159:
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124:"Witch" is mythologic and descriptive of the gales. Descriptors such as "wailing" and "brewing" frequently accompany the phrase. A weather textbook from 1998 said: "That so many ships lay buried beneath the waters of the Lakes is not as much a mythological mystery as a combination of circumstances--both economic and meteorologic--that combine to make the Witch of November as real to the mariners of the upper Midwest as the Mighty Serpent of the Lakes was to the
822:
20:
194:(historically referred to as the "Big Blow", the "Freshwater Fury", and the "White Hurricane") was a blizzard with hurricane-force winds that devastated the Great Lakes Basin in the Midwestern United States and Southwestern Ontario, Canada, from November 7 to 10, 1913. The storm was most powerful on November 9, battering and overturning ships on four of the five Great Lakes, particularly Lake Huron.
202:
November 27, with storm warnings in effect by the morning of
November 28. Storm-force winds and heavy snows accompanied the cyclone's passage. The storm, named after the steamship Mataafa, ended up destroying or damaging about 29 vessels, killing 36 seamen, and causing shipping losses of US$ 3.567 million (1905 dollars) on Lake Superior.
140:
Storms attributed to
Witches have intensified wildfires with the speed of the wind, caused power outages for more than 200,000 households at a time, and even caused rivers to "run backwards" from wind forcing lake waves into the mouths of rivers. When blizzards follow a Witch, they're anticipated to
201:
of 1905, was a storm that occurred on the Great Lakes on
November 27–28, 1905. The system moved across the Great Basin with moderate depth on November 26 and November 27, then east-northeastward across the Great Lakes on November 28. Fresh east winds were forecast for the afternoon and evening of
120:
November gale is the formally accepted name of the weather phenomenon. "Witch of
November" and its variations are historical maritime and meteorological slang. Derivative names include "Witch Storm", "November Witch", and "Witch gale". November is known in the Great Lakes region as the "month of
1377:
57:
over the Great Lakes pulling cold
Canadian/Arctic air from the north or northwest and warm Gulf air from the south. When these cold and warm air masses collide, they can result in
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1181:
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527:
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88:. Similar witches have caused numerous shipwrecks over the years. Another storm that hit in November 1998 was 967 mbar, equivalent to a solid
763:
655:
318:
220:": "'Twas the witch of November come stealin'" and "Superior, they said, never gives up her dead / When the gales of November come early"
171:
93:
384:
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brought record low pressures and snow accumulation across the Great Lakes region and the greater U.S. It dissipated early
November.
344:
Mace
Bentley & Steve Horstmeyer (1998) The Witch of November, Weatherwise, 51:6, 29-35, DOI: 10.1080/00431672.1998.9926174
235:
520:
105:
89:
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A large portion of the deaths and shipwrecks on Lake
Superior and other Great Lakes are attributed to November Witches.
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68:
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988:
890:
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513:
306:
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produce massive amounts of precipitation and wind, and be highly damaging to infrastructure and environment.
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record low barometric pressures of, respectively, 954.96 and 961.06 mbar (both equivalent to a
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with 81 mph wind gusts and 19-foot seas during the night of
October 26–27, 2010.
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51:
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385:"'November Witch' Storm Brings High Winds to Great Lakes, Plains, Midwest (RECAP)"
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432:"Earnest Brew Works to Honor Edmund Fitzgerald with Release of Gales of November"
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74:" makes reference to the Witch of November: the storm that wrecked the
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580:
212:
Arguably the best known use of the phrase is from Gordon
Lightfoot's
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224:
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125:
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holds a benefit festival each year known as the Gales of November.
560:
407:"Gordon Lightfoot Lyrics - "The Wreck Of The Edmund Fitzgerald""
19:
491:
Meteorological explanation for the formation of a November gale
47:
223:
In 2020 Ohio brewery Earnest Brew Works released a blackberry
555:
39:
1485:
81:
187:
across Lake Superior to a port in Detroit, Michigan.
231:, with a re-release due to popular demand in 2022.
108:hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale) and lashed
227:named "Gales of November" in honor of the downed
183:sank in a storm November 10, 1975 while carrying
1530:
1312:List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe
1513:
757:
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340:
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61:winds that stir up large waves on the lakes.
162:Weather map of the 1975 Witch that sank the
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1506:
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172:October 2010 North American storm complex
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462:Duluth Entertainment Convention Center
255:
50:. The "witches" are caused by intense
23:Typical November Witch weather pattern
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236:Lake Superior Maritime Visitor Center
206:
1472:
1378:East Asian-northwest Pacific storms
16:Late autumn wind on the Great Lakes
13:
382:
356:
256:McLeod, Jamie (14 November 2022).
218:The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald
14:
1565:
486:List of storms on the Great Lakes
258:"Beware of the "November Witch!""
154:List of storms on the Great Lakes
1476:
820:
42:that frequently blow across the
450:
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1373:Continental North Asian storms
376:
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305:All-time low pressure records
299:
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1:
363:S.S. Edmund Fitzgerald Online
92:. A still stronger storm, of
84:, equivalent to a borderline
1492:. You can help Knowledge by
912:Great Sheffield Gale of 1962
852:Moray Firth fishing disaster
115:
7:
1305:List of European windstorms
722:Pacific Northwest windstorm
479:
10:
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1428:Australian east coast low
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968:1992 New Year's Day Storm
875:
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781:
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317:Star Tribune Storm Recap
192:Great Lakes Storm of 1913
996:Boxing Day Storm of 1998
989:Christmas Eve storm 1997
332:Accessed 27 October 2010
320:Accessed 27 October 2010
308:Accessed 30 October 2010
1224:Friederike (David) 2018
1217:Eleanor (Burglind) 2018
940:December 1981 windstorm
898:North Sea flood of 1953
811:Christmas Flood of 1717
38:, refers to the strong
1488:–related article is a
1449:Southern Ocean cyclone
537:Extratropical cyclones
359:"The Storm and Voyage"
166:
148:Notable November gales
86:Category 1/2 hurricane
24:
1098:Friedhelm/Bawbag 2011
961:Burns' Day storm 1990
845:Night of the Big Wind
566:Post-tropical cyclone
296:Accessed 14 June 2006
284:Accessed 14 June 2006
161:
136:Environmental effects
22:
933:Gale of January 1976
243:References and notes
229:SS Edmund Fitzgerald
180:SS Edmund Fitzgerald
164:SS Edmund Fitzgerald
90:Category 2 hurricane
55:atmospheric pressure
1413:Southern Hemisphere
1368:Western Disturbance
1182:Thomas (Doris) 2017
954:Great storm of 1987
919:1968 Scotland storm
859:Tay Bridge disaster
838:Great Storm of 1824
804:Great Storm of 1703
774:European windstorms
603:Northern Hemisphere
458:"Gales of November"
357:McCall, Timothy C.
551:Anticyclonic storm
387:. 13 November 2015
207:In popular culture
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866:Eyemouth disaster
782:14th-18th century
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571:Low-pressure area
438:. 22 October 2021
77:Edmund Fitzgerald
71:Edmund Fitzgerald
69:The Wreck of the
32:Witch of November
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36:November Witch
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681:November gale
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28:November gale
21:
1494:expanding it
1483:
1468:
1210:Herwart 2017
1203:Ophelia 2017
1126:St Jude 2013
1105:Joachim 2011
1084:Xynthia 2010
1042:Jeanett 2002
1027:21st century
947:Charley 1986
884:Ulysses 1903
876:20th century
830:19th century
707:Hatteras low
702:Aleutian Low
680:
642:Colorado low
576:Weather bomb
465:. Retrieved
461:
452:
440:. Retrieved
435:
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414:. Retrieved
410:
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389:. Retrieved
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366:. Retrieved
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265:. Retrieved
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94:October 2010
75:
70:
63:
35:
31:
27:
26:
1539:Great Lakes
1442:Other areas
1387:Other areas
1363:Asiatic Low
1287:Ciarán 2023
1273:Larisa 2023
1266:Eunice 2022
1252:Aurore 2021
1245:Dennis 2020
1231:Adrian 2018
1196:Xavier 2017
1168:Niklas 2015
1119:Andrea 2012
1112:Dagmar 2011
1063:Kyrill 2007
1049:Gudrun 2005
1035:Oratia 2000
1017:Martin 1999
1010:Lothar 1999
1003:Anatol 1999
905:Debbie 1961
891:Iberia 1941
656:Bighorn Low
627:Lee Cyclone
620:Continental
44:Great Lakes
1554:Wind stubs
1533:Categories
1399:Kona storm
1280:Babet 2023
1259:Malik 2022
1238:Ciara 2020
1133:Xaver 2013
1091:Berit 2011
1077:Klaus 2009
712:Nor'easter
496:Mishipeshu
411:genius.com
293:Storm map
281:Storm map
152:See also:
106:category 3
96:, brought
1454:Sudestada
1421:Australia
1343:Genoa low
1189:Zeus 2017
1175:Egon 2017
1161:Tini 2014
1147:Anne 2014
1140:Dirk 2013
1070:Emma 2008
982:Lili 1996
581:Sting jet
467:9 October
442:9 October
416:9 October
391:9 October
368:9 October
267:9 October
214:folk song
130:Algonquin
121:storms".
116:Etymology
102:Wisconsin
98:Minnesota
67:'s song "
1297:See also
1056:Per 2007
717:Gulf low
593:Rainband
544:Concepts
480:See also
225:sour ale
185:taconite
126:Iroquois
80:was 978
695:Oceanic
561:Cyclone
1394:Arctic
735:Europe
436:Brewer
110:Duluth
48:autumn
30:, the
1549:Winds
1484:This
1326:Other
666:Other
556:Storm
40:winds
34:, or
1490:stub
1486:wind
1356:Asia
586:List
469:2023
444:2023
418:2023
393:2023
370:2023
269:2023
234:The
197:The
190:The
177:The
170:The
128:and
100:and
82:mbar
132:."
52:low
46:in
1535::
460:.
434:.
409:.
361:.
349:^
337:^
260:.
1521:e
1514:t
1507:v
1496:.
765:e
758:t
751:v
529:e
522:t
515:v
471:.
446:.
420:.
395:.
372:.
271:.
216:"
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