293:
be advantageous. Stewart later commented that the involvement of these figures gave the impression that the bank had connections that it did not actually have. Apart from the bank accepting deposits with no questions asked, the Royal
Commission found no credible evidence of involvement in the drug trade. However, Stewart stated in his memoirs that he had "no doubt" that Houghton, Nugan, and Hand played a part in drug trafficking at Houghton's Kings Cross establishments.
417:
359:, who had hoped the Nugan Hand controversy would fade away, stood before the parliament and told the Australian public that the CIA had no interest in the bank. However, Fraser's assurances were challenged by journalist, Brian Toohey, who wrote that a former CIA agent had told him that Patry E Loomis had worked for the CIA and allegedly arranged for huge sums of money to pass through Nugan Hand for various intelligence operations around the world. Details in
289:
the CIA would "shy away from having anything at all to do" with such a badly run bank. The
Commission dismissed claims that Houghton was a CIA agent, and that the bank was disseminating money for the CIA. The Commission accepted Colby's evidence that he was merely giving legal advice to Nugan and Hand relating to either or both of them taking up residence in the United States.
216:. From April 1976, Hand initiated five cash transfers totaling $ 295,000 to the Hong Kong office. Riley's subordinates used these funds to buy heroin that was then shipped to Australia. Upon Riley's advice, Hand opened branches in Thailand "to attract drug money" and two years later, ordered the destruction of all incriminating records relating to Riley's money transfers.
245:, accompanied investigators when they searched the deceased Nugan's home. During the search, the investigators were interrupted by police officers who were responding to an anonymous phone caller who had claimed that police were in trouble at the residence. As a result, Alexander roamed freely and had the opportunity to remove incriminating documents.
269:, and lasted from 1983 to 1985. In addition, the Corporate Affairs Commission of New South Wales, a state level organ charged with regular oversight of business activities in New South Wales, began looking into the bank almost immediately after Nugan's suicide and issued seven interim reports from 1980 until 1983, when it completed its investigation.
127:, the bank was formed with a fraudulent claim of $ 1m in share capital: "With only $ 80 in the company's bank account and just $ 5 in paid-up capital, Frank Nugan wrote his own company a personal check for $ 980,000 to purchase 490,000 shares of its stock. He then covered his massive overdraft by writing himself a company check for the same amount."
182:
banking activities like equity investment or mortgage financing; instead, its principals sought all manner of unconventional investment opportunities, including gun running and attempts to corner various commodities markets, such as
Malaysian rubber and Indonesian oil. Its Cayman Islands subsidiary also provided tax avoidance and evasion schemes.
284:
found that the Nugan Hand Bank was implicated in money-laundering, illegal tax avoidance schemes, and widespread violations of banking laws. One witness, a former Nugan Hand director, stated that Hand threatened bank executives: "If we didn't do what we were told, and things weren't handled properly,
181:
According to a former employee speaking in 1980, the bank paid commission of up to 2.5% on unsecured investments of $ 1m or more, when the going rate was around 0.25%. Together with related costs, the bank was paying over 12% to access funds. Yet the bank never became involved in traditional merchant
296:
The Royal
Commission's findings conflict with the findings of the 1982 NSW Joint Task Force on Drug Trafficking which found that Hand had encouraged Murray Riley and his associates to use Nugan Hand facilities to move drug money. Task Force investigator, Clive Small, concludes that the Stewart Royal
292:
The
Commission concluded that Yates, who had apparently been recruited by Hand, was responsible for the involvement of other retired military and intelligence personnel. According to the commission, Hand believed they would instil confidence in the bank, and their knowledge of South East Asia would
276:
to the bank. Melbourne and Manila businessman Ludwig Petre Rocka had an account at the bank, as did his wife
Elizabeth E. Marcos, sister of Ferdinand. Rocka had helped set up the Manila branch of Nugan Hand and had his Manila office (International Development & Planning Corporation) in the same
301:
The royal commission was so dismissive of an
American connection that many people who read it simply felt that it was a cover up, because it was in effect so superficial and so dismissive. It never attempted to put into context its findings with the findings of the Joint Task Force, which have not
288:
The Royal
Commission found that suggestions of "CIA connections" were widespread, stretching back to an apparent confirmation by a Taiwanese general in 1978. However, the Commission argued there was a lack of specific allegations, let alone evidence to substantiate them. The Commission argued that
351:
Cooperation from the
American agencies did not extend to other Australian investigators. NSW Corporate Affairs investigators, Geoffrey Nicholson and Rick Porter, in association with the Nugan Hand liquidator, John O'Brien, requested documents from the FBI and also the CIA. They received documents
348:, who was instrumental to the dismissal, was referred to by the CIA as "our man". The CIA responded to these allegations with an emphatic denial: "The CIA has not engaged in operations against the Australian Government, has no ties with Nugan Hand and does not involve itself in drug trafficking".
328:
Investigative authors, Kwitney J. (1987) and McCoy A.W. (1991) asserted that Nugan Hand Bank had facilitated the international movement of illegal funds for both drug smugglers and the CIA. The
Stewart Royal Commission's decision that there was no evidence to support these allegations astonished
236:
Suspicions about the bank's activities grew in subsequent days as details of the contents of Nugan's car emerged. Of special interest was the business card of William Colby. Furthermore, Nugan's office had been ransacked, and Hand and Yates had ordered important company files destroyed or hidden
260:
Three major government investigations issued reports devoted to the activities of Nugan Hand. Two of these were from bodies specifically created to examine the scandal: the first, the Commonwealth-New South Wales Joint Task on Drug Trafficking, consisted of investigators from federal and state
317:, stated that Nugan Hand became the vehicle to quietly move drug industry money. Dowd said that this led to dealing with corrupt governments and the CIA, but in Australia during the 1970-80s, the CIA was seen as "the good guys". Similarly, former NSW Attorney General,
1782:
248:
The official inquest into Nugan's death in April 1980 made front-page news, amid testimony from Hand that Nugan Hand was insolvent, owing at least A$ 50 million, and as much as hundreds of millions, including $ 20,000 rent on its Sydney headquarters.
344:(1999) states inter alia, that the bank allegedly transferred $ 2.4 million to the Liberal Party of Australia which contested two forced elections in 1974 and 1975 to oust Whitlam's Labor government. He also states that the Governor General,
2244:
1916:
2256:
138:
The Nugan Hand Bank attracted investors with promises of up to 16% interest rates on their deposits and assurances of anonymity, tax-free accounts, specialist investment assistance, along with more surreptitious services such as
352:
from both agencies that were so heavily redacted that they were useless. Joint Task Force investigators also made requests through ASIO to the CIA asking for information. Inexplicably, the requests were never passed on by ASIO.
2238:
233:. An inquest later returned a verdict of suicide. However, questions remain unanswered in regard to the lack of fingerprints on the weapon and the probability that the police who found Nugan had prior knowledge of his death.
2008:
1617:
upon the loyalty to the British Crown of German Nationals resident in Australia whose property is liable to a charge created by the Treaty of Peace Regulations made under the Treaty of Peace (Germany) Act 1919–1920
224:
The bank's collapse was precipitated by the death of its founder Frank Nugan in the early hours of 27 January 1980. Nugan, who was facing charges of stock fraud, was found shot dead by a .30-calibre rifle in his
1903:
on alleged improper practices and improper refusal to co-operate with the Victoria Police Force on the part of persons employed in the Postmaster-General's Department in Victoria in relation to illegal gambling
1722:
to inquire into allegations affecting members of the Parliamentary Joint Committee of Public Accounts in connexion with claims made by broadcasting companies against the Commonwealth Government (1930)
1656:
to inquire into extracts from the reports in Parliamentary Debates of speeches made by Mr. Scullin in the House of Representatives on 7 and 19 August 1924, in relation to land tax matters (1924–1925)
77:, resulting in a major scandal. News stories suggested that the bank had been involved in illegal activities, including drug smuggling, arms deals, and providing a front for the United States
1392:
British New Guinea—Royal Commission of inquiry into the present conditions, including the method of government, of the Territory of Papua, and the best means of their improvement (1906–1907)
1302:
285:
our wives would be cut into pieces and put in boxes and sent back to us". However, the Royal Commission did not find credible evidence of drug-smuggling, arms dealing, and CIA involvement.
370:
In an interview with documentary maker Peter Butt, Michael Hand's military colleague and Nugan Hand 'fixer', Douglas Sapper, claimed that Nugan Hand Bank had been a conduit for CIA money.
2220:
1146:
100:
found that while the bank had committed numerous violations of banking laws, the allegations of drug-smuggling, arms dealing and involvement in CIA activities were not substantiated.
1112:
88:
Investors' losses and the speculation surrounding the bank's activities led to three major government investigations over the next five years. The bank's co-founder, American
508:
Final report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Activities of the Nugan Hand Group (Report). Vol. 2. Sydney: Government Printer. 1985. pp. 859, 930, 744.
2262:
2191:
1826:
to inquire into and report upon the contract or contracts with Abbco Bread Co. Pty. Limited for the supply of bread to the Department of the Army, and other matters (1941)
1699:
840:
Final report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Activities of the Nugan Hand Group (Report). Vol. 2. Sydney: Government Printer. 1985. pp. 740–741, 744.
209:
Bernie Houghton became the bank's Saudi Arabian representative; but eventually had to flee that country in a hail of bullets, as depositors sought to recover their money.
2232:
81:. Speculation grew when it became known that the bank had employed a number of retired United States military and intelligence officers, including former CIA director
873:
Final report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Activities of the Nugan Hand Group (Report). Vol. 2. Sydney: Government Printer. 1985. pp. 749–750.
862:
Final report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Activities of the Nugan Hand Group (Report). Vol. 2. Sydney: Government Printer. 1985. pp. 744–745.
1295:
2352:
1605:
910:
Final report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Activities of the Nugan Hand Group (Report). Vol. 2. Sydney: Government Printer. 1985. p. 859.
899:
Final report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Activities of the Nugan Hand Group (Report). Vol. 2. Sydney: Government Printer. 1985. p. 742.
851:
Final report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Activities of the Nugan Hand Group (Report). Vol. 2. Sydney: Government Printer. 1985. p. 744.
1762:
to inquire into and report upon the circumstances associated with the retirement of Lieutenant-Commander Alan Dermot Casey from the Royal Australian Navy (1934)
1839:
to inquire into and report upon certain transactions of the Sydney Land Sales Control Office, and the Canberra Land Sales Control Office of the Treasury (1947)
382:
reported that Michael Hand was living in the United States, giving an address and other details, but Australian authorities declined to pursue an extradition.
633:
1347:
to inquire into and report upon the arrangements made for the transport of troops returning from service in South Africa in the S.S. "Drayton Grange" (1902)
2377:
1288:
1513:
on the war—Australian Imperial Force. Report as to number of members fit for active service and number of reinforcements and enlistments required (1918)
143:. Nugan Hand rapidly gained business and expanded its offices from a single Sydney office to a global network that included branches (registered in the
2250:
2121:
2302:
2226:
2059:
185:
The Nugan Hand Bank gained respectability by the recruitment of a number of retired senior U.S. military and intelligence personnel, such as former
322:
1490:
to inquire into and report upon certain charges against the Administrator and other officers of the Northern Territory Administration (1916)
679:
2387:
1487:
on the charges made by D. L. Gilchrist concerning the construction of the western section of the Kalgoorlie to Port Augusta Railway (1916)
1829:
to inquire into circumstances under which certain public monies were used and to whom, and for what purposes such moneys were paid (1941)
1197:
2382:
2308:
742:
1644:
588:
212:
Michael Hand had formed a close business and social relationship with former Sydney police constable and underworld "patron",
2367:
820:
562:
469:
336:, initiated speculation that the CIA and Nugan Hand had also played some part in the dismissal of Australian Prime Minister,
1311:
430:
318:
1635:
in connection with sugar purchases by the Commonwealth through Mr. W. E. Davies in September and October, 1920 (1923–1924)
2347:
2185:
441:
2372:
2362:
1228:"Marijuana Australiana: Cannabis use, popular culture and the Americanisation of drugs policy in Australia, 1938–1988"
1943:
1220:
1206:
1186:
534:
117:
1979:
to inquire into and report upon certain incidents in which Aborigines were involved in the Laverton area (1975–1976)
193:
93:
1548:
to inquire into complaints by the munition worker passengers to Australia by the transport "Bahia Castillo" (1919)
1907:
2066:
1863:
1842:
to inquire into certain transactions in relation to timber rights in the Territory of Papua-New Guinea (1949)
1519:
upon the public expenditure of the Commonwealth of Australia with a view to effecting economies (1918–1921)
128:
1832:
an inquiry into a statement that there was a document missing from the official files in relation to "The
2112:
2091:
787:"Cabinet Documents on the Inquiry into the Nugan-Hand Group: Government of the Commonwealth of Australia"
78:
1922:
into exploratory and production drilling for petroleum in the area of the Great Barrier Reef (1970–1975)
252:
After destroying many of Nugan Hand's records, Hand fled Australia under a false identity in June 1980.
2328:
405:(Nine Network, Australia) segment, he approached Hand as he was leaving a chemist shop in Idaho Falls.
401:
to find him, given that Fuller's social security numbers are identical to Hand's. In Ross Coulthart's
2357:
1280:
1638:
in connection with joinery supplied to the War Service Homes Commissioner in March, 1920 (1923–1924)
1256:
230:
1765:
to inquire into the monetary and banking systems at present in operation in Australia (1935–1937)
438:- Similar operation in Italy with alleged links to Operation GLADIO and alleged CIA involvement.
550:
314:
272:
A report by the New South Wales Corporate Affairs Committee linked former Philippine president
266:
1650:
on the method for determining the unimproved value of land held under Crown leases (1924–1925)
2088:
of Inquiry into compensation arising from social security conspiracy prosecutions (1984–1986)
1243:
747:
628:
583:
2145:
of Inquiry into the leasing by the Commonwealth of accommodation in Centenary House (1994)
1779:
on doctors' remuneration for national insurance service and other contract practice (1938)
526:
520:
8:
1632:
on the circumstances attending the supposed loss at sea of the steamship "Sumatra" (1923)
242:
2082:
on the use and effects of chemical agents on Australian personnel in Vietnam (1983–1985)
1999:
of Inquiry into matters in relation to electoral redistribution Queensland, 1977 (1978)
1783:
regarding the contract for the erection of additions to the General Post Office, Sydney
394:
113:
74:
2201:
Inquiry into certain Australian companies in relation to the UN Oil-For-Food Programme
1216:
1202:
1182:
816:
558:
530:
465:
333:
96:
by destroying or removing bank records. Hand fled overseas in June 1980. In 1985, a
2005:
of Inquiry into the viability of the Christmas Island phosphate industry (1979–1980)
1481:
on mail services and trade development between Australia and the New Hebrides (1915)
680:"Decades After Disappearing From Australia, a CIA-Linked Fugitive is Found in Idaho"
1363:
435:
281:
273:
262:
140:
120:
97:
89:
73:
that collapsed in 1980 after the suicide of one of its founders, Australian lawyer
1192:
1174:
634:
The last 20 frantic days of Frank Nugan's life: Desperate bid to save bank empire
321:, insisted that from the government's perspective, having good relations between
176:
132:
124:
981:
Blum, W. 1999, 'Australia 1973–1975: Another free election bites the dust' in
356:
172:
144:
2245:
into misconduct in the banking, superannuation and financial services industry
1917:
on the statement of Lieutenant Commander Cabban and matters incidental thereto
1507:
on Java and the East Indies, Singapore and the Straits Settlements (1917–1918)
1085:
1058:
770:
Foley, Stephen (8 April 1983), "NSW report shows link with Marcos relatives",
482:
2341:
1833:
1275:
932:
Commonwealth-New South Wales Joint Task Force on Drug Trafficking,June 1982,
360:
345:
337:
226:
196:
189:
82:
70:
1679:
on certain matters in connexion with the British Phosphate Commission (1926)
2200:
2065:
into the activities of the Australian Building Construction Employees' and
1659:
on the finances of Western Australia, as affected by Federation (1924–1925)
422:
341:
241:
states that Brian Alexander, who was on bail facing charges related to the
213:
203:
186:
2002:
of Inquiry into the efficiency and administration of hospitals (1979–1981)
2148:
of Inquiry into the relations between the CAA and Seaview Air (1994–1996)
1756:
on mineral oils and petrol and other products of mineral oils (1933–1935)
1270:
1113:"Nugan Hand bank mystery: Michael Hand found living in the United States"
786:
740:
2257:
into violence, abuse, neglect and exploitation of people with disability
2239:
into the protection and detention of children in the Northern Territory
1516:
on Public Service administration, Commonwealth of Australia (1918–1920)
705:
390:
238:
148:
2142:
of Inquiry into the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (1994–1995)
1961:
Independent Inquiry into Frequency Modulation Broadcasting (1973–1974)
1310:
1179:
The Crimes of Patriots, a True Tale of Dope, Dirty Money, and the CIA
1147:"60 Minutes track down fugitive Michael Hand living in United States"
741:
Sheehan, Paul; Tom Ballantyne & Greg Wilesmith (21 August 1981),
598:
596:
589:
Ambitious schemes never eventuated: Chase after an elusive 'big deal'
164:
160:
302:
been found to be in any way, shape or form inaccurate or unreliable.
1227:
325:
and the CIA was more important than bringing criminals to justice.
2009:
on the activities of the Federated Ship Painters and Dockers Union
1461:
upon the Commonwealth electoral law and administration (1914–1915)
983:
Killing Hope: US military and CIA interventions since World War II
593:
772:
1213:
Sleight of Hand : The $ 25 million Nugan Hand Bank Scandal
1198:
The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade
522:
The politics of heroin: CIA complicity in the global drug trade
168:
156:
152:
109:
42:
1452:
to inquire into certain charges against Mr. Henry Chinn (1913)
1350:
on sites for the seat of government of the Commonwealth (1903)
2085:
on Australia's security and intelligence agencies (1983–1985)
1467:
on food supplies and trade and industry during the war (1914)
393:
had located Hand living under the name Michael Jon Fuller in
483:"Royal commission report: Nugan Hand 'not into drugs, arms'"
2097:
of inquiry into alleged telephone interceptions (1985–1986)
1522:
on taxation of leasehold estates in Crown lands (1918–1919)
265:
into the Activities of the Nugan Hand Group, was headed by
1964:
of Inquiry into transport to and from Tasmania (1974–1976)
1271:
Cabinet Documents on the Inquiry into the Nugan-Hand Group
877:
810:
261:
government, and lasted from 1980 to 1983; the second, the
1653:
on the assessment of war service disabilities (1924–1925)
828:
Sleight of Hand: The $ 25 Million Nugan Hand Bank Scandal
398:
1949:
Australian Post Office Commission of inquiry (1973–1974)
1856:
on the Port Augusta to Alice Springs Railway (1951–1952)
963:
Butt P. 2015, Author's interview with Frank Walker, 264.
945:
Butt P. 2015, Author's interview with Clive Small , 236.
712:. Sydney: Blackwattle Press. pp. 166–168, 192–200.
332:
Revelations by the American defence industry employee,
2118:
into grain storage, handling and transport (1986–1988)
1542:
on industrial troubles on Melbourne wharfs (1919–1920)
1366:, British New Guinea, on the 6th of March, 1904 (1904)
1215:; Balmain, Sydney, Australia: Colporteur Press, 1983.
1047:
Butt P. 2015, Author's interview with Doug Sapper,240.
914:
638:
954:
Butt P. 2015, Author's interview with John Dowd, 265.
1976:
into alleged payments to maritime unions (1974–1976)
1759:
on the wheat, flour and bread industries (1934–1936)
1455:
on Northern Territory railways and ports (1913–1914)
815:, Melbourne University Publishing, p. unknown,
412:
1967:
on Australian Government Administration (1974–1976)
1557:
on the increase of the selling price of coal (1920)
1201:; New York: Harpers and Row, Publishers Inc., 1991
813:
Dangerous to Know: An Australasian Crime Compendium
2221:into institutional responses to child sexual abuse
1484:on Liverpool Military Camp, New South Wales (1915)
1312:Royal Commissions of the Commonwealth of Australia
135:was also involved in the bank from the beginning.
1958:of Inquiry into the maritime industry (1973–1976)
501:
475:
308:
92:, and two other bank employees were indicted for
2339:
2197:to Inquire into the Centenary House Lease (2004)
1551:on Northern Territory Administration (1919–1920)
1353:on the Bonuses for Manufactures Bill (1903–1904)
763:
2353:Central Intelligence Agency front organizations
1003:Butt P 2015,Interview with Rick Porter, 220–223
1510:on Navy and Defence Administration (1917–1919)
769:
363:'s (1981) article 'The Qaddafi Connection' in
1493:on Federal Capital Administration (1916–1917)
1404:on stripper harvesters and drills (1908–1909)
1395:on secret drugs, cures, and foods (1906–1907)
1296:
894:
892:
1696:on the Edie Creek (New Guinea) leases (1927)
826:Morton and Lobez cite John Owen's 1983 book
2378:Commonwealth of Australia royal commissions
2295:
2263:into National Natural Disaster Arrangements
2192:into the building and construction industry
1700:on the Moving Picture Industry in Australia
1041:
1012:Butt P. 2015, Interview of Clive Small, 228
94:conspiring to pervert the course of justice
2233:into trade union governance and corruption
1435:on the pearl-shelling industry (1912–1916)
1303:
1289:
889:
811:Morton, James & Susanna Lobez (2010),
704:
2072:into Australian meat industry (1981–1982)
1369:on customs and excise tariffs (1904–1907)
1973:on intelligence and security (1974–1977)
1952:of Inquiry into land tenures (1973–1976)
1407:on Tasmanian customs leakage (1910–1911)
1083:
1059:"Notorious banker found, but who cares?"
1056:
2092:into British nuclear tests in Australia
1225:
920:
883:
644:
602:
557:. Sydney: ABC Books. pp. 164–165.
549:
378:In March 1991, the Australian magazine
219:
2340:
2075:of Inquiry into the activities of the
1606:on the matter of uniform railway gauge
1110:
985:. Maine: Common Courage Press, p. 249.
618:, Allen and Unwin, Sydney, 2007, p 84.
578:
576:
574:
2284:
2167:
2034:
1885:
1808:
1611:on pillaging of ships' cargoes (1921)
1580:
1545:on late German New Guinea (1919–1920)
1322:
1284:
1230:. Queensland University of Technology
518:
934:Report. Volume 2. Nugan Hand (Part 1
555:Recollections of an Unreasonable Man
512:
431:United States espionage in Australia
2388:1980 disestablishments in Australia
1375:on the tobacco monopoly (1905–1906)
571:
442:Allegations of CIA drug trafficking
13:
1970:on human relationships (1974–1978)
1614:on Cockatoo Island Dockyard (1921)
1359:on the Navigation Bill (1904–1906)
1356:on the butter industry (1904–1905)
1111:Murphy, Damien (9 November 2015).
489:. ACT. 28 November 1985. p. 8
397:. Butt queried the failure of the
206:was also connected with the bank.
14:
2399:
2251:into aged care quality and safety
2122:into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody
1996:of Inquiry into drugs (1977–1980)
1944:Aboriginal Land Rights Commission
1641:on the Navigation Act (1923–1925)
1539:on the sugar industry (1919–1920)
1438:on the fruit industry (1912–1914)
1432:on the sugar industry (1911–1912)
1264:
743:"How Michael Hand Left Australia"
472:, pp. 208, 209–12, 231, 307, 318.
255:
2383:1973 establishments in Australia
2303:into Defence and Veteran Suicide
2285:
2227:into the Home Insulation Program
2060:of Inquiry into Drug Trafficking
1750:on performing rights (1932–1933)
1676:on Norfolk Island affairs (1926)
1458:on powellised timber (1913–1914)
1389:on ocean shipping service (1906)
525:. Lawrence Hill Books. pp.
415:
373:
2206:Equine Influenza Inquiry (2008)
1705:on the Constitution (Australia)
1372:on old-age pensions (1905–1906)
1226:Jiggens, John Lawrence (2008).
1181:; New York: W.W. Norton, 1987,
1139:
1130:
1104:
1077:
1057:Campbell, Rod (27 March 1991).
1050:
1028:
1015:
1006:
997:
988:
975:
966:
957:
948:
939:
926:
903:
866:
855:
844:
833:
804:
779:
754:
734:
725:
716:
698:
672:
663:
650:
616:Mr Sin: The Abe Saffron Dossier
464:, Vintage Books, London, 1992,
367:supported Toohey's assertions.
108:Nugan Hand Ltd. was founded in
2067:Builders Labourers' Federation
1398:on postal services (1908–1910)
1084:Campbell, Rod (8 April 1991).
621:
608:
543:
454:
309:Allegations of CIA involvement
1:
2168:
2035:
1982:on Norfolk Island (1975–1976)
1886:
1809:
1581:
1525:on the basic wage (1919–1920)
1323:
447:
112:in 1973 by Australian lawyer
2368:Banks disestablished in 1980
605:, pp. 166–167, 171–172.
297:Commission was a whitewash:
202:Australian trucking magnate
45:, New South Wales, Australia
7:
1719:on the coal industry (1929)
1464:on meat export trade (1914)
669:McCoy Alfred W. (1991) 468.
408:
329:these early investigators.
263:Royal Commission of Inquiry
103:
98:Royal Commission of Inquiry
79:Central Intelligence Agency
32:; 51 years ago
10:
2404:
2348:Defunct banks of Australia
2329:Royal Commissions Act 1902
1161:
114:Francis John "Frank" Nugan
2373:Organised crime in Sydney
2363:Banks established in 1973
2326:
2291:
2280:
2213:
2178:
2174:
2163:
2135:
2104:
2052:
2045:
2041:
2030:
1989:
1936:
1929:
1896:
1892:
1881:
1859:on television (1953–1954)
1849:
1819:
1815:
1804:
1772:
1740:
1733:
1712:
1686:
1666:
1625:
1598:
1591:
1587:
1576:
1532:
1500:
1474:
1445:
1425:
1418:
1382:
1340:
1333:
1329:
1318:
1086:"No extradition for Hand"
658:Report, Vol 2, Nugan Hand
519:McCoy, Alfred W. (1991).
192:as bank president and ex-
49:
26:
2309:into the Robodebt Scheme
1955:on petroleum (1973–1976)
1401:on insurance (1908–1910)
355:In 1981, Prime Minister
231:Lithgow, New South Wales
16:Australian merchant bank
2113:Chamberlain convictions
1753:on taxation (1932–1934)
1747:on Jacob Johnson (1931)
1554:on taxation (1920–1923)
121:Michael Jon "Mike" Hand
1276:FBI file on Nugan-Hand
1251:Cite journal requires
1167:Cockington, J. (2001)
731:Butt P. 2015, 171–172.
656:NSW Joint Task Force,
385:In November 2015, the
313:Politician and judge,
304:
243:Mr Asia drug syndicate
123:. According to writer
1673:on health (1925–1926)
1645:on national insurance
1169:History Happened Here
1117:Sydney Morning Herald
748:Sydney Morning Herald
722:Butt P.2015, 173–179.
632:, 25 September 1980,
629:Sydney Morning Herald
587:, 26 September 1980,
584:Sydney Morning Herald
387:Sydney Morning Herald
299:
1171:, ABC Books, Sydney.
994:Kwitney J. 1987, 354
277:office as the bank.
220:Scandal and collapse
214:Murray Stewart Riley
886:, pp. 171–172.
710:Merchants of Menace
23:
2186:into HIH Insurance
1693:on wireless (1927)
1153:. 9 November 2015.
1025:, 31 May 1981, p1.
972:Butt P. 2015, 233.
686:. 10 November 2015
487:The Canberra Times
395:Idaho Falls, Idaho
365:The New York Times
199:as legal counsel.
75:Francis John Nugan
69:was an Australian
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1136:Butt P. 2015, 265
822:978-0-522-85681-1
564:978-0-7333-1894-8
470:978-0-09-915231-6
340:. For instance,
334:Christopher Boyce
267:Donald G. Stewart
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2286:2021–present
2076:
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1244:cite journal
1232:. Retrieved
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2241:(2016–2017)
2235:(2014–2015)
2229:(2013–2014)
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2124:(1987–1991)
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2011:(1980–1984)
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1866:(1954–1955)
1702:(1927–1928)
1647:(1923–1927)
1151:news.com.au
1122:10 November
1092:. p. 7
1065:. p. 1
237:elsewhere.
129:Kings Cross
118:Green Beret
2342:Categories
1175:Kwitney, J
706:Peter Butt
684:ProPublica
448:References
403:60 Minutes
391:Peter Butt
239:Peter Butt
149:Chiang Mai
2214:2011–2020
2179:2001–2010
2169:2001–2020
2136:1991–2000
2105:1986–1990
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1864:espionage
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1211:Owen, J.
796:3 October
315:John Dowd
165:Hong Kong
161:Singapore
1836:" (1943)
1234:12 March
1193:McCoy, A
708:(2015).
553:(2007).
409:See also
229:outside
194:CIA head
104:Founding
1910:Voyager
1162:Sources
773:The Age
690:18 June
527:462–478
380:The Eye
55: (
50:Defunct
35: (
27:Founded
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1913:(1964)
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169:Taiwan
157:Hawaii
153:Manila
110:Sydney
43:Sydney
1096:6 May
1069:3 May
493:3 May
147:) in
1257:help
1236:2009
1217:ISBN
1203:ISBN
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1124:2015
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323:ASIO
280:The
175:and
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1862:on
399:FBI
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