799:
539:
516:
940:
63:
54:
1479:
1464:
917:
1 per 500,000 injections. About one in 3000 white North
Americans is homozygous (i.e. has two copies of the abnormal gene) for the most common atypical form of the enzyme pseudocholinesterase, and do not hydrolyze ester anesthetics such as procaine. This results in a prolonged period of high levels of the anesthetic in the blood and increased toxicity.
916:
Procaine can also cause allergic reactions causing individuals to have problems with breathing, rashes, and swelling. Allergic reactions to procaine are usually not in response to procaine itself, but to its metabolite PABA. Allergic reactions are in fact quite rare, estimated to have an incidence of
879:
A 1% procaine injection has been recommended for the treatment of extravasation complications associated with venipuncture, steroids, and antibiotics. It has likewise been recommended for treatment of inadvertent intra-arterial injections (10 ml of 1% procaine), as it helps relieve pain and
895:
Application of procaine leads to the depression of neuronal activity. The depression causes the nervous system to become hypersensitive, producing restlessness and shaking, leading to minor to severe convulsions. Studies on animals have shown the use of procaine led to the increase of
904:
levels in the brain. Other issues may occur because of varying individual tolerance to procaine dosage. Nervousness and dizziness can arise from the excitation of the central nervous system, which may lead to respiratory failure if overdosed. Procaine may also induce weakening of the
833:. Vasoconstriction helps to reduce bleeding, increases the duration and quality of anesthesia, prevents the drug from reaching systemic circulation in large amounts, and overall reduces the amount of anesthetic required. As a
198:
798:
5335:
5286:
4051:
3896:
2847:
133:
2718:
5168:
5163:
5153:
967:, the resulting acid chloride is then esterified with 2-diethylaminoethanol to give Nitrocaine. Finally, the nitro group is reduced by hydrogenation over
5103:
4392:
2776:
2771:
666:
2842:
2728:
2438:
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2283:
5237:
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3073:
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75:
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2988:
2578:
2568:
2538:
2533:
2498:
2453:
2398:
2388:
2383:
887:
manufacturers also use procaine as an additive at ratios ranging from 1:1 up to 10% MDMA with 90% procaine, which can be life-threatening.
786:
was a commonly used local anesthetic. Einhorn wished his new discovery to be used for amputations, but for this surgeons preferred general
622:
4921:
4043:
4023:
4008:
3978:
3396:
3306:
2738:
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2613:
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1900:
4957:
4714:
4709:
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1131:
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1534:
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2227:
2193:
1371:
4202:
4180:
2276:
608:
31:
4075:
5004:
2309:
1114:
642:
1474:, "Verfahren zur Darstellung von p-Aminobenzoësäureaalkaminestern ", published 1908-01-28, assigned to
1459:, "Verfahren zur Darstellung von p-Aminobenzoësäureaalkaminestern ", published 1906-12-11, assigned to
673:
5380:
3274:
2244:
1170:
Ruetsch YA, Böni T, Borgeat A (August 2001). "From cocaine to ropivacaine: the history of local anesthetic drugs".
5385:
5375:
3965:
3785:
2269:
1893:
273:
183:
1878:
344:
4532:
4262:
2102:
1527:
809:
Aside from its use as a dental anesthetic, procaine is used less frequently today, since more effective (and
5331:
534:
395:
5365:
5311:
495:
5370:
5360:
1886:
38:
464:
5355:
5297:
4871:
4194:
4092:
3776:
3288:
1766:
1471:
1456:
5390:
5199:
5117:
5018:
4935:
4804:
4227:
4124:
3956:
3725:
1520:
837:, for example, more novocaine is needed for root canal treatment than for a simple filling. Unlike
511:
17:
1297:"Some correlations between procaine-induced convulsions and monoamines in the spinal cord of rats"
484:
5145:
5081:
4417:
2323:
2232:
1751:
865:
699:
119:
4949:
4885:
4276:
3242:
3233:
2797:
2784:
2766:
2708:
2332:
1914:
1606:
726:
1106:
4913:
4814:
2198:
949:
857:
444:
335:
4507:
3038:
2973:
2953:
2203:
1761:
1733:
1138:
650:
InChI=1S/C13H20N2O2/c1-3-15(4-2)9-10-17-13(16)11-5-7-12(14)8-6-11/h5-8H,3-4,9-10,14H2,1-2H3
404:
240:
1499:
Hahn-Godeffroy JD (2007). "Wirkungen und
Nebenwirkungen von Procain: Was ist gesichert?".
384:
8:
5158:
3296:
2700:
1939:
290:
1277:
538:
515:
299:
3568:
3563:
3466:
3173:
2943:
1789:
1363:
1254:
1237:
1206:
93:
948:
The first consists of the direct reaction of the 4-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester with
5217:
4828:
4502:
4146:
4018:
3265:
3158:
2292:
1367:
1318:
1259:
1218:
1187:
1110:
1099:
1093:
991:
933:
834:
734:
718:
1132:"The Preparation of the Local Anesthetic, Benzocaine, by an Esterification Reaction"
1058:[Procaine reset: A therapy concept for the treatment of chronic diseases.].
4995:
4492:
4407:
4207:
3926:
3715:
3053:
1909:
1622:
1428:
1359:
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1249:
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964:
830:
687:
551:
209:
166:
156:
146:
5247:
5242:
5212:
5041:
5036:
4639:
4604:
4594:
4559:
4166:
4141:
3608:
3301:
3183:
2338:
2300:
2133:
2055:
1992:
1987:
1591:
953:
324:
227:
217:
1920:
1908:
126:
85:
5222:
5178:
4769:
4669:
4579:
4253:
4109:
4052:
3897:
3853:
3808:
3553:
3543:
3163:
3083:
2680:
2583:
2238:
2017:
1967:
1723:
1567:
1543:
981:
960:
910:
810:
772:
753:
2713:
2308:
5349:
5232:
5125:
5071:
5056:
4842:
4779:
4512:
4457:
4452:
4442:
4397:
4217:
4151:
4003:
3813:
3798:
3643:
3336:
3218:
3058:
2938:
2917:
2892:
2812:
2433:
2428:
2142:
2060:
1601:
1596:
1586:
1450:
1432:
1183:
986:
883:
Procaine is an occasional additive in illicit street drugs, such as cocaine.
742:
730:
527:
1056:"Procain-Reset: Ein Therapiekonzept zur Behandlung chronischer Erkrankungen"
5104:
4852:
4764:
4754:
4664:
4599:
4497:
4427:
4362:
4352:
4307:
3931:
3916:
3863:
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3673:
3628:
3613:
3603:
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3528:
3168:
3148:
3088:
2638:
2493:
2353:
2037:
2007:
1972:
1693:
1611:
1581:
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1222:
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968:
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691:
475:
161:
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141:
1336:
1322:
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3573:
3558:
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3471:
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3213:
3208:
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3118:
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2743:
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2152:
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2129:
2080:
1982:
1952:
1858:
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1756:
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826:
818:
45:
1512:
364:
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4212:
4156:
4133:
4101:
4028:
3988:
3946:
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3911:
3883:
3843:
3828:
3748:
3743:
3683:
3663:
3648:
3638:
3503:
3493:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3401:
3361:
3316:
3311:
3223:
3203:
3143:
3133:
3063:
3043:
3028:
3018:
3008:
2993:
2978:
2968:
2958:
2948:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2872:
2852:
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2748:
2733:
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2558:
2483:
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2418:
2413:
2393:
2373:
2343:
2213:
2177:
2172:
2157:
2075:
2070:
2045:
2027:
2002:
1997:
1947:
1863:
1835:
1718:
1708:
1661:
1656:
1641:
1636:
1556:
1475:
1460:
1446:
1313:
1296:
1036:
921:
906:
861:
822:
787:
779:
749:
707:
703:
698:
to numb the area around a tooth and is also used to reduce the pain of
584:
375:
232:
1076:
1055:
5227:
5173:
5089:
4972:
4962:
4893:
4822:
4784:
4759:
4749:
4674:
4624:
4569:
4545:
4472:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4332:
4327:
4317:
4302:
4161:
4033:
4013:
3993:
3983:
3941:
3921:
3838:
3633:
3548:
3538:
3518:
3456:
3441:
3431:
3391:
3376:
3346:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3247:
3188:
3138:
3128:
3123:
3108:
3098:
3078:
3068:
3048:
3023:
2653:
2618:
2598:
2563:
2553:
2518:
2503:
2162:
2147:
2124:
2022:
1957:
1840:
1811:
1631:
939:
901:
814:
738:
695:
310:
253:
79:
1416:
1156:
Introduction to
Organic Laboratory Techniques: A Microscale Approach
4898:
4704:
4699:
4574:
4422:
4297:
4235:
3618:
3583:
3488:
3103:
3033:
3003:
2963:
2857:
2648:
2608:
2588:
1962:
1576:
1390:
897:
842:
771:
used as anesthetics. It was introduced into medical use by surgeon
768:
424:
355:
62:
607:
4967:
4789:
4589:
4114:
3513:
3451:
3113:
3093:
2789:
2660:
2065:
2050:
1977:
1830:
1728:
1704:
838:
825:), procaine is a vasodilator, thus is often coadministered with
783:
729:. Today, it is used therapeutically in some countries due to its
4793:
4057:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
3906:
3902:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
3578:
3498:
3381:
3371:
3153:
2922:
1771:
869:
455:
258:
1414:
1101:
5273:
3763:
3533:
3386:
2116:
1929:
1820:
873:
849:
757:
598:
435:
4181:
500:
5109:
Tooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
5031:
4076:
3734:
3696:
3479:
884:
415:
53:
5005:
2310:
817:(Xylocaine) exist. Like other local anesthetics (such as
756:
who gave the chemical the trade name
Novocaine, from the
3275:
1358:(3rd ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 83–115.
3966:
3786:
1354:
Ombregt L (2013). "Procaine: Principles of
Treatment".
845:
and addictive qualities that put it at risk for abuse.
963:
to 4-nitrobenzoic acid, which is further reacted with
920:
However, certain populations in the world such as the
802:
Procaine application before removal of a decayed tooth
748:
Procaine was first synthesized in 1905, shortly after
4263:
1415:
Einhorn A, Fiedler K, Ladisch C, Uhlfelder E (1909).
1238:"Vasoconstrictors in local anesthesia for dentistry"
924:
in India commonly have a deficiency of this enzyme.
30:"Allocaine" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1097:. In Gilman AG, Rall TW, Nies AS, Taylor P (eds.).
806:The primary use for procaine is as an anaesthetic.
343:
1169:
1105:(8th ed.). New York: Pergamon Press. p.
1098:
1092:
5298:
4872:
5347:
4936:
1015:"How long does numbness last after the dentist?"
1009:
1007:
841:, a vasoconstrictor, procaine does not have the
323:
37:"Novocaine" redirects here. For other uses, see
5336:Transient receptor potential channel modulators
1294:
1060:Schweizerische Zeitschrift fĂĽr Ganzheitsmedizin
298:
1498:
1053:
5278:Tooltip Transient receptor potential channels
3768:Tooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channel
2277:
1894:
1528:
1090:
1004:
4186:Tooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channel
483:
4084:Tooltip Calcium-activated potassium channel
1385:
1383:
1288:
1163:
790:. Dentists, however, found it very useful.
717:, in some regions, procaine is referred to
5010:Tooltip Calcium-activated chloride channel
3302:4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine)
2315:Tooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channels
2291:
2284:
2270:
1901:
1887:
1535:
1521:
1229:
537:
514:
383:
61:
52:
1542:
1312:
1253:
1158:, Pavia, Lampman, Kriz & Engel, 1989.
1075:
403:
3280:Tooltip Voltage-gated potassium channels
1380:
938:
797:
3974:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
3794:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
1353:
1295:Sawaki K, Kawaguchi M (November 1989).
1204:
510:
363:
14:
5348:
1417:"Ueber p-Aminobenzoësäurealkaminester"
1129:
868:(PABA), which is then excreted by the
528:
4268:Tooltip Voltage-gated sodium channels
2265:
1882:
1744:sclerosing agents for local injection
1516:
1172:Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
1064:Swiss Journal of Integrative Medicine
463:
443:
281:2-(diethylamino)ethyl 4-aminobenzoate
84:
4203:12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
1235:
165:
155:
145:
3297:3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine)
1337:"Novocain Official FDA information"
694:group. It is most commonly used in
423:
314:
24:
1491:
1421:Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie
1364:10.1016/B978-0-7020-3145-8.00005-3
1017:. Medical News Today. May 22, 2018
890:
852:anesthetic, is metabolized in the
25:
5402:
5303:Tooltip Ligand gated ion channels
4877:Tooltip Epithelial sodium channel
192:
104:
4941:Tooltip Acid-sensing ion channel
1356:A System of Orthopaedic Medicine
1301:Japanese Journal of Pharmacology
752:. It was created by the chemist
568:
562:
1439:
1408:
1347:
1329:
793:
706:. Owing to the ubiquity of the
655:Key:MFDFERRIHVXMIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
2759:Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA)
1270:
1207:"The discipline of innovation"
1198:
1123:
1091:Ritchie JM, Greene NM (1990).
1084:
1047:
1029:
574:
556:
13:
1:
5332:Receptor/signaling modulators
2734:Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID)
2103:3-(p-Fluorobenzoyloxy)tropane
2090:ArCO2- (not para-amino or Ph)
997:
1803:Capillary stabilising agents
1130:Minard R (18 October 2006).
927:
7:
1484:, addendendum to DE 179627.
975:
959:The second is by oxidizing
10:
5407:
4295:Antiarrhythmics (class I):
2194:Anesthetic/vasoconstrictor
1054:Hahn-Godeffroy JD (2011).
778:Prior to the discovery of
630:O=C(OCCN(CC)CC)c1ccc(N)cc1
546:Chemical and physical data
39:Novocaine (disambiguation)
36:
29:
5325:
5296:
5271:
5264:
5198:
5191:
5144:
5116:
5102:
5080:
5017:
5003:
4994:
4948:
4934:
4912:
4884:
4870:
4813:
4805:Tricyclic antidepressants
4275:
4261:
4252:
4226:
4193:
4179:
4123:
4091:
4074:
3955:
3814:Glibenclamide (glyburide)
3775:
3761:
3724:
3287:
3273:
3264:
3232:
2322:
2299:
2222:
2186:
2115:
2099:(3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoyl)
2089:
2036:
1938:
1928:
1849:
1809:
1802:
1780:
1767:Sodium tetradecyl sulfate
1742:
1702:
1692:
1670:
1620:
1565:
1555:
663:
638:
618:
596:
583:
550:
545:
526:
494:
474:
454:
434:
414:
394:
374:
354:
334:
309:
289:
269:
264:
252:
239:
226:
216:
208:
182:
177:
132:
118:
92:
74:
69:
60:
51:
1433:10.1002/jlac.19093710204
1184:10.2174/1568026013395335
5381:Sodium channel blockers
4418:Eslicarbazepine acetate
2153:Cinchocaine (Dibucaine)
1915:sodium channel blockers
1752:Monoethanolamine oleate
1391:"Butyrylcholinesterase"
1211:Harvard Business Review
866:para-amino benzoic acid
813:) alternatives such as
700:intramuscular injection
5386:Diethylamino compounds
5376:4-Aminobenzoate esters
4162:Rottlerin (mallotoxin)
2293:Ion channel modulators
1607:Fluocinolone acetonide
1501:Komplement Integr. Med
1205:Drucker P (May 1985).
944:
803:
767:, a common ending for
727:sodium channel blocker
725:. It acts mainly as a
2519:Ryodipine (riodipine)
2199:Bupivacaine/meloxicam
950:2-diethylaminoethanol
942:
801:
27:Local anesthetic drug
4508:Valproate semisodium
3039:Carboxyamidotriazole
2974:Gabapentin enacarbil
2954:Arbaclofen placarbil
2204:Lidocaine/prilocaine
2013:Procaine (Novocaine)
1762:Inverted sugar syrup
1734:Pentosan polysulfate
1037:"Procaine (DB00721)"
858:pseudocholinesterase
763:(meaning "new") and
5159:1,10-Phenanthroline
3716:Spooky toxin (SsTx)
2701:Tetrahydropalmatine
1451:U.S. patent 812,554
1242:Anesthesia Progress
1094:"Local Anesthetics"
1066:] (in German).
952:in the presence of
829:for the purpose of
235:by plasma esterases
201:(Prescription only)
48:
5366:1905 introductions
5169:7,8-Benzoquinoline
5164:4,7-Phenanthroline
5154:1,7-Phenanthroline
4530:Local anesthetics:
4062:ML-297 (VU0456810)
3569:Diallyl trisulfide
3564:Dextropropoxyphene
3467:Tetraethylammonium
3174:Pinaverium bromide
2944:4-Methylpregabalin
2249:Never to phase III
1790:Calcium dobesilate
1314:10.1254/jjp.51.369
945:
943:Procaine synthesis
804:
44:
5371:German inventions
5361:Local anesthetics
5343:
5342:
5321:
5320:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5218:Meclofenamic acid
5187:
5186:
5098:
5097:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4930:
4929:
4866:
4865:
4740:RG7893 (GDC-0287)
4503:Valproate pivoxil
4393:Acetylpheneturide
4248:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4175:
4174:
4147:Meclofenamic acid
4110:Ethanol (alcohol)
4070:
4069:
4019:Minoxidil sulfate
3757:
3756:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3159:Otilonium bromide
3084:Ethanol (alcohol)
2848:ω-Conotoxin MVIIC
2584:Phenylalkylamines
2259:
2258:
2111:
2110:
1910:Local anesthetics
1876:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1798:
1797:
1719:Organo-heparinoid
1688:
1687:
1623:local anesthetics
1557:Antihemorrhoidals
1373:978-0-7020-3145-8
1077:10.1159/000332021
992:Procaine blockade
835:dental anesthesic
735:anti-inflammatory
696:dental procedures
681:
680:
609:Interactive image
496:CompTox Dashboard
196:
108:
16:(Redirected from
5398:
5356:Dental equipment
5304:
5300:
5279:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5196:
5195:
5114:
5113:
5110:
5106:
5015:
5014:
5011:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4946:
4945:
4942:
4938:
4882:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4493:Sodium valproate
4408:Chlorphenacemide
4390:Anticonvulsants:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4208:Arachidonic acid
4191:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4058:
4054:
3975:
3971:
3927:Dextromethorphan
3903:
3899:
3795:
3791:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3243:L-type-selective
3054:Dimeditiapramine
3016:Others/unsorted:
2798:T-type-selective
2785:R-type-selective
2767:P-type-selective
2719:ω-Conotoxin GVIA
2709:N-type-selective
2339:Dihydropyridines
2333:L-type-selective
2320:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2263:
2262:
1936:
1935:
1918:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1880:
1879:
1807:
1806:
1700:
1699:
1563:
1562:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1316:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1257:
1236:Sisk AL (1992).
1233:
1227:
1226:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1151:
1149:
1143:
1137:. Archived from
1136:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1011:
965:thionyl chloride
932:Procaine can be
880:vascular spasm.
831:vasoconstriction
741:-enhancing, and
688:local anesthetic
677:
676:
669:
611:
591:
576:
570:
564:
558:
541:
530:
519:
518:
504:
502:
487:
467:
447:
427:
407:
387:
367:
347:
327:
317:
316:
302:
244:
194:
191:
169:
159:
149:
106:
103:
88:
65:
56:
49:
47:
43:
21:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5391:Withdrawn drugs
5346:
5345:
5344:
5339:
5317:
5302:
5292:
5277:
5252:
5248:Trifluoperazine
5243:Tolfenamic acid
5213:Flufenamic acid
5183:
5140:
5108:
5094:
5076:
5042:Flufenamic acid
5037:Ethacrynic acid
5009:
4982:
4940:
4926:
4908:
4876:
4862:
4809:
4640:Metabutoxycaine
4605:Diphenhydramine
4595:Cyclomethycaine
4560:Levobupivacaine
4267:
4240:
4222:
4185:
4171:
4167:Tolfenamic acid
4142:Flufenamic acid
4137:
4119:
4105:
4083:
4080:
4066:
4056:
3973:
3970:
3951:
3901:
3793:
3790:
3767:
3753:
3738:
3720:
3700:
3609:Norpropoxyphene
3486:11.1)-specific:
3485:
3279:
3252:
3228:
3184:Rhynchophylline
2934:
2314:
2295:
2290:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2239:Clinical trials
2218:
2182:
2134:Levobupivacaine
2107:
2085:
2056:Cyclomethycaine
2032:
1993:Metabutoxycaine
1988:Metabutethamine
1924:
1912:
1907:
1877:
1868:
1845:
1794:
1776:
1738:
1711:for topical use
1684:
1666:
1616:
1592:Fluorometholone
1568:corticosteroids
1559:for topical use
1551:
1544:Vasoprotectives
1541:
1511:
1494:
1492:Further reading
1489:
1488:
1480:
1470:
1465:
1455:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1389:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1352:
1348:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1293:
1289:
1282:ecstasydata.org
1276:
1275:
1271:
1234:
1230:
1203:
1199:
1168:
1164:
1147:
1145:
1144:on 20 July 2011
1141:
1134:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1089:
1085:
1052:
1048:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1005:
1000:
978:
954:sodium ethoxide
930:
922:Vysya community
893:
891:Adverse effects
796:
672:
670:
667:(what is this?)
664:
659:
656:
651:
646:
645:
634:
631:
626:
625:
614:
589:
579:
573:
567:
561:
522:
498:
490:
470:
450:
430:
410:
390:
370:
350:
330:
313:
305:
285:
282:
277:
276:
242:
218:Bioavailability
210:Pharmacokinetic
204:
173:
121:
114:
95:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5404:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5341:
5340:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5307:
5305:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5282:
5280:
5266:
5262:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5223:Mefenamic acid
5220:
5215:
5210:
5204:
5202:
5193:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5179:Phenanthridine
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5150:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5122:
5120:
5111:
5100:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5086:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5023:
5021:
5012:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4954:
4952:
4943:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4918:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4890:
4888:
4879:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4827:Atracotoxins (
4825:
4819:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4787:
4782:
4773:
4772:
4770:Zetekitoxin AB
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4670:Proxymetacaine
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4580:Chloroprocaine
4577:
4572:
4567:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4291:
4290:
4281:
4279:
4270:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4199:
4197:
4188:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4135:
4129:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4086:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3968:
3961:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3854:Glyclopyramide
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3809:Chlorpropamide
3806:
3801:
3788:
3781:
3779:
3770:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3736:
3730:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3554:Clarithromycin
3551:
3546:
3544:Chlorpromazine
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3483:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3282:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3238:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3164:Paramethadione
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2939:gabapentinoids
2932:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:Non-selective:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2793:
2792:
2780:
2779:
2777:ω-Agatoxin IVB
2774:
2772:ω-Agatoxin IVA
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2729:Huwentoxin XVI
2726:
2721:
2716:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2681:Cyproheptadine
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2439:Levniguldipine
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2379:Dexniguldipine
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2328:
2326:
2317:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2018:Proxymetacaine
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1968:Chloroprocaine
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1933:
1926:
1925:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1724:Sodium apolate
1721:
1715:
1713:
1697:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1577:Hydrocortisone
1573:
1571:
1560:
1553:
1552:
1540:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1517:
1510:
1509:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1438:
1427:(2): 142–161.
1407:
1379:
1372:
1346:
1343:. August 2007.
1328:
1287:
1269:
1228:
1197:
1162:
1122:
1115:
1083:
1046:
1028:
1002:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
994:
989:
984:
982:Chloroprocaine
977:
974:
973:
972:
961:4-nitrotoluene
957:
936:in two ways.
929:
926:
911:cardiac arrest
892:
889:
856:by the enzyme
811:hypoallergenic
795:
792:
782:and procaine,
773:Heinrich Braun
754:Alfred Einhorn
743:mood-enhancing
679:
678:
661:
660:
658:
657:
654:
652:
649:
641:
640:
639:
636:
635:
633:
632:
629:
621:
620:
619:
616:
615:
613:
612:
604:
602:
594:
593:
587:
581:
580:
577:
571:
565:
559:
554:
548:
547:
543:
542:
532:
524:
523:
521:
520:
507:
505:
492:
491:
489:
488:
480:
478:
472:
471:
469:
468:
460:
458:
452:
451:
449:
448:
440:
438:
432:
431:
429:
428:
420:
418:
412:
411:
409:
408:
400:
398:
392:
391:
389:
388:
380:
378:
372:
371:
369:
368:
360:
358:
352:
351:
349:
348:
340:
338:
332:
331:
329:
328:
320:
318:
307:
306:
304:
303:
295:
293:
287:
286:
284:
283:
280:
272:
271:
270:
267:
266:
262:
261:
256:
250:
249:
246:
237:
236:
230:
224:
223:
220:
214:
213:
206:
205:
203:
202:
188:
186:
180:
179:
175:
174:
172:
171:
138:
136:
130:
129:
124:
122:administration
116:
115:
113:
112:
110:
100:
98:
90:
89:
82:
72:
71:
67:
66:
58:
57:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5403:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5338:
5337:
5333:
5330:
5324:
5313:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5301:
5295:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5276:
5270:
5267:
5263:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5233:Niflumic acid
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5194:
5190:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5126:Glibenclamide
5124:
5123:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5112:
5107:
5101:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5072:Niflumic acid
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5057:Glibenclamide
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5008:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4944:
4939:
4933:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4875:
4869:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4853:Grayanotoxins
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4843:Batrachotoxin
4841:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4829:ω-Atracotoxin
4826:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4780:Buprenorphine
4778:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4513:Valproic acid
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4458:Oxitriptyline
4456:
4454:
4453:Oxcarbazepine
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4443:Licarbazepine
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4398:Carbamazepine
4396:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4285:Antianginals:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4266:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4218:Norfluoxetine
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4184:
4178:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4152:Niflumic acid
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4082:
4073:
4063:
4060:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4004:Levcromakalim
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3972:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3799:Acetohexamide
3797:
3792:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3766:
3760:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3644:Roxithromycin
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:Charybdotoxin
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3219:Trimethadione
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3059:Diproteverine
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2918:Ruthenium red
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2893:Levetiracetam
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:ω-Agatoxin TK
2841:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2813:Niflumic acid
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2434:Levamlodipine
2432:
2430:
2429:Lercanidipine
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:Butanilicaine
2141:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1911:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1812:bioflavonoids
1808:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1602:Dexamethasone
1600:
1598:
1597:Fluocortolone
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1587:Betamethasone
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1477:
1473:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1375:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1307:(3): 369–76.
1306:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1248:(6): 187–93.
1247:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1178:(3): 175–82.
1177:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1157:
1154:Adapted from
1140:
1133:
1126:
1118:
1116:0-08-040296-8
1112:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1087:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1043:. 2009-06-23.
1042:
1038:
1032:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1003:
993:
990:
988:
987:Peter DeMarco
985:
983:
980:
979:
970:
966:
962:
958:
955:
951:
947:
946:
941:
937:
935:
925:
923:
918:
914:
912:
908:
903:
899:
888:
886:
881:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
848:Procaine, an
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
807:
800:
791:
789:
785:
781:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
759:
755:
751:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
731:sympatholytic
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
675:
668:
662:
653:
648:
647:
644:
637:
628:
627:
624:
617:
610:
606:
605:
603:
600:
595:
588:
586:
582:
555:
553:
549:
544:
540:
536:
533:
531:
529:ECHA InfoCard
525:
517:
513:
512:DTXSID7045021
509:
508:
506:
497:
493:
486:
482:
481:
479:
477:
473:
466:
462:
461:
459:
457:
453:
446:
442:
441:
439:
437:
433:
426:
422:
421:
419:
417:
413:
406:
402:
401:
399:
397:
393:
386:
382:
381:
379:
377:
373:
366:
362:
361:
359:
357:
353:
346:
342:
341:
339:
337:
333:
326:
322:
321:
319:
312:
308:
301:
297:
296:
294:
292:
288:
279:
278:
275:
268:
263:
260:
257:
255:
251:
248:40–84 seconds
247:
245:
238:
234:
231:
229:
225:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
200:
190:
189:
187:
185:
181:
176:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
140:
139:
137:
135:
131:
128:
125:
123:
117:
111:
102:
101:
99:
97:
91:
87:
83:
81:
77:
73:
70:Clinical data
68:
64:
59:
55:
50:
40:
33:
19:
5328:
5327:
5238:Talniflumate
4776:
4765:Tetrodotoxin
4755:Neosaxitoxin
4746:
4691:
4665:Propoxycaine
4659:
4600:Dimethocaine
4533:
4529:
4498:Valnoctamide
4428:Fosphenytoin
4389:
4363:Procainamide
4353:Pilsicainide
4308:Disopyramide
4294:
4284:
4132:
4100:
4050:
3964:
3932:Ethosuximide
3917:Cloperastine
3895:
3864:Metahexamide
3859:Glycyclamide
3819:Glibornuride
3784:
3733:
3695:
3674:Thioridazine
3629:Promethazine
3614:Orphenadrine
3604:Ketoconazole
3589:Erythromycin
3478:
3241:
3169:Phensuximide
3149:Ochratoxin A
3089:Ethosuximide
3015:
2937:-selective (
2929:
2839:
2796:
2783:
2765:
2714:ω-Conotoxins
2707:
2657:
2639:Norverapamil
2604:Dexverapamil
2582:
2556:derivatives:
2552:
2549:Vatanidipine
2544:Trombodipine
2509:Palonidipine
2494:Nitrendipine
2449:Mepirodipine
2354:Azelnidipine
2337:
2331:
2187:Combinations
2012:
2008:Propoxycaine
1973:Dimethocaine
1940:Aminobenzoic
1850:
1810:
1781:
1743:
1703:
1694:Antivaricose
1671:
1651:
1621:
1612:Fluocinonide
1582:Prednisolone
1566:
1504:
1500:
1441:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1398:. Retrieved
1394:
1355:
1349:
1340:
1331:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1281:
1272:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1146:. Retrieved
1139:the original
1125:
1100:
1086:
1070:(5): 291–6.
1067:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1019:. Retrieved
969:Raney nickel
931:
919:
915:
894:
882:
878:
847:
808:
805:
794:Pharmacology
777:
764:
760:
747:
722:
714:
710:
690:drug of the
683:
682:
671:
665:
476:NIAID ChemDB
241:Elimination
184:Legal status
178:Legal status
4904:Triamterene
4858:Poneratoxin
4848:Ciguatoxins
4735:Raxatrigine
4730:Ralfinamide
4725:PF-05089771
4720:PF-04531083
4692:Analgesics:
4650:Piperocaine
4635:Meprylcaine
4630:Mepivacaine
4585:Cinchocaine
4564:Ropivacaine
4556:Bupivacaine
4483:Sipatrigine
4468:Pheneturide
4463:Phenacemide
4448:Mephenytoin
4433:Lamotrigine
4413:Elpetrigine
4368:Propafenone
4313:Dronedarone
3889:Tolbutamide
3879:Repaglinide
3874:Nateglinide
3869:Mitiglinide
3849:Glisoxepide
3834:Glimepiride
3824:Glicaramide
3804:Carbutamide
3706:Linopirdine
3689:Vernakalant
3679:Tolterodine
3669:Terfenadine
3659:Tamulotoxin
3654:Solifenacin
3624:PNU-282,987
3599:Haloperidol
3594:Gigactonine
3574:Domperidone
3559:Darifenacin
3524:Bedaquiline
3509:Azaspiracid
3472:Vernakalant
3407:Linopirdine
3367:Dronedarone
3357:Dendrotoxin
3342:Clamikalant
3214:Tolperisone
3209:Tetrandrine
3199:Sipatrigine
3194:Silperisone
3179:Prenylamine
3119:Lidoflazine
3074:Elpetrigine
2984:Mirogabalin
2888:Lamotrigine
2883:Flunarizine
2878:Efonidipine
2868:Cinnarizine
2863:Cilnidipine
2818:NNC 55-0396
2744:Ralfinamide
2691:Fantofarone
2686:Dronedarone
2671:Budiodarone
2666:Brinazarone
2629:Levemopamil
2529:Sornidipine
2524:Sagandipine
2514:Pranidipine
2489:Nisoldipine
2479:Nilvadipine
2469:Niguldipine
2459:Nicardipine
2424:Lemildipine
2409:Iganidipine
2404:Furnidipine
2369:Cronidipine
2364:Clevidipine
2359:Barnidipine
2349:Aranidipine
2235:from market
2168:Mepivacaine
2138:Ropivacaine
2130:Bupivacaine
2081:Piperocaine
1983:Meprylcaine
1953:Benzonatate
1913:(primarily
1859:Tribenoside
1826:Monoxerutin
1757:Polidocanol
1709:heparinoids
1680:Tribenoside
1476:Höchst A.M.
1461:Höchst A.M.
1400:4 September
934:synthesized
909:leading to
827:epinephrine
819:mepivacaine
719:generically
692:amino ester
592: g·mol
535:100.000.388
265:Identifiers
32:Allococaine
5350:Categories
5208:Bumetanide
5146:Activators
5136:Piretanide
5131:Lonidamine
5082:Activators
5067:Mibefradil
5062:Mefloquine
5052:Furosemide
5047:Fluoxetine
5027:Crofelemer
4914:Activators
4837:Versutoxin
4833:Robustoxin
4815:Activators
4800:Safinamide
4750:Conotoxins
4685:Trimecaine
4680:Tetracaine
4655:Prilocaine
4645:Orthocaine
4620:Iontocaine
4615:Hexylcaine
4610:Etidocaine
4551:Benzocaine
4541:Amylocaine
4523:Zonisamide
4518:Valpromide
4488:Topiramate
4478:Rufinamide
4438:Lacosamide
4403:Cenobamate
4358:Prajmaline
4348:Moricizine
4343:Mexiletine
4338:Lorcainide
4323:Flecainide
4288:Ranolazine
4228:Activators
4213:Fluoxetine
4157:Nimesulide
4139:-specific:
4125:Activators
4107:-specific:
4059:-specific:
4039:Rilmakalim
4029:Nicorandil
3989:Cromakalim
3976:-specific:
3957:Activators
3947:Tipepidine
3937:Ifenprodil
3912:Caramiphen
3904:-specific:
3884:Tolazamide
3844:Gliquidone
3829:Gliclazide
3796:-specific:
3749:Retigabine
3744:Flupirtine
3741:-specific:
3726:Activators
3703:-specific:
3684:Vanoxerine
3664:Terodiline
3649:Sertindole
3639:Ranolazine
3504:Astemizole
3494:Amiodarone
3462:Terikalant
3437:Pinokalant
3422:Nifekalant
3417:Maurotoxin
3412:Lolitrem B
3402:Kaliotoxin
3362:Dofetilide
3352:Dalazatide
3347:Conotoxins
3317:Amiodarone
3312:Almokalant
3234:Activators
3224:Valperinol
3204:Terodiline
3144:Naftopidil
3134:Mesuximide
3064:Enpiperate
3044:Cycleanine
3029:Bevantolol
3019:Bencyclane
3009:Pregabalin
2999:PD-299,685
2994:PD-217,014
2989:PD-200,347
2979:Imagabalin
2969:Gabapentin
2959:Atagabalin
2949:Arbaclofen
2908:Mibefradil
2903:Loperamide
2898:Lomerizine
2873:Dotarizine
2853:Benidipine
2833:Zonisamide
2749:Safinamide
2724:Caroverine
2676:Celivarone
2624:Gallopamil
2579:Siratiazem
2569:Iprotiazem
2559:Clentiazem
2539:Tiamdipine
2534:Teludipine
2499:Olradipine
2484:Nimodipine
2474:Niludipine
2464:Nifedipine
2454:Mesudipine
2444:Manidipine
2419:Lacidipine
2414:Isradipine
2399:Flordipine
2394:Felodipine
2389:Elnadipine
2384:Elgodipine
2374:Darodipine
2344:Amlodipine
2214:Iontocaine
2178:Trimecaine
2173:Prilocaine
2158:Etidocaine
2148:Carticaine
2076:Isobucaine
2071:Hexylcaine
2046:Amylocaine
2028:Tetracaine
2003:Orthocaine
1998:Nitracaine
1948:Benzocaine
1864:Etamsylate
1836:Troxerutin
1662:Pramocaine
1657:Oxetacaine
1642:Benzocaine
1637:Tetracaine
1445:Einhorn A
1278:"Procaine"
998:References
907:myocardium
862:hydrolysis
823:prilocaine
788:anesthesia
780:amylocaine
750:amylocaine
708:trade name
704:penicillin
597:3D model (
585:Molar mass
445:CHEBI:8430
405:4Z8Y51M438
376:ChemSpider
336:IUPHAR/BPS
291:CAS Number
274:IUPAC name
233:Hydrolysis
228:Metabolism
127:Parenteral
5329:See also:
5228:Mepacrine
5174:Ivacaftor
5090:Carbachol
4973:Ibuprofen
4963:Amiloride
4922:Solnatide
4894:Amiloride
4823:Aconitine
4785:Evenamide
4760:Saxitoxin
4675:Risocaine
4625:Lidocaine
4570:Butacaine
4546:Articaine
4473:Phenytoin
4383:Tocainide
4378:Sparteine
4373:Quinidine
4333:Lorajmine
4328:Lidocaine
4318:Encainide
4303:Aprindine
4044:Sarakalim
4034:Pinacidil
4024:Naminidil
4014:Minoxidil
4009:Mazokalim
3994:Diazoxide
3984:Bimakalim
3979:Aprikalim
3942:Tertiapin
3922:Clozapine
3839:Glipizide
3634:Quinidine
3584:Ergtoxins
3549:Cisapride
3539:BRL-32872
3519:Azimilide
3482:(KCNH2, K
3457:Tedisamil
3442:Quinidine
3432:Paxilline
3397:Inakalant
3392:Ibutilide
3377:Hanatoxin
3332:Bunaftine
3327:Bretylium
3322:Azimilide
3307:Adekalant
3266:Potassium
3248:Bay K8644
3189:Sesamodil
3139:Monatepil
3129:Manoalide
3124:Magnesium
3109:Imepitoin
3099:Fendiline
3079:Ethadione
3069:Eperisone
3049:Dauricine
3024:Berbamine
2935:δ subunit
2739:PD-173212
2654:Verapamil
2644:Ronipamil
2634:Nexopamil
2619:Falipamil
2614:Etripamil
2599:Devapamil
2594:Dagapamil
2574:Nictiazem
2564:Diltiazem
2554:Diltiazem
2504:Oxodipine
2245:Phase III
2233:Withdrawn
2163:Lidocaine
2125:Articaine
2097:Amoproxan
2066:β-Eucaine
2061:α-Eucaine
2023:Risocaine
1958:Butacaine
1841:Hidrosmin
1647:Dibucaine
1632:Lidocaine
1472:DE 194748
1457:DE 179627
1447:Höchst Ag
1341:drugs.com
1217:(3): 68.
971:catalyst.
928:Synthesis
902:serotonin
872:into the
815:lidocaine
769:alkaloids
745:effects.
739:perfusion
723:novocaine
715:Novocaine
465:ChEMBL569
254:Excretion
243:half-life
120:Routes of
94:Pregnancy
86:Monograph
80:Drugs.com
5314:instead.
5289:instead.
5200:Blockers
5192:Unsorted
5118:Blockers
5019:Blockers
4996:Chloride
4958:A-317567
4950:Blockers
4899:Benzamil
4886:Blockers
4715:NKTR-171
4710:GDC-0276
4705:Funapide
4700:DSP-2230
4695:AZD-3161
4660:Procaine
4575:Butamben
4423:Ethotoin
4298:Ajmaline
4277:Blockers
4236:Riluzole
4195:Blockers
4093:Blockers
3999:Emakalim
3777:Blockers
3619:Pimozide
3489:Ajmaline
3289:Blockers
3104:Fostedil
3034:Canadine
3004:Phenibut
2964:Baclofen
2913:NP078585
2858:Bepridil
2696:SR-33805
2649:Tiapamil
2609:Emopamil
2589:Anipamil
2324:Blockers
1963:Butamben
1821:Rutoside
1705:heparins
1652:Procaine
1223:10272260
1192:11895133
1148:10 March
1041:DrugBank
1021:July 14,
976:See also
898:dopamine
860:through
843:euphoric
711:Novocain
684:Procaine
674:(verify)
356:DrugBank
134:ATC code
109: B2
96:category
46:Procaine
18:Novocain
4968:Aspirin
4790:Menthol
4777:Others:
4747:Toxins:
4590:Cocaine
4115:GAL-021
3735:KCNQ (K
3697:KCNQ (K
3514:AZD1305
3452:Sotalol
3447:ShK-186
3427:Notoxin
3114:JTV-519
3094:Fasudil
2823:ProTx I
2803:ABT-639
2790:SNX-482
2661:AH-1058
2658:Others:
2301:Calcium
2051:Cocaine
2038:Benzoic
1978:Lucaine
1932:by acid
1831:Diosmin
1729:Heparin
1696:therapy
1507:: 32–4.
1323:2622091
1264:8250339
1255:2148619
870:kidneys
839:cocaine
784:cocaine
590:236.315
552:Formula
365:DB00721
311:PubChem
300:59-46-1
164: (
162:S01HA05
154: (
152:C05AD05
150:)
144: (
142:N01BA02
5265:Others
4254:Sodium
3907:Barium
3711:XE-991
3579:E-4031
3529:BeKm-1
3499:AmmTX3
3382:HgeTx1
3372:E-4031
3154:Osthol
2923:TROX-1
2808:ML-218
2228:WHO-EM
2117:Amides
1930:Esters
1772:Phenol
1481:
1466:
1370:
1321:
1262:
1252:
1221:
1190:
1113:
854:plasma
821:, and
765:-caine
623:SMILES
485:019136
456:ChEMBL
425:D08422
197:
5299:LGICs
5006:CaCCs
4978:PcTX1
4937:ASICs
4264:VGSCs
3534:BmTx3
3387:HsTx1
3276:VGKCs
2311:VDCCs
1851:other
1782:other
1672:other
1142:(PDF)
1135:(PDF)
1062:[
874:urine
864:into
850:ester
758:Latin
686:is a
643:InChI
599:JSmol
436:ChEBI
259:Renal
5312:here
5310:See
5287:here
5285:See
5274:TRPs
5105:CFTR
5032:DIDS
4873:ENaC
4794:mint
4182:K2Ps
4053:GIRK
3898:GIRK
3764:IRKs
3480:hERG
2828:Z944
2754:Z160
1921:N01B
1402:2015
1395:OMIM
1368:ISBN
1319:PMID
1260:PMID
1219:PMID
1188:PMID
1150:2011
1111:ISBN
1023:2020
900:and
885:MDMA
761:nov-
416:KEGG
396:UNII
385:4745
345:4291
325:4914
212:data
76:AHFS
4536:FBT
3969:ATP
3789:ATP
2209:TAC
1707:or
1548:C05
1429:doi
1425:371
1360:doi
1309:doi
1250:PMC
1180:doi
1107:311
1072:doi
721:as
713:or
702:of
501:EPA
315:CID
222:N/A
167:WHO
157:WHO
147:WHO
5352::
5334:•
4835:,
4831:,
4562:,
4136:Ca
4134:BK
4104:Ca
4102:BK
4079:Ca
3739:7)
3701:7)
2941:):
2656:;
2581:;
2551:;
2241::
1503:.
1469:;
1454:;
1423:.
1419:.
1393:.
1382:^
1366:.
1339:.
1317:.
1305:51
1303:.
1299:.
1280:.
1258:.
1246:39
1244:.
1240:.
1213:.
1209:.
1186:.
1174:.
1152:.
1109:.
1068:23
1039:.
1006:^
913:.
876:.
775:.
737:,
733:,
566:20
560:13
199:S4
193:AU
160:)
105:AU
4839:)
4796:)
4792:(
4566:)
4558:(
4534:p
4077:K
3967:K
3787:K
3737:v
3699:v
3484:v
3245::
2933:2
2931:α
2800::
2787::
2769::
2711::
2586::
2341::
2335::
2285:e
2278:t
2271:v
2136:/
2132:/
1923:)
1919:(
1917:)
1902:e
1895:t
1888:v
1550:)
1546:(
1536:e
1529:t
1522:v
1505:2
1435:.
1431::
1404:.
1376:.
1362::
1325:.
1311::
1284:.
1266:.
1225:.
1215:3
1194:.
1182::
1176:1
1119:.
1080:.
1074::
1025:.
956:.
601:)
578:2
575:O
572:2
569:N
563:H
557:C
503:)
499:(
195::
170:)
107::
78:/
41:.
34:.
20:)
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