Hospital-acquired infection

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poor-performing hospitals to lose up to 3% of their inpatient revenues, whereas hospitals that are able to decrease hospital-acquired infections can earn up to 3% in rewards. During the program's first two years, complication rates fell by 15.26% across all hospital-acquired conditions tracked by the state (including those not covered by the program), from a risk-adjusted complication rate of 2.38 per 1,000 people in 2009 to a rate of 2.02 in 2011. The 15.26% decline translates into more than $ 100 million in cost savings for the health care system in Maryland, with the largest savings coming from avoidance of urinary tract infections,

154:, outpatient clinic, diagnostic laboratory or other clinical settings. A number of dynamic processes can bring contamination into operating rooms and other areas within nosocomial settings. Infection is spread to the susceptible patient in the clinical setting by various means. Healthcare staff also spread infection, in addition to contaminated equipment, bed linens, or air droplets. The infection can originate from the outside environment, another infected patient, staff that may be infected, or in some cases, the source of the infection cannot be determined. In some cases the microorganism originates from the patient's own 91: 1223: 36: 810:, and equipment or articles contaminated by them is an important component of infection control and isolation precautions. The spread of nosocomial infections, among immunocompromised patients is connected with health care workers' hand contamination in almost 40% of cases, and is a challenging problem in the modern hospitals. The best way for workers to overcome this problem is conducting correct hand-hygiene procedures; this is why the WHO launched in 2005 the GLOBAL Patient Safety Challenge. 1214:(CDC) estimated roughly 1.7 million hospital-associated infections, from all types of bacteria combined, cause or contribute to 99,000 deaths each year. Other estimates indicate 10%, or 2 million, patients a year become infected, with the annual cost ranging from $ 4.5 billion to $ 11 billion. In the US, the most frequent type of hospital infection is urinary tract infection (36%), followed by surgical site infection (20%), and bloodstream infection and pneumonia (both 11%). 4044: 6212: 814:

second group is represented by the permanent micro-organisms living on the skin surface (on the stratum corneum or immediately under it). They are capable of surviving on the human skin and to grow freely on it. They have low pathogenicity and infection rate, and they create a kind of protection from the colonization from other more pathogenic bacteria. The skin of workers is colonized by 3.9 × 10 – 4.6 × 10

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that presents clinically two or more days after hospitalization. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is defined as HAP in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. The incidence of VAP is 10–30% among patients who require mechanical ventilation for >48 h. A standard treatment protocol is based on accurate diagnosis definitions, microbiological confirmation of VAP, and the administration of

779:.) Because agent and host factors are more difficult to control, interruption of transfer of microorganisms is directed primarily at transmission for example isolation of infectious cases in special hospitals and isolation of patient with infected wounds in special rooms also isolation of joint transplantation patients on specific rooms. 869:

providing sanitizing gel or wipes within reach of the bed, nurses were directly able to reduce infection rates. A study published in 2017 demonstrated this by improving patient education on both proper hand-washing procedure and important times to use sanitizer and successfully reduced the rate of enterococci and

510:, or dressings, or contaminated gloves that are not changed between patients. In addition, the improper use of saline flush syringes, vials, and bags has been implicated in disease transmission in the US, even when healthcare workers had access to gloves, disposable needles, intravenous devices, and flushes. 905:

infections. Second, gloves are worn to reduce the likelihood that microorganisms present on the hands of personnel will be transmitted to patients during invasive or other patient-care procedures that involve touching a patient's mucous membranes and nonintact skin. Third, they are worn to reduce the

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play an important role in reducing the risks of transmission of microorganisms. Gloves are worn for three important reasons in hospitals. First, they are worn to provide a protective barrier for personnel, preventing large scale contamination of the hands when touching blood, body fluids, secretions,

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or smaller in size} of evaporated droplets containing microorganisms that remain suspended in the air for long periods of time) or dust particles containing the infectious agent. Microorganisms carried in this manner can be dispersed widely by air currents and may become inhaled by a susceptible host

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Transmission occurs when droplets containing microbes from the infected person are propelled a short distance through the air and deposited on the patient's body; droplets are generated from the source person mainly by coughing, sneezing, and talking, and during the performance of certain procedures,

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Improving patient hand washing has also been shown to reduce the rate of nosocomial infection. Patients who are bed-bound often do not have as much access to clean their hands at mealtimes or after touching surfaces or handling waste such as tissues. By reinforcing the importance of handwashing and

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Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is the second most common nosocomial infection and accounts for approximately one-fourth of all infections in the intensive care unit (ICU). HAP, or nosocomial pneumonia, is a lower respiratory infection that was not incubating at the time of hospital admission and

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To reduce the number of hospital-acquired infections, the state of Maryland implemented the Maryland Hospital-Acquired Conditions Program that provides financial rewards and penalties for individual hospitals. An adaptation of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services payment policy causes

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spp. The goal of hand hygiene is to eliminate the transient flora with a careful and proper performance of hand washing, using different kinds of soap, (normal and antiseptic), and alcohol-based gels. The main problems found in the practice of hand hygiene is connected with the lack of available

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Two categories of micro-organisms can be present on health care workers' hands: transient flora and resident flora. The first is represented by the micro-organisms taken by workers from the environment, and the bacteria in it are capable of surviving on the human skin and sometimes to grow. The

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Touch surfaces commonly found in hospital rooms, such as bed rails, call buttons, touch plates, chairs, door handles, light switches, grab rails, intravenous poles, dispensers (alcohol gel, paper towel, soap), dressing trolleys, and counter and table tops are known to be contaminated with

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Estimates ranged from 6.7% in 1990 to 7.4% (patients may have several infections). At national level, prevalence among patients in health care facilities was 6.7% in 1996, 5.9% in 2001 and 5.0% in 2006. The rates for nosocomial infections were 7.6% in 1996, 6.4% in 2001 and 5.4% in 2006.

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There have been a number of studies evaluating the use of no-touch cleaning systems particularly the use of ultraviolet C devices. One review was inconclusive due to lack of, or of poor quality evidence. Other reviews have found some evidence, and growing evidence of their effectiveness.

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The methods used differ from country to country (definitions used, type of nosocomial infections covered, health units surveyed, inclusion or exclusion of imported infections, etc.), so the international comparisons of nosocomial infection rates should be made with the utmost care.

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In Belgium, the prevalence of nosocomial infections is about 6.2%. Annually about 125,500 patients become infected by a nosocomial infection, resulting in almost 3000 deaths. The extra costs for the health insurance are estimated to be approximately €400 million/year.

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within the same room or over a longer distance from the source patient, depending on environmental factors; therefore, special air-handling and ventilation are required to prevent airborne transmission. Microorganisms transmitted by airborne transmission include

1064:. In some cases, antibiotic resistance is spreading to Gram-negative bacteria that can infect people outside the hospital. "For gram-positives we need better drugs; for gram-negatives we need any drugs", said Brad Spellberg, an infectious-disease specialist at 3600:

Lyytikainen O, Kanerva M, Agthe N, Mottonen T and the Finish Prevalence Survey Study Group. National Prevalence Survey on Nosocomial Infections in Finnish Acute Care Hospitals, 2005. 10th Epiet Scientific Seminar. Mahon, Menorca, Spain, 13–15 October 2005

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Nosocomial infections are estimated to make patients stay in the hospital for four to five additional days. Around 2004–2005, about 9,000 people died each year with a nosocomial infection, of which about 4,200 would have survived without this infection.

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after surgery or other procedures that compromise the protective skin barrier. Though the patient may have contracted the infection from their own skin, the infection is still considered nosocomial since it develops in the health care setting. The term

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One-third of nosocomial infections are considered preventable. The CDC estimates 687,000 people in the United States were infected by hospital-acquired infections in 2015, resulting in 72,000 deaths. The most common nosocomial infections are of the

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This involves a direct body surface-to-body surface contact and physical transfer of microorganisms between a susceptible host and an infected or colonized person, such as when a person turns a patient, gives a patient a bath, or performs other

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Despite sanitation protocol, patients cannot be entirely isolated from infectious agents. Furthermore, patients are often prescribed antibiotics and other antimicrobial drugs to help treat illness; this may increase the

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and other lung infections. If similar results could be achieved nationwide, the Medicare program would save an estimated $ 1.3 billion over two years, while the US health care system as a whole would save $ 5.3 billion.

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Given the association between invasive devices and hospital-acquired infections, specific terms are used to delineate such infections to allow for monitoring and prevention. Noted device-associated infections include

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activities that require direct personal contact. Direct-contact transmission also can occur between two patients, with one serving as the source of the infectious microorganisms and the other as a susceptible host.

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Lepoutre A, Branger B, Garreau N, Boulétreau A, Ayzac L, Carbonne A, Maugat S, Gayet S, Hommel C, Parneix P, Tran B pour le Réseau d'alerte, d'investigation et de surveillance des infections nosocomiales (Raisin).

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Comité technique des infections nosocomiales (CTIN), Cellule infections nosocomiales, CClin Est, CClin Ouest, CClin Paris-Nord, CClin Sud-Est, CClin Sud-Ouest, avec la participation de 830 établissements de santé.

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Conway Morris A, Kohler K, De Corte T, Ercole A, De Grooth HJ, Elbers PW, Povoa P, Morais R, Koulenti D, Jog S, Nielsen N, Jubb A, Cecconi M, De Waele J, for the ESICM UNITE COVID investigators (December 2022).

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All visitors must follow the same procedures as hospital staff to adequately control the spread of infections. Moreover, multidrug-resistant infections can leave the hospital and become part of the community

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Since 2000, estimates show about a 6.7% infection rate, i.e. between 450,000 and 700,000 patients, which caused between 4,500 and 7,000 deaths. A survey in Lombardy gave a rate of 4.9% of patients in 2000.

376:, that can reduce infections that are unexposed to blood-borne antibiotics. Introducing antibiotics, including ethanol, into the catheter (without flushing it into the bloodstream) reduces the formation of 1347:

Rosenthal VD, Bijie H, Maki DG, Mehta Y, Apisarnthanarak A, Medeiros EA, Leblebicioglu H, Fisher D, Álvarez-Moreno C, Khader IA, Martínez MD, Cuellar LE, Navoa-Ng JA, Abouqal R, Garcell HG (June 2012).

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sinks and time-consuming performance of hand washing. An easy way to resolve this problem could be the use of alcohol-based hand rubs, because of faster application compared to correct hand-washing.

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Quenon JL, Gottot S, Duneton P, Lariven S, Carlet J, Régnier B, Brücker G. Enquête nationale de prévalence des infections nosocomiales en France : Hôpital Propre (octobre 1990). BEH n° 39/1993.

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Maes M, Higginson E, Pereira-Dias J, Curran MD, Parmar S, Khokhar F, Cuchet-Lourenço D, Lux J, Sharma-Hajela S, Ravenhill B, Hamed I, Heales L, Mahroof R, Soderholm A, Forrest S (December 2021).

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patients are at enhanced risk for contracting nosocomial infections. Patients with hospital-acquired infections are predominantly hospitalized in different types of intensive care units (ICUs).

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Alongside reducing vectors for transmission, patient susceptibility to hospital-acquired infections needs to be considered. Factors which render patients at greater risk of infections include:

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Sterilization goes further than just sanitizing. It kills all microorganisms on equipment and surfaces through exposure to chemicals, ionizing radiation, dry heat, or steam under pressure.

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is used when there is a lack of evidence that the infection was present when the patient entered the healthcare setting, thus meaning it was acquired or became problematic post-admission.

2584:"Performance Feedback, Ultraviolet Cleaning Device, and Dedicated Housekeeping Team Significantly Improve Room Cleaning, Reduce Potential for Spread of Common, Dangerous Infection" 5504: 794:

from one person to another or from one site to another on the same patient. Washing hands as promptly and thoroughly as possible between patient contacts and after contact with

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can transmit those micro-organisms to another patient. In this situation, gloves must be changed between patient contacts, and hands should be washed after gloves are removed.

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Conway Morris A, Datta D, Shankar-Hari M, Stephen J, Weir CJ, Rennie J, Antonelli J, Bateman A, Warner N, Judge K, Keenan J, Wang A, Burpee T, Brown KA, Lewis SM (May 2018).

1060:, bloodstream, and other parts of the body. Their cell structures make them more difficult to attack with antibiotics than Gram-positive organisms like methicillin-resistant 957:. This is why touch surfaces in hospital rooms can serve as sources, or reservoirs, for the spread of bacteria from the hands of healthcare workers and visitors to patients. 3669: 3535: 3524: 3513: 2943:

U.S. Department of Defense-funded clinical trials, as presented at the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy in Washington, D.C., 28 October 2008

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sectors, and evidence-based management can be a feasible approach. For those with ventilator-associated or hospital-acquired pneumonia, controlling and monitoring hospital

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Weber DJ, Kanamori H, Rutala WA (August 2016). "'No touch' technologies for environmental decontamination: focus on ultraviolet devices and hydrogen peroxide systems".

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Ibrahim EH, Ward S, Sherman G, Schaiff R, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH (2001). "Experience with a clinical guideline for the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia".

6279: 5382: 2425: 2648: 2351:"Pilot study to evaluate 3 hygiene protocols on the reduction of bacterial load on the hands of veterinary staff performing routine equine physical examinations" 729:

vapor has been clinically proven to reduce infection rates and risk of acquisition. Hydrogen peroxide is effective against endospore-forming bacteria, such as

7163: 6232: 5840: 3481: 3591:, Office parlementaire d'évaluation des politiques de santé, juin 2006, 290 pp. (III.5. Quelle est l'estimation de la mortalité attribuable aux IN ?). 3492: 2583: 2447:

McBryde ES, Bradley LC, Whitby M, McElwain DL (October 2004). "An investigation of contact transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus".

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by all medical personnel before and after each patient contact is one of the most effective ways to combat nosocomial infections. More careful use of

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the most common types of infections reported. In 2018, it was reported that in-hospital infections had risen from 5,972 in 2008 to 48,815 in 2017.

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are known to survive on inanimate "touch" surfaces for extended periods of time. This can be especially troublesome in hospital environments where

53: 3426:

Federaal Kenniscentrum voor de Gezondheidszorg (2009) Nosocomiale Infecties in België, deel II: Impact op Mortaliteit en Kosten. KCE-rapport 102A.

6245: 5871: 5767: 1418:"Increased CO2 levels in the operating room correlate with the number of healthcare workers present: An imperative for intentional crowd control" 733:, where alcohol has been shown to be ineffective. Ultraviolet cleaning devices may also be used to disinfect the rooms of patients infected with 771:

Isolation is the implementation of isolating precautions designed to prevent transmission of microorganisms by common routes in hospitals. (See

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are caused by a breach of these protocols, it is common that affected patients make medical negligence claims against the hospital in question.

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Sanitizing surfaces is part of control measures to reduce nosocomial infections in health care environments. Modern sanitizing methods such as

5835: 5785: 4165: 2895:"Analysis of multidrug-resistant bacteria in 3223 patients with hospital-acquired infections (HAI) from a tertiary general hospital in China" 898: 2244:"Healthcare-associated infections acquired in intensive care units. In: ECDC. Annual epidemiological report for 2017. Stockholm: ECDC; 2019" 7155: 6272: 5375: 506:

This involves contact of a susceptible host with a contaminated intermediate object, usually inanimate, such as contaminated instruments,

4586: 989: 936: 603: 288: 3049:"Portable Ultraviolet Light Surface-Disinfecting Devices for Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Infections: A Health Technology Assessment" 5249: 1211: 615: 176: 8009: 3568: 3630:

Lizioli A, Privitera G, Alliata E, Antonietta Banfi E, Boselli L, Panceri M, Perna M, Porretta A, Santini M, Carreri V (June 2003).

3449: 5194: 5003: 4274: 1327: 3825: 3673: 1145:(10.2%), other respiratory infections (6.8%) and bacterial infections / blood poisoning (6.4%). The rates among adult patients in 6265: 6216: 6005: 5368: 5254: 4414: 4218: 2823: 584:

The use of antibiotics does not, itself, increase risk of hospital-acquired infections, but does contribute to the prevalence of

3133:"Effectiveness of ultraviolet devices and hydrogen peroxide systems for terminal room decontamination: Focus on clinical trials" 7936: 7923: 6537: 6293: 6192: 6051: 5464: 5099: 4078: 3907: 3460: 1190:

reported the prevalence rate of hospital-acquired infections in England was 6.4% in 2011, against a rate of 8.2% in 2006, with

369: 108: 7208: 5199: 5173: 5033: 4301: 1703:"Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (Nosocomial Pneumonia) and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Overview, Pathophysiology, Etiology" 372:

have recently been identified with hospital-acquired infections. To deal with this complication, procedures are used, called

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infections are estimated to account for two-thirds of the 25,000 deaths each year. Nosocomial infections can cause severe

6862: 5454: 5163: 5132: 5094: 5043: 4509: 4494: 4434: 3828:

market is forecasted to reach $ 4,386.6 million by 2023, growing at a CAGR of 7.6% during 2017–2023, P&S Intelligence

267: 7928: 6122: 2656: 326: 6932: 3691: 7358: 7353: 6045: 6035: 5790: 5319: 5269: 4907: 4604: 3890: 3012:

Weber DJ, Rutala, WA (May 2013). "Self-disinfecting surfaces: review of current methodologies and future prospects".

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hospitals "are now resistant to virtually all modern antibiotics, and those supergerms are now spreading worldwide."

943: 344: 6963: 2067:"Co-infection and ICU-acquired infection in COIVD-19 ICU patients: a secondary analysis of the UNITE-COVID data set" 7994: 7897: 7437: 6844: 6460: 5279: 5114: 5048: 4294: 2426:"Statewide, All-Payer Financial Incentives Significantly Reduce Hospital-Acquired Conditions in Maryland Hospitals" 1350:"International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report, data summary of 36 countries, for 2004–2009" 472:

Contact transmission is divided into two subgroups: direct-contact transmission and indirect-contact transmission.

3478: 702:, is also considered vital. As many hospital-acquired infections caused by bacteria such as methicillin-resistant 7031: 5274: 5053: 4750: 4609: 4542: 2824:"Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens;Needlestick and Other Sharps Injuries; Final Rule. – 66:5317–5325" 2731:

Haverstick, Stacy, Goodrich, Cara, Freeman, Regi, James, Shandra, Kullar, Rajkiran, Ahrens, Melissa (June 2017).

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Kolár M, Urbánek K, Látal T (May 2001). "Antibiotic selective pressure and development of bacterial resistance".

2507: 2484:"Chapter 14. Impact of Changes in Antibiotic Use Practices on Nosocomial Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance— 1021: 599: 245: 3488:, Surveillance nationale des maladies infectieuses, 2001–2003. Institut de veille sanitaire, sept. 2005, 11 pp. 2243: 8004: 7772: 7370: 7089: 7067: 6498: 6222: 6087: 5742: 5479: 5391: 5038: 4881: 3489: 1065: 776: 7740: 6438: 5958: 5711: 5309: 5178: 4388: 4371: 4208: 2883:

Michels, H.T. (2006), Anti-Microbial Characteristics of Copper, ASTM Standardization News, October, pp. 28–31

7989: 7984: 7767: 6920: 6683: 6398: 6000: 5933: 5686: 5474: 5345: 5324: 5299: 4996: 4365: 1876:"Elimination of Bloodstream Infections Associated with Candida albicans Biofilm in Intravascular Catheters" 1477:"Discrete room pressure drops predict door openings and contamination levels in the operating room setting" 1269:

that it was the medical students who somehow were infecting the women after labor. He instituted mandatory

1199: 683: 319: 6592: 3721:"English National Point Prevalence Survey on Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimicrobial Use, 2011" 7809: 7680: 7616: 7584: 7532: 6811: 6137: 5829: 5737: 5701: 4791: 4725: 4239: 1191: 240: 1020:-type antibacterials need to be used. "In many respects it's far worse than MRSA", said a specialist at 7365: 6778: 6518: 6197: 6102: 5876: 5579: 5314: 4383: 4328: 4071: 1349: 820: 432: 17: 1238:

was working at a Vienna maternity hospital. He was "shocked" by the death rate of women who developed

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An alternative treatment targeting localised infections is the use of irradiation by ultraviolet C.

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This occurs when vectors such as mosquitoes, flies, rats, and other vermin transmit microorganisms.

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The most important and frequent mode of transmission of nosocomial infections is by direct contact.

90: 7999: 7687: 7549: 7424: 7278: 6393: 6383: 6187: 6112: 6092: 5985: 5609: 5599: 5574: 5028: 4191: 3999: 2126:"Cell-surface signatures of immune dysfunction risk-stratify critically ill patients: INFECT study" 1187: 585: 552: 352: 216: 2390:

Katz JD (September 2004). "Hand washing and hand disinfection: more than your mother taught you".

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Chan PC, Huang LM, Lin HC, et al. (April 2007). "Control of an outbreak of pandrug-resistant

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facility. To emphasize both hospital and nonhospital settings, it is sometimes instead called a

7461: 7246: 6996: 6869: 6475: 6332: 6322: 5752: 5732: 5519: 5489: 5294: 5109: 4886: 4688: 4186: 1278: 1222: 996: 985: 610:. Surveillance for these infections is commonly undertaken and reported by bodies such as the 530: 304: 47: 7782: 7414: 7283: 6791: 6698: 6617: 5747: 5204: 5012: 4891: 4812: 4234: 4202: 4064: 3775:

Klevens RM, Edwards JR, Richards CL, Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Pollock DA, Cardo DM (March 2007).

3692:"Résultats de l'enquête nationale de prévalence des infections nosocomiales de 2004 (snip04)" 1033: 906:

likelihood that the hands of personnel contaminated with micro-organisms from a patient or a

772: 538: 461: 414: 282: 6562: 3219:"Treatment Guidelines and Outcomes of Hospital-Acquired and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia" 1720:

Su LH, Ou JT, Leu HS, Chiang PC, Chiu YP, Chia JH, Kuo AJ, Chiu CH, Chu C (1 October 2003).

949:. Objects in closest proximity to patients have the highest levels of methicillin-resistant 7864: 7757: 7703: 7631: 7621: 7313: 7168: 7041: 6648: 6257: 5948: 5923: 5727: 5644: 5494: 5484: 5444: 5399: 5076: 4743: 4563: 3380:"Ultraviolet C irradiation: an alternative antimicrobial approach to localized infections?" 884:

It is unclear whether or not nail polish or rings affected surgical wound infection rates.

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frequently is called the single most important measure to reduce the risks of transmitting

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In the UK about 300,000 patients were affected in 2017, and this was estimated to cost the

3191: 2730: 1667: 8: 7951: 7941: 7907: 7512: 6950: 6786: 6597: 6082: 5965: 5953: 5918: 5696: 5681: 5674: 5654: 5424: 5406: 5340: 5147: 4786: 4693: 4614: 4504: 4499: 4489: 4442: 4359: 4343: 4104: 4028: 3446: 3258: 1702: 902: 815: 3259:"Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (Nosocomial Pneumonia) and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia" 2955:"Bacterial contamination of inanimate surfaces and equipment in the intensive care unit" 2349:

Traub-Dargatz JL, Weese JS, Rousseau JD, Dunowska M, Morley PS, Dargatz DA (July 2006).

1722:"Extended Epidemic of Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infections Caused by Serratia marcescens" 7675: 7670: 7579: 7559: 7193: 7036: 7001: 6855: 6821: 6371: 6117: 6021: 5938: 5757: 5259: 5142: 4835: 4666: 4599: 4516: 4477: 4452: 4377: 4160: 3935: 3863: 3803: 3776: 3632:"Prevalence of nosocomial infections in Italy: result from the Lombardy survey in 2000" 3404: 3379: 3338: 3159: 3132: 3131:

Weber DJ, Rutala WA, Anderson DJ, Chen LF, Sickbert-Bennett EE, Boyce JM (2 May 2016).

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Klevens RM, Edwards JR, Richards CL, Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Pollock DA, Cardo DM (2007).

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A number of compounds can decrease the risk of bacteria growing on surfaces including:

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estimated that roughly 1.7 million healthcare-associated infections, from all types of

6607: 4048: 3647: 2862: 2678: 2618: 1756: 1721: 7961: 7902: 7762: 7715: 7517: 7019: 6688: 6678: 6668: 6653: 6470: 6453: 6317: 6167: 5980: 5659: 5634: 5529: 5514: 5209: 5137: 4938: 4684: 4484: 4462: 4447: 4338: 4249: 4196: 3943: 3927: 3886: 3855: 3808: 3651: 3409: 3330: 3326: 3295: 3274:"Defining, treating and preventing hospital acquired pneumonia: European perspective" 3240: 3164: 3105: 3070: 3029: 2994: 2976: 2926: 2866: 2805: 2754: 2713: 2692:"Alcohol-Based Handrub Improves Compliance With Hand Hygiene in Intensive Care Units" 2630: 2622: 2565: 2464: 2407: 2372: 2323: 2284: 2272: 2224: 2206: 2165: 2147: 2106: 2088: 2043: 1992: 1915: 1897: 1843: 1820: 1802: 1761: 1743: 1738: 1676: 1647: 1593: 1575: 1528: 1502: 1461: 1449: 1372: 1312: 746: 726: 679: 634: 570: 507: 147: 103: 3939: 3867: 3457: 3342: 3117: 2335: 7956: 7892: 7879: 7708: 7697: 7589: 7569: 7404: 7318: 7293: 7024: 6971: 6910: 6801: 6448: 6376: 5908: 5903: 5569: 5509: 4796: 4467: 3919: 3847: 3798: 3788: 3643: 3631: 3399: 3391: 3322: 3285: 3230: 3154: 3144: 3097: 3060: 3021: 2984: 2966: 2916: 2906: 2858: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2744: 2703: 2614: 2555: 2545: 2456: 2399: 2362: 2315: 2241: 2214: 2196: 2155: 2137: 2096: 2078: 2033: 2023: 1982: 1972: 1905: 1887: 1810: 1792: 1751: 1733: 1637: 1627: 1583: 1565: 1488: 1439: 1429: 1364: 1231: 560: 333: 297: 3589:« Rapport sur la politique de lutte contre les infections nosocomiales » 3479:

Deuxième enquête nationale de prévalence des infections nosocomiales, France, 2001

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World Alliance for patient safety. WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care.

2483: 1390: 1178:

Estimates range between 2 and 14%. A national survey gave a rate of 7.2% in 2004.

7824: 7819: 7663: 7611: 7419: 7396: 7241: 7218: 6602: 6567: 6443: 6388: 6182: 6162: 5990: 5669: 5664: 5619: 5360: 5063: 4822: 4720: 4594: 4155: 4004: 3777:"Estimating Health Care-Associated Infections and Deaths in U.S. Hospitals, 2002" 3575: 3542: 3531: 3520: 3496: 3485: 3464: 3453: 3356: 3101: 1302: 1262: 1243: 1239: 1142: 918: 638: 262: 257: 212: 155: 6572: 3851: 2708: 2691: 1616:"Estimating Healthcare-associated Infections and Deaths in U.S. Hospitals, 2002" 1493: 1476: 7854: 7787: 7730: 7502: 7391: 7383: 7308: 7261: 7256: 7203: 6927: 6708: 6703: 6663: 6612: 6577: 6415: 6351: 6147: 6107: 5995: 5975: 5970: 5589: 5469: 5124: 4933: 4776: 4553: 4270: 4124: 4114: 3793: 3588: 3149: 3025: 2460: 2201: 2083: 1632: 1520: 1434: 1368: 1146: 931: 893: 691: 526: 419:

Dissemination can be either airborne droplet nuclei (small-particle residue {5

3923: 3838:

Kadar N (January 2019). "Rediscovering Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1818–1865)".

3556:

Enquête nationale de prévalence des infections nosocomiales, France, juin 2006

3510:

Enquête nationale de prévalence des infections nosocomiales, France, juin 2006

3290: 3273: 2971: 2403: 2142: 7978: 7735: 7692: 7651: 7544: 7527: 7485: 7198: 6749: 6718: 6339: 6152: 5913: 5614: 5559: 5221: 4661: 4644: 4129: 4109: 2980: 2911: 2626: 2210: 2151: 2092: 1901: 1892: 1806: 1747: 1680: 1579: 1286: 1274: 1089: 1081: 1057: 1028: 897:

excretions, mucous membranes, and non-intact skin. In the United States, the

695: 607: 200: 180: 6585: 3993: 1242:. He documented that mortality was three times higher in the ward where the 1016:

bacteria are evolving and becoming immune to antibiotics, so in many cases,

7946: 7884: 7646: 7626: 7574: 7522: 7473: 7273: 7223: 6834: 6405: 6067: 6041: 6031: 5624: 5564: 5534: 5086: 5071: 4970: 4871: 4738: 4730: 4676: 4578: 4568: 4472: 4429: 4424: 4254: 4181: 4150: 4099: 3859: 3812: 3754:"Deadly hospital infections quadruple as staff struggle to fight superbugs" 3703: 3655: 3413: 3334: 3299: 3244: 3168: 3109: 3074: 3033: 2998: 2930: 2870: 2809: 2758: 2717: 2634: 2569: 2468: 2411: 2376: 2327: 2288: 2228: 2169: 2110: 2047: 2028: 1996: 1919: 1824: 1765: 1651: 1597: 1532: 1453: 1376: 1322: 1317: 1270: 1258: 1235: 1004:. While antibiotic drugs to treat diseases caused by methicillin-resistant 687: 654: 339: 4286: 3931: 2185:"Ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients with COVID-19" 1933: 7839: 7641: 7564: 7539: 7288: 7268: 7173: 7133: 7057: 6428: 6423: 6344: 6327: 6077: 5544: 5439: 5434: 5020: 4981: 4953: 4876: 4457: 4134: 2550: 2493:

Making Health Care Safer: A Critical Analysis of Patient Safety Practices

1781:"Nosocomial Infection and Antibiotic-Resistant Threat in the Middle East" 1570: 1134: 787: 642: 494: 139: 4043: 2491: 1961:"Antibiotic lock therapy: review of technique and logistical challenges" 1797: 1048:

The bacteria, classified as Gram-negative because of their color on the

942:(one of the most virulent strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria) and 569:

Presence of indwelling devices which breach natural defences, including

7777: 7752: 7720: 7497: 7478: 7468: 7456: 7303: 6915: 6887: 6713: 6673: 6177: 6127: 6097: 6072: 5594: 5584: 5459: 5449: 5429: 5419: 5216: 4960: 4943: 4855: 4771: 4715: 4521: 3629: 3395: 3272:

Torres A, Ewig S, Lode H, Carlet J, European HAP working group (2009).

2953:

Russotto V, Cortegiani A, Raineri SM, Giarratano A (10 December 2015).

2774:"Removal of nail polish and finger rings to prevent surgical infection" 2749: 1977: 1266: 1049: 799: 791: 699: 452:

This applies to microorganisms transmitted to the host by contaminated

426: 420: 5818:

Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro

3976: 27:

Infection that is acquired in a hospital or other health care facility

7849: 7328: 6361: 6356: 6289: 5898: 5866: 5604: 5414: 5226: 4948: 4830: 4766: 4023: 2123: 1093: 1053: 1017: 969: 807: 803: 666: 650: 441: 204: 131: 2847:"The survival of Escherichia coli O157 on a range of metal surfaces" 2242:

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (October 2019).

1554:"Hospital epidemiology and infection control in acute-care settings" 1149:

were 13.5% in 2004, 14.6% in 2005, 14.1% in 2006 and 14.4% in 2007.

7832: 7747: 7323: 7298: 7251: 6796: 6366: 6309: 6142: 5629: 5499: 4850: 4801: 4781: 4639: 4558: 4333: 3235: 3218: 2952: 2319: 1077: 1042: 984:

Two of the bacteria species most likely to infect patients are the

721:

have been effective against gastroenteritis, methicillin-resistant

564: 556: 184: 135: 2348: 7636: 7507: 6760: 5169:

Leukotriene receptor antagonist-associated Churg–Strauss syndrome

4965: 4845: 2733:"Patients' Hand Washing and Reducing Hospital-Acquired Infection" 2063: 1290: 1282: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1246:

were delivering babies than in the next ward that was staffed by

1226:

Mortality rates 1841–1846 in two clinics documented by Semmelweis

718: 456:

items, such as food, water, medications, devices, and equipment.

437: 377: 3447:

Enquête nationale de prévalence des infections nosocomiales,1996

3359:. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 3 November 2022 7844: 7409: 7062: 6658: 5928: 4419: 4056: 3988: 2306:

colonization and infection in a neonatal intensive care unit".

2182: 1307: 1137:(14.7%), infections of surgery site (14.2%). Infections of the 965: 961: 907: 662: 534: 453: 192: 1668:"Doctors Struggle to Treat Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections" 7073: 2586:. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 15 January 2014 795: 188: 125: 6287: 2446: 649:

needs to be on agenda in management, whereas for nosocomial

6526: 4840: 4526: 3774: 3578:, Institut de veille sanitaire, September 2009, ii + 60 pp. 2893:

Wang M, Wei H, Zhao Y, Shang L, Di L, Lyu C, Liu J (2019).

1613: 1138: 4918:

European Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care

3378:

Dai T, Vrahas MS, Murray CK, Hamblin MR (February 2012).

3312: 2428:. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 3 July 2013 2649:"The Different Methods of Sterilizing Medical Equipment" 1253:. The medical students were also routinely working with 3908:"Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis, the prophet of bacteriology" 3130: 2273:"Control and management of hospital indoor air quality" 1415: 1346: 3377: 2689: 2010:

Jain SK, Persaud D, Perl TM, et al. (July 2005).

1934:"Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTI)" 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1518: 1273:

in May 1847 and infection rates dropped dramatically.

5841:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

4549:

Critical illness–related corticosteroid insufficiency

1008:

are available, few effective drugs are available for

818:/cm. The microbes comprising the resident flora are: 719:

Non-flammable Alcohol Vapor in Carbon Dioxide systems

191:

combined, caused or contributed to 99,000 deaths. In

44:

A request that this article title be changed to

3966: 3271: 3192:"Rising Threat of Infections Unfazed by Antibiotics" 3087: 1856: 1701:Burke A Cunha (30 July 2018). John L Brusch (ed.). 686:, washing, and other preventive measures. Thorough 146:. Such an infection can be acquired in a hospital, 6027:Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States) 5812:Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety 5390: 4214:Political abuse of psychiatry in the United States 3190: 2844: 1666: 901:has mandated wearing gloves to reduce the risk of 881:if steps are not taken to stop this transmission. 612:European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 588:amongst patients with hospital-acquired infections 3885:. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. 3611:L'Italie scandalisée par "l'hôpital de l'horreur" 3216: 2690:Hugonnet S, Perneger TV, Pittet D (13 May 2002). 2604: 1027:Another growing disease, especially prevalent in 633:Controlling nosocomial infection is to implement 525:Receipt of immunosuppressive medications such as 98:Contaminated surfaces increase cross-transmission 7976: 5824:National Institute for Safety and Health at Work 2892: 2771: 1481:Perioperative Care and Operating Room Management 1474: 1161:Rate was estimated at 8.5% of patients in 2005. 1031:hospitals, is the drug-resistant, Gram-negative 215:and other parts of the body. Many types display 5872:Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981 3906:Wyklicky H, Skopec M (September–October 1983). 3357:"Healthcare-Associated Infections: Data Portal" 3011: 2009: 1958: 1873: 1527:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 602:, catheter-associated blood stream infections, 592: 3905: 3046: 1129:In 2006, the most common infection sites were 678:Hospitals have sanitation protocols regarding 268:Central line-associated blood stream infection 6639: 6273: 5836:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 5786:European Agency for Safety and Health at Work 5376: 4997: 4302: 4166:Prescription drug prices in the United States 4072: 3826:Hospital-acquired infection (HAI) diagnostics 2607:International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2496:. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 1719: 1700: 899:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 3514:Volume 1 – Méthodes, résultats, perspectives 2488:and Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE)" 2481: 2301: 1416:Carroll GT, Kirschman DL, Mammana A (2022). 604:catheter-associated urinary tract infections 61:this article until the discussion is closed. 4316: 3880: 3670:"Facts sheet - Swiss Hand Hygiene Campaign" 3456:, BEH n° 36/1997, 2 September 1997, 4 pp.. 3053:Ontario Health Technology Assessment Series 2778:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2531: 2003: 1084:as initial empirical antibiotic treatment. 6280: 6266: 5480:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis ("black lung") 5383: 5369: 5250:Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis 5011: 5004: 4990: 4309: 4295: 4079: 4065: 3726:. Health Protection Agency. Archived from 3715: 3713: 2851:International Journal of Food Microbiology 1551: 1519:Monegro AF, Muppidi V, Regunath H (2020), 1212:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 616:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 547:Impaired immunity due to diseases such as 177:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 89: 3802: 3792: 3689: 3403: 3289: 3234: 3158: 3148: 3064: 2988: 2970: 2920: 2910: 2899:Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 2799: 2789: 2772:Arrowsmith VA, Taylor R (4 August 2014). 2748: 2707: 2559: 2549: 2366: 2270: 2218: 2200: 2159: 2141: 2100: 2082: 2037: 2027: 1986: 1976: 1909: 1891: 1814: 1796: 1755: 1737: 1641: 1631: 1587: 1569: 1492: 1443: 1433: 1072:, a book about drug-resistant pathogens. 913: 516: 5195:Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome 1328:Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures 1221: 749:for the emergence of resistant strains. 625: 374:intravascular antimicrobial lock therapy 7354:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract 6527:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene 6006:Immediately dangerous to life or health 5255:Generalized bullous fixed drug eruption 4219:Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia 3710: 3384:Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 3188: 2389: 2295: 1664: 14: 7977: 7937:Infectious disease (medical specialty) 7829:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance 6193:Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19 5465:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy 5100:Chemotherapy-induced hyperpigmentation 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3090:Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 2264: 175:During 2002 in the United States, the 84:HAI (Healthcare-Associated Infections) 6261: 5364: 5200:Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome 5174:Methotrexate-induced papular eruption 5034:Sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome 4985: 4290: 4060: 3837: 3751: 3217:Torres A, Ferrer M, Badia JR (2010). 3137:American Journal of Infection Control 3081: 3014:American Journal of Infection Control 2845:Wilks S, Michels H, Keevil C (2005). 2342: 2059: 2057: 2012:"Nosocomial malaria and saline flush" 1952: 1778: 1357:American Journal of Infection Control 199:have been conducted, the category of 7184:Compartmental models in epidemiology 6240: 5883:Working Environment Convention, 1977 5105:Scleroderma-like reaction to taxanes 4797:Recombinant activated protein C 3124: 2532:Otter JA, French GL (January 2009). 2383: 1837: 1609: 1607: 1514: 1512: 1037:. An estimated more than 20% of the 848:spp., while transient organisms are 29: 6052:Workers' right to access the toilet 5164:Adverse reaction to biologic agents 5133:Anticoagulant-induced skin necrosis 5095:Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema 5044:Adverse effects of fluoroquinolones 4510:Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome 4495:Acute respiratory distress syndrome 4435:Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome 3371: 3175: 3040: 1842:. London: Swift Press. p. 71. 1552:Sydnor ER, Perl TM (January 2011). 1285:in 1865 by identifying that it was 24: 6123:International Chemical Safety Card 2054: 25: 8021: 6133:National Day of Mourning (Canada) 5791:International Labour Organization 5320:HIV disease-related drug reaction 5270:Drug-related gingival hyperplasia 4908:Society of Critical Care Medicine 4605:Ventilator-associated lung injury 3962: 2863:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.04.021 1604: 1509: 1475:Carroll GT, Kirschman DL (2022). 1181: 665:and other severe infections, and 586:Antimicrobial resistant organisms 8010:Healthcare-associated infections 7933:Economics of Infectious Diseases 6239: 6211: 6210: 5280:Drug-induced lupus erythematosus 5115:Exudative hyponychial dermatitis 4086: 4042: 3327:10.1097/00003246-200106000-00003 1959:Justo JA, Bookstaver PB (2014). 1739:10.1128/JCM.41.10.4726-4732.2003 1726:Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1205: 752: 34: 5275:Drug-induced lichenoid reaction 4610:Ventilator-associated pneumonia 4543:Critical illness polyneuropathy 4144:Economic and financial concerns 3899: 3874: 3831: 3819: 3768: 3745: 3683: 3662: 3623: 3604: 3594: 3581: 3561: 3548: 3502: 3470: 3438: 3429: 3420: 3349: 3306: 3265: 3251: 3210: 3005: 2946: 2937: 2886: 2877: 2838: 2816: 2765: 2724: 2683: 2671: 2641: 2598: 2576: 2525: 2500: 2475: 2440: 2418: 2271:Leung M, Chan AH (March 2006). 2235: 2176: 2117: 1926: 1831: 1772: 1713: 1102: 1022:Case Western Reserve University 725:, and influenza agents. Use of 608:device-associated ventriculitis 600:ventilator-associated pneumonia 476:Routes of contact transmission 364: 246:Ventilator-associated pneumonia 144:healthcare-associated infection 7942:Infectious disease informatics 7773:Transmission-based precautions 6088:Environment, health and safety 5743:Occupational health psychology 5392:Occupational safety and health 5039:Urticarial erythema multiforme 3189:Pollack A (26 February 2010). 2791:10.1002/14651858.CD003325.pub3 2392:Anesthesiol Clin North America 1874:Akbari F, Kjellerup B (2015). 1694: 1665:Pollack A (26 February 2010). 1658: 1545: 1521:"Hospital Acquired Infections" 1468: 1409: 1383: 1340: 1173: 782: 777:Transmission-based precautions 503:Indirect-contact transmission 13: 1: 7359:Chest/Lower respiratory tract 7134:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane 6495:Behavioral/lifestyle factors 5959:Personal protective equipment 5712:Workplace health surveillance 5310:Linear IgA bullous dermatosis 5179:Adverse reaction to cytokines 4389:Geriatric intensive-care unit 4372:Pediatric intensive care unit 4209:Political abuse of psychiatry 4047:The dictionary definition of 3648:10.1016/s0195-6701(03)00078-1 3636:Journal of Hospital Infection 3554:Institut de veille sanitaire 3508:Institut de veille sanitaire 2696:Archives of Internal Medicine 2655:. 31 May 2013. Archived from 2619:10.1016/S0924-8579(01)00317-X 2449:Journal of Hospital Infection 2308:Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1965:Infection and Drug Resistance 1785:Infection and Drug Resistance 1779:Nimer NA (25 February 2022). 1558:Clinical Microbiology Reviews 1333: 892:In addition to hand washing, 673: 657:protocol has to be enforced. 621: 130:, meaning "hospital"), is an 6921:Aerosol-generating procedure 6699:Silent/Subclinical infection 6399:Multidrug-resistant bacteria 6001:Standard operating procedure 5934:Hierarchy of hazard controls 5687:Hierarchy of hazard controls 5346:Serum sickness-like reaction 5325:Photosensitive drug reaction 4792:Neuromuscular-blocking drugs 4735:Nutritional supplementation 4366:Neonatal intensive care unit 3883:Fundamentals of microbiology 3558:, Vol. 1, Tableau 31, p. 24. 3223:Clinical Infectious Diseases 3102:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000284 2508:"Hospital Negligence Claims" 1092:, surgical site and various 979: 760: 593:Device-associated infections 489:Direct-contact transmission 449:Common vehicle transmission 384:Main routes of transmission 320:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 274: 126: 7: 7585:Vaccine-preventable disease 7533:Monoclonal antibody therapy 6138:NIOSH air filtration rating 5830:Health and Safety Executive 5738:Occupational health nursing 5702:Occupational exposure limit 5540:Hospital-acquired infection 5505:Exposure to human nail dust 5054:Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction 4892:Water-electrolyte imbalance 4726:Early goal-directed therapy 4245:Hospital-acquired infection 4240:Hospital-acquired pneumonia 3852:10.1016/j.ajog.2018.11.1084 3752:Bagot M (24 October 2018). 3672:(in French). Archived from 2709:10.1001/archinte.162.9.1037 1494:10.1016/j.pcorm.2022.100291 1296: 1261:with a similar hospital in 858:Acinetobacter, Enterobacter 241:Hospital-acquired pneumonia 118:hospital-acquired infection 10: 8026: 7726:Respiratory source control 6198:Workplace health promotion 6103:Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster 5877:Worker Protection Standard 5580:Noise-induced hearing loss 5315:Toxic epidermal necrolysis 4744:Total parenteral nutrition 4677:Life-supporting treatments 4384:Critical illness insurance 3794:10.1177/003335490712200205 3150:10.1016/j.ajic.2015.11.015 3026:10.1016/j.ajic.2012.12.005 2461:10.1016/j.jhin.2004.06.010 2202:10.1186/s13054-021-03460-5 2084:10.1186/s13054-022-04108-8 1633:10.1177/003335490712200205 1435:10.1186/s13037-022-00343-8 1369:10.1016/j.ajic.2011.05.020 1289:that were associated with 1217: 1156: 1111: 1066:Harbor–UCLA Medical Center 821:Staphylococcus epidermidis 764: 706:, methicillin-susceptible 533:as part of treatments for 433:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 170: 7916: 7870:Global Health Initiatives 7860:Evolutionary epidemiology 7808: 7600: 7555:Post-exposure prophylaxis 7491:Antimicrobial stewardship 7449: 7436: 7341: 7232: 7214:Multiplicity of infection 7179:Basic reproduction number 7154: 7126: 7112: 7098: 7082: 7050: 7012: 6955:Percutaneous inoculation 6941: 6903: 6896: 6878: 6810: 6777: 6770: 6734: 6727: 6630: 6517: 6439:Host–pathogen interaction 6414: 6308: 6301: 6206: 6060: 6014: 5891: 5854: 5804: 5796:World Health Organization 5778: 5766: 5720: 5707:Occupational epidemiology 5692:Prevention through design 5643: 5550:Laboratory animal allergy 5475:Chimney sweeps' carcinoma 5450:Byssinosis ("brown lung") 5398: 5333: 5290:Drug-induced pigmentation 5285:Drug-induced nail changes 5242: 5235: 5187: 5156: 5123: 5085: 5062: 5019: 4926: 4913:Surviving Sepsis Campaign 4900: 4864: 4821: 4759: 4709:Ventricular assist device 4704:Intra-aortic balloon pump 4675: 4655:Pulmonary artery catheter 4627: 4577: 4535: 4404: 4397: 4352: 4324: 4263: 4227: 4174: 4143: 4092: 4014: 3970: 3924:10.1017/S0195941700059762 3574:12 September 2009 at the 3534:, mars 2009, ii + 91 pp. 3523:, mars 2009, ii + 81 pp. 3463:25 September 2009 at the 3291:10.1007/s00134-008-1336-9 3047:Health Quality O (2018). 2972:10.1186/s40560-015-0120-5 2959:Journal of Intensive Care 2490:. In Markowitz AJ (ed.). 2404:10.1016/j.atc.2004.04.002 2143:10.1007/s00134-018-5247-0 1422:Patient Safety in Surgery 1391:"HAI Data and Statistics" 1120: 953:and vancomycin-resistant 887: 737:or methicillin-resistant 549:haematological malignancy 462:Vector borne transmission 230:about £1 billion a year. 102: 97: 88: 80: 75: 7688:Protective sequestration 7550:Pre-exposure prophylaxis 6841:Generational difference 6394:Horizontal gene transfer 6384:Antimicrobial resistance 6113:Hostile work environment 6093:Environmental toxicology 5986:Redundancy (engineering) 5600:Repetitive strain injury 5300:Stevens–Johnson syndrome 5029:Penicillin drug reaction 4192:Compulsory sterilization 3702:(1): 1–4. Archived from 3690:Sax H, Pittet D (2005). 3484:26 November 2009 at the 2912:10.17305/bjbms.2018.3826 1893:10.3390/pathogens4030457 1200:surgical site infections 1188:Health Protection Agency 1164: 1131:urinary tract infections 575:central venous catheters 553:primary immunodeficiency 359: 233: 217:antimicrobial resistance 7995:Intensive care medicine 7875:Microbial phylogenetics 7793:Wastewater surveillance 7314:Geographic distribution 7189:Critical community size 6987:Surgical site infection 6835:Iatrogenic/Medical care 6754:Microbial translocation 6750:Endogenous reactivation 6745:Normal flora overgrowth 6694:Opportunistic infection 6466:Opportunistic infection 6158:Quality of working life 5944:Administrative controls 5305:Injection site reaction 5265:Drug-induced angioedema 5243:Skin and body membranes 4807:Stress ulcer prevention 4751:Therapeutic hypothermia 4650:Central venous catheter 4318:Intensive care medicine 4120:Unnecessary health care 3278:Intensive Care Medicine 2304:Acinetobacter baumannii 2130:Intensive Care Medicine 1001:Acinetobacter baumannii 767:Isolation (health care) 531:immunosuppressive drugs 312:Acinetobacter baumannii 253:Urinary tract infection 219:, which can complicate 152:rehabilitation facility 7947:Microbial bioterrorism 7570:efficacy/effectiveness 6978:Surgical intervention 6870:Breakthrough infection 6492:Genetic predisposition 6476:Susceptible individual 6323:Germ theory of disease 5753:Occupational therapist 5733:Industrial engineering 5525:Glassblower's cataract 5490:Decompression sickness 5295:Drug-induced urticaria 5110:Hydroxyurea dermopathy 5013:Adverse drug reactions 4882:Level of consciousness 4689:mechanical ventilation 4587:Methicillin-resistant 4187:Sluggish schizophrenia 3881:Pommerville J (2014). 3840:Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol 3541:7 October 2009 at the 3536:Synthèse des résultats 3530:7 October 2009 at the 3519:7 October 2009 at the 3452:11 August 2009 at the 3315:Critical Care Medicine 2653:Gibraltar Laboratories 2029:10.3201/eid1107.050092 1281:and began his work on 1279:germ theory of disease 1227: 1056:and infections of the 990:methicillin-resistant 937:methicillin-resistant 914:Antimicrobial surfaces 826:Staphylococcus hominis 630: 517:Patient susceptibility 409:such as bronchoscopy. 305:Pseudomonas aeruginosa 289:Methicillin-resistant 207:and infections of the 134:that is acquired in a 8005:Occupational diseases 7783:Universal precautions 6741:Endogenous overgrowth 6593:Poultry and livestock 6223:Occupational diseases 6188:Workers' compensation 5748:Occupational medicine 5610:Silo-filler's disease 5575:Mule spinners' cancer 5205:Vaccine adverse event 4589:Staphylococcus aureus 4264:Records and histories 4235:Adverse drug reaction 4203:The Protest Psychosis 3781:Public Health Reports 3679:on 30 September 2007. 3495:8 August 2009 at the 2486:Clostridium difficile 2482:Lautenbach E (2001). 1620:Public Health Reports 1225: 1062:Staphylococcus aureus 1034:Klebsiella pneumoniae 1006:Staphylococcus aureus 992:Staphylococcus aureus 951:Staphylococcus aureus 944:vancomycin-resistant 939:Staphylococcus aureus 871:Staphylococcus aureus 854:Klebsiella pneumoniae 850:Staphylococcus aureus 773:Universal precautions 739:Staphylococcus aureus 735:Clostridium difficile 731:Clostridium difficile 723:Staphylococcus aureus 712:Clostridium difficile 708:Staphylococcus aureus 704:Staphylococcus aureus 629: 539:organ transplantation 415:Airborne transmission 405:Droplet transmission 397:Contact transmission 370:In-dwelling catheters 353:Legionnaires' disease 345:Vancomycin-resistant 327:Clostridium difficile 291:Staphylococcus aureus 283:Staphylococcus aureus 7885:Genomic reassortment 7865:Genetic epidemiology 7704:Health communication 7632:Flattening the curve 7622:Disease surveillance 7405:Systemic/Generalized 7169:Animal disease model 6649:Asymptomatic carrier 5949:Engineering controls 5924:Emergency evacuation 5728:Environmental health 5495:De Quervain syndrome 5485:Concussions in sport 5077:Steroid folliculitis 4564:Stress hyperglycemia 4405:Organ system failure 4339:Medical specialities 3706:on 11 November 2007. 2551:10.1128/JCM.02004-08 2512:PatientClaimLine.com 2016:Emerging Infect. Dis 1571:10.1128/CMR.00027-10 1068:, and the author of 165:nosocomial infection 122:nosocomial infection 76:Nosocomial infection 48:Nosocomial infection 7990:Infectious diseases 7985:Health care quality 7952:Pandemic prevention 7908:Viral phylodynamics 7889:Re-emerging disease 7778:Travel restrictions 6982:Postoperative wound 6951:Blood-borne disease 6933:Respiratory droplet 6845:Vertical/Congenital 6830:Nosocomial/Hospital 6787:Spillover infection 6083:Effects of overtime 5966:Job safety analysis 5954:Hazard substitution 5919:Emergency procedure 5697:Exposure assessment 5682:Occupational stress 5675:Psychosocial hazard 5655:Occupational hazard 5520:Flock worker's lung 5341:Fixed drug reaction 4927:Related specialties 4887:Acid–base imbalance 4823:ICU scoring systems 4694:Tracheal intubation 4505:Respiratory failure 4500:Acute liver failure 4490:Acute renal failure 4360:Intensive care unit 4344:Respiratory therapy 4105:Medical malpractice 3545:, Mars 2009, 11 pp. 3143:(5 Suppl): e77–84. 2737:Critical Care Nurse 1798:10.2147/IDR.S351755 1052:, can cause severe 903:bloodborne pathogen 792:skin microorganisms 563:, including severe 543:autoimmune diseases 477: 385: 7898:Selection pressure 7194:Force of infection 6822:Contagious disease 6757:Endogenous seeding 6654:Chain of infection 6578:Injection drug use 6489:Vaccination status 6372:Case fatality rate 6290:infectious disease 6118:Indoor air quality 6022:Diving regulations 5939:Hazard elimination 5758:Safety engineering 5143:Vitamin K reaction 4836:Glasgow Coma Scale 4787:Intravenous fluids 4667:Screening cultures 4635:Arterial blood gas 4600:Refeeding syndrome 4517:Neonatal infection 4478:Vasodilatory shock 4453:Distributive shock 4378:Coronary care unit 4161:Financial toxicity 4015:External resources 3733:on 8 December 2015 3617:, 17 January 2007 3567:Réseau REA-Raisin 3525:Volume 2 – Annexes 3396:10.1586/eri.11.166 3261:. 17 October 2021. 3197:The New York Times 3020:(5 Suppl): S31-5. 2750:10.4037/ccn2017694 2659:on 6 December 2018 2538:J. Clin. Microbiol 1978:10.2147/IDR.S51388 1673:The New York Times 1259:rates of infection 1257:. He compared the 1228: 747:selection pressure 647:indoor air quality 631: 571:endotracheal tubes 475: 383: 120:, also known as a 109:Infectious disease 7972: 7971: 7962:Tropical medicine 7903:Synthetic biology 7804: 7803: 7763:Social distancing 7716:Outbreak response 7337: 7336: 7164:Agent-based model 7150: 7149: 7146: 7145: 7142: 7141: 6689:Natural reservoir 6679:Infectious period 6669:Incubation period 6626: 6625: 6582:Natural disaster 6551:Tropical diseases 6534:Biodiversity loss 6471:Risk of infection 6461:Microbiome health 6454:Immunosuppression 6255: 6254: 6168:Safety data sheet 5981:Operations manual 5862:Bangladesh Accord 5850: 5849: 5660:Biological hazard 5358: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5260:Drug-induced acne 5210:Eczema vaccinatum 5138:Warfarin necrosis 4979: 4978: 4939:Internal medicine 4685:Airway management 4623: 4622: 4463:Obstructive shock 4448:Cardiogenic shock 4284: 4283: 4250:Iatrogenic anemia 4197:Physician gag law 4038: 4037: 2398:(3): 457–71, vi. 1732:(10): 4726–4732. 1397:. 10 January 2018 1313:Infection control 1192:respiratory tract 834:Propionibacterium 741:after discharge. 727:hydrogen peroxide 579:urinary catheters 514: 513: 470: 469: 195:, where hospital 114: 113: 70:Medical condition 66: 65: 16:(Redirected from 8017: 7957:Tropical disease 7893:Reverse zoonosis 7880:One Health Model 7709:Health education 7698:Community health 7617:Cordon sanitaire 7590:Ring vaccination 7560:Repurposed drugs 7447: 7446: 7366:Gastrointestinal 7209:Machine learning 7013:Gastrointestinal 6964:Intravenous line 6901: 6900: 6815:/Cross-infection 6802:Reverse zoonosis 6775: 6774: 6732: 6731: 6637: 6636: 6618:War and conflict 6486:Nutrition status 6449:Immunodeficiency 6306: 6305: 6282: 6275: 6268: 6259: 6258: 6243: 6242: 6214: 6213: 5909:Contingency plan 5904:Code of practice 5776: 5775: 5570:Metal fume fever 5385: 5378: 5371: 5362: 5361: 5240: 5239: 5148:Texier's disease 5049:Red man syndrome 5006: 4999: 4992: 4983: 4982: 4700:Cardiac devices 4554:Decubitus ulcers 4468:Neurogenic shock 4402: 4401: 4311: 4304: 4297: 4288: 4287: 4228:Related concerns 4081: 4074: 4067: 4058: 4057: 4046: 3968: 3967: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3942:. Archived from 3903: 3897: 3896: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3806: 3796: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3732: 3725: 3717: 3708: 3707: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3608: 3602: 3598: 3592: 3587:Vasselle, Alain 3585: 3579: 3565: 3559: 3552: 3546: 3506: 3500: 3474: 3468: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3407: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3321:(6): 1109–1115. 3310: 3304: 3303: 3293: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3238: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3194: 3186: 3173: 3172: 3162: 3152: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3068: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3009: 3003: 3002: 2992: 2974: 2950: 2944: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2924: 2914: 2890: 2884: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2803: 2793: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2752: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2711: 2702:(9): 1037–1043. 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2563: 2553: 2529: 2523: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2444: 2438: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2370: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2248: 2239: 2233: 2232: 2222: 2204: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2163: 2145: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2104: 2086: 2061: 2052: 2051: 2041: 2031: 2007: 2001: 2000: 1990: 1980: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1913: 1895: 1871: 1854: 1853: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1818: 1800: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1759: 1741: 1717: 1711: 1710: 1698: 1692: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1670: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1645: 1635: 1611: 1602: 1601: 1591: 1573: 1549: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1539: 1516: 1507: 1506: 1496: 1472: 1466: 1465: 1447: 1437: 1413: 1407: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1387: 1381: 1380: 1354: 1344: 1244:medical students 1232:Ignaz Semmelweis 698:agents, such as 641:measures to the 561:critical illness 478: 474: 386: 382: 334:Escherichia coli 298:Candida albicans 129: 124:(from the Greek 93: 73: 72: 54:under discussion 50: 38: 37: 30: 21: 8025: 8024: 8020: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8015: 8014: 8000:Medical hygiene 7975: 7974: 7973: 7968: 7912: 7825:Antigenic shift 7820:Antigenic drift 7811: 7800: 7664:Barrier nursing 7612:Contact tracing 7603: 7596: 7441: 7439: 7432: 7343: 7333: 7234: 7228: 7219:Serial interval 7138: 7122: 7113:Cervico-vaginal 7108: 7099:Trans-placental 7094: 7078: 7046: 7008: 6944:Vascular system 6943: 6937: 6892: 6880: 6874: 6814: 6806: 6766: 6723: 6641: 6622: 6513: 6444:Immune response 6410: 6389:Drug resistance 6333:Infectious dose 6297: 6286: 6256: 6251: 6202: 6183:Toxic workplace 6163:Risk management 6056: 6010: 5991:Risk assessment 5887: 5846: 5800: 5771: 5762: 5716: 5670:Physical hazard 5665:Chemical hazard 5646: 5639: 5404: 5401: 5394: 5389: 5359: 5350: 5329: 5231: 5183: 5152: 5119: 5081: 5058: 5015: 5010: 4980: 4975: 4922: 4896: 4860: 4817: 4777:Antithrombotics 4755: 4739:Enteral feeding 4721:Kidney dialysis 4671: 4619: 4595:Oxygen toxicity 4573: 4531: 4393: 4348: 4320: 4315: 4285: 4280: 4259: 4223: 4175:Political abuse 4170: 4156:Balance billing 4139: 4088: 4085: 4039: 4034: 4033: 4010: 4009: 3979: 3965: 3960: 3959: 3949: 3947: 3946:on 4 April 2008 3904: 3900: 3893: 3879: 3875: 3836: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3773: 3769: 3759: 3757: 3750: 3746: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3723: 3719: 3718: 3711: 3688: 3684: 3676: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3628: 3624: 3618: 3613:, Éric Jozsef, 3609: 3605: 3599: 3595: 3586: 3582: 3576:Wayback Machine 3566: 3562: 3553: 3549: 3543:Wayback Machine 3532:Wayback Machine 3521:Wayback Machine 3507: 3503: 3497:Wayback Machine 3486:Wayback Machine 3475: 3471: 3465:Wayback Machine 3454:Wayback Machine 3443: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3376: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3311: 3307: 3270: 3266: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3215: 3211: 3201: 3199: 3187: 3176: 3129: 3125: 3086: 3082: 3045: 3041: 3010: 3006: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2843: 2839: 2829: 2827: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2784:(8): CD003325. 2770: 2766: 2729: 2725: 2688: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2662: 2660: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2603: 2599: 2589: 2587: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2530: 2526: 2516: 2514: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2480: 2476: 2445: 2441: 2431: 2429: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2388: 2384: 2347: 2343: 2300: 2296: 2277:Med. Sci. Monit 2269: 2265: 2255: 2253: 2246: 2240: 2236: 2181: 2177: 2122: 2118: 2062: 2055: 2008: 2004: 1957: 1953: 1943: 1941: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1872: 1857: 1850: 1838:Hunt J (2022). 1836: 1832: 1777: 1773: 1718: 1714: 1699: 1695: 1685: 1683: 1663: 1659: 1612: 1605: 1550: 1546: 1537: 1535: 1517: 1510: 1473: 1469: 1414: 1410: 1400: 1398: 1389: 1388: 1384: 1352: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1303:Cubicle curtain 1299: 1263:Dublin, Ireland 1240:puerperal fever 1220: 1208: 1184: 1176: 1167: 1159: 1143:mucous membrane 1123: 1114: 1105: 982: 923:immunodeficient 919:Micro-organisms 916: 890: 838:Corynebacterium 785: 769: 763: 755: 676: 624: 595: 527:glucocorticoids 519: 367: 362: 357: 277: 272: 263:Puerperal fever 258:Gastroenteritis 236: 173: 156:skin microbiota 71: 62: 46: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8023: 8013: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7966: 7965: 7964: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7931: 7926: 7920: 7918: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7855:Emergent virus 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7836: 7835: 7827: 7822: 7816: 7814: 7806: 7805: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7798: 7795: 7790: 7788:Vector control 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7744: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7731:N95 respirator 7723: 7718: 7713: 7712: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7690: 7685: 7684: 7683: 7673: 7668: 7667: 7666: 7656: 7655: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7608: 7606: 7604:pharmaceutical 7598: 7597: 7595: 7594: 7593: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7536: 7535: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7494: 7493: 7483: 7482: 7481: 7471: 7466: 7465: 7464: 7453: 7451: 7450:Pharmaceutical 7444: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7430: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7401:Cardiovascular 7399: 7394: 7389: 7386: 7381: 7380:Nervous system 7378: 7375: 7374: 7373: 7363: 7362: 7361: 7356: 7347: 7345: 7339: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7259: 7249: 7244: 7238: 7236: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7204:Infection rate 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7160: 7158: 7152: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7136: 7130: 7128: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7120: 7116: 7114: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7102: 7100: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7092: 7086: 7084: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7076: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7054: 7052: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7016: 7014: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7006: 7005: 7004: 6999: 6991: 6990: 6989: 6984: 6976: 6975: 6974: 6969: 6966: 6961: 6959:Injection site 6953: 6947: 6945: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6935: 6930: 6928:Dental aerosol 6925: 6924: 6923: 6913: 6907: 6905: 6898: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6890: 6884: 6882: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6872: 6867: 6866: 6865: 6860: 6859: 6858: 6853: 6850: 6839: 6838: 6837: 6832: 6824: 6818: 6816: 6812:Human-to-human 6808: 6807: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6783: 6781: 6772: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6764: 6758: 6755: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6738: 6736: 6729: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6709:Super-spreader 6706: 6704:Superinfection 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6645: 6643: 6634: 6628: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6615: 6613:Vector control 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6554: 6553: 6548: 6542:Climate zones 6540: 6538:Climate change 6535: 6532: 6529: 6523: 6521: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6511: 6510: 6509: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6501: 6493: 6490: 6487: 6484: 6481: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6451: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6420: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6408: 6403: 6402: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6354: 6352:Quorum sensing 6349: 6348: 6347: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6325: 6320: 6314: 6312: 6303: 6299: 6298: 6285: 6284: 6277: 6270: 6262: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6249: 6237: 6236: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6173:Source control 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6148:Process safety 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6108:Health physics 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6039: 6029: 6024: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5996:Safety culture 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5976:Permit To Work 5973: 5971:Lockout-tagout 5968: 5963: 5962: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5895: 5893: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5880: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5858: 5856: 5852: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5844: 5838: 5833: 5827: 5821: 5815: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5782: 5780: 5773: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5724: 5722: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5651: 5649: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5637: 5635:Writer's cramp 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5590:Pneumoconiosis 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5555:Lead poisoning 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5530:Golfer's elbow 5527: 5522: 5517: 5515:Fiddler's neck 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5470:Chronic stress 5467: 5462: 5457: 5455:Cardiovascular 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5411: 5409: 5396: 5395: 5388: 5387: 5380: 5373: 5365: 5356: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5348: 5343: 5337: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5246: 5244: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5213: 5212: 5202: 5197: 5191: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5129: 5127: 5125:Anticoagulants 5121: 5120: 5118: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5091: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5068: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5025: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5009: 5008: 5001: 4994: 4986: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4957: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4936: 4934:Anesthesiology 4930: 4928: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4904: 4902: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4868: 4866: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4831:APACHE II 4827: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4815: 4810: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4763: 4761: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4747: 4746: 4741: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4706: 4698: 4697: 4696: 4681: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4664: 4662:Blood cultures 4659: 4658: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4637: 4631: 4629: 4625: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4583: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4438: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4411:Shock sequence 4408: 4406: 4399: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4356: 4354: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4329:Health science 4325: 4322: 4321: 4314: 4313: 4306: 4299: 4291: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4271:Drug pollution 4267: 4265: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4147: 4145: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4125:Adverse effect 4122: 4117: 4115:Patient safety 4112: 4107: 4102: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4089: 4084: 4083: 4076: 4069: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4036: 4035: 4032: 4031: 4029:article/967022 4019: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4011: 4008: 4007: 3996: 3980: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3971:Classification 3964: 3963:External links 3961: 3958: 3957: 3912:Infect Control 3898: 3891: 3873: 3830: 3818: 3787:(2): 160–166. 3767: 3756:. Daily Mirror 3744: 3709: 3682: 3661: 3642:(2): 141–148. 3622: 3603: 3593: 3580: 3560: 3547: 3501: 3469: 3437: 3428: 3419: 3370: 3348: 3305: 3264: 3250: 3236:10.1086/653049 3209: 3174: 3123: 3080: 3039: 3004: 2945: 2936: 2885: 2876: 2857:(3): 445–454. 2837: 2815: 2764: 2723: 2682: 2670: 2640: 2613:(5): 357–363. 2597: 2575: 2524: 2499: 2474: 2439: 2417: 2382: 2341: 2320:10.1086/513120 2294: 2283:(3): SR17–23. 2263: 2234: 2175: 2136:(5): 627–635. 2116: 2053: 2002: 1951: 1940:. 19 July 2017 1925: 1886:(3): 457–469. 1855: 1848: 1830: 1771: 1712: 1693: 1657: 1626:(2): 160–166. 1603: 1564:(1): 141–173. 1544: 1508: 1467: 1408: 1382: 1363:(5): 396–407. 1338: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1298: 1295: 1287:microorganisms 1234:, a Hungarian 1219: 1216: 1207: 1204: 1183: 1182:United Kingdom 1180: 1175: 1172: 1166: 1163: 1158: 1155: 1147:intensive care 1122: 1119: 1113: 1110: 1104: 1101: 1041:infections in 981: 978: 932:Staphylococcus 915: 912: 889: 886: 784: 781: 765:Main article: 762: 759: 754: 751: 690:and/or use of 675: 672: 623: 620: 594: 591: 590: 589: 582: 567: 545: 518: 515: 512: 511: 504: 500: 499: 490: 486: 485: 482: 468: 467: 464: 458: 457: 450: 446: 445: 417: 411: 410: 406: 402: 401: 398: 394: 393: 390: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 355: 350: 342: 337: 330: 323: 316: 308: 301: 294: 286: 278: 276: 273: 271: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 249: 248: 237: 235: 232: 181:microorganisms 172: 169: 112: 111: 106: 100: 99: 95: 94: 86: 85: 82: 78: 77: 69: 64: 63: 60: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8022: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7963: 7960: 7959: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7915: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7834: 7831: 7830: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7813: 7807: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7768:Sterilization 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7736:Surgical mask 7734: 7732: 7729: 7728: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7694: 7693:Public health 7691: 7689: 7686: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7665: 7662: 7661: 7660: 7657: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7639: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7599: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7567: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7545:Phage therapy 7543: 7541: 7538: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7529: 7528:Immunotherapy 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7492: 7489: 7488: 7487: 7486:Antimicrobial 7484: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7463: 7460: 7459: 7458: 7455: 7454: 7452: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7435: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7379: 7377:Genitourinary 7376: 7372: 7369: 7368: 7367: 7364: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7340: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7254: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7235:in population 7231: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7199:Herd immunity 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7153: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7125: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7111: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7097: 7091: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7083:Genitourinary 7081: 7075: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7049: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7026: 7025:Contamination 7023: 7022: 7021: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7011: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6994: 6993:Vector-borne 6992: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6973: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6940: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6902: 6899: 6895: 6889: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6877: 6871: 6868: 6864: 6861: 6857: 6854: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6779:Cross-species 6776: 6773: 6769: 6762: 6759: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6733: 6730: 6726: 6720: 6719:Window period 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6684:Latent period 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6629: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6563:Deforestation 6561: 6559: 6556: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6516: 6508:Stress levels 6507: 6504: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6488: 6485: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6413: 6407: 6404: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6385: 6382: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6341: 6340:Pathogenicity 6338: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6300: 6295: 6291: 6283: 6278: 6276: 6271: 6269: 6264: 6263: 6260: 6248: 6247: 6238: 6234: 6233:Organizations 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6218: 6209: 6208: 6205: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6153:Public health 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6059: 6053: 6050: 6047: 6046:United States 6043: 6040: 6037: 6036:United States 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6013: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5914:Diving safety 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5890: 5884: 5881: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5831: 5828: 5825: 5822: 5819: 5816: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5779:International 5777: 5774: 5772:organizations 5769: 5765: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5645:Occupational 5642: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5615:Sports injury 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5560:Low back pain 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5510:Farmer's lung 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5403: 5400:Occupational 5397: 5393: 5386: 5381: 5379: 5374: 5372: 5367: 5366: 5363: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5238: 5234: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5222:Halogenoderma 5220: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5186: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5007: 5002: 5000: 4995: 4993: 4988: 4987: 4984: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4941: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4901:Organisations 4899: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4851:SAPS III 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4752: 4749: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4645:Arterial line 4643: 4642: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4590: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4536:Complications 4534: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4485:Organ failure 4483: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4440: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4425:Severe sepsis 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4353:General terms 4351: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4307: 4305: 4300: 4298: 4293: 4292: 4289: 4276: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4173: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4142: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4130:Patient abuse 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4110:Medical error 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4082: 4077: 4075: 4070: 4068: 4063: 4062: 4059: 4053:at Wiktionary 4052: 4051: 4045: 4041: 4040: 4030: 4026: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4017: 4013: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3995: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3981: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3918:(5): 367–70. 3917: 3913: 3909: 3902: 3894: 3892:9781449647964 3888: 3884: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3827: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3755: 3748: 3729: 3722: 3716: 3714: 3705: 3701: 3698:(in French). 3697: 3693: 3686: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3616: 3612: 3607: 3597: 3590: 3584: 3577: 3573: 3570: 3564: 3557: 3551: 3544: 3540: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3515: 3511: 3505: 3498: 3494: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3480: 3473: 3466: 3462: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3448: 3441: 3432: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3390:(2): 185–95. 3389: 3385: 3381: 3374: 3358: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3260: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3198: 3193: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3096:(4): 424–31. 3095: 3091: 3084: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2949: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2889: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2841: 2825: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2686: 2679: 2674: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2644: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2601: 2585: 2579: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2528: 2513: 2509: 2503: 2495: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2443: 2427: 2421: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2386: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2267: 2252: 2245: 2238: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2189:Critical Care 2186: 2179: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2120: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2071:Critical Care 2068: 2060: 2058: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2022:(7): 1097–9. 2021: 2017: 2013: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1955: 1939: 1935: 1929: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1851: 1849:9781800751224 1845: 1841: 1834: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1775: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1716: 1708: 1704: 1697: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1661: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1610: 1608: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1548: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1515: 1513: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1471: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1412: 1396: 1392: 1386: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1351: 1343: 1339: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1277:proposed the 1276: 1275:Louis Pasteur 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1224: 1215: 1213: 1206:United States 1203: 1201: 1197: 1196:urinary tract 1193: 1189: 1186:In 2012, the 1179: 1171: 1162: 1154: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1118: 1109: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1090:urinary tract 1085: 1083: 1082:ciprofloxacin 1079: 1073: 1071: 1070:Rising Plague 1067: 1063: 1059: 1058:urinary tract 1055: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1029:New York City 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1014:Acinetobacter 1011: 1010:Acinetobacter 1007: 1003: 1002: 998: 997:Gram-negative 994: 993: 987: 986:Gram-positive 977: 973: 971: 967: 963: 958: 956: 952: 948: 947: 941: 940: 934: 933: 926: 924: 920: 911: 909: 904: 900: 895: 885: 882: 880: 874: 872: 866: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 822: 817: 811: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 780: 778: 774: 768: 758: 753:Sterilization 750: 748: 742: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 715: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 696:antimicrobial 693: 689: 685: 684:sterilization 681: 671: 668: 664: 658: 656: 653:infection, a 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 628: 619: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 587: 583: 580: 576: 572: 568: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 523: 522: 509: 505: 502: 501: 496: 491: 488: 487: 483: 480: 479: 473: 465: 463: 460: 459: 455: 451: 448: 447: 443: 439: 435: 434: 429: 428: 422: 418: 416: 413: 412: 407: 404: 403: 399: 396: 395: 391: 388: 387: 381: 379: 375: 371: 354: 351: 349: 348: 343: 341: 338: 336: 335: 331: 329: 328: 324: 322: 321: 317: 315: 313: 309: 307: 306: 302: 300: 299: 295: 293: 292: 287: 285: 284: 280: 279: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 247: 244: 243: 242: 239: 238: 231: 229: 224: 222: 218: 214: 210: 209:urinary tract 206: 202: 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