040:William Bell Wait
15033:Sabriye Tenberken
14834:
14833:
14699:
14698:
14684:(Japanese vowels)
14482:-mediated scripts
14409:-mediated scripts
13936:
13935:
13932:
13931:
13928:
13927:
13788:Ditema tsa Dinoko
13726:
13725:
13681:
13680:
13677:
13676:
13574:
13573:
13570:
13569:
13394:
13393:
13253:
13252:
13138:
13137:
13134:
13133:
12480:
12479:
12476:
12475:
12329:
12328:
11694:
11693:
11681:Teeline Shorthand
11439:
11438:
11331:
11330:
11295:Georgian dialects
11241:Georgian Extended
11141:Georgian language
10958:978-1-4381-1913-7
10937:978-0-19-826373-9
10876:978-1-4020-1440-6
10846:978-3-11-019400-5
10823:978-0-7007-1163-5
10799:978-1-4443-3361-9
10753:978-90-429-1318-9
10713:978-0-8048-1654-0
10668:. Fulda, Germany.
10633:978-90-272-8382-5
10610:978-1-134-53288-9
10586:978-90-272-0055-6
10565:978-90-272-3802-3
10544:978-90-272-0055-6
10497:978-0-201-70052-7
10476:978-0-230-10232-3
10455:978-3-447-06113-1
10432:978-0-19-507993-7
10411:978-0-674-51173-6
10379:978-0-89357-207-5
10090:978-0-299-29653-7
9996:circassianweb.com
9933:, pp. 30–31.
9800:, pp. 21–25.
9381:Machavariani 2011
9369:Machavariani 2011
9303:Machavariani 2011
9246:Machavariani 2011
9153:Acharian, Hrachia
9125:Acharian, Hrachia
9056:Kemertelidze 1999
8916:. 10 March 2015.
8885:Machavariani 2011
8474:
8473:
8403:
8402:
8301:
8300:
8192:
8191:
8188:
8077:
8076:
7898:is an unofficial
7888:
7887:
7642:Georgian Extended
7635:
7634:
7308:
7307:
6800:( ex: ლ(╹◡╹ლ) ).
6584:
6583:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4183:⟨ვ⟩
4162:
4156:⟨჻⟩
4077:
4075:Archil of Imereti
4054:
4040:
4029:
4000:, which resemble
3983:
3962:
3961:
3691:⟨X⟩
3621:⟨h⟩
3266:Ossetian language
3248:⟨ع⟩
3174:⟨ყ⟩
3090:
3089:
2952:) is used in the
2883:(like the Arabic
2779:
2778:
2715:Ilia Chavchavadze
2702:
2701:
2320:
2301:
2288:
2217:მხედრული მთავრული
2027:
2026:
1601:Nuskhuri letters
1597:
1578:
1446:[nusχuɾi]
1380:
1377:Gospel of Matthew
1335:
1284:
1283:
925:
646:Armenian alphabet
623:Tamaz Gamkrelidze
585:Levan Chilashvili
561:Iberian Peninsula
337:Georgian language
325:
324:
321:2016 (11 session)
244:
243:
16:(Redirected from
16273:
16261:Georgian scripts
16228:
16221:
16026:
16019:
16012:
16005:
15949:
15948:
15871:
15870:
15788:
15787:
15729:Cities and towns
15664:Greater Caucasus
15622:
15621:
15610:
15572:Military history
15557:Names of Georgia
15403:Mongol invasions
15275:Colchian culture
15270:Trialeti culture
15245:
15244:
15221:
15214:
15207:
15198:
15197:
15183:
15176:
15174:Braille literacy
15169:
15151:
15144:
15137:
15130:
15123:
15102:
15095:
15088:
15081:
15074:
15067:
15060:
15042:
15035:
15028:
15021:
15014:
15007:
15000:
14993:
14975:
14968:
14966:Slate and stylus
14961:
14954:
14952:Perkins Brailler
14947:
14940:
14933:
14926:
14919:
14912:
14910:Braille embosser
14905:
14885:
14878:
14871:
14863:
14856:
14849:
14827:
14819:
14812:
14794:
14787:
14778:
14771:
14764:
14757:
14750:
14734:
14731:American Braille
14715:
14712:Algerian Braille
14692:
14685:
14677:
14670:
14662:
14655:
14648:
14641:
14633:
14626:
14619:
14601:
14593:
14586:
14579:
14572:
14565:
14558:
14551:
14544:
14537:
14530:
14507:
14499:
14492:
14468:
14461:
14454:
14447:
14440:
14433:
14426:
14419:
14393:
14388:
14383:
14376:
14371:
14366:
14361:
14354:
14347:
14340:
14327:
14326:
14322:
14315:
14308:
14301:
14294:
14287:
14279:
14272:
14265:
14258:
14251:
14244:
14237:
14230:
14223:
14216:
14209:
14202:
14195:
14187:
14180:
14173:
14166:
14159:
14152:
14145:
14138:
14131:
14124:
14117:
14110:
14103:
14096:
14084:
14077:
14070:
14062:
14055:
14048:
14041:
14026:
14025:
14014:
14007:
14000:
13993:
13976:
13965:
13958:
13951:
13942:
13941:
13732:
13731:
13687:
13686:
13593:
13592:
13585:Semi-syllabaries
13580:
13579:
13281:
13280:
13272:
13271:
13259:
13258:
13144:
13143:
12499:
12498:
12486:
12485:
12388:Japanese Braille
11973:Zanabazar square
11842:Nepalese scripts
11732:Bengali–Assamese
11722:
11721:
11713:
11712:
11700:
11699:
11617:Pitman shorthand
11462:
11461:
11458:
11457:
11445:
11444:
11377:
11376:
11358:
11351:
11344:
11335:
11334:
11264:Proto-Kartvelian
11174:
11134:
11127:
11120:
11111:
11110:
11106:
11102:
11100:
11091:
11087:
11085:
11051:
11031:
11030:
10981:Gamkrelidze, T.
10962:
10941:
10920:
10914:
10906:
10894:
10888:
10880:
10850:
10827:
10808:Rayfield, Donald
10803:
10780:
10757:
10736:
10717:
10696:
10683:
10677:
10669:
10660:
10654:
10646:
10637:
10614:
10595:Katzner, Kenneth
10590:
10569:
10548:
10525:
10512:
10501:
10480:
10459:
10436:
10415:
10383:
10353:
10352:
10350:
10348:
10333:
10327:
10326:
10324:
10322:
10312:
10304:
10298:
10297:
10295:
10293:
10287:
10276:
10267:
10261:
10260:
10258:
10256:
10250:
10243:
10235:
10229:
10228:
10226:
10224:
10205:
10199:
10198:
10196:
10194:
10179:"Unicode 11.0.0"
10175:
10169:
10155:
10151:
10145:
10132:
10126:
10113:
10107:
10101:
10095:
10094:
10074:
10068:
10062:
10056:
10050:
10044:
10041:
10035:
10032:
10026:
10023:
10017:
10014:
10008:
10007:
10005:
10003:
9988:
9982:
9981:
9961:
9955:
9952:
9946:
9940:
9934:
9928:
9922:
9916:
9910:
9904:
9898:
9897:
9895:
9893:
9873:
9867:
9864:
9858:
9852:
9846:
9834:Ingorokva, Pavle
9831:
9825:
9819:
9813:
9807:
9801:
9795:
9789:
9788:
9786:
9784:
9778:
9767:
9758:
9739:
9738:
9736:
9734:
9712:
9703:
9702:
9700:
9698:
9676:
9667:
9664:
9649:
9643:
9637:
9634:
9628:
9627:
9619:
9613:
9607:
9601:
9595:
9589:
9586:
9580:
9579:
9577:
9575:
9569:
9558:
9549:
9540:
9534:
9528:
9522:
9516:
9504:
9500:
9494:
9488:
9482:
9481:
9479:
9477:
9468:. Archived from
9462:
9456:
9450:
9444:
9441:
9435:
9432:
9426:
9423:
9417:
9414:
9405:
9399:
9393:
9390:
9384:
9378:
9372:
9366:
9360:
9357:
9351:
9348:
9342:
9339:
9333:
9330:
9324:
9321:
9315:
9312:
9306:
9300:
9294:
9291:
9285:
9282:
9276:
9273:
9267:
9264:
9258:
9255:
9249:
9243:
9237:
9231:
9222:
9216:
9210:
9204:
9198:
9192:
9186:
9180:
9174:
9173:
9149:
9143:
9142:
9121:
9115:
9109:
9103:
9097:
9091:
9090:
9088:
9086:
9065:
9059:
9058:, pp. 228-.
9053:
9044:
9038:
9032:
9026:
9017:
9011:
9005:
8999:
8993:
8983:
8977:
8971:
8960:
8959:
8957:
8955:
8936:
8930:
8929:
8927:
8925:
8906:
8900:
8894:
8888:
8882:
8876:
8875:
8863:
8844:
8838:
8829:
8826:
8791:
8788:
8779:
8776:
8754:
8739:
8729:Tamar of Georgia
8724:
8709:
8694:
8679:
8664:
8641:
8625:
8610:
8598:
8586:
8574:
8552:
8537:
8522:
8507:
8495:
8405:
8386:
8379:
8372:
8365:
8355:
8348:
8341:
8334:
8327:
8320:
8303:
8285:
8278:
8271:
8264:
8257:
8250:
8243:
8236:
8226:
8219:
8209:
8194:
8180:
8177:
8167:
8160:
8153:
8146:
8139:
8132:
8122:
8115:
8108:
8101:
8094:
8079:
7935:
7918:Keyboard layouts
7906:for Georgian on
7881:
7873:
7637:
7636:
7628:
7620:
7602:
7587:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7310:
7309:
7301:
7293:
6904:
6903:
6869:Private Use Area
6817:, a linguist of
6791:
6767:
6642:until the 1940s.
6636:until the 1940s.
6616:
6607:
6475:
6451:
6422:
6375:
6327:
6280:
6233:
6229:
6206:
6181:
6158:
6133:
6110:
6085:
6062:
6037:
6014:
5989:
5966:
5941:
5918:
5893:
5870:
5845:
5822:
5797:
5774:
5749:
5726:
5701:
5654:
5631:
5606:
5583:
5558:
5535:
5510:
5487:
5462:
5438:
5413:
5409:
5386:
5361:
5353:
5334:
5309:
5286:
5261:
5238:
5213:
5190:
5165:
5142:
5117:
5094:
5069:
5065:
5042:
5017:
5009:
4990:
4965:
4942:
4917:
4894:
4869:
4846:
4821:
4798:
4773:
4750:
4725:
4702:
4677:
4673:
4654:
4629:
4606:
4581:
4558:
4533:
4510:
4485:
4462:
4437:
4414:
4389:
4366:
4341:
4337:
4314:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4226:
4225:
4205:Alphabetic Tower
4200:
4184:
4178:
4157:
4149:
4068:
4066:
4061:
4052:
4050:
4038:
4036:
4027:
4025:
3981:
3979:
3834:
3811:
3810:
3797:
3787:
3779:
3768:
3760:
3752:
3744:
3736:
3728:
3717:
3709:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3676:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3590:
3584:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3469:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3438:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3404:Rustaveli Avenue
3400:street name sign
3351:
3341:
3336:zeni, oni, khani
3333:
3329:
3325:
3295:
3281:
3275:
3259:
3249:
3241:
3225:
3207:
3197:
3185:
3175:
3159:
3138:"), also called
3129:
3095:
3082:
3071:
3060:
3049:
3038:
3027:
3016:
3005:
2994:
2987:
2986:
2967:
2935:
2927:
2904:
2895:became ხელმწიფე
2882:
2870:
2852:
2822:
2784:
2771:
2760:
2749:
2738:
2727:
2720:
2719:
2694:
2683:
2672:
2661:
2650:
2639:
2628:
2617:
2606:
2595:
2584:
2571:
2560:
2549:
2538:
2527:
2516:
2505:
2494:
2483:
2472:
2461:
2448:
2437:
2426:
2415:
2404:
2393:
2382:
2371:
2360:
2349:
2338:
2331:
2330:
2317:Tamar of Georgia
2311:
2291:
2282:
2279:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:", derives from
2170:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2135:
2122:Tamar of Georgia
2117:
2099:
2019:
2018:
2008:
2007:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1985:
1975:
1974:
1964:
1963:
1953:
1952:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1930:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1908:
1898:
1897:
1887:
1886:
1876:
1875:
1865:
1864:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1842:
1832:
1831:
1821:
1820:
1808:
1807:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1785:
1775:
1774:
1764:
1763:
1753:
1752:
1742:
1741:
1731:
1730:
1720:
1719:
1709:
1708:
1698:
1697:
1687:
1686:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1664:
1654:
1653:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1631:
1621:
1620:
1610:
1609:
1603:
1587:
1585:
1553:
1551:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1374:
1372:
1325:
1323:
1318:
1305:Byzantine Empire
1276:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1130:
1121:
1112:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1011:
1002:
993:
984:
975:
966:
957:
948:
939:
934:
930:
918:Tamar of Georgia
915:
913:
908:
886:
862:
852:
784:
783:
778:
772:
771:
758:
757:
752:
746:
745:
740:
734:
728:
723:
719:
718:
713:
712:
695:Anbandidi Gospel
666:Hrachia Acharian
662:James R. Russell
638:Armenian clerics
631:Aramaic alphabet
627:alloglottography
612:
609:
532:
529:
520:
501:
498:
489:
452:
329:Georgian scripts
269:
246:
245:
240:
234:
230:
158:
153:
150:
94:
93:
78:
45:
32:
31:
21:
16281:
16280:
16276:
16275:
16274:
16272:
16271:
16270:
16251:
16250:
16249:
16244:
16231:
16224:
16217:
16204:
16139:
16082:
16056:Public holidays
15934:
15898:Lari (currency)
15856:
15827:Law enforcement
15773:
15750:
15710:
15689:Protected areas
15674:Lesser Caucasus
15611:
15598:
15545:
15536:Rose Revolution
15531:War in Abkhazia
15516:April 9 tragedy
15484:
15460:Safavid Georgia
15319:
15310:Sasanian Iberia
15234:
15225:
15195:
15186:
15179:
15172:
15165:
15154:
15147:
15140:
15133:
15126:
15119:
15105:
15098:
15091:
15084:
15077:
15070:
15063:
15056:
15045:
15038:
15031:
15024:
15017:
15010:
15003:
14998:Charles Barbier
14996:
14989:
14978:
14971:
14964:
14957:
14950:
14943:
14936:
14929:
14922:
14915:
14908:
14901:
14888:
14881:
14874:
14866:
14859:
14852:
14845:
14830:
14822:
14815:
14808:
14797:
14790:
14783:
14774:
14767:
14760:
14753:
14748:
14737:
14729:
14723:Frequency-based
14718:
14710:
14695:
14688:
14680:
14673:
14665:
14658:
14651:
14644:
14636:
14629:
14622:
14615:
14604:
14596:
14589:
14582:
14575:
14568:
14561:
14554:
14547:
14540:
14533:
14526:
14519:Bharati Braille
14516:
14510:
14502:
14495:
14488:
14477:
14471:
14464:
14457:
14450:
14443:
14436:
14429:
14422:
14415:
14404:
14398:
14391:
14386:
14379:
14374:
14369:
14364:
14357:
14350:
14343:
14336:
14325:
14318:
14311:
14304:
14297:
14290:
14282:
14275:
14268:
14261:
14254:
14247:
14240:
14233:
14226:
14219:
14212:
14205:
14198:
14190:
14183:
14176:
14169:
14162:
14155:
14148:
14141:
14134:
14127:
14120:
14113:
14106:
14099:
14093:Unified English
14087:
14080:
14073:
14065:
14058:
14051:
14044:
14037:
14022:Braille scripts
14017:
14010:
14003:
13996:
13989:
13978:
13974:
13969:
13924:
13739:
13722:
13718:Stokoe notation
13694:
13673:
13632:
13587:
13566:
13550:
13514:
13493:Logoconsonantal
13488:
13437:
13390:
13359:
13266:
13249:
13230:Siglas poveiras
13151:
13130:
13089:
12993:Younger Futhark
12697:Gregg shorthand
12493:
12472:
12325:
11977:
11707:
11690:
11469:
11452:
11435:
11408:Writing systems
11396:
11371:
11369:writing systems
11362:
11332:
11327:
11311:
11305:Judaeo-Georgian
11252:
11248:Mac OS Georgian
11216:
11175:
11166:
11143:
11138:
11104:
11098:
11094:
11089:
11083:
11079:
11069:Levan Chaganava
11049:
11039:
11034:
10970:
10968:Further reading
10965:
10959:
10938:
10908:
10907:
10899:Shanidze, Akaki
10882:
10881:
10877:
10855:Shanidze, Akaki
10847:
10824:
10800:
10777:
10754:
10714:
10671:
10670:
10648:
10647:
10634:
10611:
10587:
10566:
10545:
10524:(4–5): 324–331.
10511:(139): 449–456.
10498:
10477:
10456:
10433:
10412:
10380:
10361:
10356:
10346:
10344:
10334:
10330:
10320:
10318:
10310:
10306:
10305:
10301:
10291:
10289:
10285:
10274:
10268:
10264:
10254:
10252:
10248:
10244:. Unicode.org.
10241:
10237:
10236:
10232:
10222:
10220:
10207:
10206:
10202:
10192:
10190:
10185:. 5 June 2018.
10177:
10176:
10172:
10164:Wayback Machine
10153:
10152:
10148:
10142:Wayback Machine
10133:
10129:
10123:Wayback Machine
10114:
10110:
10102:
10098:
10091:
10075:
10071:
10063:
10059:
10051:
10047:
10042:
10038:
10033:
10029:
10024:
10020:
10015:
10011:
10001:
9999:
9990:
9989:
9985:
9979:
9972:Wayback Machine
9962:
9958:
9953:
9949:
9941:
9937:
9929:
9925:
9917:
9913:
9905:
9901:
9891:
9889:
9874:
9870:
9865:
9861:
9853:
9849:
9844:Wayback Machine
9832:
9828:
9822:Mchedlidze 2013
9820:
9816:
9808:
9804:
9796:
9792:
9782:
9780:
9776:
9765:
9759:
9742:
9732:
9730:
9713:
9706:
9696:
9694:
9677:
9670:
9665:
9652:
9644:
9640:
9635:
9631:
9620:
9616:
9608:
9604:
9596:
9592:
9587:
9583:
9573:
9571:
9567:
9556:
9550:
9543:
9537:Gugushvili 1937
9535:
9531:
9523:
9519:
9513:Wayback Machine
9502:
9501:
9497:
9489:
9485:
9475:
9473:
9464:
9463:
9459:
9453:Mchedlidze 2013
9451:
9447:
9442:
9438:
9433:
9429:
9424:
9420:
9415:
9408:
9402:Mchedlidze 2013
9400:
9396:
9391:
9387:
9379:
9375:
9367:
9363:
9358:
9354:
9349:
9345:
9340:
9336:
9331:
9327:
9322:
9318:
9313:
9309:
9301:
9297:
9292:
9288:
9283:
9279:
9274:
9270:
9265:
9261:
9256:
9252:
9244:
9240:
9232:
9225:
9217:
9213:
9205:
9201:
9193:
9189:
9181:
9177:
9172:
9150:
9146:
9140:
9122:
9118:
9110:
9106:
9098:
9094:
9084:
9082:
9066:
9062:
9054:
9047:
9039:
9035:
9027:
9020:
9012:
9008:
9000:
8996:
8984:
8980:
8972:
8963:
8953:
8951:
8938:
8937:
8933:
8923:
8921:
8908:
8907:
8903:
8895:
8891:
8883:
8879:
8864:
8847:
8839:
8832:
8827:
8804:
8800:
8795:
8794:
8789:
8782:
8777:
8773:
8768:
8761:
8755:
8746:
8740:
8731:
8725:
8716:
8710:
8701:
8695:
8686:
8680:
8671:
8665:
8656:
8649:
8642:
8633:
8626:
8617:
8611:
8602:
8599:
8590:
8587:
8578:
8575:
8566:
8559:
8553:
8544:
8538:
8529:
8523:
8514:
8510:Asomtavruli at
8508:
8499:
8496:
8487:
8479:
8469:
8465:
8457:
8450:
8443:
8435:
8428:
8420:
8413:
8398:
8397:
8382:
8375:
8368:
8361:
8351:
8344:
8337:
8330:
8323:
8316:
8312:
8311:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8281:
8274:
8267:
8260:
8253:
8246:
8239:
8232:
8222:
8215:
8205:
8202:
8184:
8173:
8163:
8156:
8149:
8142:
8135:
8128:
8118:
8111:
8104:
8097:
8090:
8087:
8072:
8071:
8062:
8052:
8042:
8032:
8022:
8012:
8002:
7992:
7982:
7972:
7962:
7952:
7942:
7926:
7920:
7904:Michael Everson
7896:Mac OS Georgian
7893:
7645:
7600:
7585:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7318:
6912:
6891:
6879:Main articles:
6877:
6823:Michael Everson
6807:
6785:
6761:
6754:
6696:Cyrillic script
6682:Cyrillic script
6668:Cyrillic script
6654:Cyrillic script
6630:
6629:
6628:
6627:
6619:
6618:
6617:
6609:
6608:
6589:
6449:
6204:
6156:
6108:
6060:
6012:
5964:
5916:
5868:
5820:
5772:
5724:
5629:
5581:
5533:
5485:
5436:
5384:
5332:
5284:
5236:
5188:
5140:
5092:
5040:
4988:
4940:
4892:
4844:
4796:
4748:
4700:
4652:
4604:
4556:
4508:
4460:
4412:
4364:
4312:
4253:
4235:
4223:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4201:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4182:
4179:
4168:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4103:
4083:
4078:
4067:
4055:
4051:
4041:
4037:
4030:
4026:
3984:
3980:
3958:
3957:
3842:
3809:
3795:
3785:
3777:
3766:
3758:
3750:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3715:
3707:
3700:
3698:Similar letters
3690:
3680:
3668:
3656:
3638:
3626:
3620:
3619:, like a Latin
3604:
3582:
3559:
3547:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3499:
3487:
3477:
3461:
3451:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3392:
3360:, with neither
3339:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3311:
3293:
3279:
3257:
3247:
3223:
3205:
3183:
3173:
3157:
3127:
3093:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3067:
3061:
3056:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2990:
2982:
2902:
2868:
2850:
2820:
2782:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2723:
2707:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2679:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2580:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2457:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2334:
2326:
2321:
2302:
2289:
2287:, 11th century.
2280:
2269:
2227:
2163:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2118:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2100:
2089:
2062:
2039:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1598:
1586:
1579:
1552:
1524:
1441:
1417:, 10th century.
1403:
1386:
1381:
1373:
1336:
1324:
1289:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1000:
994:
991:
985:
982:
976:
973:
967:
964:
958:
955:
949:
946:
940:
937:
926:
916:Coins of Queen
914:
860:
850:
845:derives from a
818:Pavle Ingorokva
814:
747:) "letter" and
721:
688:
658:Donald Rayfield
642:Mesrop Mashtots
619:Mesrop Mashtots
610:
545:
544:
543:
542:
541:
530:
521:
512:
511:
510:
499:
490:
479:
474:
473:
472:
458:
453:
444:
333:writing systems
260:
211:
206:
185:
173:
156:
155:
151:
148:
133:
120:
113:Related scripts
88:
76:
73:
66:
54:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
16279:
16269:
16268:
16263:
16246:
16245:
16243:
16242:
16237:
16230:
16229:
16222:
16214:
16213:
16210:
16209:
16206:
16205:
16203:
16202:
16201:
16200:
16190:
16189:
16188:
16178:
16173:
16168:
16163:
16158:
16153:
16147:
16145:
16141:
16140:
16138:
16137:
16130:
16125:
16120:
16119:
16118:
16113:
16103:
16098:
16092:
16090:
16084:
16083:
16081:
16080:
16073:
16068:
16063:
16058:
16053:
16048:
16043:
16038:
16033:
16032:
16031:
16024:
16017:
16010:
16000:
15995:
15990:
15989:
15988:
15978:
15973:
15968:
15963:
15958:
15952:
15946:
15940:
15939:
15936:
15935:
15933:
15932:
15925:
15920:
15915:
15910:
15908:Stock Exchange
15905:
15900:
15895:
15890:
15885:
15880:
15874:
15868:
15862:
15861:
15858:
15857:
15855:
15854:
15852:Prime Minister
15849:
15844:
15839:
15834:
15829:
15824:
15823:
15822:
15812:
15807:
15802:
15797:
15791:
15785:
15779:
15778:
15775:
15774:
15772:
15771:
15766:
15760:
15758:
15752:
15751:
15749:
15748:
15741:
15736:
15731:
15726:
15720:
15718:
15712:
15711:
15709:
15708:
15701:
15696:
15691:
15686:
15684:National parks
15681:
15676:
15671:
15666:
15661:
15656:
15651:
15646:
15641:
15636:
15631:
15625:
15619:
15613:
15612:
15605:
15603:
15600:
15599:
15597:
15596:
15589:
15584:
15579:
15574:
15569:
15564:
15559:
15553:
15551:
15547:
15546:
15544:
15543:
15538:
15533:
15528:
15523:
15518:
15513:
15508:
15503:
15498:
15492:
15490:
15486:
15485:
15483:
15482:
15477:
15472:
15467:
15462:
15457:
15452:
15447:
15446:
15445:
15440:
15435:
15430:
15420:
15415:
15410:
15405:
15400:
15395:
15394:
15393:
15383:
15381:Byzantine wars
15378:
15373:
15368:
15363:
15358:
15353:
15348:
15343:
15338:
15333:
15327:
15325:
15321:
15320:
15318:
15317:
15312:
15307:
15302:
15297:
15292:
15287:
15282:
15277:
15272:
15267:
15262:
15257:
15251:
15249:
15242:
15236:
15235:
15224:
15223:
15216:
15209:
15201:
15192:
15191:
15188:
15187:
15185:
15184:
15177:
15170:
15162:
15160:
15159:Related topics
15156:
15155:
15153:
15152:
15145:
15138:
15135:New York Point
15131:
15124:
15116:
15114:
15107:
15106:
15104:
15103:
15096:
15089:
15082:
15075:
15068:
15061:
15053:
15051:
15047:
15046:
15044:
15043:
15036:
15029:
15022:
15019:Harris Mowbray
15015:
15008:
15001:
14994:
14986:
14984:
14980:
14979:
14977:
14976:
14969:
14962:
14955:
14948:
14941:
14934:
14927:
14920:
14913:
14906:
14903:Braille e-book
14898:
14896:
14890:
14889:
14887:
14886:
14879:
14872:
14864:
14857:
14850:
14842:
14840:
14836:
14835:
14832:
14831:
14829:
14828:
14820:
14813:
14805:
14803:
14799:
14798:
14796:
14795:
14788:
14781:
14780:
14779:
14772:
14765:
14758:
14745:
14743:
14739:
14738:
14736:
14735:
14726:
14724:
14720:
14719:
14717:
14716:
14707:
14705:
14701:
14700:
14697:
14696:
14694:
14693:
14686:
14678:
14671:
14663:
14656:
14649:
14642:
14634:
14627:
14620:
14612:
14610:
14606:
14605:
14603:
14602:
14594:
14587:
14580:
14573:
14566:
14559:
14552:
14545:
14538:
14531:
14523:
14521:
14512:
14511:
14509:
14508:
14500:
14493:
14485:
14483:
14473:
14472:
14470:
14469:
14462:
14455:
14448:
14441:
14434:
14427:
14420:
14412:
14410:
14400:
14399:
14397:
14396:
14395:
14394:
14389:
14384:
14377:
14372:
14367:
14355:
14348:
14341:
14333:
14331:
14324:
14323:
14316:
14309:
14302:
14295:
14288:
14280:
14273:
14266:
14259:
14252:
14245:
14238:
14231:
14224:
14217:
14210:
14203:
14196:
14188:
14181:
14174:
14167:
14160:
14153:
14146:
14139:
14132:
14125:
14118:
14111:
14104:
14097:
14085:
14078:
14071:
14063:
14056:
14049:
14042:
14034:
14032:
14030:French-ordered
14023:
14019:
14018:
14016:
14015:
14008:
14001:
13994:
13986:
13984:
13980:
13979:
13968:
13967:
13960:
13953:
13945:
13938:
13937:
13934:
13933:
13930:
13929:
13926:
13925:
13923:
13922:
13917:
13912:
13907:
13902:
13897:
13892:
13887:
13882:
13877:
13872:
13870:Linear Elamite
13867:
13862:
13857:
13852:
13851:
13850:
13845:
13840:
13835:
13830:
13825:
13815:
13810:
13805:
13800:
13795:
13790:
13785:
13780:
13775:
13770:
13765:
13760:
13755:
13750:
13744:
13741:
13740:
13728:
13727:
13724:
13723:
13721:
13720:
13715:
13710:
13705:
13699:
13696:
13695:
13692:Sign languages
13683:
13682:
13679:
13678:
13675:
13674:
13672:
13671:
13669:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
13666:
13661:
13656:
13651:
13646:
13644:Espanca script
13640:
13638:
13634:
13633:
13631:
13630:
13625:
13620:
13615:
13610:
13605:
13603:Linear Elamite
13599:
13597:
13589:
13588:
13576:
13575:
13572:
13571:
13568:
13567:
13565:
13564:
13558:
13556:
13552:
13551:
13549:
13548:
13543:
13538:
13533:
13528:
13522:
13520:
13516:
13515:
13513:
13512:
13507:
13502:
13496:
13494:
13490:
13489:
13487:
13486:
13484:Yi (Classical)
13481:
13476:
13471:
13466:
13461:
13456:
13451:
13445:
13443:
13439:
13438:
13436:
13435:
13430:
13425:
13420:
13415:
13410:
13404:
13402:
13396:
13395:
13392:
13391:
13389:
13388:
13383:
13378:
13373:
13367:
13365:
13361:
13360:
13358:
13357:
13352:
13347:
13342:
13337:
13332:
13331:
13330:
13325:
13320:
13310:
13308:Bronze scripts
13305:
13300:
13295:
13289:
13287:
13278:
13268:
13267:
13255:
13254:
13251:
13250:
13248:
13247:
13242:
13237:
13232:
13227:
13222:
13217:
13212:
13207:
13202:
13197:
13192:
13187:
13182:
13177:
13172:
13167:
13162:
13156:
13153:
13152:
13140:
13139:
13136:
13135:
13132:
13131:
13129:
13128:
13123:
13121:Flag semaphore
13118:
13116:New York Point
13113:
13111:Telegraph code
13108:
13106:Maritime flags
13103:
13097:
13095:
13091:
13090:
13088:
13087:
13082:
13077:
13072:
13067:
13062:
13060:Visible Speech
13057:
13052:
13047:
13042:
13037:
13032:
13030:Sorang Sompeng
13027:
13022:
13017:
13016:
13015:
13010:
13005:
13000:
12995:
12990:
12985:
12980:
12975:
12965:
12960:
12955:
12950:
12945:
12940:
12935:
12934:
12933:
12932:
12931:
12926:
12921:
12916:
12914:Galik alphabet
12911:
12896:
12891:
12886:
12881:
12876:
12871:
12866:
12861:
12856:
12851:
12846:
12841:
12836:
12831:
12826:
12821:
12820:
12819:
12814:
12812:Tironian notes
12809:
12804:
12799:
12794:
12789:
12784:
12779:
12774:
12769:
12764:
12759:
12754:
12744:
12739:
12734:
12729:
12724:
12719:
12714:
12709:
12699:
12694:
12689:
12684:
12679:
12678:
12677:
12672:
12667:
12657:
12655:Garay alphabet
12652:
12647:
12642:
12637:
12632:
12627:
12622:
12617:
12612:
12607:
12606:
12605:
12595:
12590:
12589:
12588:
12583:
12573:
12568:
12563:
12558:
12553:
12548:
12543:
12538:
12533:
12532:
12531:
12521:
12516:
12511:
12505:
12503:
12495:
12494:
12482:
12481:
12478:
12477:
12474:
12473:
12471:
12470:
12465:
12460:
12455:
12450:
12445:
12440:
12438:Sorang Sompeng
12435:
12430:
12425:
12420:
12415:
12410:
12405:
12400:
12395:
12390:
12385:
12380:
12375:
12370:
12365:
12364:
12363:
12361:Déné syllabics
12358:
12348:
12343:
12337:
12335:
12331:
12330:
12327:
12326:
12324:
12323:
12322:
12321:
12316:
12306:
12305:
12304:
12299:
12294:
12289:
12284:
12279:
12274:
12264:
12259:
12254:
12249:
12244:
12239:
12234:
12229:
12224:
12219:
12214:
12209:
12204:
12199:
12198:
12197:
12187:
12182:
12177:
12172:
12167:
12162:
12157:
12152:
12151:
12150:
12145:
12135:
12130:
12125:
12124:
12123:
12113:
12108:
12103:
12098:
12093:
12088:
12087:
12086:
12076:
12071:
12066:
12061:
12056:
12051:
12046:
12041:
12036:
12031:
12026:
12021:
12016:
12011:
12006:
12001:
11996:
11991:
11985:
11983:
11979:
11978:
11976:
11975:
11970:
11965:
11964:
11963:
11958:
11948:
11943:
11938:
11933:
11928:
11923:
11918:
11917:
11916:
11906:
11905:
11904:
11899:
11894:
11889:
11884:
11879:
11874:
11869:
11864:
11859:
11854:
11849:
11839:
11834:
11829:
11824:
11819:
11814:
11809:
11804:
11799:
11794:
11789:
11784:
11779:
11774:
11769:
11764:
11759:
11754:
11749:
11744:
11739:
11734:
11728:
11726:
11719:
11709:
11708:
11696:
11695:
11692:
11691:
11689:
11688:
11683:
11678:
11677:
11676:
11671:
11666:
11656:
11651:
11650:
11649:
11644:
11634:
11629:
11624:
11622:Proto-Sinaitic
11619:
11614:
11613:
11612:
11602:
11597:
11596:
11595:
11590:
11585:
11580:
11570:
11565:
11560:
11555:
11550:
11545:
11544:
11543:
11538:
11533:
11528:
11518:
11513:
11508:
11507:
11506:
11496:
11495:
11494:
11483:
11482:
11474:
11471:
11470:
11454:
11453:
11441:
11440:
11437:
11436:
11434:
11433:
11427:
11426:
11425:
11420:
11415:
11404:
11402:
11398:
11397:
11395:
11394:
11389:
11383:
11381:
11373:
11372:
11361:
11360:
11353:
11346:
11338:
11329:
11328:
11326:
11325:
11319:
11317:
11313:
11312:
11310:
11309:
11308:
11307:
11302:
11292:
11291:
11290:
11289:
11288:
11273:
11272:
11271:
11260:
11258:
11254:
11253:
11251:
11250:
11245:
11244:
11243:
11238:
11233:
11224:
11222:
11218:
11217:
11215:
11214:
11209:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11183:
11181:
11177:
11176:
11169:
11167:
11165:
11164:
11159:
11153:
11151:
11145:
11144:
11137:
11136:
11129:
11122:
11114:
11108:
11107:
11092:
11077:
11072:
11062:
11046:
11038:
11037:External links
11035:
11033:
11032:
11021:(2): 255–264,
11010:
11005:Pataridze, R.
11003:
11000:
10993:
10986:
10979:
10974:Barnaveli, T.
10971:
10969:
10966:
10964:
10963:
10957:
10942:
10936:
10921:
10895:
10875:
10851:
10845:
10828:
10822:
10804:
10798:
10781:
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10299:
10262:
10230:
10200:
10170:
10146:
10127:
10108:
10096:
10089:
10069:
10067:, p. 137.
10057:
10045:
10036:
10027:
10018:
10009:
9983:
9956:
9947:
9945:, p. 104.
9935:
9923:
9921:, p. 252.
9911:
9899:
9868:
9859:
9847:
9826:
9824:, p. 110.
9814:
9802:
9790:
9740:
9704:
9668:
9650:
9638:
9629:
9614:
9612:, p. 165.
9602:
9600:, p. 118.
9590:
9581:
9541:
9539:, p. 324.
9529:
9525:Nakanishi 1990
9517:
9495:
9493:, p. 249.
9483:
9472:on 14 May 2012
9457:
9455:, p. 107.
9445:
9436:
9427:
9418:
9406:
9404:, p. 105.
9394:
9385:
9383:, p. 129.
9373:
9371:, p. 120.
9361:
9352:
9343:
9334:
9325:
9316:
9307:
9295:
9286:
9277:
9268:
9259:
9250:
9248:, p. 177.
9238:
9236:, p. 367.
9223:
9221:, p. 299.
9211:
9199:
9187:
9175:
9144:
9116:
9104:
9092:
9060:
9045:
9033:
9031:, p. 139.
9018:
9006:
8994:
8978:
8961:
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8901:
8899:, p. 299.
8889:
8887:, p. 329.
8877:
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7922:Main article:
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4248:Transcriptions
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4187:Knowledge logo
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2257:royal charters
2137:
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2112:
2111:
2110:
2101:
2094:
2093:
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2070:Akaki Shanidze
2061:
2050:
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2002:
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674:Greek alphabet
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394:Greek alphabet
371:royal charters
331:are the three
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314:
310:
309:
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305:Eastern Europe
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295:
291:
290:
285:
281:
280:
275:
271:
270:
262:
261:
254:
251:
250:
242:
241:
235:⟩, see
208:
207:
205:
204:
199:
194:
188:
186:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
161:
160:
146:
140:
139:
135:
134:
132:
131:
123:
121:
119:Parent systems
118:
115:
114:
110:
109:
100:
96:
95:
85:
81:
80:
74:
71:
68:
67:
62:
60:
56:
55:
46:
38:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16278:
16267:
16264:
16262:
16259:
16258:
16256:
16241:
16238:
16236:
16233:
16232:
16227:
16223:
16220:
16216:
16215:
16211:
16199:
16196:
16195:
16194:
16191:
16187:
16184:
16183:
16182:
16179:
16177:
16174:
16172:
16169:
16167:
16164:
16162:
16159:
16157:
16156:Bolnisi cross
16154:
16152:
16149:
16148:
16146:
16142:
16136:
16135:
16131:
16129:
16126:
16124:
16121:
16117:
16114:
16112:
16109:
16108:
16107:
16104:
16102:
16099:
16097:
16094:
16093:
16091:
16089:
16085:
16079:
16078:
16074:
16072:
16069:
16067:
16064:
16062:
16059:
16057:
16054:
16052:
16049:
16047:
16044:
16042:
16039:
16037:
16034:
16029:
16025:
16022:
16018:
16015:
16011:
16008:
16004:
16003:
16001:
15999:
15996:
15994:
15991:
15987:
15984:
15983:
15982:
15979:
15977:
15974:
15972:
15969:
15967:
15964:
15962:
15959:
15957:
15954:
15953:
15950:
15947:
15945:
15941:
15931:
15930:
15926:
15924:
15921:
15919:
15916:
15914:
15911:
15909:
15906:
15904:
15901:
15899:
15896:
15894:
15891:
15889:
15886:
15884:
15881:
15879:
15876:
15875:
15872:
15869:
15867:
15863:
15853:
15850:
15848:
15845:
15843:
15840:
15838:
15835:
15833:
15830:
15828:
15825:
15821:
15818:
15817:
15816:
15813:
15811:
15808:
15806:
15803:
15801:
15798:
15796:
15793:
15792:
15789:
15786:
15784:
15780:
15770:
15769:South Ossetia
15767:
15765:
15762:
15761:
15759:
15757:
15753:
15747:
15746:
15742:
15740:
15737:
15735:
15732:
15730:
15727:
15725:
15722:
15721:
15719:
15717:
15713:
15707:
15706:
15702:
15700:
15697:
15695:
15692:
15690:
15687:
15685:
15682:
15680:
15677:
15675:
15672:
15670:
15667:
15665:
15662:
15660:
15657:
15655:
15652:
15650:
15647:
15645:
15642:
15640:
15637:
15635:
15632:
15630:
15627:
15626:
15623:
15620:
15618:
15614:
15609:
15595:
15594:
15590:
15588:
15585:
15583:
15580:
15578:
15575:
15573:
15570:
15568:
15565:
15563:
15560:
15558:
15555:
15554:
15552:
15548:
15542:
15539:
15537:
15534:
15532:
15529:
15527:
15524:
15522:
15519:
15517:
15514:
15512:
15509:
15507:
15504:
15502:
15499:
15497:
15494:
15493:
15491:
15487:
15481:
15478:
15476:
15473:
15471:
15468:
15466:
15463:
15461:
15458:
15456:
15453:
15451:
15448:
15444:
15441:
15439:
15436:
15434:
15431:
15429:
15426:
15425:
15424:
15421:
15419:
15416:
15414:
15411:
15409:
15406:
15404:
15401:
15399:
15396:
15392:
15389:
15388:
15387:
15384:
15382:
15379:
15377:
15374:
15372:
15369:
15367:
15364:
15362:
15359:
15357:
15354:
15352:
15349:
15347:
15344:
15342:
15339:
15337:
15334:
15332:
15329:
15328:
15326:
15322:
15316:
15313:
15311:
15308:
15306:
15303:
15301:
15298:
15296:
15293:
15291:
15288:
15286:
15283:
15281:
15278:
15276:
15273:
15271:
15268:
15266:
15263:
15261:
15258:
15256:
15253:
15252:
15250:
15246:
15243:
15241:
15237:
15233:
15229:
15222:
15217:
15215:
15210:
15208:
15203:
15202:
15199:
15182:
15178:
15175:
15171:
15168:
15164:
15163:
15161:
15157:
15150:
15146:
15143:
15142:Night writing
15139:
15136:
15132:
15129:
15125:
15122:
15118:
15117:
15115:
15113:
15108:
15101:
15097:
15094:
15090:
15087:
15083:
15080:
15076:
15073:
15069:
15066:
15062:
15059:
15055:
15054:
15052:
15050:Organisations
15048:
15041:
15037:
15034:
15030:
15027:
15023:
15020:
15016:
15013:
15012:Valentin Haüy
15009:
15006:
15002:
14999:
14995:
14992:
14991:Louis Braille
14988:
14987:
14985:
14981:
14974:
14970:
14967:
14963:
14960:
14956:
14953:
14949:
14946:
14942:
14939:
14935:
14932:
14928:
14925:
14924:Braille watch
14921:
14918:
14914:
14911:
14907:
14904:
14900:
14899:
14897:
14895:
14891:
14884:
14880:
14877:
14873:
14869:
14865:
14862:
14858:
14855:
14851:
14848:
14847:Braille music
14844:
14843:
14841:
14837:
14825:
14821:
14818:
14814:
14811:
14810:Luxembourgish
14807:
14806:
14804:
14800:
14793:
14789:
14786:
14782:
14777:
14773:
14770:
14766:
14763:
14759:
14756:
14752:
14751:
14747:
14746:
14744:
14740:
14732:
14728:
14727:
14725:
14721:
14713:
14709:
14708:
14706:
14702:
14691:
14687:
14683:
14679:
14676:
14672:
14668:
14664:
14661:
14657:
14654:
14650:
14647:
14643:
14639:
14635:
14632:
14628:
14625:
14621:
14618:
14614:
14613:
14611:
14609:Other scripts
14607:
14599:
14595:
14592:
14588:
14585:
14581:
14578:
14574:
14571:
14567:
14564:
14560:
14557:
14553:
14550:
14546:
14543:
14539:
14536:
14532:
14529:
14525:
14524:
14522:
14520:
14513:
14505:
14501:
14498:
14494:
14491:
14487:
14486:
14484:
14481:
14474:
14467:
14463:
14460:
14456:
14453:
14449:
14446:
14442:
14439:
14435:
14432:
14428:
14425:
14421:
14418:
14414:
14413:
14411:
14408:
14401:
14390:
14385:
14382:
14381:Northern Sámi
14378:
14373:
14368:
14363:
14362:
14360:
14356:
14353:
14349:
14346:
14342:
14339:
14335:
14334:
14332:
14330:Nordic family
14328:
14321:
14317:
14314:
14310:
14307:
14303:
14300:
14296:
14293:
14289:
14285:
14281:
14278:
14274:
14271:
14270:South African
14267:
14264:
14260:
14257:
14253:
14250:
14246:
14243:
14239:
14236:
14232:
14229:
14225:
14222:
14218:
14215:
14211:
14208:
14204:
14201:
14197:
14193:
14192:Luxembourgish
14189:
14186:
14182:
14179:
14175:
14172:
14168:
14165:
14161:
14158:
14154:
14151:
14147:
14144:
14140:
14137:
14133:
14130:
14126:
14123:
14119:
14116:
14112:
14109:
14105:
14102:
14098:
14094:
14090:
14086:
14083:
14079:
14076:
14072:
14068:
14064:
14061:
14057:
14054:
14050:
14047:
14043:
14040:
14036:
14035:
14033:
14031:
14027:
14024:
14020:
14013:
14009:
14006:
14005:ASCII braille
14002:
13999:
13995:
13992:
13988:
13987:
13985:
13981:
13973:
13966:
13961:
13959:
13954:
13952:
13947:
13946:
13943:
13939:
13921:
13918:
13916:
13913:
13911:
13908:
13906:
13903:
13901:
13898:
13896:
13893:
13891:
13888:
13886:
13883:
13881:
13878:
13876:
13873:
13871:
13868:
13866:
13863:
13861:
13858:
13856:
13853:
13849:
13846:
13844:
13841:
13839:
13836:
13834:
13831:
13829:
13826:
13824:
13821:
13820:
13819:
13816:
13814:
13811:
13809:
13806:
13804:
13801:
13799:
13796:
13794:
13791:
13789:
13786:
13784:
13781:
13779:
13776:
13774:
13771:
13769:
13766:
13764:
13761:
13759:
13756:
13754:
13751:
13749:
13746:
13745:
13742:
13738:
13733:
13729:
13719:
13716:
13714:
13711:
13709:
13706:
13704:
13701:
13700:
13697:
13693:
13688:
13684:
13670:
13667:
13665:
13662:
13660:
13657:
13655:
13652:
13650:
13647:
13645:
13642:
13641:
13639:
13635:
13629:
13626:
13624:
13621:
13619:
13616:
13614:
13611:
13609:
13606:
13604:
13601:
13600:
13598:
13594:
13590:
13586:
13581:
13577:
13563:
13560:
13559:
13557:
13553:
13547:
13544:
13542:
13539:
13537:
13536:Attic (Greek)
13534:
13532:
13529:
13527:
13524:
13523:
13521:
13517:
13511:
13508:
13506:
13503:
13501:
13498:
13497:
13495:
13491:
13485:
13482:
13480:
13477:
13475:
13474:Proto-Elamite
13472:
13470:
13467:
13465:
13462:
13460:
13457:
13455:
13452:
13450:
13447:
13446:
13444:
13440:
13434:
13431:
13429:
13426:
13424:
13421:
13419:
13416:
13414:
13411:
13409:
13406:
13405:
13403:
13401:
13397:
13387:
13384:
13382:
13379:
13377:
13374:
13372:
13369:
13368:
13366:
13362:
13356:
13353:
13351:
13348:
13346:
13343:
13341:
13338:
13336:
13333:
13329:
13326:
13324:
13321:
13319:
13316:
13315:
13314:
13311:
13309:
13306:
13304:
13301:
13299:
13296:
13294:
13291:
13290:
13288:
13286:
13282:
13279:
13277:
13273:
13269:
13265:
13260:
13256:
13246:
13243:
13241:
13238:
13236:
13233:
13231:
13228:
13226:
13223:
13221:
13218:
13216:
13213:
13211:
13208:
13206:
13203:
13201:
13198:
13196:
13193:
13191:
13188:
13186:
13183:
13181:
13178:
13176:
13173:
13171:
13168:
13166:
13163:
13161:
13158:
13157:
13154:
13150:
13145:
13141:
13127:
13124:
13122:
13119:
13117:
13114:
13112:
13109:
13107:
13104:
13102:
13099:
13098:
13096:
13092:
13086:
13083:
13081:
13078:
13076:
13073:
13071:
13068:
13066:
13063:
13061:
13058:
13056:
13053:
13051:
13048:
13046:
13043:
13041:
13038:
13036:
13033:
13031:
13028:
13026:
13023:
13021:
13018:
13014:
13011:
13009:
13006:
13004:
13001:
12999:
12996:
12994:
12991:
12989:
12988:Elder Futhark
12986:
12984:
12981:
12979:
12976:
12974:
12971:
12970:
12969:
12966:
12964:
12961:
12959:
12956:
12954:
12951:
12949:
12946:
12944:
12941:
12939:
12936:
12930:
12927:
12925:
12922:
12920:
12917:
12915:
12912:
12910:
12907:
12906:
12905:
12902:
12901:
12900:
12897:
12895:
12892:
12890:
12887:
12885:
12882:
12880:
12879:Old Hungarian
12877:
12875:
12872:
12870:
12867:
12865:
12862:
12860:
12857:
12855:
12852:
12850:
12847:
12845:
12842:
12840:
12837:
12835:
12832:
12830:
12827:
12825:
12822:
12818:
12815:
12813:
12810:
12808:
12805:
12803:
12800:
12798:
12795:
12793:
12790:
12788:
12785:
12783:
12780:
12778:
12775:
12773:
12770:
12768:
12765:
12763:
12760:
12758:
12755:
12753:
12750:
12749:
12748:
12745:
12743:
12740:
12738:
12735:
12733:
12730:
12728:
12725:
12723:
12720:
12718:
12715:
12713:
12710:
12707:
12703:
12700:
12698:
12695:
12693:
12690:
12688:
12685:
12683:
12680:
12676:
12673:
12671:
12668:
12666:
12663:
12662:
12661:
12658:
12656:
12653:
12651:
12648:
12646:
12643:
12641:
12638:
12636:
12633:
12631:
12628:
12626:
12623:
12621:
12618:
12616:
12613:
12611:
12608:
12604:
12601:
12600:
12599:
12596:
12594:
12591:
12587:
12584:
12582:
12579:
12578:
12577:
12574:
12572:
12569:
12567:
12564:
12562:
12559:
12557:
12554:
12552:
12549:
12547:
12544:
12542:
12539:
12537:
12534:
12530:
12527:
12526:
12525:
12522:
12520:
12517:
12515:
12512:
12510:
12507:
12506:
12504:
12500:
12496:
12492:
12487:
12483:
12469:
12466:
12464:
12461:
12459:
12456:
12454:
12451:
12449:
12446:
12444:
12441:
12439:
12436:
12434:
12431:
12429:
12426:
12424:
12421:
12419:
12416:
12414:
12413:Masaram Gondi
12411:
12409:
12406:
12404:
12401:
12399:
12396:
12394:
12391:
12389:
12386:
12384:
12383:Gunjala Gondi
12381:
12379:
12376:
12374:
12371:
12369:
12366:
12362:
12359:
12357:
12354:
12353:
12352:
12349:
12347:
12344:
12342:
12339:
12338:
12336:
12332:
12320:
12317:
12315:
12312:
12311:
12310:
12307:
12303:
12300:
12298:
12295:
12293:
12290:
12288:
12285:
12283:
12280:
12278:
12275:
12273:
12270:
12269:
12268:
12265:
12263:
12260:
12258:
12255:
12253:
12250:
12248:
12245:
12243:
12240:
12238:
12235:
12233:
12230:
12228:
12225:
12223:
12220:
12218:
12215:
12213:
12210:
12208:
12205:
12203:
12200:
12196:
12195:Old Sundanese
12193:
12192:
12191:
12188:
12186:
12183:
12181:
12178:
12176:
12173:
12171:
12168:
12166:
12163:
12161:
12158:
12156:
12153:
12149:
12146:
12144:
12141:
12140:
12139:
12138:Old Maldivian
12136:
12134:
12131:
12129:
12126:
12122:
12121:Bilang-bilang
12119:
12118:
12117:
12114:
12112:
12109:
12107:
12104:
12102:
12099:
12097:
12094:
12092:
12089:
12085:
12082:
12081:
12080:
12077:
12075:
12072:
12070:
12067:
12065:
12062:
12060:
12057:
12055:
12052:
12050:
12047:
12045:
12042:
12040:
12037:
12035:
12032:
12030:
12027:
12025:
12022:
12020:
12017:
12015:
12012:
12010:
12007:
12005:
12002:
12000:
11997:
11995:
11992:
11990:
11987:
11986:
11984:
11980:
11974:
11971:
11969:
11966:
11962:
11959:
11957:
11954:
11953:
11952:
11949:
11947:
11944:
11942:
11941:Sylheti Nagri
11939:
11937:
11934:
11932:
11929:
11927:
11924:
11922:
11919:
11915:
11912:
11911:
11910:
11907:
11903:
11900:
11898:
11895:
11893:
11890:
11888:
11885:
11883:
11880:
11878:
11875:
11873:
11870:
11868:
11865:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11850:
11848:
11845:
11844:
11843:
11840:
11838:
11835:
11833:
11830:
11828:
11825:
11823:
11820:
11818:
11815:
11813:
11810:
11808:
11805:
11803:
11800:
11798:
11795:
11793:
11790:
11788:
11785:
11783:
11780:
11778:
11775:
11773:
11770:
11768:
11765:
11763:
11760:
11758:
11755:
11753:
11750:
11748:
11745:
11743:
11742:Brahmi script
11740:
11738:
11735:
11733:
11730:
11729:
11727:
11723:
11720:
11718:
11714:
11710:
11706:
11701:
11697:
11687:
11684:
11682:
11679:
11675:
11672:
11670:
11667:
11665:
11662:
11661:
11660:
11657:
11655:
11652:
11648:
11645:
11643:
11640:
11639:
11638:
11637:South Arabian
11635:
11633:
11630:
11628:
11625:
11623:
11620:
11618:
11615:
11611:
11608:
11607:
11606:
11603:
11601:
11598:
11594:
11591:
11589:
11586:
11584:
11583:Inscriptional
11581:
11579:
11576:
11575:
11574:
11571:
11569:
11566:
11564:
11561:
11559:
11556:
11554:
11551:
11549:
11546:
11542:
11539:
11537:
11534:
11532:
11529:
11527:
11524:
11523:
11522:
11519:
11517:
11514:
11512:
11509:
11505:
11502:
11501:
11500:
11497:
11493:
11490:
11489:
11488:
11485:
11484:
11481:
11480:
11476:
11475:
11472:
11468:
11463:
11459:
11455:
11451:
11446:
11442:
11432:
11428:
11424:
11421:
11419:
11416:
11414:
11411:
11410:
11409:
11406:
11405:
11403:
11399:
11393:
11390:
11388:
11385:
11384:
11382:
11378:
11374:
11370:
11366:
11359:
11354:
11352:
11347:
11345:
11340:
11339:
11336:
11324:
11321:
11320:
11318:
11314:
11306:
11303:
11301:
11298:
11297:
11296:
11293:
11287:
11284:
11283:
11282:
11279:
11278:
11277:
11274:
11270:
11267:
11266:
11265:
11262:
11261:
11259:
11255:
11249:
11246:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11234:
11232:
11229:
11228:
11226:
11225:
11223:
11219:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11184:
11182:
11178:
11173:
11163:
11162:Verb paradigm
11160:
11158:
11155:
11154:
11152:
11150:
11146:
11142:
11135:
11130:
11128:
11123:
11121:
11116:
11115:
11112:
11105:(105 KB)
11097:
11093:
11090:(105 KB)
11082:
11078:
11076:
11073:
11070:
11066:
11063:
11060:
11056:
11052:
11047:
11044:
11041:
11040:
11029:
11024:
11020:
11016:
11011:
11009:Tbilisi, 1980
11008:
11004:
11001:
10999:Tbilisi, 1990
10998:
10995:Kilanawa, B.
10994:
10992:Tbilisi, 1949
10991:
10987:
10985:Tbilisi, 1989
10984:
10980:
10978:Tbilisi, 1977
10977:
10973:
10972:
10960:
10954:
10950:
10949:
10943:
10939:
10933:
10929:
10928:
10922:
10918:
10912:
10904:
10900:
10896:
10892:
10886:
10878:
10872:
10868:
10864:
10860:
10856:
10852:
10848:
10842:
10838:
10834:
10829:
10825:
10819:
10815:
10814:
10809:
10805:
10801:
10795:
10791:
10787:
10782:
10778:
10776:99941-57-34-5
10772:
10768:
10764:
10759:
10755:
10749:
10745:
10744:
10738:
10734:
10730:
10729:
10724:
10719:
10715:
10709:
10705:
10704:
10698:
10694:
10690:
10685:
10681:
10675:
10667:
10662:
10658:
10652:
10644:
10639:
10635:
10629:
10625:
10621:
10616:
10612:
10606:
10603:. Routledge.
10602:
10601:
10596:
10592:
10588:
10582:
10578:
10577:
10571:
10567:
10561:
10557:
10556:
10550:
10546:
10540:
10536:
10532:
10527:
10523:
10519:
10514:
10510:
10509:
10503:
10499:
10493:
10489:
10488:
10482:
10478:
10472:
10468:
10467:
10461:
10457:
10451:
10447:
10443:
10438:
10434:
10428:
10424:
10423:
10417:
10413:
10407:
10403:
10402:
10397:
10393:
10389:
10385:
10381:
10375:
10371:
10370:
10364:
10363:
10343:
10339:
10332:
10316:
10309:
10303:
10284:
10280:
10273:
10266:
10247:
10240:
10234:
10218:
10214:
10210:
10204:
10188:
10184:
10180:
10174:
10168:
10165:
10161:
10158:
10154:(in Georgian)
10150:
10143:
10139:
10136:
10131:
10124:
10120:
10117:
10112:
10105:
10100:
10092:
10086:
10082:
10081:
10073:
10066:
10061:
10054:
10049:
10040:
10031:
10022:
10013:
9997:
9993:
9987:
9977:
9973:
9969:
9966:
9960:
9951:
9944:
9939:
9932:
9927:
9920:
9915:
9908:
9903:
9887:
9883:
9879:
9872:
9863:
9856:
9855:Shanidze 2003
9851:
9845:
9841:
9838:
9835:
9830:
9823:
9818:
9811:
9806:
9799:
9794:
9775:
9771:
9764:
9757:
9755:
9753:
9751:
9749:
9747:
9745:
9728:
9724:
9723:
9718:
9711:
9709:
9692:
9688:
9687:
9682:
9675:
9673:
9663:
9661:
9659:
9657:
9655:
9648:, p. 18.
9647:
9646:Shanidze 1973
9642:
9633:
9625:
9618:
9611:
9606:
9599:
9594:
9585:
9566:
9562:
9555:
9548:
9546:
9538:
9533:
9527:, p. 22.
9526:
9521:
9514:
9510:
9507:
9503:(in Georgian)
9499:
9492:
9487:
9471:
9467:
9461:
9454:
9449:
9440:
9431:
9422:
9413:
9411:
9403:
9398:
9389:
9382:
9377:
9370:
9365:
9356:
9347:
9338:
9329:
9320:
9311:
9304:
9299:
9290:
9281:
9272:
9263:
9254:
9247:
9242:
9235:
9230:
9228:
9220:
9219:Haarmann 2012
9215:
9208:
9203:
9196:
9191:
9184:
9179:
9168:
9164:
9160:
9159:
9154:
9148:
9136:
9132:
9131:
9126:
9120:
9113:
9108:
9101:
9100:Rayfield 2013
9096:
9080:
9076:
9075:
9070:
9064:
9057:
9052:
9050:
9043:, p. 38.
9042:
9037:
9030:
9025:
9023:
9015:
9014:Rayfield 2013
9010:
9003:
8998:
8991:
8990:fifth century
8987:
8982:
8975:
8970:
8968:
8966:
8949:
8945:
8941:
8935:
8919:
8915:
8911:
8905:
8898:
8893:
8886:
8881:
8873:
8869:
8862:
8860:
8858:
8856:
8854:
8852:
8850:
8842:
8841:Shanidze 2000
8837:
8835:
8825:
8823:
8821:
8819:
8817:
8815:
8813:
8811:
8809:
8807:
8802:
8787:
8785:
8775:
8771:
8760:
8753:
8748:
8745:
8738:
8733:
8730:
8723:
8718:
8715:
8708:
8703:
8700:
8693:
8688:
8685:
8678:
8673:
8670:
8663:
8658:
8657:
8647:
8640:
8635:
8631:
8624:
8619:
8616:
8609:
8604:
8597:
8592:
8585:
8580:
8573:
8568:
8567:
8558:
8551:
8546:
8543:
8536:
8531:
8527:
8521:
8516:
8513:
8506:
8501:
8494:
8489:
8488:
8482:
8464:
8456:
8449:
8442:
8434:
8427:
8419:
8412:
8406:
8396:
8389:
8385:
8378:
8371:
8364:
8358:
8354:
8347:
8340:
8333:
8326:
8319:
8310:
8304:
8291:
8284:
8277:
8270:
8263:
8256:
8249:
8242:
8235:
8229:
8225:
8218:
8212:
8208:
8201:
8195:
8187:
8183:
8176:
8170:
8166:
8159:
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8145:
8138:
8131:
8125:
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8114:
8107:
8100:
8093:
8086:
8080:
8065:
8061:
8055:
8051:
8045:
8041:
8035:
8031:
8025:
8021:
8015:
8011:
8005:
8001:
7995:
7991:
7985:
7981:
7975:
7971:
7965:
7961:
7955:
7951:
7945:
7941:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7925:
7915:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7901:
7897:
7880:
7876:
7872:
7868:
7867:
7866:
7862:
7812:
7811:
7759:
7758:
7706:
7705:
7701:
7698:
7695:
7692:
7689:
7686:
7683:
7680:
7677:
7674:
7671:
7668:
7665:
7662:
7659:
7656:
7653:
7652:
7648:
7644:
7643:
7638:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7614:
7613:
7609:
7549:
7548:
7464:
7463:
7379:
7378:
7374:
7371:
7368:
7365:
7362:
7359:
7356:
7353:
7350:
7347:
7344:
7341:
7338:
7335:
7332:
7329:
7326:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7316:
7311:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7287:
7286:
7282:
7230:
7229:
7177:
7176:
7124:
7123:
7079:
7078:
7026:
7025:
6973:
6972:
6968:
6965:
6962:
6959:
6956:
6953:
6950:
6947:
6944:
6941:
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6935:
6932:
6929:
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6923:
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6911:
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6905:
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6900:
6895:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6872:
6870:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6852:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6799:
6795:
6789:
6782:
6775:
6771:
6765:
6758:
6746:
6742:
6739:
6735:
6732:
6729:
6726:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6712:
6709:
6706:
6703:
6700:
6697:
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6689:
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6683:
6679:
6675:
6672:
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6665:
6661:
6658:
6655:
6651:
6647:
6644:
6641:
6638:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6625:
6615:
6606:
6593:
6579:
6576:
6573:
6570:
6567:
6564:
6563:labialization
6560:
6557:
6554:
6549:
6539:
6535:
6532:
6529:
6526:
6523:
6520:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6508:
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6493:
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6425:
6420:
6414:
6411:
6408:
6403:
6393:
6389:
6386:
6383:
6380:
6377:
6373:
6367:
6364:
6361:
6356:
6346:
6342:
6339:
6336:
6333:
6330:
6325:
6319:
6316:
6313:
6308:
6298:
6294:
6291:
6288:
6285:
6282:
6278:
6272:
6269:
6266:
6261:
6251:
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6235:
6227:
6222:
6219:
6216:
6211:
6199:
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6179:
6174:
6171:
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6165:
6163:
6160:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6147:
6144:
6141:
6138:
6135:
6131:
6126:
6123:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6099:
6096:
6093:
6090:
6087:
6083:
6078:
6075:
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6067:
6055:
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6039:
6035:
6030:
6027:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5987:
5982:
5979:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5955:
5952:
5949:
5946:
5943:
5939:
5934:
5931:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5907:
5904:
5901:
5898:
5895:
5891:
5886:
5883:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5859:
5856:
5853:
5850:
5847:
5843:
5838:
5835:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5802:
5799:
5795:
5790:
5787:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5747:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
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5720:
5719:
5715:
5712:
5709:
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5703:
5699:
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5672:
5668:
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5656:
5652:
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5644:
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5638:
5636:
5633:
5628:
5625:
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5620:
5617:
5614:
5611:
5608:
5604:
5599:
5596:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5580:
5577:
5576:
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5569:
5566:
5563:
5560:
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5532:
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5528:
5524:
5521:
5518:
5515:
5512:
5508:
5503:
5500:
5497:
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5492:
5489:
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5480:
5476:
5473:
5470:
5467:
5464:
5460:
5454:
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5448:
5443:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5421:
5418:
5415:
5407:
5402:
5399:
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5391:
5388:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5369:
5366:
5363:
5359:
5350:
5347:
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5339:
5327:
5323:
5320:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5307:
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5299:
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5288:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5266:
5263:
5259:
5254:
5251:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5227:
5224:
5221:
5218:
5215:
5211:
5206:
5203:
5200:
5197:
5195:
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5187:
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5179:
5176:
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5170:
5167:
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5144:
5139:
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5131:
5128:
5125:
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5119:
5115:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5101:
5099:
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5091:
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5077:
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5063:
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5044:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4995:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4963:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4949:
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4928:
4925:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4877:
4874:
4871:
4867:
4862:
4859:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
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4835:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4819:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4795:
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4781:
4778:
4775:
4771:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4747:
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4736:
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4730:
4727:
4723:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4659:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4637:
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4611:
4608:
4603:
4600:
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4579:
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4568:
4565:
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4535:
4531:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4442:
4439:
4435:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4335:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4257:
4249:
4244:
4234:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4210:
4206:
4199:
4189:(lower left).
4188:
4177:
4153:
4145:
4140:
4138:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4116:Ephrem Mtsire
4113:
4108:
4107:word dividers
4098:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4076:
4072:
4065:
4060:
4049:
4044:
4035:
4024:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3978:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3801:
3794:
3791:
3783:
3775:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3748:
3740:
3732:
3724:
3721:
3713:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3687:
3679:
3675:
3667:
3663:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3637:
3633:
3625:
3617:
3611:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3580:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3558:
3554:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3498:
3494:
3484:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3458:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3368:: ა, თ, ი, ო.
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3345:
3337:
3318:
3314:
3303:
3302:labialization
3299:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3273:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3253:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3212:) is used in
3211:
3204:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3182:
3179:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2993:
2985:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2946:Svan alphabet
2943:
2933:
2925:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2726:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2671:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2605:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2583:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2460:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2337:
2329:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2273:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2213:
2210:Mkhedruli is
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2134:
2123:
2116:
2105:
2098:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2012:
2001:
1990:
1979:
1968:
1957:
1946:
1935:
1924:
1913:
1902:
1891:
1880:
1869:
1858:
1847:
1836:
1825:
1812:
1801:
1790:
1779:
1768:
1757:
1746:
1735:
1724:
1713:
1702:
1691:
1680:
1669:
1658:
1647:
1636:
1625:
1614:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1528:
1519:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1495:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1378:
1375:The title of
1371:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1108:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1069:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1024:
1015:
1006:
997:
988:
979:
970:
961:
952:
943:
935:
929:
923:
919:
912:
907:
902:
900:
897:
893:
890:
885:
880:
876:
872:
868:
867:
858:
857:
848:
844:
840:
839:
834:
830:
825:
823:
822:boustrophedon
819:
809:
806:
801:
799:
795:
790:
788:
777:
766:
762:
751:
739:
733:
727:
707:
703:
696:
692:
686:
681:
679:
675:
670:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
605:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
549:
540:
536:
531: 494 AD
525:
519:
509:
505:
500: 430 AD
494:
488:
470:
466:
462:
457:
451:
439:
437:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
363:left to right
360:
356:
355:
350:
349:
344:
343:
338:
334:
330:
320:
316:
311:
306:
303:
301:
298:
297:
296:
292:
289:
286:
282:
279:
276:
272:
268:
263:
259:
258:
252:
247:
238:
226:
222:
220:
216:
209:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
189:
187:
184:
183:Unicode range
179:
175:
172:Unicode alias
169:
166:
162:
147:
145:
141:
136:
129:
128:
127:
122:
116:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
92:
86:
82:
75:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
44:
39:
33:
30:
19:
16181:Saint George
16166:Coat of arms
16132:
16088:Demographics
16075:
15961:Architecture
15955:
15927:
15883:Central bank
15815:Human rights
15795:Constitution
15743:
15716:Subdivisions
15703:
15591:
15501:Armenian War
14682:Thai and Lao
14359:Scandinavian
13991:1829 braille
13983:Braille cell
13783:Cypro-Minoan
13649:Pahawh Hmong
13562:Sitelen Pona
13526:Hindu-Arabic
12859:Mundari Bani
12659:
12433:Pahawh Hmong
12242:Tamil-Brahmi
12148:Eveyla Akuru
12143:Dhives Akuru
11610:Paleo-Hebrew
11477:
11413:undeciphered
11286:Old Georgian
11212:Romanization
11186:
11018:
11014:
11006:
10996:
10989:
10982:
10975:
10947:
10926:
10902:
10862:
10858:
10836:
10812:
10789:
10766:
10742:
10727:
10702:
10692:
10665:
10642:
10623:
10599:
10575:
10554:
10534:
10521:
10506:
10486:
10465:
10445:
10421:
10400:
10396:Grabar, Oleg
10392:Brown, Peter
10368:
10345:. Retrieved
10341:
10331:
10319:. Retrieved
10314:
10302:
10290:. Retrieved
10278:
10265:
10253:. Retrieved
10233:
10221:. Retrieved
10212:
10203:
10191:. Retrieved
10173:
10149:
10130:
10111:
10099:
10079:
10072:
10060:
10048:
10039:
10030:
10021:
10012:
10000:. Retrieved
9995:
9986:
9980:(in Turkish)
9975:
9959:
9950:
9938:
9931:Aronson 1990
9926:
9914:
9902:
9890:. Retrieved
9881:
9871:
9866:შანიძე, 2003
9862:
9850:
9829:
9817:
9805:
9798:Aronson 1990
9793:
9781:. Retrieved
9769:
9731:. Retrieved
9720:
9695:. Retrieved
9684:
9641:
9632:
9623:
9617:
9605:
9593:
9584:
9572:. Retrieved
9560:
9532:
9520:
9515:საქინფორმ.გე
9498:
9486:
9474:. Retrieved
9470:the original
9460:
9448:
9439:
9430:
9421:
9397:
9388:
9376:
9364:
9355:
9346:
9337:
9328:
9319:
9310:
9298:
9289:
9280:
9271:
9262:
9253:
9241:
9234:Daniels 1996
9214:
9207:Greppin 1981
9202:
9190:
9183:Thomson 1996
9178:
9162:
9157:
9147:
9134:
9129:
9119:
9107:
9095:
9083:. Retrieved
9073:
9063:
9036:
9009:
8997:
8989:
8981:
8976:, p. 4.
8952:. Retrieved
8943:
8934:
8922:. Retrieved
8913:
8904:
8892:
8880:
8872:Academia.edu
8870:– via
8774:
8644:Nuskhuri by
8613:Nuskhuri of
8480:
7927:
7894:
7879:
7871:
7864:
7640:
7626:
7618:
7611:
7313:
7299:
7291:
7284:
6907:
6896:
6892:
6853:
6847:script for (
6840:
6838:
6815:Jost Gippert
6808:
6793:
6774:heart symbol
6769:
6519:velarization
6424:nasalization
6412:modifier nar
4236:(mkhedruli)
4216:
4137:Latin script
4104:
4084:
4042:
4001:
3997:
3993:nomina sacra
3991:
3985:
3963:
3799:
3789:
3781:
3770:
3762:
3754:
3746:
3738:
3730:
3719:
3711:
3701:
3472:
3449:
3343:
3335:
3322:
3312:
3297:
3288:velarization
3283:
3261:
3251:
3227:
3210:modifier nar
3209:
3187:
3177:
3170:glottal stop
3161:
3139:
3131:
3121:
3097:
3084:
3073:
3062:
3051:
3040:
3029:
3018:
3007:
2996:
2983:
2949:
2941:
2939:
2913:
2911:interjection
2906:
2899:"sovereign".
2896:
2892:
2888:
2876:
2872:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2786:
2773:
2762:
2751:
2740:
2729:
2708:
2696:
2685:
2674:
2663:
2652:
2641:
2630:
2619:
2608:
2597:
2586:
2573:
2562:
2551:
2540:
2529:
2518:
2507:
2496:
2485:
2474:
2463:
2450:
2439:
2428:
2417:
2406:
2395:
2384:
2373:
2362:
2351:
2340:
2327:
2281:
2270:
2261:
2242:
2240:decorative.
2209:
2149:
2148:
2085:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2040:
2030:
2021:
2010:
1999:
1988:
1977:
1966:
1955:
1944:
1933:
1922:
1911:
1900:
1889:
1878:
1867:
1856:
1845:
1834:
1823:
1810:
1799:
1788:
1777:
1766:
1755:
1744:
1733:
1722:
1711:
1700:
1689:
1678:
1667:
1656:
1645:
1634:
1623:
1612:
1596:in Nuskhuri.
1574:
1567:
1559:
1525:
1513:
1472:
1421:
1420:
1411:John Tornike
1409:Nuskhuri of
1399:
1387:
1363:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1290:
1278:
1269:
1260:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1058:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1013:
1004:
995:
986:
977:
968:
959:
950:
941:
927:
870:
864:
854:
842:
837:
832:
829:acute angles
826:
815:
802:
791:
760:
701:
700:
684:
671:
635:
603:
601:
588:
583:. Professor
552:
550:
546:
468:
464:
460:
426:
387:
352:
346:
340:
328:
326:
255:
231:and ⟨
213:
50:"script" in
48:damts'erloba
47:
29:
16123:Health care
15878:Agriculture
15649:Earthquakes
15386:Seljuk wars
15181:RoboBraille
15005:Róża Czacka
14945:Perforation
14742:Independent
14640:(Bhutanese)
14375:Greenlandic
14046:Azerbaijani
13848:Jindai moji
13737:Syllabaries
13708:SignWriting
13608:Celtiberian
13510:Hieroglyphs
13313:Seal script
13298:Traditional
13170:Blissymbols
13075:Warang Citi
13050:Tolong Siki
13003:Marcomannic
12983:Dalecarlian
12973:Anglo-Saxon
12953:Pau Cin Hau
12844:Medefaidrin
12797:Merovingian
12757:Blackletter
12665:Asomtavruli
12458:Warang Citi
12267:Ulu scripts
12212:New Tai Lue
12155:Mon–Burmese
12009:Bhattiprolu
11837:Nandinagari
11664:ʾEsṭrangēlā
11423:constructed
11197:Calligraphy
10859:ქართული ენა
10104:Enwall 2010
10065:Enwall 2010
10053:Enwall 2010
9943:George 2009
9919:Gillam 2003
9770:unicode.org
9491:Gillam 2003
9158:Հայոց գրերը
9130:Հայոց գրերը
8974:Hewitt 1995
8954:30 November
8924:30 November
8463:Control key
8411:Control key
7930:typewriters
7910:. It is an
7902:created by
6740:in Georgia.
6734:Azerbaijani
6724:in Tbilisi.
6694:and by the
6680:and by the
6666:and by the
6652:and by the
6558:labial sign
6317:turned gani
4260:asomtavruli
4101:Punctuation
4016:hagiography
4012:manuscripts
3824:Calligraphy
3593:right angle
3383:Old English
3298:labial sign
3188:turned gani
3085:labial sign
3030:turned gani
2940:All but ჵ (
2897:khelmtsʼipe
2805:" ("eighth
2298:Curopalates
2191:) meaning "
2066:iconography
2054:Asomtavruli
1509:hagiography
1455:comes from
1307:influenced
794:Bir el Qutt
732:Asomtavruli
717:ႠႱႭႫႧႠႥႰႳႪႨ
711:ასომთავრული
702:Asomtavruli
685:Asomtavruli
615:Pharnavaz I
589:Asomtavruli
553:Asomtavruli
461:Asomtavruli
383:iconography
342:Asomtavruli
318:Inscription
72:Time period
59:Script type
16255:Categories
16193:Saint Nino
16021:Mingrelian
16002:Languages
15837:Parliament
15810:Government
15398:Golden Age
14733:(obsolete)
14714:(obsolete)
14506:(Pakistan)
14417:Belarusian
14299:Vietnamese
14242:Portuguese
14228:Philippine
14185:Lithuanian
13838:Hentaigana
13833:Man'yōgana
13293:Simplified
13180:Ersu Shaba
13094:Non-linear
12899:Old Uyghur
12889:Old Permic
12884:Old Italic
12817:Visigothic
12752:Beneventan
12687:Glagolitic
12650:Gadabuursi
12314:Kolezhuthu
12309:Vatteluttu
12247:Tanchangya
12170:Saurashtra
11747:Devanagari
11605:Phoenician
11558:Manichaean
10905:. Tbilisi.
10645:. Tbilisi.
10347:7 December
10292:26 January
8946:. UNESCO.
8798:References
6899:title case
6856:descenders
6736:; used by
6646:Circassian
6076:qari, hari
4185:is on the
4120:appositive
3934:Vietnamese
3445:police car
3366:descenders
3152:Mingrelian
2954:Mingrelian
2893:qelmtsʼipe
2865:"others'".
875:Phoenician
805:epigraphic
787:unicameral
770:მრგვლოვანი
761:Mrgvlovani
611: 800
569:Mirian III
422:diacritics
418:when it is
402:Mingrelian
105:and other
16106:Georgians
16096:Education
16046:Mythology
15923:Transport
15888:Companies
15847:President
15800:Elections
15699:Volcanoes
15639:Black Sea
15617:Geography
15526:Civil War
15341:Arab rule
15305:Roman era
15149:Vibratese
15128:Moon type
15121:Decapoint
14802:Eight-dot
14755:Cantonese
14704:Reordered
14667:Inuktitut
14556:Malayalam
14466:Ukrainian
14445:Mongolian
14424:Bulgarian
14387:Norwegian
14352:Icelandic
14143:Hungarian
14101:Esperanto
14053:Cantonese
13637:Redundant
13449:Anatolian
13400:Cuneiform
13328:bird-worm
13264:Logograms
13235:Testerian
13149:Ideograms
13126:Moon type
13013:Staveless
12904:Mongolian
12849:Molodtsov
12807:Sütterlin
12675:Mkhedruli
12541:Bassa Vah
12491:Alphabets
12463:Mwangwego
12428:Mwangwego
12403:Kharosthi
12356:Blackfoot
12319:Malayanma
12190:Sundanese
12185:Sukhothai
12133:Malayalam
12084:Khom Thai
12044:Goykanadi
11968:Tocharian
11921:ʼPhags-pa
11792:Khudabadi
11737:Bhaiksuki
11632:Samaritan
11563:Nabataean
11418:inventors
11269:Karto-Zan
11257:Genealogy
10911:cite book
10885:cite book
10689:"Georgia"
10674:cite book
10651:cite book
10223:15 August
10167:Rustavi 2
9476:3 January
9195:Rapp 2003
9041:Rapp 2006
9029:Rapp 2010
9002:Rapp 2003
8986:West 2010
8914:Agenda.ge
8628:Nuskhuri
8441:AltGr key
8433:Space bar
8395:Shift key
8309:Shift key
8290:Enter key
8200:Caps lock
6841:Mkhedruli
6839:Georgian
6827:Macintosh
6798:emoticons
6752:Computing
6716:; in the
6513:hard sign
6468:Ossetian
5452:yn, schva
4270:mkhedruli
4081:Typefaces
4073:and King
3988:ligatures
3970:monograms
3966:ligatures
3953:Mongolian
3841:By script
3408:Rustaveli
3390:Variation
3362:ascenders
3284:hard sign
3218:nasalizes
3146:sound in
3118:Abkhazian
3074:hard sign
2817:'Christ'.
2315:of Queen
2212:bicameral
2150:Mkhedruli
2086:Mkhedruli
1301:Byzantine
920:and King
894:(Χ), and
581:Palestine
508:Jerusalem
469:Mkhedruli
438:in 2016.
354:Mkhedruli
284:Reference
157:Geok, 241
144:ISO 15924
138:ISO 15924
99:Languages
84:Direction
79:– present
52:Mkhedruli
16235:Category
16161:Borjgali
16116:Diaspora
16061:Religion
16007:Georgian
15998:Gambling
15956:Alphabet
15832:Military
15783:Politics
15764:Abkhazia
15659:Glaciers
15562:Monarchs
15550:By topic
15232:articles
14785:Japanese
14646:Georgian
14638:Dzongkha
14624:Armenian
14542:Gujarati
14407:Cyrillic
14338:Estonian
14313:Yugoslav
14249:Romanian
14221:Nigerian
14136:Hawaiian
14122:Ghanaian
14039:Albanian
13900:Sumerian
13865:Linear B
13828:Katakana
13823:Hiragana
13773:Cherokee
13703:ASLwrite
13664:Bopomofo
13519:Numerals
13505:Hieratic
13464:Isthmian
13433:Sumerian
13413:Assyrian
13408:Akkadian
13065:Vithkuqi
13040:Tifinagh
13008:Medieval
12963:Pisidian
12958:Phrygian
12929:Vagindra
12874:Ol Chiki
12782:Interlac
12737:Kayah Li
12727:Jenticha
12682:Veso Bey
12670:Nuskhuri
12660:Georgian
12630:Formosan
12625:Etruscan
12620:Enochian
12576:Cyrillic
12561:Coelbren
12519:Armenian
12418:Meroitic
12408:Mandombe
12398:Jenticha
12262:Tigalari
12227:Tai Viet
12222:Tai Tham
12202:Tagbanwa
12054:Javanese
12004:Baybayin
11994:Balinese
11982:Southern
11877:Pracalit
11872:Pachumol
11847:Bhujimol
11807:Mahajani
11767:Gurmukhi
11757:Gujarati
11725:Northern
11705:Abugidas
11686:Ugaritic
11674:Maḏnḥāyā
11548:Tifinagh
11541:Solitreo
11479:Numerals
11392:Grapheme
11380:Overview
11231:Georgian
11227:Unicode
11221:Encoding
11207:Numerals
11202:Keyboard
10901:(1973).
10857:(2003).
10810:(2013).
10731:. Rome:
10725:(1629).
10508:Bazmavēp
10398:(1999).
10342:Evertype
10283:Archived
10255:25 March
10246:Archived
10217:Archived
10187:Archived
10160:Archived
10138:Archived
10119:Archived
10002:24 March
9968:Archived
9892:24 April
9886:Archived
9840:Archived
9783:24 April
9774:Archived
9727:Archived
9722:Omniglot
9691:Archived
9686:Omniglot
9565:Archived
9509:Archived
9155:(1984).
9127:(1984).
9085:24 April
9079:Archived
9071:(1981).
8948:Archived
8918:Archived
8542:Ishkhani
8512:Barakoni
8455:Menu key
8399: ↑
8313: ↑
7601:ⴭ
7586:ⴧ
7579:ⴥ
7574:ⴤ
7569:ⴣ
7564:ⴢ
7559:ⴡ
7554:ⴠ
7544:ⴟ
7539:ⴞ
7534:ⴝ
7529:ⴜ
7524:ⴛ
7519:ⴚ
7514:ⴙ
7509:ⴘ
7504:ⴗ
7499:ⴖ
7494:ⴕ
7489:ⴔ
7484:ⴓ
7479:ⴒ
7474:ⴑ
7469:ⴐ
7459:ⴏ
7454:ⴎ
7449:ⴍ
7444:ⴌ
7439:ⴋ
7434:ⴊ
7429:ⴉ
7424:ⴈ
7419:ⴇ
7414:ⴆ
7409:ⴅ
7404:ⴄ
7399:ⴃ
7394:ⴂ
7389:ⴁ
7384:ⴀ
6909:Georgian
6864:ascender
6860:baseline
6790:⟩
6786:⟨
6766:⟩
6762:⟨
6714:Armenian
6634:Ossetian
4288:ISO 9984
4281:National
4275:mtavruli
4265:nuskhuri
4229:Letters
4087:typeface
3929:Japanese
3908:Georgian
3891:Cyrillic
3816:a series
3814:Part of
3581:Rarely,
3441:all-caps
3436:Mtavruli
3358:x-height
3114:Ossetian
2974:Ossetian
2920:for the
2841:kristʼey
2815:kristʼey
2795:Canadian
2791:American
2255:for the
2237:all-caps
2223:მთავრული
2205:cavalier
2193:horseman
2182:mkhedari
2177:military
2159:მხედრული
2154:Georgian
2058:Nuskhuri
1594:David IV
1592:of King
1494:khutsesi
1477:Georgian
1473:Khutsuri
1452:nuskhuri
1426:Georgian
1422:Nuskhuri
1400:Nuskhuri
1330:(m) and
1297:cinnabar
796:and the
765:Georgian
706:Georgian
577:Georgian
465:Nuskhuri
348:Nuskhuri
300:Caucasus
229:/ /
225:Help:IPA
176:Georgian
130:Georgian
103:Georgian
64:Alphabet
35:Georgian
18:Nuskhuri
16219:Outline
16144:Symbols
15981:Cuisine
15944:Culture
15918:Tourism
15866:Economy
15739:Regions
15734:Tbilisi
15679:Mammals
15644:Climate
15629:Borders
15582:Battles
15290:Colchis
15285:Diauehi
15240:History
15228:Georgia
14690:Tibetan
14631:Burmese
14617:Amharic
14600:(India)
14577:Sinhala
14570:Punjabi
14549:Kannada
14497:Persian
14452:Russian
14392:Swedish
14370:Finnish
14345:Faroese
14320:Zambian
14292:Turkish
14277:Spanish
14200:Maltese
14178:Latvian
14171:Italian
14150:Iñupiaq
14129:Guarani
14089:English
14060:Catalan
13977:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
13972:Braille
13855:Kikakui
13793:Eskayan
13778:Cypriot
13628:Dunging
13500:Demotic
13479:Tenevil
13423:Hittite
13418:Elamite
13371:Jurchen
13350:Sawndip
13345:Chữ Nôm
13245:Zapotec
13240:Yerkish
13215:Nsibidi
13200:Miꞌkmaw
13190:Isotype
13160:Adinkra
13101:Braille
13085:Zaghawa
13055:Vellara
13035:Sunuwar
13025:Sidetic
13020:Shavian
12948:Osmanya
12938:Ol Onal
12792:Kurrent
12777:Insular
12767:Fraktur
12742:Klingon
12732:Kaddare
12706:Archaic
12615:Elbasan
12603:Chinook
12593:Deseret
12581:Bosnian
12536:Avoiuli
12524:Avestan
12514:Ariyaka
12443:Tengwar
12341:Bharati
12302:Serawai
12292:Pasemah
12277:Lampung
12232:Lai Tay
12217:Tai Noi
12180:Sinhala
12160:Pallava
12128:Makasar
12116:Lontara
12091:Kulitan
12064:Kannada
12059:Kadamba
12049:Hanunoo
12039:Grantha
12034:Fakkham
11951:Tibetan
11936:Soyombo
11931:Siddhaṃ
11926:Sharada
11902:Litumol
11892:Tirhuta
11882:Ranjana
11867:Kvemmol
11827:Multani
11812:Marchen
11777:Kalinga
11717:Brahmic
11654:Sogdian
11593:Psalter
11573:Pahlavi
11553:Mandaic
11531:Cursive
11516:Elymaic
11487:Aramaic
11300:Adjaran
11192:Braille
11187:Scripts
11180:Writing
11157:Screeve
11149:Grammar
11055:YouTube
10867:Tbilisi
10359:Sources
10144:Unicode
9733:12 June
9697:12 June
9574:14 June
8477:Gallery
8470:
8448:Win key
8426:Alt key
8418:Win key
8085:Tab key
8073:
7813:U+1CBx
7760:U+1CAx
7707:U+1C9x
7550:U+2D2x
7465:U+2D1x
7380:U+2D0x
7231:U+10Fx
7178:U+10Ex
7125:U+10Dx
7080:U+10Cx
7027:U+10Bx
6974:U+10Ax
6811:Unicode
6805:Unicode
6776:online.
6728:Russian
6708:Persian
6702:Turkish
6674:Chechen
6561:Abkhaz
6517:Abkhaz
6230:, Bats
5992:Chʼ chʼ
5944:Tsʼ tsʼ
5854:Tsʼ tsʼ
5806:Chʼ chʼ
5410:, Svan
5354:, Svan
5066:, Svan
4674:, Svan
4338:, Svan
4252:Numeric
4233:Unicode
4166:Summary
4091:oblique
3998:karagma
3946:Western
3919:Chinese
3915:-based
3896:Serbian
3884:Tibetan
3874:Brahmic
3867:Persian
3862:Turkish
3857:Islamic
3439:, i.e.
3410:, with
2863:skhvisi
2845:kristʼe
2803:e-merve
2263:fonts.
2203:" and "
2201:warrior
2188:მხედარი
2173:cavalry
2052:Use of
1437:ⴌⴓⴑⴞⴓⴐⴈ
1431:ნუსხური
877:letter
782:მრგვალი
776:mrgvali
756:მთავარი
750:mtavari
678:Aramaic
629:in the
597:Kakheti
593:Nekresi
539:Tbilisi
477:Origins
442:Preview
398:letters
359:letters
278:Georgia
274:Country
217:in the
165:Unicode
16240:Portal
16151:Anthem
16066:Sports
15976:Cinema
15971:Chokha
15903:Mining
15893:Energy
15694:Rivers
15567:States
15489:Modern
15324:Middle
15300:Lazica
15280:Mushki
15230:
15110:Other
14983:People
14973:Braigo
14792:Korean
14660:Hebrew
14591:Telugu
14490:Arabic
14480:Arabic
14438:Kyrgyz
14431:Kazakh
14365:Danish
14263:Slovak
14256:Samoan
14235:Polish
14214:Navajo
14115:German
14108:French
13975:
13920:Yugtun
13910:Woleai
13860:Kpelle
13843:Sōgana
13763:Byblos
13541:Muisca
13459:Cretan
13428:Luwian
13386:Tangut
13205:Mixtec
13175:Dongba
13080:Yezidi
13070:Wancho
13045:Todhri
12998:Gothic
12978:Cipher
12919:Manchu
12909:Evenki
12894:Orkhon
12839:Manchu
12834:Lydian
12829:Lycian
12772:Gaelic
12722:Hanifi
12717:Hangul
12692:Gothic
12640:Fraser
12635:Fox II
12571:Coptic
12546:Carian
12529:Pazend
12502:Linear
12448:Thaana
12393:Sarati
12334:Others
12297:Rejang
12282:Lembak
12272:Incung
12252:Telugu
12207:Tai Le
12101:Langdi
12024:Chakma
11914:Karani
11887:Tamyig
11862:Kummol
11857:Himmol
11852:Golmol
11832:Nagari
11817:Meitei
11802:Lepcha
11787:Khojki
11772:Kaithi
11659:Syriac
11647:Musnad
11526:Ashuri
11521:Hebrew
11504:Elifba
11499:Arabic
11492:Hatran
11467:Abjads
11103:
11088:
10955:
10934:
10873:
10843:
10820:
10796:
10773:
10750:
10710:
10630:
10607:
10583:
10562:
10541:
10494:
10473:
10452:
10429:
10408:
10376:
10321:8 June
10193:5 June
10087:
9069:Koryun
8646:Nikrai
8468:
8461:
8439:
8424:
8409:
8392:
8306:
8293:
8197:
8082:
8068:
8058:
8048:
8038:
8028:
8018:
8008:
7998:
7988:
7978:
7968:
7958:
7948:
7938:
7654:
7649:(PDF)
7327:
7322:(PDF)
6921:
6916:(PDF)
6887:, and
6875:Blocks
6743:Other
6738:Azeris
6692:Arabic
6678:Arabic
6664:Arabic
6660:Ingush
6650:Arabic
6640:Abkhaz
6555:U+10FF
6509:U+10FE
6462:U+10FD
6409:U+10FC
6362:U+10FA
6314:U+10F9
6267:U+10F6
6248:10000
6217:U+10F5
6169:U+10F0
6121:U+10EF
6073:U+10F4
6025:U+10EE
5980:chʼari
5977:U+10ED
5932:tsʼili
5929:U+10EC
5881:U+10EB
5833:U+10EA
5785:U+10E9
5737:U+10E8
5688:U+10F8
5642:U+10E7
5594:U+10E6
5546:U+10E5
5498:U+10E4
5449:U+10F7
5397:U+10E3
5345:U+10F3
5297:U+10E2
5249:U+10E1
5201:U+10E0
5153:U+10DF
5105:U+10DE
5053:U+10DD
5001:U+10F2
4953:U+10DC
4905:U+10DB
4857:U+10DA
4809:U+10D9
4761:U+10D8
4713:U+10D7
4665:U+10F1
4617:U+10D6
4569:U+10D5
4521:U+10D4
4473:U+10D3
4425:U+10D2
4377:U+10D1
4325:U+10D0
4254:value
4209:Batumi
4008:vellum
3924:Korean
3879:Indian
3852:Arabic
3847:Arabic
3784:) and
3765:) and
3749:) and
3733:) and
3714:) and
3662:ch'ari
3644:ts'ili
3524:, and
3422:უსთავე
3414:უსთავე
3330:, and
2970:Abkhaz
2936:sound.
2881:/q⁽ʰ⁾/
2801:" or "
2664:ch'ari
2653:ts'ili
2294:Gurgen
2197:knight
2175:" or "
2156::
1967:chʼari
1956:tsʼili
1562:) and
1505:cleric
1500:ხუცესი
1488:Ⴞⴓⴚⴓⴐⴈ
1482:ხუცური
1479::
1458:nuskha
1428::
1234:ch'ari
1225:ts'ili
859:) and
767::
708::
654:Koryun
565:Kartli
467:, and
433:UNESCO
294:Region
233:
77:AD 430
16226:Index
16198:cross
16186:cross
16176:Motto
16128:Women
16051:Names
16041:Music
16036:Media
15993:Dance
15669:Lakes
15634:Birds
15248:Early
14826:(GS8)
14817:Kanji
14675:Khmer
14653:Greek
14584:Tamil
14517:i.e.
14478:i.e.
14459:Tatar
14405:i.e.
14306:Welsh
14207:Māori
14164:Irish
14082:Dutch
14075:Czech
13885:Nüshu
13753:Bamum
13748:Afaka
13555:Other
13546:Roman
13531:Abjad
13454:Bagam
13355:Bowen
13340:Kanji
13335:Hanja
13323:small
13318:large
13225:Olmec
13195:Kaidā
13185:Emoji
13165:Aztec
12968:Runic
12943:Osage
12924:Oirat
12869:Ogham
12802:Sigla
12747:Latin
12702:Greek
12586:Early
12556:Cirth
12509:Adlam
12378:Geʽez
12373:Fox I
12237:Tamil
12096:Lanna
12079:Khmer
12069:Karen
12019:Buhid
11999:Batak
11956:Uchen
11946:Takri
11897:Limbu
11797:Laṇḍā
11782:Khema
11762:Gupta
11752:Dogri
11669:Serṭā
11642:Zabur
11627:Punic
11600:Pegon
11536:Rashi
11450:Types
11401:Lists
11365:Types
11316:Other
11099:(PDF)
11084:(PDF)
10861:[
10311:(PDF)
10286:(PDF)
10275:(PDF)
10249:(PDF)
10242:(PDF)
9777:(PDF)
9766:(PDF)
9568:(PDF)
9557:(PDF)
9161:[
9133:[
8766:Notes
8615:Mokvi
7865:Notes
7612:Notes
7285:Notes
6770:ghani
6415:Bats
6368:Bats
6232:/ʕ,ɦ/
6196:9000
6148:8000
6100:7000
6052:6000
6046:Kh kh
6040:Kh kh
6028:khani
6004:5000
6001:Ç̌ ç̌
5998:Ch ch
5956:4000
5950:Ts ts
5908:3000
5902:Dz dz
5896:Dz dz
5884:dzili
5860:2000
5851:Cʼ cʼ
5848:Ts ts
5842:ts⁽ʰ⁾
5836:tsani
5812:1000
5803:Čʼ čʼ
5800:Ch ch
5794:tʃ⁽ʰ⁾
5788:chini
5758:Sh sh
5752:Sh sh
5740:shini
5657:Qʼ qʼ
5645:qʼari
5615:Gh gh
5609:Gh gh
5597:ghani
5567:Kʼ kʼ
5564:Kʼ kʼ
5519:Pʼ pʼ
5516:Pʼ pʼ
5412:/u,y/
5321:Ť t͏̌
5312:Tʼ tʼ
5300:tʼari
5174:Zh zh
5168:Zh zh
5156:zhani
5129:P̌ p̌
5120:Pʼ pʼ
5108:pʼari
5068:/ɔ,œ/
4824:Kʼ kʼ
4812:kʼani
4734:Tʼ tʼ
4731:Tʼ tʼ
4686:Ey ey
4340:/a,æ/
4239:Name
4003:titla
3941:Latin
3913:Hanzi
3800:dzili
3790:p'ari
3782:k'ani
3771:khani
3755:shini
3720:k'ani
3632:t'ari
3553:tsani
3543:dzili
3537:tsani
3531:k'ani
3274:]
3270:[
3240:]
3236:[
3216:. It
3196:]
3192:[
3178:q'ari
3162:elifi
3144:schwa
3136:schwa
3019:elifi
2948:; ჲ (
2889:khani
2675:khani
2642:dzili
2631:tsani
2620:chini
2609:shini
2598:q'ari
2587:ghani
2541:t'ari
2508:zhani
2497:p'ari
2440:k'ani
2060:today
1978:khani
1945:dzili
1934:tsani
1923:chini
1912:shini
1901:qʼari
1890:ghani
1835:tʼari
1800:zhani
1789:pʼari
1723:kʼani
1464:ნუსხა
1359:birds
1243:khani
1216:dzili
1207:tsani
1198:chini
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