North-West Mounted Police

1038:

However, the campaign was ineffective as the NWMP would raid a brothel and offer the madam the choice of paying a fine or leaving town; generally the latter option was taken. No sooner had the brothel been shut down, then another would open a few weeks later, leading to the cycle being repeated. An additional problem for the NWMP was the fact that the pay for an constable was 60 cents per day, making it difficult as an NWMP to recruit "men of good character and steady habits". By 1904, an average of 10% of the force either were being dismissed or had deserted to the United States. Given that the average age for a NWMP constable was between 20 and 25 and the majority were unmarried, there was a marked tendency for them to associate with the "sporting women" as prostitutes were euphemistically described. The NWMP "necessary evil" policy caused much tension with Protestant churches and civic groups that demanded that prostitution be stamped out in the early 20th century. In 1907, following complaints that a brothel full of Japanese prostitutes was operating in Nose Creek just outside of Calgary, Superintendent Dean of the NWMP refused to shut it down, saying the brothel was medically inspected every 9 days and to shut it down would cause venereal diseases to spread, leading to a furor in the Calgary newspapers.

1270: 1422: 815:, under which a First Nations person was permitted to leave a reservation only with a pass issued by the local Indian agent and had to return by the time the pass expired. The pass system was brought in as a temporary measure during the North-West Rebellion, but was then made permanent as the government found it a useful means of social control. The NWMP knew that the pass system had no basis in the law and in fact violated Treaty 7 with the Blackfoot, which promised that the Blackfoot people would be permitted go whatever they liked. The Indians often ignored the pass system, and in May 1893 Commissioner Herchmer ordered the NWMP to stop enforcing the pass system, saying it was illegal under Canadian law, only to be overruled by the Department of Indian Affairs. It was the intention of the Canadian government to colonize the Prairies, and the government believed that settlers would not come unless there were assurances that the First Nations peoples were under control, hence the pass system. 752:"legal tyranny". The police insisted that the Canadian law should be applied rigidly to the First Nations, but at the same time were relatively supportive of the First Nations when responding to the claims of the growing number of white ranchers. The force built cordial personal relationships with the First Nations' leaders, which led to a much lower level of violence between the government and indigenous peoples than in the United States. That the NWMP had evicted the American whisky traders whose sales had led to alcoholism becoming a serious problem was greatly appreciated by the First Nations peoples. The Blackfoot chief Crowfoot in 1877 stated: "The Mounted Police protected us as the feathers of the bird protect it from the frosts of winter". The fact that the NWMP arrested whites accused of killing First Nations peoples led to the perception among First Nations peoples that the NWMP was high-handed, but fair. 2306: 1602: 789: 1872: 1366: 857:, having been given special jurisdiction over the area along the line of the route. They enforced the liquor laws, and oversaw the itinerant service workers who accompanied the main construction teams. They defused many of the tensions involving the construction workers and the company, including intervening to resolve cases where the workers had not been paid by the company as promised, but they also intervened to support the railway company. When the railway staff went on strike for higher wages in 1883, the mounted police guarded the company's trains, escorted in new drivers and, when necessary, drove the locomotives themselves; two years later the police broke up a protest over unpaid wages by over a thousand construction workers, arresting the main leaders. The head of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 2506:

with swords, despite Commissioner French having doubts about their utility. The policy around the carrying of these weapons was reviewed in 1880, due to concerns that swords were no longer practical in conflicts with the First Nations. Commissioner Irvine wanted to equip all of his force with swords for use in close quarter combat, while the authorities in Ottawa were opposed to any extension; as a compromise, some 1822 pattern swords were purchased for storage in the police armouries. In 1882, non-commissioned officers were authorized to carry the 1822 pattern sabre, and commissioned police officers adopted the new British 1896 pattern cavalry sword when it was issued a few years later. The mounted police deployed to Siberia at the end of the First World War carried the

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to use Canadian suppliers whenever possible. Supplies of food and similar goods were initially bought from the major trading companies in the west, such as the Hudson's Bay Company, but this gradually changed once more of the territories were settled and goods could be purchased from smaller, local firms, with the police becoming an important source of business. Equipment and supplies had to be bought from companies that supported the government of the day, and after 1896 a formal list of politically approved suppliers was kept by the comptroller's office. All of the police's guns had to be imported, due to the lack of domestic manufacturers, and by 1890s the force was still buying most of its ammunition from abroad, as Canadian-manufactured

997:

inspections supported by surprise "flying patrols". This approach was enabled by a network of new outposts across the major ranches. Police would visit almost every farm or ranch, seek to get to know every member of the community personally, gather intelligence and ask each settler to record any issues in a patrol book. Along the way, the police helped to distribute relief, including to the Métis communities affected by the rebellion, provided emergency medical assistance, and delivered mail to the more remote areas. Under the new patrol system, the mounted police travelled a total of 1,500,000 miles (2,400,000 km) on average each year on horseback. Backed by harsh sentences from the courts, the process virtually eliminated rural crime.

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championed what the historian Andrew Graybill describes as "Victorian manliness", with the narrative focusing on "romance, manners and the preservation of justice through fair play". Within the genre, some national differences emerged. British writers often portrayed the police as upper-class colonial soldiers, carrying out their duty in serving the British Empire on the fringes of civilization. Canadian novels embraced much of this imperial narrative, but also depicted the force as a protector of wider moral authority and order, forming a reassuring, conservative image in the face of contemporary fears of immigrants and social instability. In contrast, authors in the United States usually reused familiar

2043:. Early in the force's history, the training of recruits was carried out on an ad hoc basis at the police's headquarters; in response, a depot for training new recruits created in Regina in 1885, based on the Royal Irish Constabulary Depot in Dublin, which took a much more structured approach. The use of the depot declined in line with the reduced number of new recruits joining the force after 1895, and was ultimately replaced by the new School of Instruction in 1899. Efforts were taken throughout the 1880s and 1890s to improve the quality of recruits being accepted by the force, and to tackle the related problems of early discharge and desertion, which was making staff retention a serious problem. 2404:". The expression "They always get their man", or "The Mountie always gets his man", associated with the force since 1877, has no official standing, but comes from the adaptation created by Hollywood from an American newspaper report, in the Fort Benton (Montana) Record from April 1877. Despite being a French phrase, this was a 14th-century English motto, first used in Canada by the Grand Trunk Railway Regiment, and it remains unclear why it was adopted by the mounted police. There are several explanations for the use of the buffalo head: it may have been due to Inspector James Macleod's use of a buffalo head in his office in the mid-1870s, or may have been a prairie adaption of the 2535: 989:

in size and excluding smaller farmers. The police had close links to the ranch owners, and many of the first recruits had gone on to become ranchers themselves after leaving the force. Illegal squatting by poorer settlers started to become a problem, however, boiling over into open disputes during the 1890s, and the mounted police were deployed to evict them. The task was unpopular among the force, but it grudgingly complied until government policy towards the smaller settlers finally changed in 1896. The police provided a range of other services for the new ranches, carrying out operations along the border to prevent cattle crossing north into the Canadian ranches, running

1716: 1958: 1976: 1023:

and police beer canteens were established to provide members of the force a legal alternative. Settlers also began to routinely evade the laws in the larger towns, despite mounted police searches, the deployment of undercover officers, and large fines being imposed by the courts. Public hostility towards the force grew and the police soon found themselves almost entirely occupied in attempting to enforce the unpopular laws. Legal changes were pushed through in 1892, removing prohibition and allowing the licensing of public bars; the new law was enforced by local town inspectors, removing most of the force's responsibility for the problem.

1662: 1653:. The establishment of the mounted force was to be permanently kept at 1,200 men, creating a huge demand for manpower: those members of the force still serving in Europe and Siberia were ordered to return. The police began to recruit new networks of secret agents, whom Perry tasked to investigate "foreign settlements" to identify "the least indication of Bolshevik tendencies and doctrines", and the force embraced new laws allowing for the deportation, without trial, of immigrants suspected of holding extremist views. The police's operations were well run, although no significant evidence of any Bolshevik plot was actually discovered. 1994: 2012: 700: 2003: 1985: 1967: 1921:

Leif Crozier was paid a bonus of $ 3,659 in 1886 (~$ 124,081 in 2023), for example. Once an officer had purchased items such as their uniform, which would cost around $ 500, and maintained a presence at key social events, however, this salary was thinly stretched. Most officers found it difficult to support a family on their police income alone, and either relied on their private wealth, or took on additional paid roles and government offices. Commissioned officers were members of the civil service pension scheme, but this was increasingly regarded as inadequate and their pension provisions were reformed in 1902.

1407:

provincial authorities for $ 75,000 (~$ 1.97 million in 2023) per year apiece – about one-third of the actual operational cost – a solution which was approved by both sides. The workload on the police grew quickly as a consequence, with the criminal cases being handled almost trebling between 1905 and 1912 to over 13,000. Despite complaints from Commissioner Perry, the government refused to increase the establishment of the mounted police. By 1913, the provinces were expressing dissatisfaction about the service being delivered, and Saskatchewan indicated its intention not to renew the contract in 1916.

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their existing bases therefore remained vital to the northern operations. The increasing demands from the railway companies and mining companies for police assistance, and appeals from the ranching community for continued support, also made it harder for the Liberals to consider cutting back the force. The Second Boer War then disrupted plans to create a replacement militia unit, while Herchmer's disastrous tour in South Africa enabled the Liberals to replace him with Perry, a Liberal supporter. As a result, the political argument began to swing back in favour of potentially retaining the force.

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day, with basic provisions included, with a senior non-commissioned officer earning three times as much. Combined with "working pay" bonuses for particular duties, a constable could earn over $ 300 a year, which was initially about the same as a Canadian school teacher. At the start of the 20th century, the rates of police pay were unchanged and had become quite low by wider Canadian standards; they were slowly increased, the basic rate rising to $ 1 a day in 1905, and then to $ 1.50 and finally $ 1.75 by 1919. A pension scheme was introduced in 1889, albeit in the face of political opposition.

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on record", of which "all Canadians might well feel proud. By 1955, however, the historian Paul Sharp had suggested that the March West almost failed due to "misinformation, inexperience and ignorance" and criticism of the force's performance intensified after 1973. Ronald Atkin concludes that the expedition was "epic in its lack of organization, in the poor way in which it was conducted and its incredibly close brush with disaster", Daniel Francis condemns it as "a fiasco of bad planning", with R. C. Macleod observing that "the difficulties of the Long March...were largely self-inflicted".

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recruiting. Initially, a majority of the force were of Canadian origin but the number originating from Britain rose steadily during the 1880s until they made up over half of all new recruits, with British-born mounted police also tending to predominate in the non-commissioned cadre, mainly because they chose to stay longer in the force. Although the number of Canadian-born recruits increased for a while, the economic boom of the 1910s made the task much harder, and the mounted police opened a recruitment office in London; by 1914 almost 80 percent of the force had been born in Britain.

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inaccessible except to selected researchers, trusted to maintain a particular perspective on the police's history. Historians had few other sources to work with other than the force's own published annual accounts, autobiographies by members of the police, and popular narratives from the 19th century, and so their works tended to mirror the established image of the mounted police. The resulting histories put forward what the historian William Baker terms as "episodic, nostalgic, eulogistic, antiquarian, non-scholarly, romantic, and heroic" accounts of the force.

343: 1309:; many of the other volunteers in the battalion were also ex-policemen. The NWMP influence on the Canadian Mounted Rifles battalion was strong; of the officers of the battalion, 13 out of 19 were NWMP men. Of the policemen who volunteered to fight in South Africa, 67.4% were British-born while the remainder were Canadian-born, reflecting the tendency of male British immigrants in Canada to be the ones most likely to volunteer for service in South Africa. Soon after the battalion's arrival in South Africa, however, Herchmer's superior, Major General 500: 2254: 2187: 2136: 2127: 2796:

foundation of the mounted police in 1873, rather than, for example, drawing on the Dominion Police's foundation date of 1868. The RCMP's centennial in 1973 saw celebratory events across Canada, various historical publications and even proposals – turned down by the mounted police – for a reenactment of the March West. The RCMP used the celebrations to redefine the early history of the mounted police in line with contemporary policing objectives, focusing on the force's role in shaping the evolution of a liberal, tolerant, modern Canada.

2281: 2272: 2263: 2214: 2196: 2147: 824: 2028: 1052: 2205: 2669: 1500:

however, and often blamed them for wider government policies; for their part, the mounted police often regarded the First Nations with contempt. By comparison, the mounted police got on much better with the Inuit, who had seen far less contact with Europeans. The force generally took a more liberal, paternalistic attitude towards them, often applying informal justice rather than official laws when the occasional Inuit crime was committed. Members of the First Nations and Inuit were employed to drive police

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over 4,000. There was controversy around what role the mounted police should play in the new towns, and the force became concerned that these were pulling in police manpower, at the expense of the wider, less populated areas of the Prairies, where the patrolling system had already had to be cut back. A special railway branch was briefly established in 1888, using undercover officers positioned along the railway line to gather intelligence, and plans were put forward, but not enacted, to create a larger

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to see it as a "necessary evil", arguing that the male workers wanted sex, and that to shut down the brothels would cause unmanageable social tensions. Between 1874 and 1890, there were only 12 convictions for prostitution in the North-West, which reflected the "necessary evil" policy of tolerating prostitution. The fact that the men of the NWMP themselves frequently made use of the services of the prostitutes was another reason to tolerate the brothels. In an editorial, the

880: 194: 1863:, until replaced by A. A. Mclean in 1913. The comptroller was responsible for keeping account of expenditure, auditing and managing procurement, and effectively removed most of the non-operational functions from the commissioner's responsibility. White was a political client of Prime Minister John A. Macdonald, who took a close interest in the management of the force, and the post became critical for garnering support from Ottawa for investment in the police. 1190: 1743: 2689:

historian Michael Dawson describes as accounts of "inefficiency, irresolution and impropriety" within the new organization. In contrast, police memoirs promoted an image of a tough but fair force, focused on maintaining order in the wilderness. Quite quickly, however, a more heroic, romantic tone came to dominate newspaper accounts and a powerful myth was built up around the mounted police. This was reinforced by events such as the mounted police's

2422: 1752: 1734: 1725: 2897:

sympathized with the company", and William Baker argues that "the Mounties were usually anti-labour", and "comprehended and sympathized with management's perspective more naturally than with the viewpoint of the striking miners". Steve Hewitt suggests that the police typically blamed agitators for problems and were required to sometimes use force, but that they had some sympathy for the difficulties of ordinary workers.

1167:, pay and working conditions. A team of 82 regular police were reinforced by 11 special constables recruited from within the company, with an undercover constable deployed to infiltrate the strike and send back intelligence. Efforts were made to collect information on the earnings of the union leaders, probably intended for use in discrediting them. The police maintained order and escorted non-striking workers past the 2917:

percent Canadian or British. Charlene Porsild notes that the census data for the period is inconsistent in how it asked questions about citizenship and place of birth. Porsild argues that the level of participation from those born in the United States, as opposed to recent immigrants or temporary residents, may have been as low as 43 percent, with Canadian and British-born members of the gold rush in the majority.

2058:. In the first year of the force, the poorly constructed fort at Swan River drew particular condemnation from senior officers: Commissioner French complained to Ottawa about the "exposure and hardship" that the police detachment were enduring. Even once the force was properly established, living conditions remained very basic: the forts used wood- and coal-burning stoves for heating and cooking, and were lit by 1070:, and over half of them settled in the territories. The urban population grew significantly as new towns were established across the Prairies. Many of the immigrants were employed by the growing industries of the region, especially the large mining and manufacturing centres enabled by the Canadian Pacific Railway. As society changed, there were fears of immigrants and criminals exploiting the new rail network. 10249: 1391:

responsibility for their own policing; it was therefore time to plan for the closure of the force, which originally had only been intended to be a temporary organization. The force was reduced to 850 men in 1893, and to 750 by 1898. The Conservative government stood for reelection in 1896 with plans to further reduce the size of the force, reportedly to 500 men, but lost to the Liberal party, led by

1297:

The Canadian government turned to the mounted police as their main source for experienced mounted soldiers, and members were given leave from the force for the duration of their service. Combined with the pressures of maintaining the commitments in the Yukon, this reduced the number of the police in the remaining territories to only 682 men by 1900. The similarity of the vast expenses of the

656:, a journalist whom the commissioner hoped would write a positive account of the new force. The expedition made slow time along the boundary trail, progressing only 15 miles (24 km) a day at most. The police were already travelling under unpleasant and arduous conditions, made more difficult by the teamsters having little experience and their horses being unsuitable for draught work. 632:, was ordered to proceed west from Fort Dufferin to deal with what the authorities described as the "band of desperadoes" around Fort Whoop-Up, before then dispersing his force to establish police posts stretching across the territories. From Fort Dufferin, French could have simply traced the southern line of the frontier, following a well-established trail created two years before by the 1108: 2842:

noting that Irvine's failure to reinforce Middleton "can only be explained by excessive caution...or by his ignorance of what was happening on his doorstep". Stanley Horrall blames the poor performance by the police on a combination of the government's neglect of the mounted police and the weak leadership shown by Commissioner Irvine in the years running up to the rebellion.

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officially in order to cope with the growing white population, but also to prevent any future uprising by the Métis and First Nations. Levels of crime were initially low, with the police's implementation of the law relatively informal, and focused on upholding the spirit, rather than the letter, of the law, but the force soon faced new challenges as the population grew.

804:, which was considered to promote violent behaviour among the First Nations. By the 1880s, however, the police also began to tackle horse theft. Horse stealing was common among the First Nations on the prairies: it formed part of intertribal competition and warfare, and the stolen horses enabled their hunting expeditions. In part the police crackdown was driven by the 527:, which combined aspects of a traditional military unit with the judicial functions of the magistrates' courts, and believed that the new force should be able to provide a local system of government in otherwise ungoverned areas. Originally, Macdonald also had wanted to form units of Métis policemen, commanded by white Canadian officers in a similar manner to the 2955:

undercover; full-time "secret agents", typically chosen for their ethnic background and language skills; and "informants", effectively part-time secret agents providing ad hoc information. As the historian Stanley Horrall suggests, many of the labour organizations of the period regarded such secret agents as "police spies or agent provocateurs".

1685:, military veterans marched through the city in support of the strikers; the authorities called in the mounted police to break up the marchers. By the time the police arrived, the protesters had begun to riot and the police carried out two mounted charges. The police then concluded that they were losing control of the situation and fired their 1693:

creating a new federal police force, ideally by amalgamating the Dominion Police into the existing mounted police force. The mounted police, he argued, were much larger, militarized, experienced and had a proven capacity to carry out secret intelligence work. They were also free from union influence and enjoyed high prestige among the public.

1395:. The new prime minister had stood for election on a platform of increasing the rights of the provinces to carry out law enforcement. He produced plans to halve the size of the mounted police as a first step towards eliminating the force, and proposed to establish a new militia regiment in the NWT to fulfil any legacy military requirements. 1559:, but, since most mounted police did not have links within the relevant ethnic communities, they instead used secret agents and informants to gather intelligence, supported by a few undercover officers. Meanwhile, tensions grew between temperance campaigners and soldiers over the implementation of the liquor laws. The police barracks in 562:; Morris predicted that if action was not taken immediately, there would be a major uprising by the First Nations across the region, into which the United States might choose to intervene. Macdonald was not entirely convinced by the governor's analysis, but nonetheless he agreed to recruit 150 men and send them west to 808:, who believed that the practice of horse theft was slowing the assimilation of the First Nations into broader Canadian society. The authorities were also concerned that if the First Nations were allowed to steal horses from across the border in the United States, it could provoke a military intervention into Canada. 2385:, fur hats and boots. In the more extreme conditions of the far north, the police adopted local Inuit clothing for use on their patrols, even though this required daily maintenance, often carried out by local Inuit women. Mounted police deployed to Siberia wore the standard army khaki uniform used by mounted forces. 935:, now joined the Métis in their revolt, although others continued to tacitly support the government, in part the result of the good relationship the police had built up with them. The police rapidly abandoned most of their posts along the valley, falling back to more easily defensible locations; Inspector 2333:, with similarly militaristic uniforms for the other ranks, using gold braid to distinguish the non-commissioned officers. These uniforms were initially of rather low quality, as the government had contracted out the work to prison convicts. The winter uniforms comprised grey overcoats with fur caps and 469:, made plans to create a 200-strong mounted police force to maintain order along the border; such a force, he thought, would enable the colonization of the region and be much cheaper than deploying regular militia units for the task. The implementation of this proposal was delayed, however, first by the 2546:

The mounted police initially deployed with 310 horses in 1873, both as mounts and as draught animals, but large numbers of these died on the march, and for much of the 1870s there were shortages of horses, impacting on the police's work. The importance of horses to the force's work grew, particularly

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along on the expedition to impress the Blackfoot First Nation. The force also used swords, with the 1822 pattern British Light Cavalry sabre approved for commissioned officers, and the non-commissioned officers carrying the British 1853 pattern weapon; some constables unofficially equipped themselves

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A tension remained between uniforms which were perceived as smart, reflecting the force's military heritage, and practical uniforms which were suitable for the daily work of the police. The mounted police's white helmets, forage caps and tight tunics were impractical for work on the plains, and a set

2046:

Sub-constables, initially the lowest rank in the force, were paid 75 cents a day in 1873, with a promise of 160 acres (65 ha) of land on completion of their enlistment, but the pay was cut by a third in 1878 and the land grants ceased. As a result, constables were paid a basic wage of 50 cents a

2035:

The first enlisted men to be recruited in 1873 came from a wide variety of backgrounds, but most had some military experience. Many of the men enlisting in this tranche were later dismissed as unsuitable for service, less than half completing their term of enlistment, and more care was taken in later

1554:

The mounted police initially began their wartime operations by focusing on the activities of immigrants and carrying out border security, but quickly widened their operations. Unlike during the Boer War, the mounted police at first were forbidden to volunteer for military duty abroad, and the size of

1206:

and gathered customs duties. Fears grew that the United States might try to seize the mineral-rich region, and a twenty-man police team was established at Forty Mile in 1895. Although there was very little actual crime, frictions soon rose between the police and the Miners' Committees, which had been

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mockingly noted the "redcoat of the Mounted Policeman is seen flashing in and out from these dens at all hours. As no arrests have been made the character of these visits can be easily surmised!". Commissioner Herchemer complained that venereal diseases caused more medical treatments in the NWMP than

1000:

A new system of controlling the movement of the First Nations was introduced by the government after the rebellion. Known as the pass system, this required any individual leaving a reserve to possess a pass signed by a government agent, or to face arrest by the police. The police received advice that

864:

The construction of the railway introduced new tensions between the government and the First Nations. The authorities wished to move the indigenous peoples to reserves north of the railway in order to cut them off from the United States border. For their part, the First Nations were unhappy about the

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played a prominent part. The Sioux declined to return south, however, and the police had to deploy around 200 men to Fort Walsh to oversee the immigrant community. The police lived in primitive conditions and voluntarily shared some of their own supplies with the Sioux, who were not covered by Treaty

755:

The herds of buffalo migrated elsewhere on the plains in 1876 and starvation among the Blackfoot loomed. Crowfoot rejected a proposed alliance with the Sioux against the United States, arguing that the collapse of buffalo hunting and white immigration meant that his people needed a long-term alliance

461:

from the United States had come across the border, selling alcohol to the indigenous peoples, fuelling social problems and outbreaks of violence. Although the region remained relatively safe, there was no civil government, and military explorers highlighted the "lawlessness" and lack of "security for

2831:

Early historians of the force stressed the epic nature of the expedition. The popular historian Arthur Haydon, for example, scorned the newspaper accounts which blamed the officers and men as "incapable", "inexperienced" and "careless", arguing that the march was "truly one of the most extraordinary

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made from pilot cloth became popular among the police as part of their winter outfit, and were officially issued from 1893 onwards. There were continual attempts to produce a consistent uniform across the force, but this was only ever partially successful due to the multiple government suppliers who

1920:

Commissioned officers were paid a respectable wage for the period; an inspector in 1886 earned an annual salary of $ 1,000 (~$ 29,968 in 2023). Early in the force's history, additional payments were made to officers for successfully collecting customs duties and seizing illegal goods; Superintendent

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The events of the Klondike Gold Rush challenged this policy, as the force soon became essential to controlling the borders in the far north. Moving the entire force to the remote region of the Yukon, though, would have more than doubled the cost of the police's training and support arrangements, and

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willingness to invent and enforce non-existent laws whenever they considered it necessary. The police acted efficiently and with probity during the period, largely curbing criminality in the region, although their task was helped by the geography of the Klondike, which made it relatively easy to bar

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As a result, there were a growing range of demands on the mounted police, and they struggled to cope with the changes. The rising population drove an increase in the criminal cases tackled by the force: less than 1,000 were investigated in 1900, but within four years the number of cases had risen to

1026:

As there were almost no white women on the Prairies, the influx of the male work crews for the railroad together with the mines being opened in the foothills of the Rocky mountains created an immense demand for prostitution, which flourished as a result. Prostitution was illegal, but the NWMP tended

988:

Cattle ranchers had moved into the territories within a year of the police arriving, initially clustering around the police posts for protection. The government began to promote the development of the large ranches during the 1870s and early 1880s, enclosing land up to 100,000 acres (40,000 ha)

959:

Middleton criticized Irvine and the mounted police for having remained in Prince Albert throughout the campaign, and for failing to reinforce him during the Battle of Batoche. The general recommended closing the force, and replacing it with a corps of mounted infantry. He publicly likened the police

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First Nation, defeat the mounted police and seize the region, forcing the Canadian government to the negotiation table. There had been worries among the police about potential instability since the previous fall, and the force had increased its presence in the area over the winter. As tensions rose,

739:

following soon after. Macdonald's newly returned Conservative government was critical of the way that the Liberals had stood up the force, ordering an inspection in 1875 that concluded that "for a newly-raised force, hastily enrolled and equipped, it is in very fair order", but recommended a variety

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on an island in Old Man's River. The expedition had been badly planned and executed, and almost failed; the historian William Baker describes it as "a monumental fiasco of poor planning, ignorance, incompetence, and cruelty to men and beasts". Nonetheless, it rapidly became portrayed by the force as

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or commissioner, based along the northern trade routes, leaving the border area as a liminal, ungarrisoned zone. Colonel Patrick Robertson-Ross conducted another survey in 1872, and recommended an alternative strategy of recruiting a larger force of 550 men who would be tasked to push south into the

269:

would lead to the First Nations peoples killing the American traders, which would lead to the United States military being deployed into the NWT to protect the lives of American citizens on the grounds that Canada was unable to maintain law and order in the region. Macdonald's greatest fear was that

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During the early 1970s, professional historians began to reevaluate the force's history. A wider set of themes, including social, race and class issues, began to be analysed, resulting in more challenging histories of the force being published. Legal challenges brought before the Canadian courts in

2644:

Early on in the force's history, most of its equipment and weapons had to be imported from abroad, due to the lack of domestic Canadian industry. Its early saddlery and wagons were imported from the United States, although the police's uniforms were made locally. After 1887, political pressure grew

1822:

Although at first the force answered to the prime minister, in 1876 control was passed to the Secretary of State, an arrangement which was reinforced in the Mounted Police Act of 1879. The mounted police's rules and regulations were initially very informal, drawing on the Mounted Police Act of 1873

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In response, Prime Minister Borden amended the policing legislation in November 1919, bringing together the RNWMP and the Dominion Police to form the RCMP, with the new force responsible for federal law enforcement and national security across Canada under the command of Perry. The legislation came

1377:

The mounted police continued to face criticism after 1885, through a sequence of allegations in the popular press known as the "Herchmer scandals". Lawrence Herchmer had been appointed as commissioner partially because of his positive reputation within the Indian Department, but also because of his

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from Russia in 1867, and most of the influx of prospectors were American. Amid fresh concerns that the United States might annex the gold fields, the mounted police were tasked to assert Canadian control along the border line. The force set up control posts at the borders of the Yukon and at easily

1085:

There was pressure on the mounted police to assist local government in a wide variety of ways, often opposed by the police themselves. These included supporting public health efforts, distributing relief, fighting and investigating fires, and continuing to manage the movement of cattle. New railway

1037:

The policy of the NWMP was to allow red-light districts to exist, and every so often to launch a raid to shut down a brothel in order to give the impression that the prostitution was not being tolerated. From 1890, pressure from Protestant churches led to a crackdown being launched on prostitution.

751:

and a system of annuities, which would then hopefully be followed by the integration of the First Nations into the agricultural economy. The mounted police's approach to enabling this process has been characterized by the historian Ronald Atkin as a "benevolent despotism", and by John Jennings as a

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rivers on September 10, there was nothing to be seen, as the fort was in fact around 75 miles (121 km) away. The police had expected the area to contain good grazing for their horses but it was barren and treeless. French was forced to abandon the plan to head to Whoop-Up and instead travelled

264:

who defined its purpose as "the preservation of peace and the prevention of crime" in the vast NWT. Macdonald envisioned the police force as a para-military force, writing that the "best force would be mounted riflemen, trained to act as cavalry... and styled police". Macdonald's principal fear was

2855:

background and had military backgrounds, while many others were ex-policemen or from the social elite of eastern Canada. The historian Andrew Graybill notes the comments of one visitor that "nearly all have been in the Police...it is quite natural as when a man is in the police round here he sees

2521:

were acquired in 1876. Despite requests for the force to be assigned machine-guns, two steel 7-pounder (3 kg) Mark II field guns were allocated instead in 1886, replacing two of the brass guns which were passed on to the militia. The machine-guns finally arrived in 1894, when two .303 calibre

2082:

were major irritants. When the force deployed to the far north, the police were once again living in extremely basic conditions, in a very dangerous climate; a network of small shelters had to be built to protect units out on patrol, although these did not prevent the well-publicized deaths of the

1891:

officers, rising to 50 after 1885, a ratio of approximately one officer to every twenty enlisted men. The officers were usually from middle- or upper-class backgrounds, and were typically Canadian-born; deliberate attempts were made to reflect the different religious and ethnic groups that made up

1612:

Conscription was introduced in Canada during the final years of the war, which was accompanied by labour shortages, pressures for social change, and the rapid unionization of the remaining workforce. While concerns about the Central Powers declined, fears grew in government at the end of 1918 that

1541:

might be threatened, either by immigrants who still sympathized with their home countries in central Europe, or from citizens of the United States with German or Irish backgrounds crossing over the border. The authorities introduced new war-time secrecy regulations, including the censorship of the

1390:

Nonetheless, the force's reputation suffered from the controversy and complaints persisted that the force was oversized, excessively funded and staffed by political appointees. By the 1890s, a political consensus had emerged in Ottawa that the western provinces should become autonomous and take up

1382:

for public drunkenness several years before. Apparently motivated by a desire for revenge, Davin pursued a vendetta against Lawrence when he became commissioner, helped by another newspaper publisher, Charles Wood. Lawrence Herchmer was unpopular with many of his officers and Davin published their

1344:

was created in October 1900 to police the recaptured territories; it mirrored the mounted police, with its members again wearing the force's Stetson hat; it incorporated forty-two members of the mounted police and one of its divisions was commanded by Steele. The mounted police volunteers suffered

1296:

in 1896, but was turned down by his superiors. Although there was public enthusiasm for a Canadian military response, at first it appeared that only a minimal deployment would be needed, and it was only after several British defeats that an offer of a more substantive force was welcomed by London.

1022:

applauded the measures, most settlers opposed them. Special permits to import alcohol for personal consumption could be granted, but these were not issued impartially, adding to the general resentment. Many members of the force drank alcohol themselves, including liquor confiscated from smugglers,

955:

and forcing Riel to surrender, before relieving Prince Albert on May 20. The third column marched to Edmonton, supported by 20 mounted police and their 9-pounder (4 kg) gun, where the government captured Big Bear and the remnants of the rebel Cree. Riel was imprisoned by the mounted police at

680:

to advance on Fort Whoop-Up with the three remaining divisions, approximately 150 men. When the police reached the fort on October 9, they were prepared for a confrontation, but the whisky traders were aware that they were approaching and had long since moved on. The force received new orders from

2926:

It is unclear why the mounted police were not allowed to form their own independent mounted police unit in the South African campaign. The decision may have been due to pressure from the Canadian military leadership, or because creating a special unit for the campaign would have made it harder to

2688:

The early reputation of the force was shaped by journalistic accounts published in the 1880s and 1890s, followed by various biographical accounts written by retired officers. The initial press response to the mounted police was mixed, particularly among Liberal newspapers, and focused on what the

1632:

Meanwhile, Commissioner Perry had put forward three options for the future of the mounted police: the force could be absorbed into the Canadian military; the remit of the force could be reduced to simply policing the far north; or the force could be assigned a much wider role in public and secret

1499:

The First Nations in the north typically had some prior experience of Europeans, for example through contact with the Hudson's Bay Company, and there was little conflict between the police and these native communities, and few crimes committed. The First Nations typically did not like the police,

1260:

caused much comment in the newspapers. Reflecting the improved image of the NWMP, in 1897 as part of the celebrations of the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria, a group of NWMP riders clad in their colorful scarlet uniforms marched down the streets of London as part of the Canadian contingent. The

2795:

This traditional, historical portrayal of the NWMP influenced that of the RCMP, who used their predecessor's history to build their own status as a Canadian national symbol. Although the RCMP as an organization formally dates from 1920, the modern force chose to trace its own history back to the

2791:

The extensive historical archives of the RNWMP were combined with those of its successor, the RCMP, in 1920, although the early archives from 1873 to 1885 had been destroyed in a fire in 1897. For most of the 20th century, the RCMP kept most of these historical archives closed, with the material

1834:

The force was divided into various divisions, each typically commanded by a superintendent. The headquarters of the force was initially sited at Lower Fort Garry, until the March West to Fort Walsh, but in 1888 it was moved to Regina, to be closer to the new railway line. The Regina headquarters

1246:

and patrolled out across the Yukon Territory, creating a network of thirty-three posts. Detectives were deployed to infiltrate American organizations to seek out potential conspiracies. The police's role also encompassed fire safety, the management of local game hunting, operating the postal and

1201:

Up until the 1890s, the government had no presence in the far north-west of Canada. In 1894, the rise of gold mining and a growing population led to calls for Ottawa to intervene, both to control whisky trading and to protect the local First Nations. In response, the mounted police carried out a

1174:

Historians hold differing views as to whether the mounted police were neutral in these disputes or sided with the employers, although all agree that the position of the police in managing the strikes became more difficult as organized labour became better established. The mounted police disliked

1158:

locked out its workforce in 1894 during an attempt to cut staff and reduce wages; a team of ten police was deployed to maintain order, in particular any risks posed by eastern European immigrants, and to mediate in the dispute. Police deployed there again in 1906 for nine months during a dispute

984:

to settle the north-west continued; by 1885, white settlers became the majority in the region as the railway brought in immigrants, and their numbers almost doubled over the course of the 1890s. The establishment of the mounted police was increased to 1,000 men in the aftermath of the rebellion,

2954:

To provide a sense of scale, in the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan the mounted police investigated 173,568 Canadian citizens of German and Austrian background during the war. The police used three categories of secret investigators: regular members of the force, often detectives, working

2916:

Early historical analysis, as outlined by George Fetherling, suggested around 80 percent of the prospector were either United States citizens or recent immigrants to the country. The 1898 census data suggests that 63 percent of Dawson City inhabitants at the time were American citizens, with 32

2841:

Early historians defended the performance of the mounted police, noting that the force was mostly under the command of the militia and General Middleton himself, and were not given opportunities to show their value in battle. Later historians have been more critical, R. C. Macleod, for example,

2725:

These novels used standard characters and plot. The mounted policeman was, as Dawson describes, an Anglo-Saxon, "chivalric, self-abnegating hero", who would pursue his suspect – typically a foreigner or French-Canadian – across a hostile landscape, often overcoming them bloodlessly. The stories

1692:

The events in Winnipeg highlighted the chaotic and ill-coordinated management of security issues across Canada, the artificial division between policing organizations in the west and east of the country, and the absence of a single senior leader for security work. Commissioner Perry recommended

779:

incident. In 1876 the United States military led a campaign against the Sioux in Dakota; the Sioux's leader, Sitting Bull, concluded that the conflict was unwinnable, and chose to seek sanctuary in Canada. Sitting Bull arrived in May the following year and, by the summer, around 5,600 Sioux had

639:

Following instructions from Ottawa, French finally agreed with Morris that the expedition would initially follow the trail, but then would steer away from the border and Sioux territory, and the mounted police finally left Dufferin on July 8, 1874. The 275-strong expedition was divided into six

2896:

The historian R. C. Macleod champions the argument that the mounted police's role was marked by their "disinterestedness", suggesting that the force was "effectively neutral in almost all labour disputes". Andrew Graybill concludes that by 1906 "the Mounties were not honest brokers but rather

2582:

Model 55, in 1915, and mechanized its border patrols the following year, deploying a range of cars and motorcycles. By 1920, the mounted police owned 33 cars and trucks, and 28 motorcycles. There was a proposal in 1919 to equip the police with surplus wartime aircraft to create an "Air Police

2094:

The initial ranks for other ranks were Sub-constable, Constable, and Chief constable, with Staff constable between Constable and Chief constable added later. Though through the early years many enlisted members, as with officers, would refer to themselves by their former military ranks or the

1218:

valley. Once news of this circulated the following year, around 100,000 people rushed to the Klondike in search of wealth, most with no experience in the mining industry. To reach the area, many prospectors travelled by foot over arduous mountain routes and along rivers using primitive boats,

1406:

announced their desire to take on similar responsibilities to those in the eastern provinces, but showed no sign of actually establishing provincial police forces of their own. Finally, Laurier proposed in 1905 that the mounted police should remain in the new provinces, under contract to the

1219:

although no more than 40,000 of them successfully reached the goldfields. A substantial and expensive mounted police detachment was established in the Klondike, amounting to 288 men by 1898, representing around a third of the entire force and including many of its most experienced personnel.

996:

The scale of horse theft by white thieves along the border increased dramatically during the late 1880s, which the police's sporadic deployments were unable to counter. In response, Commissioner Herchmer introduced a system of police patrols across the territories, with scheduled visits and

946:

hurried west along the Canadian Pacific Railway. Middleton split his forces into three groups and led the main column, intending to retake Batoche. The second column advanced to Battleford and then marched south to Cut Knife Creek, with 74 mounted police forming the advance guard. There the

1301:

to the Prairies was felt to make the NWMP well qualified for operations in South Africa. Herchmer was an efficient bureaucrat, but his authoritarian leadership style made him ill-suited to "handle the hardy dare-devils" who rushed to join up to fight for Queen and Country in South Africa.

1005:

as an alternative approach for removing First Nations from selected areas. Police used agents employed to collect intelligence from within First Nation and Métis communities, and, from 1887, they also employed members of the First Nations as special constables, typically deploying them as

673:

70 miles (110 km) south towards the border, where supplies could be purchased from the United States. Yet more horses died from the cold and hunger, and many of the men were barefoot and in rags by the time they arrived, having travelled a total of nearly 900 miles (1,400 km).

390:

was keen to expand westwards, in part due to fears that the United States might annex the region. It agreed to purchase the company's lands in exchange for £300,000 and various grants of land, adding around 2,500,000 square miles (6,500,000 km) of territory to the Dominion in 1870.

1098:

branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway, following the pattern set by their earlier work in the 1880s. There was a heavy legal load on the force's commissioned officers both in their role as magistrates and as informal arbitrators between company management and the construction teams.

850:, the new territorial capital which had been founded alongside the railway line. The force was increased in size to 500 in 1882 to cope with the increased tasks being demanded of it, and the police began to use the railway to bring in recruits more easily from the eastern provinces. 1641:, therefore proposed merging the mounted police and the Dominion Police, placing them under Perry's command. This idea was turned down by Borden, who believed, incorrectly, that the merger would be unacceptable to Perry, whom he thought still wanted a military future for the force. 1175:

labour agitators and strikers with eastern or southern European backgrounds, but they also had some sympathy for the difficulties faced by ordinary workers, and were often unwilling to actively assist the company owners if there was a risk it might cause disturbances to break out.

865:

railway being built through their lands, stole company horses and disrupted the construction work. The mounted police made arrests and the government reduced their rations: by 1883, the threat of starvation had forced the First Nations to relocate to the northern side of the line.

1917:, a popular movement among Protestant Canadians. The officers were made Justices of Peace, giving them powers to try civilian cases, and they also had authority to summarily try members of the force itself, potentially imprisoning constables for up a year for even minor offences. 1793:

and sub-constables, with the force as a whole headed by the commissioner and the assistant commissioner: this system reflected that in use in the Royal Irish Constabulary, upon which the force was modelled. In 1878 this structure was overhauled and replaced by a hierarchy of

1676:

broke out, creating a national crisis which ministers feared would lead to a revolution. The mounted police were deployed to maintain public order and generate intelligence on the strikers; 245 mounted police were sent into the city, supported by four machine guns mounted on

2551:

was built in Regina at a cost of $ 30,000 in 1886 to allow training throughout the cold winter months. At their peak towards the end of the century, the force owned around 800 horses, and needed to purchase 100 new mounts each year. The police initially used a wide range of

1017:

Enforcing the prohibition on liquor began to cause the force increasing problems. The liquor laws had been designed to prevent the First Nations from drinking alcohol, but their terms also applied to the increasing numbers of white settlers in the late 1880s. Although some

2700:, published in 1885. The police soon became a popular subject for writers, with over 150 novels about the force and its successor, the RCMP, being published between 1890 and 1940 across North America and Britain, along with magazine articles and publications for children. 2983:

The police's red uniforms were a departure from tradition in the region, as previous British and Canadian forces deployed to the west had typically worn green uniforms, rather than red, but reflected contemporary British advice on the most appropriate style for military

1831:, followed by a much longer, "Regulations and Orders" booklet in 1889. This framework empowered the Assistant Commissioner to monitor, inspect and investigate all aspects of the force, and encouraged a much more disciplined approach to tracking operations and resources. 636:. Lieutenant Governor Morris disagreed with this approach, arguing that it might encourage an attack by the Sioux, who he believed were gathering in the United States to attack across the border, and urged the government to send the police via a more northerly route. 772:. The Department of Indian Affairs was created to govern the reserves, supported by the police. By 1879, the last of the Canadian buffalo herds had been eliminated by hunting, and the Indians became dependent on supplies issued by the police to avoid starvation. 1908:

The officer corps formed part of the social elite in Canada, and considered themselves to be much closer to the prestigious, regular military than to their equivalents in the local police forces. Commissioned officers were expected to join and participate in an

960:

to "gophers", who had retreated and hid during the fighting, and his complaints were picked up by the press. Irvine was criticized in the media for his lack of vigour and, lacking the support of the prime minister, he resigned the next year and was replaced by

601:

to deploy into Canadian territory, he instead agreed to deploy the new mounted police to carry out the operation. Another 150 men were recruited in eastern Canada and sent west by rail through the United States to rendezvous with the first part of the force at

1460:. The police found no evidence of sexual abuse, but took the opportunity to collect customs duties and to attempt to clamp down on liquor sales to the indigenous community. The same year, a well-publicized Canadian expedition was sent to Hudson Bay on the 2070:, often prefabricated in the east, and fitted with modern technology and iron beds. Canteens, reading rooms and sporting facilities were introduced at the larger barracks. Nonetheless, living conditions on the prairies remained difficult and spartan, and 2062:

and candles, while the constables slept on wooden boards using straw-filled mattresses. In the early 1880s, conditions grew so bad that the constables at Fort Macleod issued a manifesto to their officers demanding improvements to their living conditions.

1818:

respectively. Over the course of its life, the force had five commissioners: George French from 1873 to 1876, James Macleod to 1880, Acheson Irvine to 1886, Lawrence Herchmer to 1900 and Aylesworth Perry, who led the force until its amalgamation in 1920.

1576:

forces were created, allowing the closure of over 80 mounted police posts. Perry argued that the force had now "largely finished the work for which it was called into existence" and proposed that the mounted police should instead focus on supporting the

308:

to the North-West Mounted Police (RNWMP) in 1904. Plans for disbanding the Royal North-West Mounted Police were abandoned in the face of popular oppositions and regional politicians. Large numbers of the RNWMP volunteered for military service during the

2973:

During the Klondike Gold Rush, the region was officially run by the Frederick White in his role as Comptroller, rather than through the normal governmental channels, and White also served as the Commissioner of the North-West Territories from 1905 to

2800:

the 1980s resulted in the release of archive material about the force's role in the First World War for the first time, generating further new lines of research on their role in managing labour disputes and overseeing the changing security situation.

1858:

Although the force was commanded by its commissioner, there was also an influential senior post of comptroller, created in 1880 in response to Macleod's financial mismanagement of the force. For most of the force's history the role was occupied by

1567:

The demands of the force's new security role, combined with its traditional policing responsibilities, soon overstretched the police's resources. Commissioner Perry raised his concerns about the situation with the government and in response the

2325:

for their undress uniform. The grey trousers were soon replaced with blue ones, with a yellow stripe along the sides. These early uniforms were quite plain, and commissioned officers and their enlisted men wore essentially the same uniform.

2526:. The 7-pounders acquired in 1876 saw service in the rebellion of the Métis, and one of these guns, combined with a 9-pounder, was later used to bombard and kill a fugitive member of the Cree First Nation, called Almighty Voice, in 1897. 1563:

were attacked in October 1916 by a crowd of over two hundred soldiers and civilians, who were trying to release six soldiers arrested for alcohol offences. The building was destroyed, one police officer was shot and several more injured.

2906:

Research into the numbers of "stampeders" involved in the Klondike Gold Rush draws on a range of sources, but in particular uses the statistics maintained by the mounted police along the trails and the census carried out by the force in

2716:, published in 1912, set the tone for many later books with a tale of its initially dissolute protagonist's redemption through service with the police. Numerous poems were written about the force, with the best known probably being the 663:

to the north-west. The police had no water bottles and soon both their food and water ran out; as the weather worsened, their horses began to die. When the force arrived at what they thought was Fort Whoop-Up at the junction of the

3002:

The sequence of novels featuring the force in the late-19th century and early-20th centuries were all published in English: there were no French-Canadian novels published during the period that featured a mounted policeman as a

718:

With the arrival of the mounted police, the whisky trade around Fort Macleod collapsed, and the traders shifted into legitimate projects or moved elsewhere. The Blackfoot welcomed the arrival of the police and their leader,

1479:

in 1908, continuing for two decades, which, although it required substantial police assistance, gradually eased the challenge of supplying the police outposts around the bay. The police opened temporary detachments around

1235:. The police checked for illegal weapons and prevented the entry of criminals and collected customs duties, while helping protect and guide the flow of migrants, mediating in their disputes and providing practical advice. 1256:

entry to undesirables. The Klondike gold rush attracted immense worldwide publicity at the time, and the contrast between the relative order of Dawson City in the Yukon vs. the more chaotic and violent situation in

904:

Irvine, who had replaced Macleod as Commissioner in 1880 after accusations of financial mismanagement, began to mobilize any spare police manpower in Regina, bringing the force up to an operational strength of 562.

1207:

created to provide informal justice during the previous few years. The police brought the issue to a head in June 1896, sending a team into one of the mining camps to overturn the decisions of the local committee.

723:, promoted a policy of co-operation. After enduring a difficult winter with only limited supplies, the force broke up their main command, some remaining at Fort Macleod, with others establishing forts at Dufferin, 518:

into law unopposed. At this point, Macdonald appears to have intended to create a force of mounted police to watch "the frontier from Manitoba to the foot of the Rocky Mountains", probably with its headquarters in

1823:

and a "Rules and Regulations" document published in 1874. In the absence of further guidance, its officers made ad hoc use of British military regulations, effectively managing the force as they might have done a

1550:

from the United States. The Dominion Police therefore delegated much of their responsibilities to local police forces, including, in the cases of the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, to the mounted police.

2547:

once the new patrol system was introduced by Commissioner Herchmer. By the 1880s the police's horses were looked after carefully and given good veterinarian support, although they were worked very hard. A large

1896:

from the government of the day in Ottawa for their appointment and career progression, and were typically selected on the basis of their military experience, service in the police ranks or previous study at the

11081: 1644:

Instead, in December 1918 Borden reorganized the federal Canadian security system by splitting the policing of the country geographically, with the mounted police running the western half and reporting to the

785:

7 and therefore ineligible for government support. Nonetheless, starvation gradually forced the return of most of the newcomers to the United States, and Sitting Bull himself finally surrendered in 1881.

1146:

sometimes required armed government intervention. The militia was most commonly used for this purpose, but the mounted police were cheaper to deploy and were considered to be more politically reliable.

2452:

repeating rifle from 1878 onwards, but the new guns proved quite delicate and did not perform effectively during the 1885 rebellion. In 1895, the force began to replace the ageing Winchesters with the

1313:, concluded that Herchmer was unsuited for military command and retired him from duty. Herchmer complained to the prime minister, who then dismissed him from the police altogether, replacing him with 919:

took a force of police, civilian volunteers and a 7-pounder (3 kg) gun to Fort Carlton and attempted to seize a cache of supplies. In the process, Crozier confronted a larger force of rebels at

846:

between eastern Canada and British Columbia in 1881, with the aim of opening up the north-western territories for settlement. In response, the mounted police moved their headquarters to the town of

2471:. The very limited supplies of ammunition held by the force meant that the police had few opportunities to practice with their weapons, and as a result their marksmanship was typically quite poor. 2321:– issued from the militia stores and chosen on the advice of Colonel Patrick Robertson Ross and Governor Alexander Morris – brown belts, white helmets, grey breeches and brown boots, with a round 11003: 2761:. The popularity of these films finally waned in the 1970s, although this image of the force continued to influence late-20th century television portrayals of the modern RCMP, such as the series 1593:. By December, there were only 303 mounted police left in Canada, primarily focused on border protection, and the intelligence networks created earlier in the war were allowed to wind down. 1251:

and running the mining registration system. The historian Morris Zaslow describes the Yukon as forming a "police state" during this period, and William Morrison has highlighted the force's

594: 2578:

In the early 20th century, the development of the automobile began to make horses redundant for most police work, with the exception of crowd control. The force purchased its first car, a

1001:

the new policy was illegal, as it contravened Treaty 7, which had given guarantees of free movement, but they continued to enforce it for several years. Eventually the force turned to the

406:, had formed a natural barrier to European colonists gradually spreading across from the eastern colonies. As a result, the territories remained thinly populated, with only around 150,000 964:. In turn, Irvine complained about Crozier's behaviour and "the impetuosity displayed by both the police and volunteers" at Duck Lake; when the details became public, Crozier resigned. 10983: 2432:

The mounted police were established to be an armed force, primarily due to the perceived threat from the First Nations on the prairies. The police were initially equipped with the

1378:

Conservative sympathies and his family links to Prime Minister Macdonald. Herchmer's brother William – himself a mounted police superintendent – had arrested the newspaper-owner

10434: 2617:

steamer specially constructed for patrolling in the far north in 1906, but tests demonstrated it burnt through too much fuel, and it was never deployed. By 1919, however, the

951:, but the attack by the advance troops failed and the government forces were forced to retreat. After many delays, Middleton finally attacked the rebel capital, winning the 1496:

until, by the end of the decade, the police presence in Hudson Bay had been reduced to a bare minimum, with the force focusing on reaching out into ever more remote areas.

10973: 10281: 1581:

in Europe, threatening to resign if the police were not allowed to fight. Despite complaints from the military that there was no longer any requirement for cavalry on the

550:

order to enact the new legislation, formally creating the NWMP with the intention of mobilizing the force and deploying it early the next year. A report then arrived from

1475:

to move supplies around the coast. It proved to be a harsh existence for the force, particularly when deliveries of supplies were delayed by bad weather. Work began on a

9893:

Marquis, Greg (2005). "Policing Two Imperial Frontiers: The Royal Irish Constabulary and the North-West Mounted Police". In Knafla, Louis A.; Swainger, Jonathan (eds.).

2039:

The first contingent of police enlisted for a three-year term of service, but later recruits enlisted for five year periods, with the possibility of their purchasing an

740:

of improvements, including to the quality of the commissioned officers. Commissioner French was forced to resign the following year, and was replaced by James Macleod.

11010: 10424: 1883:

The NWMP was commanded by a relatively small team of commissioned officers, having an establishment of 25 officers in its early years, of whom around a quarter were

874: 2066:

Gradual improvement began to be made in the 1880s and 1890s; the later police barracks lost the title of "fort" and were professionally assembled, made from planed

285:

across the region. The living conditions of the NWMP on the prairies were spartan and often uncomfortable, and only slowly improved over the course of the century.

780:

crossed the border despite opposition from the Blackfoot. The mounted police helped to facilitate the negotiations with the Sioux, in which Assistant Commissioner

10668: 1440:

After the Klondike Gold Rush, the mounted police continued to spread their network of posts across the far north. In 1903, a small team of police under Inspector

11153: 2354:

of clothes termed "prairie dress" instead evolved unofficially, becoming the dominant style of uniform in the force by 1900. Prairie dress typically included a

2575:

to carry equipment and supplies, and using oxen as draught animals in the early years of the force. Dog-sled teams and canoes were also used in the far north.

2050:

Early in the force's history, the police lived in buildings that they termed "forts", typically one-storey buildings constructed by the police themselves from

2388:

The force's badge emerged around 1876 and became commonly used by the late 1890s. It comprised a buffalo or bison head, maple leaves, a crown – early on, the

10815: 1421: 747:

being established across the Canadian plains. The government also introduced a new Indian Policy, seeking to sign treaties with the First Nations, establish

633: 296:, the NWMP was redeployed to protect Canada's sovereignty over the region and to manage the influx of prospectors. NWMP volunteers were sent to fight in the 2381:

The first police to deploy to the Yukon equipped themselves with specialized cold-weather clothing, and subsequent detachments were equipped with deer-skin

1835:

became known locally as "the Barracks", and during the 1890s typically held around 200 police at any one time. Many of the force's posts were linked by the

1269: 11117: 10998: 1806:

and constables. Informally, the commissioned officers were often referred to by equivalent army titles, the commissioner being associated with the rank of

1062:

Towards the end of the 19th century, immigration, urbanization and industrialization transformed the territories, destroying the old frontier way of life.

11229: 2860:

observes that as a result "it is hardly surprising" that the ranchers' "relationship with the Police was intimate and almost without exception, cordial".

2513:

The force was also equipped with artillery, primarily to deter attacks from the First Nations. In 1873, the force was assigned two 9-pounder (4 kg)

281:

and was portrayed as an epic journey of endurance. Over the next few years, the NWMP established a wide network of forts, posts and patrols and extended

11209: 1321: 2878:

The First Nation scouts were paid $ 25 a month along with rations; they provided their own horse, although the police equipped them with their saddle.

1130:

for deserting their employment, or alternatively detained under the vagrancy laws. Although the position of organized labour was weak in Canada – the

853:

The mounted police took on a range of tasks associated with the new project. Teams of police escorted the construction teams as they moved across the

9224:

Baker, William (1998a). "Twenty-five Years After: Mounted Police Historiography Since the 1973–74 Centennial of the Force". In Baker, William (ed.).

2522:

Maxim guns were approved for the police, with two more purchased in 1897. A final two bronze 7-pounder guns were donated to the force in 1900 by the

555: 10941: 10274: 2305: 2869:

The term "to patrol" came to take on a wide meaning within the force, covering every form of travel from horseback riding to journeys by steamer.

2495: 1416: 1325: 1184: 585:, who placed more credence on Morris's reports and had his own moral concerns about the whisky trade. These worries were amplified by calls from 1471:

Extending the police's presence across the region was logistically challenging, requiring the creation of a network of new posts and the use of

1079: 10876: 10314: 2936:

As a result of the cutbacks after 1893, and then the new commitments in the Klondike, the patrolling system had to be scaled back considerably.

10429: 788: 1855:– and until 1891 the only short-term jail facilities in the territories were the guardrooms of the force's various divisional headquarters. 805: 593:

from purchasing whisky in Canada. Mackenzie initially suggested sending a joint Canadian-United States military expedition, but, after the

570: 10677: 1601: 10871: 10334: 10267: 10160:

Wilson, Fay (2016). "Booze, Temperance, and Soldiers on the Home Front: The Unraveling of the Image of the Idealised Soldier in Canada".

1261:

NWMP riders caused a sensation in London, and it was from that time onward the romantic image of the Mounties became popular in Britain.

1871: 1150:

As a result, the force was called in to manage industrial disputes on a range of occasions between 1887 and 1906. In the mining town of

756:

with the mounted police. Formal negotiations between the Canadian government and the Blackfoot began in 1877, with Macleod representing

11132: 11122: 10439: 2663: 10686: 1292:

and the strong military tradition within the force. Indeed, Commissioner Herchmer had proposed sending a force of 350 men to join the

313:

and the future of the badly depleted force was once again in doubt. Towards the end of the war, however, fears grew about a potential

288:

By 1896, the government planned to pass policing responsibilities to the provinces and ultimately disband the NWMP. However, with the

11204: 10840: 10799: 10444: 10253: 2681: 628:

The mounted police's deployment onto the plains in 1874 became known as the "March West". The commissioner of the new force, Colonel

359: 9952:

McCoy, Brendam (2000). "Snapshots from the South African War: The F. C. Cantrill Photograph Collection at the Canadian War Museum".

1340:

as part of their uniform, while in turn their distinctive boots were adopted by the police as their official footwear in 1901. The

1305:

Herchmer recruited and commanded a group of 144 mounted police volunteers, who made up almost half of the new 2nd Battalion of the

17: 8232: 3032: 2993:

The first mounted police riding school at Regina burnt down in 1889, and had to be rebuilt in 1889; this too burned down, in 1920.

1383:

critiques of him, along with accusations of a wide range of misdemeanours. The government ordered an investigation, followed by a

1288:

broke out in 1899, many members of the mounted police wanted to volunteer to serve in South Africa, motivated by sympathy for the

11163: 1365: 644:

and wagons, in all stretching out 1.5 miles (2.4 km) along the track. The force took two 9-pounder (4 kg) guns and two

1328:

in London, raised a unit of mounted infantry modelled on the force, believing this would be particularly suitable for taking on

942:

Meanwhile, more than 5,000 militia (the nascent Canadian army after the departure of British troops) commanded by Major-General

11249: 11199: 10914: 10659: 10409: 1851:

for disseminating orders in 1888. The force did not have its own prison – those sentenced to prison terms would be sent to the

1160: 1082:

in the new towns – previously these had been largely ignored – with the police informally regulating the local sex industries.

1034:

any other, leading him to deduct the costs of medical treatment from the venereal diseases from the pay of the men concerned.

11254: 11086: 10937: 10039: 9472: 9214: 1824: 1555:

the force was instead temporarily increased to 1,200 men. The force investigated rumours of conspiracies associated with the

1456:

community there; the decision was also driven by fears that the United States might try to assert sovereignty over the wider

590: 478: 10830: 2507: 1844: 1617:

government in Russia might be covertly orchestrating a campaign of strikes across Canada. In response the Prime Minister,

10850: 10845: 2371: 1014:. These scouts wore an informal uniform and were empowered to arrest other members of their communities, but not whites. 9965:

McIntyre, Kyle (1997). "'Sons of Good Western Stock': The South African War Artefacts of Private Alexander W. Stewart".

1585:, a force of 738 mounted police were sent overseas in May 1918 to form "A" Squadron, and a further 186 were deployed to 514:

Macdonald acquired approval for his new force on May 23, 1873, after Parliament, following a cursory debate, passed the

11194: 10963: 10572: 10104: 9987: 9902: 9883: 9706: 9575: 9556: 9518: 9453: 9333: 9195: 10456: 8207: 7533: 2370:

was the headgear of choice. A standardized form of prairie dress, called patrol dress, was formalized in time for the

11127: 10919: 10607: 10339: 10085: 9537: 9434: 9352: 1346: 1126:. Workers who left their jobs in protest could find themselves arrested by the mounted police under the terms of the 7900: 7879: 2733:

During the 1930s and 1940s, the force became the topic of many radio broadcasts and films. Radio series such as the

2693:, performed for the first time in 1887, which entertained the crowds with cavalry charges and displays with lances. 2329:

Changes were made in 1876, introducing more elaborate uniforms for commissioned officers based on those worn by the

1517: 11239: 10866: 10753: 10743: 10492: 10419: 7921: 7858: 1898: 1293: 1155: 1063: 582: 317:

conspiracy and the authorities tasked the RNWMP to investigate the threat. In the aftermath of the violence of the

31: 270:

if the Americans occupied the NWT that they would not leave and the region would be annexed to the United States.

10612: 10382: 10309: 2433: 1682: 11053: 2374:, featuring a brown duck stable jacket. By the turn of the century, many police were wearing a combination of a 11244: 11214: 11017: 10931: 10925: 10891: 10562: 10547: 10532: 10512: 10329: 10230: 10207: 10066: 9942: 9864: 9832: 9813: 9769: 9742: 9683: 9664: 9611: 9495: 9379: 9308: 9289: 9266: 9239: 6194: 2514: 2341:, which were available until the herds died out. In 1886, the hussar-style uniforms were replaced by a simpler 1646: 1573: 895:

broke out along the North Saskatchewan River valley. Driven by a combination of political and economic issues,

812: 2378:

tunic, cut to resemble the prairie dress tunic, and the Stetson hat, a combination which later became famous.

1827:. This led to a rather disorganized approach, and in 1886 Superintendent Richard Dean issued a revised set of 457:

that had crossed into Canada, fleeing the expansion of the United States military across the southern plains.

11224: 11091: 10789: 10693: 10449: 10349: 10304: 9602:

Harrison, Dick (2004). "Introduction: Selling a Birth-Rite for a Mass of Plottage". In Harrison, Dick (ed.).

2755:. Over 250 films were made about the force in the 20th century, including the highly successful 1936 musical 2751: 2560:, but this was found to be unsuitable for the prairies. After some experimentation, the force settled on the 1002: 551: 326: 101: 2534: 245:

military intervention. The NWMP combined military, police and judicial functions along similar lines to the

10978: 10825: 10708: 10642: 10522: 10482: 2579: 1578: 253:. The NWMP uniforms included red coats deliberately reminiscent of British and Canadian military uniforms. 9798:"The Surveillance State: The Origins of Domestic Intelligence and Counter-subversion in Canada, 1914–1921" 2887:

The mounted police were called in to manage disputes in 1887, 1892, 1894, 1896, 1897, 1901, 1903 and 1906.

11234: 11112: 10794: 10733: 10698: 10597: 10324: 2474:

In addition to rifles and carbines, the police also sometimes carried revolvers. The early recruits used

1582: 1127: 1091: 912: 300:

and, in recognition for that and 30 years of service policing the North-West and Yukon Territories, King

9842:

Lackenbauer, P. Whitney (2001). "The Military and "Mob Rule": The CEF Riots in Calgary, February 1916".

394:

The NWT varied geographically from the extreme conditions of the far north, through to the edges of the

10784: 10738: 10703: 8181: 2518: 2437: 1852: 1341: 1332:

scouting parties. Thirty-three serving members of the police joined the unit, including Superintendent

217:) was a Canadian paramilitary police force, established in 1873, to maintain order in the new Canadian 9589:. Lincoln, Nebraska: Historical Society of Alberta and McClelland and Stewart West. pp. 163–174. 9393:. Lincoln, Nebraska: Historical Society of Alberta and McClelland and Stewart West. pp. 115–137. 1715: 277:

border. Their ill-planned and arduous journey of nearly 900 miles (1,400 km) became known as the

249:. A small, mobile police force was chosen to reduce potential for tensions with the United States and 182: 177: 123: 11219: 11048: 10988: 10958: 10723: 10627: 10587: 10497: 10377: 10290: 9640:"Old Myths Die Hard": The Transformation of the Mounted Police in Alberta and Saskatchewan, 1914–1939 2491: 2088: 1957: 1569: 1476: 1087: 10118:. Lincoln, Nebraska: Historical Society of Alberta and McClelland and Stewart West. pp. 27–49. 9783:. Lincoln, Nebraska: Historical Society of Alberta and McClelland and Stewart West. pp. 50–65. 9720:. Lincoln, Nebraska: Historical Society of Alberta and McClelland and Stewart West. pp. 13–26. 1975: 1661: 11022: 10881: 10835: 10652: 10617: 10602: 9912:

Marsden, Michael T. (1993). "Popular Images of the Canadian Mounted Police and the Texas Rangers".

2557: 2084: 1625:. Cahan envisaged transforming this organization into a much larger secret service, similar to the 843: 831: 669: 524: 257: 246: 10389: 659:

On July 29, the main force then turned off the trail and headed across the much drier and rougher

11168: 10896: 10763: 10567: 10557: 10537: 10527: 10414: 10114:

Stanley, George F. G. (1974). "The Man Who Sketched the Great March". In Dempsey, Hugh A. (ed.).

9251:"The Miners and the Mounties: The Royal North-West Mounted Police and the 1906 Lethbridge Strike" 2672: 2253: 2186: 2135: 2126: 1795: 1689:

into the crowd, killing one man and injuring others. The marchers fled and the strike collapsed.

1673: 1666: 1626: 1306: 1273: 1223: 920: 707: 578: 407: 383: 318: 250: 230: 226: 9805: 9797: 9656: 9648: 9389:

Breen, D. H. (1974). "The Mounted Police and the Ranching Frontier". In Dempsey, Hugh A. (ed.).

9371: 9363: 9258: 9250: 2262: 2195: 1993: 1966: 1122:

The new industrial workforce often lived and worked under very poor conditions, and enjoyed few

699: 11173: 11137: 10886: 10758: 10728: 10622: 10582: 10517: 10507: 10502: 9934: 9926: 9761: 9753: 2757: 2741: 2735: 2586:

The mounted police also purchased various boats for work along Canada's coasts and rivers. The

2393: 2011: 827: 543: 363: 266: 238: 218: 142: 10058: 10050: 9606:(2nd ed.). Alberta: University of Alberta Press and Lone Pine Publishing. pp. 1–20. 9325: 9319: 2490:

was introduced in 1882, but these were felt to be heavy and awkward, and were replaced by the

2002: 1984: 10713: 10647: 10632: 10592: 10552: 10487: 10319: 9997:

Morrison, William Robert (1974). "The North-West Mounted Police and the Klondike Gold Rush".

9231: 9225: 2775: 2449: 2441: 1485: 1357:

renamed the force the Royal Northwest Mounted Police to honour its contributions in the war.

908: 801: 438: 11063: 2280: 2271: 2213: 2146: 1488:

in 1913, where the police established their divisional headquarters. Patrols pushed up into

1086:

lines continued to be constructed, and the police were tasked to assist in the building the

414:

and occasional small groups of Europeans, and more substantial communities of around 12,000

11158: 10820: 10768: 10718: 10637: 9754:"Horse Stealing and the Borderline: The NWMP and the Control of Indian Movement, 1874–1900" 2718: 2646: 2389: 2204: 1913:, which the police based on the corresponding military tradition. Many were members of the 1888: 1761: 1638: 1370: 1310: 972: 899:

and his Métis followers intended to form a provisional government, gain the support of the

892: 847: 793: 724: 629: 387: 164: 10131:

Tranquilla, Ronald (1990). "Ranger and Mountie: Myths of National Identity in Zane Grey's

2945:

The region of New Manitoba was taken into the contract when the province expanded in 1912.

2467:—the SMLE (Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk I)—was introduced in 1902 as the standard police 676:

After resupplying, French led some of his force back east, leaving Assistant Commissioner

430:. Surveys referred to the territories as the "Wild North Land" and the "Great Lone Land". 8: 11043: 2475: 1893: 1672:

The government remained deeply concerned about the Bolshevik threat, and in May 1919 the

1650: 1489: 1441: 1095: 1019: 948: 943: 924: 532: 528: 470: 234: 9549:

Policing the Great Plains: Rangers, Mounties, and the North American Frontier, 1875–1910

1320:

The mounted police influenced the creation of other imperial units during the conflict.

342: 10542: 10344: 10219: 10196: 10175: 10152: 10028: 10014: 9507: 9484: 9278: 9174: 8236: 3036: 2780: 2483: 2448:

already being used by Indian groups in the United States. These were replaced with the

2040: 2031:

Mounted police corporal and a constable, wearing undress or "walking out" uniform, 1885

1860: 1546:

but they had very limited resources; indeed, before the war they had often had to hire

1211: 1164: 1139: 1135: 1029: 1011: 598: 367: 289: 2501:

When the force marched west in 1873, it brought twenty-five British Army 1868 pattern

10259: 10226: 10203: 10182: 10119: 10100: 10081: 10062: 10035: 10030:

Showing the Flag: The Mounted Police and Canadian Sovereignty in the North, 1894–1925

10018: 9983: 9938: 9898: 9879: 9860: 9828: 9809: 9784: 9765: 9738: 9721: 9702: 9695: 9679: 9660: 9626: 9607: 9590: 9571: 9552: 9533: 9514: 9491: 9468: 9449: 9430: 9413: 9407: 9394: 9375: 9348: 9329: 9318:

Bercuson, David Jay (2009) . "The Winnipeg General Strike". In Abella, Irving (ed.).

9304: 9285: 9262: 9235: 9210: 9191: 9178: 2523: 1910: 1773: 1590: 1547: 1538: 1526: 961: 952: 858: 660: 499: 466: 261: 111: 9779:

Jennings, John (1974). "The Plains Indians and the Law". In Dempsey, Hugh A. (ed.).

2927:

ultimately close down the force, which at the time remained the government's intent.

823: 10748: 10354: 10148: 10006: 9927:"The Interlude: The North-West Mounted Police and the Blackfoot Peoples, 1874–1877" 9876:

Policing Canada's Century A History of the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police

9623:

The Riders of the Plains: A Record of the Royal North-West Mounted Police of Canada

9585:

Harrison, Dick (1974). "The Mounted Police in Fiction". In Dempsey, Hugh A. (ed.).

9166: 2487: 2461: 1777: 1605: 1493: 1434: 1314: 586: 563: 427: 419: 379: 222: 7834: 2696:

The first appearance of the mounted police in fiction occurred in Joseph Collin's

10968: 10577: 9188:

Maintain the Right: The Early History of the North West Mounted Police, 1873–1900

6319: 2727: 2564:

of saddle in the 1880s, which was more comfortable for both the rider and horse.

2464: 2453: 2445: 2027: 1543: 1534: 1522: 1457: 1445: 1430: 1392: 1336:, who became their commanding officer. The Strathconas wore the mounted police's 1285: 1277: 1257: 1227: 1055:

Mounted police, c.1900, wearing the new uniform of red, prairie-style tunics and

1051: 981: 936: 884: 861:, thanked the force for its contribution to the final completion of the project. 854: 649: 645: 574: 454: 399: 322: 310: 297: 293: 11038: 2668: 2317:

The first recruits to the force in 1873 were issued uniforms comprising scarlet

1697:

into effect on February 1, 1920, officially marking the end of the older force.

1629:

in the United States, but he soon fell out with Borden and ultimately resigned.

800:

Initially, the police focused their law enforcement efforts on dealing with the

11082:

Civilian Review and Complaints Commission for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police

10010: 9301:

Confrontation at Winnipeg: Labour, Industrial Relations, and the General Strike

9157:

Allen, Douglas W. (2007). "Information Sharing During the Klondike Gold Rush".

2701: 2601:

was acquired to transport the police along the Yukon River, supported by three

2561: 2479: 2318: 1848: 1769: 1649:, and the Dominion Police running the eastern side, under the oversight of the 1634: 1556: 1542:

press. The responsibility for tackling these tasks was assigned to the federal

1384: 1379: 1350: 1289: 1215: 1067: 1007: 781: 757: 748: 641: 442: 403: 9170: 11188: 11058: 10186: 10123: 9788: 9725: 9594: 9417: 9398: 3083: 2705: 2602: 2591: 2548: 2539: 2460:

and did not perform as well as hoped. The program was halted and instead the

1828: 1765: 1622: 1618: 1252: 1143: 1116: 811:

From 1885 onward, the NWMP was charged with the enforcing the apartheid-like

677: 603: 559: 547: 504: 462:

life or property" that resulted from the absence of a formal justice system.

375: 242: 202: 9676:

Spying 101: The RCMP's Secret Activities at Canadian Universities, 1917–1997

9630: 9303:(revised ed.). Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. 7943: 11096: 10051:"Cavalry or Police: Keeping the Peace on Two Adjacent Frontiers, 1870–1900" 2784: 2722:, which was first published in 1878 and later expanded upon several times. 2709: 2690: 2633: 2613:, was purchased for transport on Lake Winnipeg in 1905. The police had the 2405: 2338: 2330: 1876: 1811: 1481: 1468:, including Superintendent John Moodie and a small team of mounted police. 1449: 1403: 1353:

for rescuing a Canadian soldier under heavy fire at Wolve Spruit. In 1904,

1333: 1123: 916: 776: 736: 711: 682: 653: 508: 474: 398:

in the south, covered by flat, semi-arid grasslands. A rocky area known as

395: 282: 256:

The NWMP was established by the Canadian government during the ministry of

10057:. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina. pp. 9933:. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina. pp. 9804:. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina. pp. 9760:. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina. pp. 9655:. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina. pp. 9370:. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina. pp. 9257:. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina. pp. 9230:. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina. pp. 879: 620: 354:

The NWMP was created due to the expansion of the newly formed Dominion of

9897:. Vancouver and Toronto: University of Columbia Press. pp. 185–210. 9716:

Horrall, Stanley W. (1974). "The March West". In Dempsey, Hugh A. (ed.).

9649:"From RNWMP to RCMP: The Power of Myth and the Reality of Transformation" 2857: 2852: 1633:

policing across the whole of Canada. Perry promoted the third option and

1426: 1337: 1243: 1203: 1168: 1131: 728: 652:

to make hay. French had negotiated that the expedition be accompanied by

539: 371: 193: 2400:", meaning "to maintain the right", but after 1915 was altered to read " 1402:

After the 1904 elections, the new provincial governments of Alberta and

1189: 2676: 2426: 2363: 2322: 1914: 1785:

When the NWMP was formed in 1873, it initially had a rank structure of

1472: 1151: 1112: 990: 928: 896: 835: 732: 615: 482: 301: 278: 198: 2421: 2763: 2610: 2595: 2568: 2468: 2457: 2375: 2355: 2310: 2051: 1884: 1840: 1836: 1790: 1786: 1614: 1354: 1232: 1075: 704: 665: 624:

Mounted police in Dead Horse Valley in 1874, depicted by Henri Julien

314: 1742: 9280:

Red Coats on the Prairies: The North-West Mounted Police, 1886–1900

2553: 2346: 2334: 2071: 2059: 2055: 1803: 1799: 1686: 1501: 1461: 1239: 976:

Sketch of Corporal Shaw by Sidney Hall, 1881, wearing dress uniform

932: 765: 761: 720: 520: 446: 423: 30:"North West Mounted Police" redirects here. For the 1940 film, see 2538:

Recruits gathered at the Regina barracks, 1918, showing the large

2345:

version, and dark-blue undress uniforms introduced. In the 1880s,

1879:, c.1917, (l to r) in service order, patrol and full dress uniform 911:

in March, Irvine advanced quickly through the snow from Regina to

481:

recommended establishing a mounted force of up to 150 men under a

415: 9737:. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina. 7944:"History and Uniform of the North West Mounted Police, 1873–1904" 2367: 2359: 2342: 2079: 1902: 1815: 1807: 1751: 1678: 1586: 1560: 1453: 1248: 1056: 769: 434: 274: 10078:

Gamblers and Dreamers: Women, Men, and Community in the Klondike

9980:

Painting the Map Red Canada and the South African War, 1899–1902

2745:

continued the portrayal of the mounted police as iconic heroes,

1317:, a career policeman and a supporter of the Liberal government. 743:

Meanwhile, the frontier was changing rapidly, with large cattle

10248: 2856:

the country and goes in for ranching as soon as he comes out".

2712:'s works proved particularly popular and influential. Connor's 2067: 1733: 1724: 939:

was forced to flee Fort Pitt with his men on a makeshift boat.

818: 458: 355: 347: 237:

and in response to lawlessness, demonstrated by the subsequent

146: 132: 10198:

Prelude to Bonanza: The Discovery and Exploration of the Yukon

558:, blaming the massacre on the activities of whisky traders at 362:

during the 1870s. The Dominion had been formed in 1867 by the

9825:

Tributes to the Scarlet Riders: An Anthology of Mountie Poems

9465:

The Gold Crusades: A Social History of Gold Rushes, 1849–1929

2502: 2382: 1194: 1115:

in 1911, where the mounted police deployed to manage several

744: 640:

divisions, supported by 310 horses, 143 draught oxen and 187

450: 411: 9857:

The North-West Mounted Police and Law Enforcement, 1873–1905

9530:

The First Contingent: The North-West Mounted Police, 1873–74

9425:

Coates, Ken (1994). "Introduction". In Adney, Tappan (ed.).

2767:

which centred on a mounted police constable from the Yukon.

546:, creating a national furore. In response, Macdonald used a 10435:

Combined Forces Special Enforcement Unit – British Columbia

2572: 2075: 1329: 1107: 900: 273:

In 1874, the NWMP were deployed to the area of the present

10425:

British Columbia Commercial Vehicle Safety and Enforcement

9697:

The Pictorial History of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police

7941: 1810:, with superintendents and inspectors using the titles of 597:

and others noted the serious implications of inviting the

449:, and were under increasing pressure from rival groups of 9364:"Pioneers and Police on the Canadian Prairies, 1885–1914" 2517:

and two 5.63 calibre brass mortars; a further four brass

1843:, with the communications encrypted when necessary using 1387:, both of which cleared Herchmer of any serious charges. 1238:

The mounted police established their headquarters in the

875:

North-West Mounted Police during the North-West Rebellion

10335:

Environment and Climate Change Canada Enforcement Branch

9859:. Toronto and Buffalo, US: University of Toronto Press. 5992: 5990: 2498:, were purchased for use by undercover police officers. 2425:

Reconstruction of mounted police weapons and uniform at

2289: 2222: 2155: 764:

established reserves for the Blackfoot, in exchange for

486:

border region itself and establish law and order there.

9568:

Nation Maker Sir John A. Macdonald: His Life, Our Times

9321:

On Strike: Six Key Labour Struggles in Canada 1919–1949

8557: 8555: 2964:

A territorial jail was finally built in Regina in 1891.

2730:

plot-lines, but using Canadian characters and scenery.

2362:

for wet weather, and leather leggings, combined with a

1621:, created a Public Safety Branch led by the politician 531:, but he was forced to abandon this approach after the 426:

and a further 8,500 European settlers in the colony of

10289: 842:

The Canadian government began the construction of the

681:

Ottawa to garrison the area and settled down to build

477:. Meanwhile, a survey conducted in 1871 by Lieutenant 11011:

Régie intermunicipale de police de la Rivière-du-Nord

10816:

Calgary Transit Public Safety and Enforcement Section

9625:(6th ed.). London and New York: Andrew Melrose. 6436: 6434: 6366: 6364: 5987: 1231:

controlled mountain passes, equipping the posts with

915:, which he garrisoned with 90 police. Superintendent 378:, but the extensive lands to the north-west known as 11118:

List of law enforcement agencies in British Columbia

9409:

The Royal North-West Mounted Police: A Corps History

8552: 3288: 3286: 2594:, but it capsized later the same year. In 1902, the 2583:

Service", but it was turned down by the government.

2396:– and the police's motto. The motto originally ran " 686:

epic story of bravery, endurance and determination.

441:, a First Nation whose economy was based on hunting 265:

that the activities of American traders such as the

10080:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. 10034:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. 9513:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. 9486:

National Dreams: Myth, Memory, and Canadian History

9429:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. 8208:"History April 13, The RCMP "always get their man"" 7111: 7109: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7051: 7049: 6463: 6461: 6086: 6084: 4172: 4170: 4168: 3084:

History of the RCMP | Royal Canadian Mounted Police

1138:grew significantly over this period. The resulting 1134:only had very limited legal rights – the number of 980:In the years after the rebellion, the government's 838:

of the mounted police stands third right from Smith

573:government then fell from power as a result of the 10218: 10195: 10174: 10027: 9733:Horrall, Stanley W. (1998). Baker, William (ed.). 9694: 9506: 9483: 9277: 7835:"The Mystery of The Mountie and The Mixed Up Rank" 6932: 6930: 6928: 6649: 6647: 6431: 6361: 6249: 6247: 4732: 4730: 2749:later translating onto television in the 1950s as 2636:were patrolling the far north and the west coast. 2590:, a sailing vessel, was bought in 1890 for use on 927:. Emboldened, some of the Cree leaders, including 923:, where his detachment came off much worse in the 10669:Service de police de l’agglomération de Longueuil 10055:The Mounted Police and Prairie Society, 1873–1919 9931:The Mounted Police and Prairie Society, 1873–1919 9895:The Mounted Police and Prairie Society, 1873–1919 9802:The Mounted Police and Prairie Society, 1873–1919 9758:The Mounted Police and Prairie Society, 1873–1919 9735:The Mounted Police and Prairie Society, 1873–1919 9653:The Mounted Police and Prairie Society, 1873–1919 9368:The Mounted Police and Prairie Society, 1873–1919 9255:The Mounted Police and Prairie Society, 1873–1919 9227:The Mounted Police and Prairie Society, 1873–1919 3664: 3662: 3375: 3373: 3283: 2494:in 1904. Smaller pocket revolvers, including the 589:for Ottawa to secure the frontier and so prevent 556:Lieutenant Governor of the North-West Territories 11186: 10942:Office of the Independent Police Review Director 9509:Gold at Fortymile Creek: Early Days in the Yukon 8182:"Maintiens le Droit | The Canadian Encyclopedia" 7106: 7089: 7046: 6458: 6081: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4165: 3213: 3211: 2567:The police did not rely solely on horses, using 1700: 1665:The mounted police on June 21, 1919, during the 648:for additional protection, cattle for food, and 523:. He was heavily influenced by the model of the 9642:(Ph.D.). Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan. 9324:. Toronto: James Lorimer and Company. pp. 8235:, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, archived from 6925: 6644: 6244: 6195:"Canada & The South African War, 1899–1902" 4727: 3035:, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, archived from 2337:, although the police preferred wearing warmer 1760:Mounted police commissioners, (left to right): 1417:North-West Mounted Police in the Canadian north 1345:seven casualties during the conflict. Sergeant 1185:North-West Mounted Police in the Canadian north 775:At the same time, the police were managing the 694: 433:The Canadian border along the southern edge of 10877:Integrated National Security Enforcement Teams 10315:Canadian Forces National Investigation Service 8206:International, Radio Canada (April 13, 2015). 6622: 6620: 6141: 6139: 3659: 3370: 2779:Statue commemorating the meeting of Inspector 1537:in 1914, the government became concerned that 10430:British Columbia Conservation Officer Service 10275: 9551:. Lincoln, US: University of Nebraska Press. 9275: 8749: 8685: 8669: 8657: 8645: 8530: 8526: 8524: 8511: 8499: 8487: 8475: 8463: 8451: 8447: 8445: 8424: 8420: 8418: 8409: 8405: 8403: 8394: 8378: 8366: 8362: 8360: 8358: 8356: 8343: 8331: 8315: 8303: 8291: 8287: 8285: 8276: 8264: 8260: 8258: 8205: 8141: 8129: 8113: 8097: 8085: 8081: 8079: 8070: 8058: 8034: 8010: 8006: 8004: 7808: 7796: 7792: 7790: 7769: 7745: 7733: 7701: 7689: 7661: 7649: 7637: 7621: 7585: 7520: 7504: 7500: 7498: 7489: 7477: 7465: 7441: 7429: 7409: 7393: 7377: 7353: 7341: 7305: 7293: 7274: 7262: 7246: 7206: 7194: 7182: 7167: 6683: 6681: 6664: 6662: 6313: 6293: 6265: 6238: 6032: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5491: 5416: 5344: 5328: 5280: 5268: 5039: 4955: 4943: 4927: 4880: 4665: 4649: 4557: 4286: 3208: 2476:.44 calibre Smith & Wesson American Model 1589:to support the British forces engaged in the 967: 634:British and United States Boundary Commission 11008: 10684: 10675: 10666: 10657: 10454: 10387: 10221:The Opening of the Canadian North, 1870–1914 10097:The Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 1873–1987 9345:Klondike: The Last Great Gold Rush 1896–1899 9112: 9110: 8641: 8639: 8637: 7853: 7851: 7289: 7287: 7178: 7176: 5479: 5477: 4110: 4108: 2817: 1360: 993:schemes and helping with veterinary issues. 819:Construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway 535:of 1870 called their loyalty into question. 489: 66: 10872:Canadian Pacific Kansas City Police Service 9841: 9412:. Montreal and Ottawa: The Mortimer Press. 6755: 6617: 6136: 4067: 4065: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 2350:each produced slightly different variants. 1847:. Typewriters were acquired in 1886, and a 1410: 321:, the government amalgamated the RNWMP and 11230:Defunct law enforcement agencies of Canada 11133:Provincial correctional services in Canada 11123:List of law enforcement agencies in Canada 10440:Organized Crime Agency of British Columbia 10282: 10268: 10130: 9462: 8909: 8521: 8442: 8415: 8400: 8353: 8282: 8255: 8076: 8001: 7787: 7495: 6678: 6659: 5828: 5736: 5533: 3549: 3547: 2664:North-West Mounted Police in popular media 1507: 1064:Three million immigrants arrived in Canada 1046: 1041: 689: 386:as a proprietary colony. The new Dominion 11210:19th-century colonization of the Americas 10841:University of Alberta Protective Services 10678:Service de police de la Ville de Montréal 10445:High Sheriff of Newfoundland and Labrador 9204: 9107: 8634: 8584: 8582: 8164: 8162: 7848: 7284: 7173: 6381: 6379: 5956: 5474: 4891: 4889: 4105: 1892:white Canadian society. They depended on 1066:between 1910 and 1914, many of them from 956:Regina, given a short trial, and hanged. 566:before winter weather blocked the route. 10025: 9996: 9964: 9924: 9878:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 9778: 9678:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 9601: 9584: 9546: 9527: 9467:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 9405: 9317: 9298: 8977: 8961: 8949: 8937: 8929: 8913: 8889: 8885: 8873: 8857: 8845: 8805: 8777: 8773: 8761: 8721: 8697: 8673: 8628: 8616: 8604: 8534: 8153: 7820: 7721: 7565: 7413: 7365: 7329: 7313: 7234: 7230: 7218: 7067: 7055: 7040: 7028: 6863: 6638: 6626: 6611: 6599: 6587: 6575: 6563: 6551: 6539: 6527: 6515: 6503: 6491: 6297: 6161: 6145: 5964: 5960: 5932: 5928: 5912: 5888: 5860: 5840: 5804: 5792: 5784: 5704: 5700: 5656: 5640: 5616: 5588: 5560: 5544: 5523: 5507: 5483: 5468: 5452: 5432: 5404: 5284: 5252: 5224: 4967: 4852: 4840: 4788: 4776: 4760: 4748: 4717: 4705: 4621: 4609: 4569: 4264: 4122: 4114: 4095: 4062: 4000: 3998: 3989: 3977: 3965: 3953: 3924: 3912: 3900: 3888: 3872: 3840: 3784: 3158: 3154: 3138: 3122: 3106: 3094: 3016: 2851:The Canadian ranch owners were often of 2774: 2667: 2533: 2420: 2304: 2095:military equivalent of their NWMP rank. 2026: 1870: 1866: 1660: 1600: 1516: 1420: 1364: 1268: 1188: 1106: 1050: 971: 907:When the rebellion finally broke out in 878: 822: 787: 698: 619: 498: 445:. The Blackfoot had suffered badly from 341: 192: 11164:Rotary Museum of Police and Corrections 10687:Service de police de la Ville de Québec 10172: 10113: 10094: 10075: 9911: 9892: 9873: 9854: 9732: 9715: 9692: 9481: 9276:Beahen, William; Horrall, Stan (1998). 9089: 8997: 8933: 8917: 8600: 8588: 8573: 8561: 8515: 8382: 8347: 8319: 8168: 8117: 8046: 7967: 7781: 7717: 7677: 7609: 7601: 7589: 7581: 7453: 7417: 7397: 7381: 7278: 7258: 7131: 7115: 7100: 7079: 7012: 7000: 6968: 6952: 6903: 6879: 6847: 6827: 6815: 6795: 6783: 6723: 6711: 6691: 6479: 6467: 6452: 6440: 6425: 6409: 6397: 6385: 6370: 6355: 6343: 6339: 6301: 6281: 6269: 6253: 6226: 6214: 6177: 6126: 6090: 6071: 6020: 6008: 5996: 5981: 5824: 5812: 5788: 5752: 5732: 5628: 5576: 5564: 5511: 5495: 5440: 5420: 5392: 5380: 5332: 5316: 5300: 5288: 5200: 5188: 5176: 5159: 5144: 5132: 5120: 5103: 5091: 5079: 5067: 5055: 5043: 5027: 5015: 5003: 4991: 4979: 4915: 4895: 4868: 4828: 4812: 4681: 4677: 4653: 4637: 4625: 4545: 4517: 4493: 4481: 4453: 4437: 4421: 4369: 4353: 4337: 4321: 4216: 4126: 4099: 3892: 3868: 3856: 3800: 3788: 3772: 3760: 3756: 3740: 3736: 3724: 3680: 3668: 3649: 3633: 3617: 3613: 3597: 3569: 3553: 3544: 3538: 3510: 3494: 3482: 3478: 3466: 3462: 3450: 3446: 3444: 3435: 3431: 3419: 3407: 3395: 3391: 3379: 3364: 3352: 3340: 3336: 3324: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3292: 3277: 3273: 3261: 3257: 3245: 3229: 3198: 3182: 3170: 2529: 2496:Smith & Wesson .38 calibre Revolver 1349:, a member of the Strathconas, won the 1102: 868: 538:In June 1873, around 30 members of the 346:Map showing the westwards expansion of 14: 11187: 11004:Prince Edward Island Provincial Police 10915:Alberta Serious Incident Response Team 10660:Service de police de la Ville de Laval 10410:Alberta Law Enforcement Response Teams 10216: 10193: 10159: 10048: 9977: 9795: 9751: 9673: 9646: 9637: 9620: 9443: 9424: 9342: 9248: 9223: 9140: 9136: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9101: 9085: 9073: 9061: 9049: 9045: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9013: 9009: 8985: 8981: 8965: 8905: 8901: 8861: 8821: 8809: 8793: 8781: 8737: 8733: 8709: 8579: 8546: 8159: 7995: 7983: 7971: 7963: 7713: 7605: 7325: 7309: 7083: 7016: 6988: 6984: 6972: 6956: 6948: 6936: 6919: 6907: 6899: 6887: 6883: 6875: 6851: 6843: 6831: 6811: 6799: 6779: 6767: 6751: 6739: 6727: 6707: 6695: 6687: 6672: 6668: 6653: 6376: 6317: 6102: 6059: 6055: 6053: 6044: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5952: 5936: 5916: 5900: 5872: 5856: 5844: 5808: 5768: 5756: 5748: 5728: 5684: 5624: 5620: 5604: 5592: 5548: 5527: 5487: 5456: 5436: 5256: 5240: 5228: 5212: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5155: 5153: 5116: 5114: 5112: 4931: 4911: 4886: 4856: 4188: 4176: 4159: 4138: 4118: 4016: 4004: 3916: 3844: 3712: 3696: 3233: 3217: 3202: 3186: 3142: 3126: 3110: 1521:Mounted police in training during the 1161:Alberta Railway and Irrigation Company 887:and his men evacuating Fort Pitt, 1885 11087:Military Police Complaints Commission 10263: 10202:. Sidney, Canada: Gray's Publishing. 9982:. Montreal: McGill University Press. 9951: 9504: 9446:The Mountie From Dime Novel to Disney 9388: 9361: 9190:. London and Basingstoke: Macmillan. 9185: 9156: 8436: 8249: 8101: 8022: 7832: 7757: 7673: 7625: 7569: 7553: 7508: 7155: 7143: 7127: 6413: 6189: 6173: 6149: 6130: 6114: 6075: 5948: 5876: 5780: 5716: 5696: 5680: 5668: 5652: 5368: 5356: 5312: 4907: 4824: 4808: 4796: 4792: 4764: 4736: 4721: 4693: 4597: 4585: 4573: 4533: 4521: 4505: 4469: 4457: 4441: 4425: 4409: 4397: 4385: 4373: 4357: 4341: 4325: 4309: 4297: 4280: 4268: 4252: 4240: 4228: 4212: 4200: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4083: 4071: 4056: 4044: 4032: 4020: 3995: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3920: 3896: 3876: 3828: 3816: 3804: 3744: 3700: 3684: 3653: 3637: 3621: 3601: 3585: 3573: 3557: 3526: 3514: 3498: 2456:carbine, but these rifles still used 1178: 221:(NWT) following the 1870 transfer of 10831:McMaster University Security Service 9822: 9565: 8833: 7922:"Staff Sergeant in Full Dress, 1886" 7664:, pp. 171–174, 232–234, 239–240 3941: 3441: 3071: 3059: 3055: 3053: 2300: 1789:, sub-inspectors, staff constables, 1681:. On June 21, which became known as 1212:huge amounts of gold were discovered 1159:between the company, now called the 1078:. Attempts were made to enforce the 883:Contemporary depiction of Inspector 197:North-West Mounted Police officers, 10851:YRT/Viva Special Constable Services 10846:University of Toronto Campus Safety 10225:. Toronto: McClelland and Steward. 6050: 5970: 5165: 5150: 5109: 1839:network and, from 1885 onwards, by 949:column surprised Poundmakers's camp 24: 10964:British Columbia Provincial Police 10573:Kennebecasis Regional Police Force 10291:Law enforcement agencies in Canada 10153:10.1111/j.0022-3840.1990.2403_69.x 7942:Jack L. Summers; Renee Chartrand. 4144: 3930: 2652: 2288: 2279: 2270: 2261: 2252: 2221: 2212: 2203: 2194: 2185: 2154: 2145: 2134: 2125: 2010: 2001: 1992: 1983: 1974: 1965: 1956: 1596: 1512: 1264: 703:Mounted police and members of the 503:Mounted police preparing to leave 25: 11266: 11128:List of police firearms in Canada 10920:Independent Investigations Office 10800:Stl’atl’imx Tribal Police Service 10608:New Westminster Police Department 10241: 10026:Morrison, William Robert (1985). 9490:. Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press. 7901:"Sergeant-Major in Undress, 1890" 7880:"Staff Sergeant in Undress, 1879" 3050: 2770: 11205:1920 disestablishments in Canada 11154:Ontario Provincial Police Museum 10867:Canadian National Police Service 10754:West Vancouver Police Department 10744:Waterloo Regional Police Service 10420:British Columbia Sheriff Service 10247: 10095:Ross, David; May, Robin (1988). 9701:. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson. 9130: 9095: 9079: 9067: 9055: 9039: 9019: 9003: 8991: 8971: 8955: 8943: 8923: 8895: 8879: 8867: 8851: 8839: 8827: 8815: 8799: 8787: 8767: 8755: 8743: 8727: 8715: 8703: 8691: 8679: 8663: 8651: 8622: 8610: 8594: 8567: 8540: 8505: 8493: 8481: 8469: 8457: 8430: 8388: 8372: 8337: 8325: 8309: 8297: 8270: 8225: 8199: 8174: 8147: 8135: 8123: 8107: 8091: 8064: 8052: 8040: 8028: 8016: 7989: 7977: 7957: 7935: 7914: 7893: 7872: 7826: 7823:, pp. 114–115, 128, 133–136 7814: 7802: 7775: 7763: 7751: 7739: 7727: 7707: 7695: 7683: 7667: 7655: 7643: 7631: 7615: 7595: 7575: 7559: 7547: 7526: 7514: 7483: 7471: 7459: 7447: 7435: 7423: 7403: 7387: 7371: 7359: 7347: 7335: 7319: 7299: 7268: 7252: 7240: 7224: 7212: 7200: 7188: 7161: 7149: 7137: 7121: 7073: 7061: 7034: 7022: 7006: 6994: 6978: 6962: 6942: 6913: 6893: 6869: 6857: 6837: 6821: 6805: 6789: 6773: 6761: 6745: 6733: 6717: 6701: 6632: 6605: 6593: 6581: 6569: 6557: 6545: 6533: 6521: 6509: 6497: 6485: 6473: 6446: 6419: 6403: 6391: 6349: 6333: 6307: 6287: 6275: 6259: 6232: 6220: 6208: 6183: 6167: 6155: 6120: 6108: 6096: 6065: 6038: 6026: 6014: 6002: 5942: 5922: 5906: 5894: 5882: 5866: 5850: 5834: 5818: 5798: 5774: 5762: 5742: 5722: 5710: 5690: 5674: 5662: 5646: 5634: 5610: 5598: 5582: 5570: 5554: 5517: 5501: 5462: 5446: 5426: 5410: 5398: 5386: 5374: 5362: 5350: 5338: 5322: 5306: 5294: 5274: 5262: 5246: 5234: 5218: 5206: 5194: 5182: 5138: 5126: 5097: 5085: 5073: 5061: 5049: 5033: 5021: 5009: 4997: 4985: 4973: 4961: 4949: 4937: 4921: 4901: 4874: 4862: 4846: 4834: 4818: 4802: 4782: 4770: 4754: 4742: 4711: 4699: 4687: 4671: 4659: 4643: 4631: 4615: 4603: 4591: 4579: 4563: 4551: 4539: 4527: 4511: 4499: 4487: 4475: 2996: 2987: 2977: 2967: 2958: 2948: 2939: 2930: 2920: 2910: 2900: 2890: 2881: 2872: 2863: 2845: 2835: 2657: 2515:Mark I muzzle-loading field guns 1750: 1741: 1732: 1723: 1714: 1452:of Inuit women by the transient 1156:Alberta Railway and Coal Company 542:First Nation were killed in the 10984:New Brunswick Provincial Police 10613:Niagara Regional Police Service 10457:Unité permanente anticorruption 10383:Royal Newfoundland Constabulary 10310:Canadian Forces Military Police 10177:Big Pan-Out: The Klondike Story 9999:Journal of Contemporary History 9159:The Journal of Economic History 9149: 6629:, pp. 86, 152–153, 156–157 4463: 4447: 4431: 4415: 4403: 4391: 4379: 4363: 4347: 4331: 4315: 4303: 4274: 4258: 4246: 4234: 4222: 4206: 4194: 4182: 4132: 4089: 4077: 4050: 4038: 4026: 4010: 3983: 3971: 3959: 3947: 3906: 3882: 3862: 3850: 3834: 3822: 3810: 3794: 3778: 3766: 3750: 3730: 3718: 3706: 3690: 3674: 3643: 3627: 3607: 3591: 3579: 3563: 3532: 3520: 3504: 3488: 3472: 3456: 3425: 3413: 3401: 3385: 3358: 3346: 3330: 3318: 3298: 3267: 3251: 3239: 3223: 3192: 3176: 3164: 3148: 2825: 2556:, mostly of the British Army's 2434:Snider-Enfield Carbine Mark III 1798:, inspectors, staff sergeants, 1656: 1425:Mounted police patrolling from 1193:Mounted police deployed to the 11018:Saskatchewan Provincial Police 10932:Serious Incident Response Team 10926:Independent Investigation Unit 10892:Metro Vancouver Transit Police 10563:Halton Regional Police Service 10548:Greater Sudbury Police Service 10533:Durham Regional Police Service 10513:Central Saanich Police Service 10330:Correctional Service of Canada 9448:. Toronto: Between the Lines. 8186:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca 7859:"Earliest Known Picture, 1874" 3132: 3116: 3100: 3088: 3077: 3065: 2816:The motto was altered to read 2810: 2562:Western, or Californian, style 2091:during the winter of 1910–11. 2022: 1647:President of the Privy Council 1574:Saskatchewan Provincial Police 830:driving the last spike of the 802:illegal consumption of alcohol 473:, and then by the threat of a 156:As per operations jurisdiction 50:Royal Northwest Mounted Police 13: 1: 11250:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 11200:1873 establishments in Canada 11092:Toronto Police Services Board 10821:GO Transit Special Constables 10790:Nishnawbe-Aski Police Service 10694:Saugeen Shores Police Service 10523:Charlottetown Police Services 10450:Ontario conservation officers 10350:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 10305:Canada Border Services Agency 9406:Chambers, Ernest. J. (1906). 9299:Bercuson, David Jay (1990) . 9209:. Vancouver: Whitecap Books. 5751:, pp. 269–274, 421–431; 4763:, pp. 134–136, 144–146; 3010: 2752:Sergeant Preston of the Yukon 2682:Sergeant Preston of the Yukon 2440:, but these were single-shot 1701:Organization and working life 806:Department for Indian Affairs 609: 337: 327:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 102:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 11255:Uniformed services of Canada 11039:Aircraft Protective Officers 10979:New Brunswick Highway Patrol 10826:Niagara Parks Police Service 10709:Summerside Police Department 10643:Port Moody Police Department 10483:Abbotsford Police Department 9827:. Nanooose: Heritage House. 9693:Horrall, Stanley W. (1973). 9547:Graybill, Andrew R. (2007). 6320:"Herchmer, Lawrence William" 2639: 2519:7-pounder Mark II field guns 2411: 1705: 1579:Canadian Expeditionary Force 1504:and cook for their patrols. 1247:telegraph system, acting as 695:Relations with First Nations 494: 27:Former Canadian police force 7: 11113:Indigenous police in Canada 10938:Special Investigations Unit 10795:Treaty Three Police Service 10734:Vancouver Police Department 10699:South Simcoe Police Service 10598:Medicine Hat Police Service 10053:. In Baker, William (ed.). 9929:. In Baker, William (ed.). 9800:. In Baker, William (ed.). 9756:. In Baker, William (ed.). 9651:. In Baker, William (ed.). 9621:Haydon, Arthur L. (1926) . 9604:Best Mounted Police Stories 9570:. Toronto: Vintage Canada. 9463:Fetherling, George (1997). 9366:. In Baker, William (ed.). 9253:. In Baker, William (ed.). 9205:Backhouse, Frances (1995). 6318:Horall, Stanley W. (1998), 2416: 1875:Mounted police officers at 1448:to investigate the alleged 465:In 1869, the government of 402:, which was unsuitable for 366:of the British colonies of 10: 11271: 11049:Bylaw enforcement officers 10974:Manitoba Provincial Police 10785:Anishinabek Police Service 10778:Indigenous police services 10739:Victoria Police Department 10724:Thunder Bay Police Service 10141:Journal of Popular Culture 10076:Porsild, Charlene (1998). 10011:10.1177/002200947400900204 9914:Studies in Popular Culture 9796:Kealey, George S. (1998). 9528:Goldring, Phillip (1979). 9347:. Toronto: Anchor Canada. 2661: 2508:1908 pattern cavalry sword 2438:Snider-Enfield Short Rifle 1433:in 1909, led by Constable 1414: 1342:South African Constabulary 1326:Canadian High Commissioner 1222:The borders in the region 1182: 968:Operations on the prairies 872: 796:, with 7-pounder gun, 1885 613: 577:, and was replaced by the 332: 29: 11195:North-West Mounted Police 11146: 11105: 11072: 11031: 11009: 10994:North-West Mounted Police 10989:Newfoundland Ranger Force 10959:Alberta Provincial Police 10951: 10905: 10859: 10808: 10777: 10685: 10676: 10667: 10658: 10628:Oak Bay Police Department 10588:Lethbridge Police Service 10498:Brockville Police Service 10493:Belleville Police Service 10471: 10455: 10400: 10388: 10378:Ontario Provincial Police 10370: 10363: 10297: 10194:Wright, Allen A. (1976). 10181:. London: Phoenix House. 10173:Winslow, Kathryn (1952). 10162:Canadian Military History 9967:Canadian Military History 9954:Canadian Military History 9844:Canadian Military History 9823:Kuhn, Edgar, ed. (2003). 9674:Hewitt, Steve R. (2002). 9647:Hewitt, Steve R. (1998). 9638:Hewitt, Steve R. (1997). 9171:10.1017/S0022050707000459 9104:, pp. 88–86, 111–112 8750:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8686:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8670:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8658:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8646:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8531:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8512:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8500:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8488:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8476:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8464:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8452:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8425:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8410:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8395:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8379:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8367:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8344:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8332:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8316:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8304:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8292:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8277:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8265:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8142:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8130:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8114:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8098:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8086:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8071:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8059:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8035:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8011:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7809:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7797:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7770:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7746:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7734:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7702:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7690:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7662:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7650:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7638:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7622:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7586:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7521:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7507:, pp. 156–157, 167; 7505:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7490:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7478:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7466:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7442:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7430:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7410:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7394:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7378:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7354:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7342:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7306:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7294:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7275:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7263:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7247:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7207:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7195:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7183:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7168:Beahen & Horrall 1998 6987:, pp. 340–341, 344; 6314:Beahen & Horrall 1998 6294:Beahen & Horrall 1998 6266:Beahen & Horrall 1998 6239:Beahen & Horrall 1998 6033:Beahen & Horrall 1998 5931:, pp. 40–41, 50–51; 5875:, pp. 154, 248–249; 5623:, pp. 140, 160–168; 5510:, pp. 169–170, 173; 5492:Beahen & Horrall 1998 5417:Beahen & Horrall 1998 5345:Beahen & Horrall 1998 5329:Beahen & Horrall 1998 5281:Beahen & Horrall 1998 5269:Beahen & Horrall 1998 5040:Beahen & Horrall 1998 4956:Beahen & Horrall 1998 4944:Beahen & Horrall 1998 4928:Beahen & Horrall 1998 4881:Beahen & Horrall 1998 4666:Beahen & Horrall 1998 4650:Beahen & Horrall 1998 4558:Beahen & Horrall 1998 2492:Colt New Service Revolver 2372:1897 Jubilee celebrations 2231: 2164: 2105: 2100: 1929: 1845:Slater's Telegraphic Code 1361:Controversy and criticism 1163:, and the workforce over 727:, Edmonton, Winnipeg and 490:Establishment (1873–1874) 382:remained governed by the 211:North-West Mounted Police 170: 160: 152: 138: 128:(Operations jurisdiction) 122: 117: 107: 97: 89: 81: 76: 62: 54: 48:North-West Mounted Police 47: 33:North West Mounted Police 11023:Shelburne Police Service 10882:Integrated Security Unit 10836:Transit Enforcement Unit 10704:Stratford Police Service 10653:Saskatoon Police Service 10618:North Bay Police Service 10603:Nelson Police Department 10254:Northwest Mounted Police 10049:Morton, Desmond (1998). 9925:Mayfield, B. J. (1998). 9532:. Ottawa: Parks Canada. 9482:Francis, Daniel (1997). 9444:Dawson, Michael (1998). 9284:. Regina: Centax Books. 9249:Baker, William (1998b). 5755:, pp. 16, 201–203; 3260:, pp. 3–4, 11, 18; 2803: 2488:Enfield Mark II revolver 1533:When Canada entered the 1411:Expansion into the north 1128:Masters and Servants Act 844:Canadian Pacific Railway 832:Canadian Pacific Railway 525:Royal Irish Constabulary 247:Royal Irish Constabulary 118:Jurisdictional structure 18:Northwest Mounted Police 11240:Legal history of Canada 11169:Vancouver Police Museum 10897:Via Rail Police Service 10764:Winnipeg Police Service 10568:Hamilton Police Service 10558:Halifax Regional Police 10538:Edmonton Police Service 10528:Delta Police Department 10415:Alberta Sheriffs Branch 10217:Zaslow, Morris (1971). 9978:Miller, Carman (1993). 9855:Macleod, R. C. (1976). 9505:Gates, Michael (1997). 9343:Berton, Pierre (2001). 8752:, pp. 229, 286–288 8454:, pp. 275–276, 280 7811:, pp. 204–205, 302 7480:, pp. 156–157, 167 6730:, pp. 103, 155–172 6602:, pp. 143–144, 150 6590:, pp. 131, 136–139 6322:, University of Toronto 5967:, pp. 102, 104–105 4708:, pp. 110–111, 118 4600:, pp. 219–220, 239 4588:, pp. 239–240, 253 4047:, pp. 115–116, 120 2698:The Story of Louis Riel 1939:Assistant commissioner 1674:Winnipeg General Strike 1667:Winnipeg General Strike 1627:Bureau of Investigation 1508:Final years (1914–1920) 1307:Canadian Mounted Rifles 1274:Canadian Mounted Rifles 1047:Growth of urban centres 1042:Later years (1895–1914) 794:Regina, Assiniboia, NWT 690:Early years (1874–1895) 319:Winnipeg General Strike 227:North-Western Territory 178:Federal law enforcement 139:Operations jurisdiction 72:"To Maintain the Right" 11174:Winnipeg Police Museum 11138:Police ranks in Canada 10887:Ottawa By-law Services 10809:Special constabularies 10759:Windsor Police Service 10729:Toronto Police Service 10623:Nunavik Police Service 10583:Lacombe Police Service 10518:Cobourg Police Service 10508:Camrose Police Service 10503:Calgary Police Service 9874:Marquis, Greg (1993). 9752:Hubner, Brian (1998). 9566:Gywn, Richard (2012). 9186:Atkin, Ronald (1973). 8672:, pp. 24–25, 55; 2818: 2788: 2742:Challenge of the Yukon 2736:Renfrew of the Mounted 2685: 2649:remained substandard. 2543: 2444:, and inferior to the 2429: 2314: 2293: 2284: 2275: 2266: 2257: 2226: 2217: 2208: 2199: 2190: 2159: 2150: 2139: 2130: 2032: 2015: 2006: 1997: 1988: 1979: 1970: 1961: 1925:Commissioned officers 1899:Royal Military College 1880: 1669: 1609: 1530: 1477:railroad to Hudson Bay 1437: 1374: 1369:RNWMP Headquarters in 1290:British imperial cause 1281: 1198: 1119: 1094:lines, as well as the 1059: 977: 888: 839: 797: 715: 625: 544:Cypress Hills Massacre 511: 471:rebellion of the Métis 351: 267:Cypress Hills Massacre 239:Cypress Hills Massacre 219:North-West Territories 206: 143:North-West Territories 67: 42:Law enforcement agency 11245:Prohibition in Canada 11215:British North America 10714:Surrey Police Service 10648:Regina Police Service 10633:Ottawa Police Service 10593:London Police Service 10578:Kingston Police Force 10553:Guelph Police Service 10488:Barrie Police Service 10320:Canada Revenue Agency 9427:The Klondike Stampede 9207:Women of the Klondike 8233:"Badges and Insignia" 7624:, pp. 171, 222; 7396:, pp. 155, 265; 7277:, pp. 178, 302; 6726:, pp. 312, 319; 6518:, pp. 84–85, 115 6197:, Canadian War Museum 5955:, pp. 307, 311; 5731:, pp. 112, 396; 4215:, pp. 160, 172; 3033:"Badges and Insignia" 2778: 2679:in 1955, publicizing 2671: 2537: 2450:Winchester Model 1876 2424: 2366:: by late 1890s, the 2364:wide-brimmed felt hat 2308: 2292: 2283: 2274: 2265: 2256: 2225: 2216: 2207: 2198: 2189: 2158: 2149: 2138: 2129: 2030: 2014: 2005: 1996: 1987: 1978: 1969: 1960: 1942:Chief superintendent 1874: 1867:Commissioned officers 1853:Manitoba Penitentiary 1664: 1608:at Fort Macleod, 1919 1604: 1520: 1484:in 1912, and then at 1424: 1368: 1272: 1192: 1110: 1054: 975: 882: 826: 791: 702: 623: 507:in 1874, depicted by 502: 439:Blackfoot Confederacy 345: 201:, 1878; Commissioner 196: 183:Local civilian police 11225:Defunct gendarmeries 11159:RCMP Heritage Centre 11044:Auxiliary constables 10769:York Regional Police 10719:Taber Police Service 10638:Peel Regional Police 10345:Parks Canada wardens 10256:at Wikimedia Commons 10133:The Lone Star Ranger 9362:Betke, Carl (1998). 8916:, pp. 165–166; 8514:, pp. 283–285; 7676:, pp. 50, 136; 7412:, pp. 154–155; 7380:, pp. 154–155; 7130:, pp. 135–136; 7082:, pp. 320–321; 7043:, pp. 25–26, 28 7015:, pp. 318–320; 6971:, pp. 311–312; 6316:, pp. 141–142; 5827:, pp. 200–204; 5627:, pp. 228–231; 5563:, pp. 186–187; 5547:, pp. 189–190; 5455:, pp. 174–175; 5335:, pp. 50–51, 65 5319:, pp. 46, 52–53 5255:, pp. 160–161; 4946:, pp. 60, 68–69 4910:, pp. 211–212; 4827:, pp. 210–211; 4372:, pp. 41, 103; 4340:, pp. 102–103; 4324:, pp. 102–103; 3899:, pp. 115–116; 3656:, pp. 73–74, 84 3588:, pp. 68–69, 72 2719:Riders of the Plains 2530:Horses and transport 1936:Deputy commissioner 1639:Minister for Justice 1103:Industrial relations 893:North-West Rebellion 869:North-West Rebellion 437:was occupied by the 384:Hudson's Bay Company 304:, awarded the title 231:Hudson's Bay Company 165:Government of Canada 10135:and Ralph Connor's 9064:, pp. 352, 360 8912:, pp. 75, 79; 8516:Ross & May 1988 8490:, pp. 275, 284 8383:Ross & May 1988 8348:Ross & May 1988 8320:Ross & May 1988 8239:on October 13, 2016 8169:Ross & May 1988 8118:Ross & May 1988 8047:Ross & May 1988 8037:, pp. 214, 217 8013:, pp. 212, 214 7968:Ross & May 1988 7772:, pp. 202, 296 7692:, pp. 181, 199 7432:, pp. 160, 166 7308:, pp. 5, 268; 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London: Osprey. 9076:, pp. 110–111 8980:, pp. 17–18; 8564:, pp. 166–167 8397:, pp. 229–231 8306:, pp. 226–227 8294:, pp. 224–225 7799:, pp. 205–207 7652:, pp. 179–180 7640:, pp. 12, 177 7523:, pp. 266–267 7468:, pp. 88, 133 7146:, pp. 135–136 7031:, pp. 168–169 6975:, pp. 338–339 6922:, pp. 333–336 6714:, pp. 91, 165 6698:, pp. 327–328 6675:, pp. 326–327 6614:, pp. 148–149 6566:, pp. 120–121 6412:, pp. 62–63; 6176:, pp. 74–75; 6078:, pp. 360–361 5999:, pp. 104–106 5963:, pp. 66–67; 5915:, pp. 50–51; 5683:, pp. 90–91; 5655:, pp. 69–70; 5607:, pp. 228–231 5551:, pp. 147–157 5530:, pp. 145–146 5471:, pp. 174–175 5407:, pp. 162–163 5383:, pp. 62, 158 5371:, pp. 224–228 5359:, pp. 222–223 5231:, pp. 352–353 5215:, pp. 352–353 5203:, pp. 184–185 5106:, pp. 175–176 5082:, pp. 173–174 5070:, pp. 141–142 5058:, pp. 138–140 5046:, pp. 137–139 5030:, pp. 134–136 4994:, pp. 132–133 4914:, pp. 64–65; 4767:, pp. 129–131 4739:, pp. 118–120 4680:, pp. 45–46; 4576:, pp. 238–239 4548:, pp. 103–105 4536:, pp. 249–252 4524:, pp. 244–228 4444:, pp. 220–229 4412:, pp. 217–220 4400:, pp. 214–218 4388:, pp. 214–217 4344:, pp. 213–215 4312:, pp. 166–167 4271:, pp. 183–185 4255:, pp. 183–185 4203:, pp. 164–165 4125:, pp. 24–25; 4117:, pp. 53–54; 4098:, pp. 53–54; 4059:, pp. 117–123 4035:, pp. 113–114 4023:, pp. 141–143 3915:, pp. 62–63; 3803:, pp. 25–26; 3556:, pp. 34–35; 3497:, pp. 20–21; 3481:, pp. 20–21; 3465:, pp. 20–21; 3339:, pp. 18–19; 3074:, pp. 238–239 2819:Maintiens le droit 2789: 2686: 2544: 2430: 2402:Maintiens le Droit 2392:, after 1903, the 2315: 2294: 2285: 2276: 2267: 2258: 2227: 2218: 2209: 2200: 2191: 2160: 2151: 2140: 2131: 2089:Francis Fitzgerald 2033: 2016: 2007: 1998: 1989: 1980: 1971: 1962: 1924: 1881: 1670: 1610: 1548:private detectives 1531: 1438: 1375: 1282: 1228:purchase of Alaska 1199: 1179:Klondike Gold Rush 1120: 1060: 978: 889: 840: 798: 716: 670:South Saskatchewan 626: 599:United States Army 581:administration of 516:Mounted Police Act 512: 352: 207: 153:Legal jurisdiction 98:Superseding agency 11182: 11181: 11054:Firearms officers 10467: 10466: 10371:Provincial police 10252:Media related to 10041:978-0-7748-0245-1 9474:978-0-8020-8046-2 9216:978-1-55110-375-4 8876:, pp. 18, 20 8812:, pp. 35, 42 8724:, pp. 16, 21 8688:, pp. 24, 54 7760:, pp. 90, 94 7400:, pp. 74, 78 7368:, pp. 8, 142 7344:, pp. 5, 268 6866:, pp. 5, 8–9 6641:, pp. 7, 133 6428:, pp. 60, 63 5671:, pp. 70, 88 5271:, pp. 99–100 4871:, pp. 45, 48 3343:, pp. 15, 17 3189:, pp. 1, 6–7 2558:Universal pattern 2542:in the background 2524:Yukon Field Force 2484:Tranter revolvers 2478:and .450 calibre 2446:repeating weapons 2398:Maintien le Droit 2390:St Edward's crown 2301:Uniform and badge 2298: 2297: 2020: 2019: 1774:Lawrence Herchmer 1591:Russian Civil War 1539:national security 1347:Arthur Richardson 1224:had been disputed 1202:survey along the 1165:union recognition 1124:employment rights 1088:Canadian Northern 1080:prostitution laws 1020:temperance groups 962:Lawrence Herchmer 953:Battle of Batoche 859:William Van Horne 467:John A. Macdonald 290:discovery of gold 191: 190: 112:Government agency 108:Legal personality 68:Maintien le droit 16:(Redirected from 11262: 11220:Canadian Militia 11014: 11013: 10749:West Grey Police 10690: 10689: 10681: 10680: 10672: 10671: 10663: 10662: 10460: 10459: 10393: 10392: 10390:Sûreté du Québec 10368: 10367: 10355:Transport Canada 10340:Fishery officers 10284: 10277: 10270: 10261: 10260: 10251: 10236: 10224: 10213: 10201: 10190: 10180: 10169: 10156: 10137:Corporal Cameron 10127: 10110: 10091: 10072: 10045: 10033: 10022: 9993: 9974: 9961: 9948: 9921: 9908: 9889: 9870: 9851: 9838: 9819: 9792: 9775: 9748: 9729: 9712: 9700: 9689: 9670: 9643: 9634: 9617: 9598: 9581: 9562: 9543: 9524: 9512: 9501: 9489: 9478: 9459: 9440: 9421: 9402: 9385: 9358: 9339: 9314: 9295: 9283: 9272: 9245: 9220: 9201: 9182: 9144: 9134: 9128: 9114: 9105: 9099: 9093: 9088:, p. viii; 9083: 9077: 9071: 9065: 9059: 9053: 9043: 9037: 9023: 9017: 9007: 9001: 8995: 8989: 8975: 8969: 8959: 8953: 8947: 8941: 8927: 8921: 8899: 8893: 8888:, pp. 3–4; 8883: 8877: 8871: 8865: 8855: 8849: 8843: 8837: 8836:, pp. 4, 11 8831: 8825: 8819: 8813: 8808:, pp. 1–2; 8803: 8797: 8796:, pp. 26–27 8791: 8785: 8771: 8765: 8759: 8753: 8747: 8741: 8731: 8725: 8719: 8713: 8712:, pp. 31–33 8707: 8701: 8695: 8689: 8683: 8677: 8667: 8661: 8660:, pp. 24–26 8655: 8649: 8643: 8632: 8626: 8620: 8614: 8608: 8598: 8592: 8586: 8577: 8571: 8565: 8559: 8550: 8544: 8538: 8528: 8519: 8509: 8503: 8497: 8491: 8485: 8479: 8473: 8467: 8461: 8455: 8449: 8440: 8434: 8428: 8422: 8413: 8407: 8398: 8392: 8386: 8376: 8370: 8364: 8351: 8341: 8335: 8329: 8323: 8313: 8307: 8301: 8295: 8289: 8280: 8274: 8268: 8262: 8253: 8247: 8246: 8244: 8229: 8223: 8222: 8220: 8218: 8203: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8192: 8178: 8172: 8166: 8157: 8151: 8145: 8139: 8133: 8127: 8121: 8111: 8105: 8095: 8089: 8083: 8074: 8068: 8062: 8056: 8050: 8044: 8038: 8032: 8026: 8020: 8014: 8008: 7999: 7993: 7987: 7981: 7975: 7961: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7950: 7939: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7918: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7897: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7886: 7876: 7870: 7869: 7867: 7865: 7855: 7846: 7845: 7843: 7841: 7830: 7824: 7818: 7812: 7806: 7800: 7794: 7785: 7779: 7773: 7767: 7761: 7755: 7749: 7743: 7737: 7731: 7725: 7711: 7705: 7699: 7693: 7687: 7681: 7671: 7665: 7659: 7653: 7647: 7641: 7635: 7629: 7619: 7613: 7599: 7593: 7592:, pp. 81–82 7579: 7573: 7572:, pp. 49–50 7563: 7557: 7551: 7545: 7544: 7542: 7540: 7530: 7524: 7518: 7512: 7502: 7493: 7492:, pp. 19–20 7487: 7481: 7475: 7469: 7463: 7457: 7451: 7445: 7439: 7433: 7427: 7421: 7407: 7401: 7391: 7385: 7375: 7369: 7363: 7357: 7356:, pp. 9, 13 7351: 7345: 7339: 7333: 7323: 7317: 7303: 7297: 7291: 7282: 7272: 7266: 7256: 7250: 7244: 7238: 7228: 7222: 7216: 7210: 7209:, pp. 10–11 7204: 7198: 7192: 7186: 7180: 7171: 7165: 7159: 7153: 7147: 7141: 7135: 7125: 7119: 7113: 7104: 7098: 7087: 7077: 7071: 7070:, pp. 26–28 7065: 7059: 7053: 7044: 7038: 7032: 7026: 7020: 7010: 7004: 6998: 6992: 6982: 6976: 6966: 6960: 6946: 6940: 6934: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6897: 6891: 6873: 6867: 6861: 6855: 6841: 6835: 6825: 6819: 6809: 6803: 6793: 6787: 6777: 6771: 6765: 6759: 6756:Lackenbauer 2001 6749: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6721: 6715: 6705: 6699: 6685: 6676: 6666: 6657: 6651: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6615: 6609: 6603: 6597: 6591: 6585: 6579: 6573: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6549: 6543: 6542:, pp. 94–95 6537: 6531: 6530:, pp. 90–91 6525: 6519: 6513: 6507: 6506:, pp. 79–82 6501: 6495: 6489: 6483: 6477: 6471: 6465: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6443:, pp. 69–70 6438: 6429: 6423: 6417: 6407: 6401: 6400:, pp. 60–61 6395: 6389: 6383: 6374: 6373:, pp. 58–60 6368: 6359: 6358:, pp. 58–59 6353: 6347: 6337: 6331: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6311: 6305: 6291: 6285: 6284:, pp. 54–55 6279: 6273: 6263: 6257: 6251: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6224: 6218: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6187: 6181: 6171: 6165: 6159: 6153: 6143: 6134: 6124: 6118: 6112: 6106: 6100: 6094: 6088: 6079: 6069: 6063: 6057: 6048: 6042: 6036: 6030: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6006: 6000: 5994: 5985: 5979: 5968: 5946: 5940: 5926: 5920: 5910: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5870: 5864: 5854: 5848: 5838: 5832: 5822: 5816: 5802: 5796: 5787:, pp. 8–9; 5778: 5772: 5766: 5760: 5746: 5740: 5726: 5720: 5714: 5708: 5694: 5688: 5678: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5659:, pp. 15–16 5650: 5644: 5638: 5632: 5614: 5608: 5602: 5596: 5586: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5558: 5552: 5542: 5531: 5521: 5515: 5505: 5499: 5481: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5450: 5444: 5430: 5424: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5348: 5347:, pp. 29–31 5342: 5336: 5326: 5320: 5310: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5260: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5163: 5157: 5148: 5142: 5136: 5130: 5124: 5118: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5037: 5031: 5025: 5019: 5013: 5007: 5001: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4934:, pp. 68–69 4925: 4919: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4884: 4883:, pp. 20–21 4878: 4872: 4866: 4860: 4859:, pp. 65–67 4850: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4831:, pp. 46–47 4822: 4816: 4815:, pp. 45–46 4806: 4800: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4725: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4675: 4669: 4668:, pp. 3, 11 4663: 4657: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4515: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4467: 4461: 4451: 4445: 4435: 4429: 4419: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4367: 4361: 4351: 4345: 4335: 4329: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4219:, pp. 75–76 4210: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4179:, pp. 68–69 4174: 4163: 4157: 4142: 4141:, pp. 59–61 4136: 4130: 4112: 4103: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3993: 3992:, pp. 36–37 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3956:, pp. 30–31 3951: 3945: 3939: 3928: 3927:, pp. 56–57 3910: 3904: 3886: 3880: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3807:, pp. 85–90 3798: 3792: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3763:, pp. 13–14 3754: 3748: 3734: 3728: 3727:, pp. 14–15 3722: 3716: 3715:, pp. 32–33 3710: 3704: 3694: 3688: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3657: 3647: 3641: 3640:, pp. 73–74 3631: 3625: 3611: 3605: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3576:, pp. 66–67 3567: 3561: 3551: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3508: 3502: 3492: 3486: 3476: 3470: 3469:, pp. 41–42 3460: 3454: 3448: 3439: 3438:, pp. 19–20 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3410:, pp. 18–19 3405: 3399: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3368: 3367:, pp. 17–18 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3302: 3296: 3295:, pp. 16–17 3290: 3281: 3271: 3265: 3255: 3249: 3248:, pp. 15–16 3243: 3237: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3206: 3196: 3190: 3185:, pp. 7–8; 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3152: 3146: 3136: 3130: 3120: 3114: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3048: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3029: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2991: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2956: 2952: 2946: 2943: 2937: 2934: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2914: 2908: 2904: 2898: 2894: 2888: 2885: 2879: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2861: 2849: 2843: 2839: 2833: 2829: 2823: 2821: 2814: 2714:Corporal Cameron 2462:smokeless powder 2347:blue pea jackets 2112:Staff Constable 2109:Chief Constable 2098: 2097: 1927: 1923: 1825:cavalry regiment 1778:Aylesworth Perry 1754: 1745: 1736: 1727: 1718: 1606:Christmas dinner 1494:Coppermine River 1435:William Dempster 1385:judicial inquiry 1315:Aylesworth Perry 1096:Crow's Nest Pass 1076:detective branch 760:. The resulting 595:Governor General 591:American Indians 564:Lower Fort Garry 552:Alexander Morris 428:British Columbia 420:Red River valley 329:(RCMP) in 1920. 129: 70: 45: 44: 21: 11270: 11269: 11265: 11264: 11263: 11261: 11260: 11259: 11185: 11184: 11183: 11178: 11142: 11101: 11074: 11068: 11027: 10969:Dominion Police 10947: 10907: 10901: 10855: 10804: 10773: 10475: 10473: 10463: 10402: 10396: 10359: 10293: 10288: 10244: 10239: 10233: 10210: 10107: 10088: 10069: 10042: 9990: 9945: 9905: 9886: 9867: 9835: 9816: 9772: 9745: 9709: 9686: 9667: 9614: 9578: 9559: 9540: 9521: 9498: 9475: 9456: 9437: 9382: 9355: 9336: 9311: 9292: 9269: 9242: 9217: 9198: 9152: 9147: 9139:, p. 356; 9135: 9131: 9115: 9108: 9100: 9096: 9084: 9080: 9072: 9068: 9060: 9056: 9044: 9040: 9024: 9020: 9008: 9004: 8996: 8992: 8976: 8972: 8960: 8956: 8948: 8944: 8928: 8924: 8910:Tranquilla 1990 8908:, p. 356; 8900: 8896: 8884: 8880: 8872: 8868: 8856: 8852: 8844: 8840: 8832: 8828: 8820: 8816: 8804: 8800: 8792: 8788: 8772: 8768: 8760: 8756: 8748: 8744: 8732: 8728: 8720: 8716: 8708: 8704: 8696: 8692: 8684: 8680: 8668: 8664: 8656: 8652: 8644: 8635: 8627: 8623: 8615: 8611: 8603:, p. 214; 8599: 8595: 8587: 8580: 8572: 8568: 8560: 8553: 8545: 8541: 8533:, p. 285; 8529: 8522: 8510: 8506: 8498: 8494: 8486: 8482: 8474: 8470: 8462: 8458: 8450: 8443: 8435: 8431: 8423: 8416: 8408: 8401: 8393: 8389: 8381:, p. 229; 8377: 8373: 8365: 8354: 8346:, p. 229; 8342: 8338: 8330: 8326: 8318:, p. 225; 8314: 8310: 8302: 8298: 8290: 8283: 8275: 8271: 8263: 8256: 8242: 8240: 8231: 8230: 8226: 8216: 8214: 8204: 8200: 8190: 8188: 8180: 8179: 8175: 8167: 8160: 8152: 8148: 8140: 8136: 8128: 8124: 8116:, p. 220; 8112: 8108: 8100:, p. 212; 8096: 8092: 8084: 8077: 8069: 8065: 8057: 8053: 8045: 8041: 8033: 8029: 8021: 8017: 8009: 8002: 7994: 7990: 7982: 7978: 7962: 7958: 7948: 7946: 7940: 7936: 7926: 7924: 7920: 7919: 7915: 7905: 7903: 7899: 7898: 7894: 7884: 7882: 7878: 7877: 7873: 7863: 7861: 7857: 7856: 7849: 7839: 7837: 7831: 7827: 7819: 7815: 7807: 7803: 7795: 7788: 7780: 7776: 7768: 7764: 7756: 7752: 7744: 7740: 7732: 7728: 7720:, p. 177; 7712: 7708: 7700: 7696: 7688: 7684: 7672: 7668: 7660: 7656: 7648: 7644: 7636: 7632: 7620: 7616: 7604:, p. 189; 7600: 7596: 7588:, p. 173; 7584:, p. 189; 7580: 7576: 7564: 7560: 7552: 7548: 7538: 7536: 7532: 7531: 7527: 7519: 7515: 7503: 7496: 7488: 7484: 7476: 7472: 7464: 7460: 7452: 7448: 7440: 7436: 7428: 7424: 7408: 7404: 7392: 7388: 7376: 7372: 7364: 7360: 7352: 7348: 7340: 7336: 7324: 7320: 7304: 7300: 7292: 7285: 7273: 7269: 7257: 7253: 7245: 7241: 7229: 7225: 7217: 7213: 7205: 7201: 7197:, pp. 9–10 7193: 7189: 7181: 7174: 7166: 7162: 7154: 7150: 7142: 7138: 7126: 7122: 7114: 7107: 7099: 7090: 7078: 7074: 7066: 7062: 7054: 7047: 7039: 7035: 7027: 7023: 7011: 7007: 6999: 6995: 6983: 6979: 6967: 6963: 6955:, p. 309; 6947: 6943: 6935: 6926: 6918: 6914: 6906:, p. 309; 6898: 6894: 6886:, p. 333; 6882:, p. 309; 6874: 6870: 6862: 6858: 6850:, p. 309; 6842: 6838: 6830:, p. 309; 6826: 6822: 6814:, p. 328; 6810: 6806: 6798:, p. 309; 6794: 6790: 6782:, p. 358; 6778: 6774: 6766: 6762: 6750: 6746: 6738: 6734: 6722: 6718: 6710:, p. 358; 6706: 6702: 6694:, p. 308; 6686: 6679: 6667: 6660: 6652: 6645: 6637: 6633: 6625: 6618: 6610: 6606: 6598: 6594: 6586: 6582: 6574: 6570: 6562: 6558: 6550: 6546: 6538: 6534: 6526: 6522: 6514: 6510: 6502: 6498: 6490: 6486: 6478: 6474: 6466: 6459: 6451: 6447: 6439: 6432: 6424: 6420: 6408: 6404: 6396: 6392: 6384: 6377: 6369: 6362: 6354: 6350: 6338: 6334: 6325: 6323: 6312: 6308: 6296:, p. 140; 6292: 6288: 6280: 6276: 6264: 6260: 6252: 6245: 6237: 6233: 6225: 6221: 6213: 6209: 6200: 6198: 6193: 6192:, p. 360; 6188: 6184: 6172: 6168: 6160: 6156: 6144: 6137: 6125: 6121: 6113: 6109: 6101: 6097: 6089: 6082: 6074:, p. 107; 6070: 6066: 6058: 6051: 6043: 6039: 6031: 6027: 6019: 6015: 6007: 6003: 5995: 5988: 5980: 5971: 5959:, p. 108; 5947: 5943: 5935:, p. 100; 5927: 5923: 5911: 5907: 5899: 5895: 5887: 5883: 5871: 5867: 5859:, p. 248; 5855: 5851: 5839: 5835: 5829:Fetherling 1997 5823: 5819: 5811:, p. 137; 5803: 5799: 5779: 5775: 5767: 5763: 5759:, p. xviii 5747: 5743: 5737:Fetherling 1997 5735:, p. 201; 5727: 5723: 5715: 5711: 5699:, p. 113; 5695: 5691: 5679: 5675: 5667: 5663: 5651: 5647: 5639: 5635: 5619:, p. 189; 5615: 5611: 5603: 5599: 5591:, p. 189; 5587: 5583: 5575: 5571: 5559: 5555: 5543: 5534: 5526:, p. 187; 5522: 5518: 5506: 5502: 5490:, p. 147; 5486:, p. 199; 5482: 5475: 5467: 5463: 5451: 5447: 5439:, p. 141; 5435:, p. 186; 5431: 5427: 5415: 5411: 5403: 5399: 5391: 5387: 5379: 5375: 5367: 5363: 5355: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5327: 5323: 5315:, p. 213; 5311: 5307: 5299: 5295: 5279: 5275: 5267: 5263: 5251: 5247: 5239: 5235: 5227:, p. 162; 5223: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5199: 5195: 5187: 5183: 5175: 5166: 5158: 5151: 5143: 5139: 5131: 5127: 5119: 5110: 5102: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5066: 5062: 5054: 5050: 5038: 5034: 5026: 5022: 5014: 5010: 5002: 4998: 4990: 4986: 4978: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4942: 4938: 4926: 4922: 4906: 4902: 4894: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4867: 4863: 4855:, p. 116; 4851: 4847: 4839: 4835: 4823: 4819: 4811:, p. 210; 4807: 4803: 4795:, p. 219; 4791:, p. 117; 4787: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4759: 4755: 4747: 4743: 4735: 4728: 4720:, p. 115; 4716: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4676: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4648: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4620: 4616: 4608: 4604: 4596: 4592: 4584: 4580: 4568: 4564: 4556: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4532: 4528: 4520:, p. 104; 4516: 4512: 4504: 4500: 4492: 4488: 4480: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4456:, p. 104; 4452: 4448: 4440:, p. 103; 4436: 4432: 4424:, p. 105; 4420: 4416: 4408: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4368: 4364: 4356:, p. 103; 4352: 4348: 4336: 4332: 4320: 4316: 4308: 4304: 4296: 4287: 4279: 4275: 4267:, p. 174; 4263: 4259: 4251: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4227: 4223: 4211: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4187: 4183: 4175: 4166: 4158: 4145: 4137: 4133: 4113: 4106: 4094: 4090: 4082: 4078: 4070: 4063: 4055: 4051: 4043: 4039: 4031: 4027: 4015: 4011: 4003: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3964: 3960: 3952: 3948: 3940: 3931: 3923:, p. 117; 3911: 3907: 3887: 3883: 3867: 3863: 3855: 3851: 3843:, p. 155; 3839: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3799: 3795: 3783: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3755: 3751: 3735: 3731: 3723: 3719: 3711: 3707: 3695: 3691: 3679: 3675: 3667: 3660: 3648: 3644: 3632: 3628: 3612: 3608: 3596: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3568: 3564: 3552: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3509: 3505: 3493: 3489: 3477: 3473: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3442: 3430: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3406: 3402: 3390: 3386: 3378: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3335: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3303: 3299: 3291: 3284: 3272: 3268: 3256: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3228: 3224: 3216: 3209: 3197: 3193: 3181: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3153: 3149: 3137: 3133: 3121: 3117: 3105: 3101: 3097:, pp. 9–12 3093: 3089: 3082: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3058: 3051: 3042: 3040: 3031: 3030: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3007: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2982: 2978: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2921: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2850: 2846: 2840: 2836: 2830: 2826: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2773: 2673:Richard Simmons 2666: 2660: 2655: 2653:Cultural legacy 2642: 2532: 2480:Adams revolvers 2419: 2414: 2408:'s bull badge. 2356:buckskin jacket 2319:Norfolk jackets 2309:Mounted police 2303: 2238:Staff sergeant 2235:Sergeant major 2171:Staff sergeant 2168:Sergeant major 2087:" of Inspector 2041:early discharge 2025: 1945:Superintendent 1869: 1861:Frederick White 1829:standing orders 1796:superintendents 1783: 1782: 1781: 1780: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1747: 1746: 1738: 1737: 1729: 1728: 1720: 1719: 1708: 1703: 1683:Bloody Saturday 1659: 1599: 1597:Bolshevik fears 1544:Dominion Police 1535:First World War 1529:, England, 1918 1523:First World War 1515: 1513:First World War 1510: 1458:Mackenzie Delta 1446:Herschel Island 1431:Herschel Island 1419: 1413: 1393:Wilfrid Laurier 1363: 1322:Lord Strathcona 1286:Second Boer War 1278:Second Boer War 1267: 1265:Second Boer War 1258:Skagway, Alaska 1187: 1181: 1105: 1049: 1044: 982:National Policy 970: 937:Francis Dickens 925:resulting fight 885:Francis Dickens 877: 871: 855:Rocky Mountains 821: 792:NWMP Barracks, 697: 692: 650:mowing machines 642:Red River carts 618: 612: 575:Pacific Scandal 497: 492: 475:Fenian invasion 418:settled in the 340: 335: 323:Dominion Police 311:First World War 298:Second Boer War 187: 127: 126: 77:Agency overview 71: 49: 43: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11268: 11258: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11180: 11179: 11177: 11176: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11150: 11148: 11144: 11143: 11141: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11109: 11107: 11103: 11102: 11100: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11078: 11076: 11070: 11069: 11067: 11066: 11061: 11059:Peace officers 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11035: 11033: 11029: 11028: 11026: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10955: 10953: 10949: 10948: 10946: 10945: 10935: 10929: 10923: 10917: 10911: 10909: 10903: 10902: 10900: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10863: 10861: 10857: 10856: 10854: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10812: 10810: 10806: 10805: 10803: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10781: 10779: 10775: 10774: 10772: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10682: 10673: 10664: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10479: 10477: 10469: 10468: 10465: 10464: 10462: 10461: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10406: 10404: 10398: 10397: 10395: 10394: 10385: 10380: 10374: 10372: 10365: 10361: 10360: 10358: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10301: 10299: 10295: 10294: 10287: 10286: 10279: 10272: 10264: 10258: 10257: 10243: 10242:External links 10240: 10238: 10237: 10231: 10214: 10208: 10191: 10170: 10157: 10128: 10116:Men in Scarlet 10111: 10106:978-0850458343 10105: 10092: 10086: 10073: 10067: 10046: 10040: 10023: 9994: 9989:978-0773509139 9988: 9975: 9962: 9949: 9943: 9922: 9909: 9904:978-0774811668 9903: 9890: 9885:978-0802050205 9884: 9871: 9865: 9852: 9839: 9833: 9820: 9814: 9793: 9781:Men in Scarlet 9776: 9770: 9749: 9743: 9730: 9718:Men in Scarlet 9713: 9708:978-0070773660 9707: 9690: 9684: 9671: 9665: 9644: 9635: 9618: 9612: 9599: 9587:Men in Scarlet 9582: 9577:978-0307356451 9576: 9563: 9558:978-0803260023 9557: 9544: 9538: 9525: 9520:978-0774804929 9519: 9502: 9496: 9479: 9473: 9460: 9455:978-1896357164 9454: 9441: 9435: 9422: 9403: 9391:Men in Scarlet 9386: 9380: 9359: 9353: 9340: 9335:978-0888620576 9334: 9315: 9309: 9296: 9290: 9273: 9267: 9246: 9240: 9221: 9215: 9202: 9197:978-0333122822 9196: 9183: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9145: 9129: 9123:, p. 19; 9106: 9094: 9078: 9066: 9054: 9048:, p. ix; 9038: 9032:, p. 19; 9028:, p. ix; 9018: 9002: 8990: 8984:, p. 25; 8970: 8964:, p. 18; 8954: 8942: 8922: 8904:, p. 34; 8894: 8878: 8866: 8860:, p. 17; 8850: 8838: 8826: 8814: 8798: 8786: 8776:, p. 17; 8766: 8754: 8742: 8736:, p. 33; 8726: 8714: 8702: 8690: 8678: 8662: 8650: 8633: 8621: 8609: 8593: 8578: 8566: 8551: 8539: 8520: 8504: 8492: 8480: 8468: 8456: 8441: 8429: 8414: 8399: 8387: 8371: 8352: 8336: 8324: 8308: 8296: 8281: 8269: 8254: 8224: 8198: 8173: 8158: 8146: 8134: 8122: 8106: 8090: 8075: 8063: 8051: 8039: 8027: 8015: 8000: 7988: 7976: 7970:, p. 22; 7956: 7934: 7913: 7892: 7871: 7847: 7825: 7813: 7801: 7786: 7774: 7762: 7750: 7738: 7726: 7716:, p. 63; 7706: 7694: 7682: 7666: 7654: 7642: 7630: 7614: 7608:, p. 63; 7594: 7574: 7558: 7546: 7525: 7513: 7494: 7482: 7470: 7458: 7446: 7434: 7422: 7402: 7386: 7370: 7358: 7346: 7334: 7328:, p. 82; 7318: 7312:, p. 82; 7298: 7283: 7267: 7261:, p. 49; 7251: 7239: 7223: 7211: 7199: 7187: 7172: 7160: 7148: 7136: 7120: 7105: 7088: 7072: 7060: 7045: 7033: 7021: 7005: 6993: 6977: 6961: 6951:, p. 20; 6941: 6924: 6912: 6902:, p. 20; 6892: 6868: 6856: 6846:, p. 20; 6836: 6820: 6804: 6788: 6772: 6760: 6754:, p. 29; 6744: 6742:, pp. 1–2 6732: 6716: 6700: 6690:, p. 19; 6677: 6671:, p. 19; 6658: 6643: 6631: 6616: 6604: 6592: 6580: 6568: 6556: 6544: 6532: 6520: 6508: 6496: 6484: 6472: 6457: 6445: 6430: 6418: 6402: 6390: 6375: 6360: 6348: 6342:, p. 14; 6332: 6306: 6300:, p. 17; 6286: 6274: 6258: 6243: 6241:, pp. 6–7 6231: 6219: 6207: 6182: 6166: 6154: 6148:, p. 86; 6135: 6129:, p. 57; 6119: 6107: 6095: 6080: 6064: 6049: 6037: 6025: 6013: 6001: 5986: 5969: 5957:Backhouse 1995 5941: 5921: 5905: 5893: 5881: 5865: 5849: 5843:, p. 95; 5833: 5817: 5807:, p. 95; 5797: 5791:, p. 46; 5773: 5761: 5741: 5721: 5709: 5703:, p. 25; 5689: 5673: 5661: 5645: 5633: 5609: 5597: 5581: 5569: 5553: 5532: 5516: 5500: 5494:, p. 50; 5473: 5461: 5445: 5425: 5419:, p. 18; 5409: 5397: 5385: 5373: 5361: 5349: 5337: 5331:, p. 91; 5321: 5305: 5293: 5287:, p. 18; 5283:, p. 56; 5273: 5261: 5245: 5233: 5217: 5205: 5193: 5181: 5164: 5149: 5137: 5125: 5108: 5096: 5084: 5072: 5060: 5048: 5042:, p. 35; 5032: 5020: 5008: 4996: 4984: 4972: 4960: 4948: 4936: 4930:, p. 57; 4920: 4900: 4885: 4873: 4861: 4845: 4833: 4817: 4801: 4781: 4769: 4753: 4741: 4726: 4710: 4698: 4686: 4670: 4658: 4642: 4630: 4614: 4602: 4590: 4578: 4562: 4550: 4538: 4526: 4510: 4498: 4486: 4474: 4462: 4446: 4430: 4414: 4402: 4390: 4378: 4362: 4346: 4330: 4314: 4302: 4285: 4273: 4257: 4245: 4233: 4221: 4205: 4193: 4181: 4164: 4143: 4131: 4121:, p. 58; 4104: 4088: 4076: 4061: 4049: 4037: 4025: 4019:, p. 58; 4009: 3994: 3982: 3970: 3958: 3946: 3929: 3905: 3895:, p. 27; 3891:, p. 51; 3881: 3875:, p. 58; 3871:, p. 27; 3861: 3849: 3833: 3821: 3809: 3793: 3787:, p. 23; 3777: 3765: 3759:, p. 23; 3749: 3743:, p. 23; 3739:, p. 32; 3729: 3717: 3705: 3699:, p. ix; 3689: 3683:, p. 25; 3673: 3658: 3652:, p. 13; 3642: 3636:, p. 23; 3626: 3620:, p. 43; 3616:, p. 23; 3606: 3600:, p. 41; 3590: 3578: 3572:, p. 39; 3562: 3543: 3531: 3519: 3513:, p. 27; 3503: 3487: 3471: 3455: 3440: 3434:, p. 17; 3424: 3412: 3400: 3394:, p. 18; 3384: 3369: 3357: 3355:, pp. 8–9 3345: 3329: 3317: 3311:, p. 17; 3307:, p. 15; 3297: 3282: 3276:, p. 11; 3266: 3250: 3238: 3232:, p. 15; 3222: 3207: 3201:, p. 16; 3191: 3175: 3173:, pp. 7–8 3163: 3147: 3131: 3115: 3109:, p. 10; 3099: 3087: 3076: 3064: 3049: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3005: 2995: 2986: 2976: 2966: 2957: 2947: 2938: 2929: 2919: 2909: 2899: 2889: 2880: 2871: 2862: 2844: 2834: 2824: 2808: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2772: 2771:Historiography 2769: 2702:Gilbert Parker 2662:Main article: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2641: 2638: 2531: 2528: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2286: 2277: 2268: 2259: 2249: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2228: 2219: 2210: 2201: 2192: 2182: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2161: 2152: 2143: 2141: 2132: 2122: 2121: 2120:Sub-Constable 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2102: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2008: 1999: 1990: 1981: 1972: 1963: 1953: 1952: 1951:Sub-inspector 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1911:officers' mess 1868: 1865: 1849:printing press 1770:Acheson Irvine 1759: 1758: 1749: 1748: 1740: 1739: 1731: 1730: 1722: 1721: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1658: 1655: 1635:Arthur Meighen 1598: 1595: 1557:Central Powers 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1492:and along the 1415:Main article: 1412: 1409: 1380:Nicholas Davin 1362: 1359: 1351:Victoria Cross 1294:Sudan campaign 1266: 1263: 1183:Main article: 1180: 1177: 1104: 1101: 1068:eastern Europe 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 969: 966: 873:Main article: 870: 867: 820: 817: 782:Acheson Irvine 758:Queen Victoria 696: 693: 691: 688: 614:Main article: 611: 608: 496: 493: 491: 488: 479:William Butler 459:Whisky-traders 404:arable farming 339: 336: 334: 331: 325:, to form the 262:John Macdonald 258:Prime Minister 189: 188: 186: 185: 180: 174: 172: 171:General nature 168: 167: 162: 161:Governing body 158: 157: 154: 150: 149: 140: 136: 135: 130: 124:Federal agency 120: 119: 115: 114: 109: 105: 104: 99: 95: 94: 91: 87: 86: 83: 79: 78: 74: 73: 64: 60: 59: 56: 52: 51: 41: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11267: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11192: 11190: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11151: 11149: 11145: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11110: 11108: 11104: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11079: 11077: 11071: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11036: 11034: 11030: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11012: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10956: 10954: 10950: 10943: 10939: 10936: 10933: 10930: 10927: 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10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10480: 10478: 10470: 10458: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10407: 10405: 10399: 10391: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10375: 10373: 10369: 10366: 10362: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10302: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10285: 10280: 10278: 10273: 10271: 10266: 10265: 10262: 10255: 10250: 10246: 10245: 10234: 10228: 10223: 10222: 10215: 10211: 10205: 10200: 10199: 10192: 10188: 10184: 10179: 10178: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10158: 10154: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10138: 10134: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10112: 10108: 10102: 10098: 10093: 10089: 10087:0-7748-0650-8 10083: 10079: 10074: 10070: 10064: 10060: 10056: 10052: 10047: 10043: 10037: 10032: 10031: 10024: 10020: 10016: 10012: 10008: 10005:(2): 93–105. 10004: 10000: 9995: 9991: 9985: 9981: 9976: 9972: 9968: 9963: 9959: 9955: 9950: 9946: 9940: 9936: 9932: 9928: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9910: 9906: 9900: 9896: 9891: 9887: 9881: 9877: 9872: 9868: 9862: 9858: 9853: 9849: 9845: 9840: 9836: 9830: 9826: 9821: 9817: 9811: 9807: 9803: 9799: 9794: 9790: 9786: 9782: 9777: 9773: 9767: 9763: 9759: 9755: 9750: 9746: 9740: 9736: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9714: 9710: 9704: 9699: 9698: 9691: 9687: 9681: 9677: 9672: 9668: 9662: 9658: 9654: 9650: 9645: 9641: 9636: 9632: 9628: 9624: 9619: 9615: 9609: 9605: 9600: 9596: 9592: 9588: 9583: 9579: 9573: 9569: 9564: 9560: 9554: 9550: 9545: 9541: 9539:0-660-00567-0 9535: 9531: 9526: 9522: 9516: 9511: 9510: 9503: 9499: 9493: 9488: 9487: 9480: 9476: 9470: 9466: 9461: 9457: 9451: 9447: 9442: 9438: 9436:0-7748-0489-0 9432: 9428: 9423: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9410: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9387: 9383: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9360: 9356: 9354:0-385-65844-3 9350: 9346: 9341: 9337: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9322: 9316: 9312: 9306: 9302: 9297: 9293: 9287: 9282: 9281: 9274: 9270: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9247: 9243: 9237: 9233: 9229: 9228: 9222: 9218: 9212: 9208: 9203: 9199: 9193: 9189: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9155: 9154: 9143:, p. 325 9142: 9138: 9133: 9127:, p. 352 9126: 9122: 9119:, p. x; 9118: 9113: 9111: 9103: 9098: 9091: 9087: 9082: 9075: 9070: 9063: 9058: 9052:, p. 352 9051: 9047: 9042: 9036:, p. 356 9035: 9031: 9027: 9022: 9016:, p. 325 9015: 9012:, p. 4; 9011: 9006: 9000:, p. 201 8999: 8994: 8988:, p. 355 8987: 8983: 8979: 8978:Graybill 2007 8974: 8967: 8963: 8962:Graybill 2007 8958: 8951: 8950:Graybill 2007 8946: 8940:, p. 166 8939: 8938:Harrison 1974 8936:, p. 8; 8935: 8932:, p. 5; 8931: 8930:Harrison 2004 8926: 8920:, p. 118 8919: 8915: 8914:Harrison 1974 8911: 8907: 8903: 8898: 8892:, p. 164 8891: 8890:Harrison 1974 8887: 8886:Harrison 2004 8882: 8875: 8874:Graybill 2007 8870: 8863: 8859: 8858:Graybill 2007 8854: 8847: 8846:Harrison 2004 8842: 8835: 8830: 8823: 8818: 8811: 8807: 8806:Harrison 2004 8802: 8795: 8790: 8783: 8780:, p. 1; 8779: 8778:Harrison 2004 8775: 8774:Graybill 2007 8770: 8764:, p. 163 8763: 8762:Harrison 1974 8758: 8751: 8746: 8740:, p. 354 8739: 8735: 8730: 8723: 8722:Graybill 2007 8718: 8711: 8706: 8699: 8698:Graybill 2007 8694: 8687: 8682: 8675: 8674:Morrison 1985 8671: 8666: 8659: 8654: 8647: 8642: 8640: 8638: 8631:, p. 122 8630: 8629:Morrison 1985 8625: 8619:, p. 144 8618: 8617:Chambers 1906 8613: 8607:, p. 144 8606: 8605:Chambers 1906 8602: 8597: 8591:, p. 214 8590: 8585: 8583: 8576:, p. 208 8575: 8570: 8563: 8558: 8556: 8549:, p. 360 8548: 8543: 8537:, p. 122 8536: 8535:Morrison 1985 8532: 8527: 8525: 8517: 8513: 8508: 8502:, p. 283 8501: 8496: 8489: 8484: 8478:, p. 300 8477: 8472: 8466:, p. 298 8465: 8460: 8453: 8448: 8446: 8439:, p. 127 8438: 8433: 8427:, p. 231 8426: 8421: 8419: 8412:, p. 230 8411: 8406: 8404: 8396: 8391: 8384: 8380: 8375: 8369:, p. 229 8368: 8363: 8361: 8359: 8357: 8349: 8345: 8340: 8334:, p. 225 8333: 8328: 8321: 8317: 8312: 8305: 8300: 8293: 8288: 8286: 8279:, p. 224 8278: 8273: 8267:, p. 223 8266: 8261: 8259: 8251: 8238: 8234: 8228: 8213: 8212:RCI | English 8209: 8202: 8187: 8183: 8177: 8170: 8165: 8163: 8156:, p. 133 8155: 8154:Morrison 1985 8150: 8144:, p. 221 8143: 8138: 8132:, p. 220 8131: 8126: 8119: 8115: 8110: 8104:, p. 127 8103: 8099: 8094: 8088:, p. 219 8087: 8082: 8080: 8073:, p. 213 8072: 8067: 8061:, p. 217 8060: 8055: 8048: 8043: 8036: 8031: 8025:, p. 126 8024: 8019: 8012: 8007: 8005: 7997: 7992: 7985: 7980: 7973: 7969: 7966:, p. 9; 7965: 7960: 7945: 7938: 7923: 7917: 7902: 7896: 7881: 7875: 7860: 7854: 7852: 7836: 7829: 7822: 7821:Morrison 1985 7817: 7810: 7805: 7798: 7793: 7791: 7783: 7778: 7771: 7766: 7759: 7754: 7748:, p. 296 7747: 7742: 7736:, p. 184 7735: 7730: 7724:, p. 142 7723: 7722:Chambers 1906 7719: 7715: 7710: 7704:, p. 182 7703: 7698: 7691: 7686: 7679: 7675: 7670: 7663: 7658: 7651: 7646: 7639: 7634: 7628:, p. 124 7627: 7623: 7618: 7612:, p. 165 7611: 7607: 7603: 7598: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7578: 7571: 7568:, p. 8; 7567: 7566:Goldring 1979 7562: 7555: 7550: 7535: 7529: 7522: 7517: 7510: 7506: 7501: 7499: 7491: 7486: 7479: 7474: 7467: 7462: 7456:, p. 193 7455: 7450: 7444:, p. 160 7443: 7438: 7431: 7426: 7419: 7416:, p. 3; 7415: 7414:Morrison 1985 7411: 7406: 7399: 7395: 7390: 7383: 7379: 7374: 7367: 7366:Morrison 1985 7362: 7355: 7350: 7343: 7338: 7331: 7330:Morrison 1985 7327: 7322: 7315: 7314:Morrison 1985 7311: 7307: 7302: 7295: 7290: 7288: 7280: 7276: 7271: 7265:, p. 302 7264: 7260: 7255: 7249:, p. 176 7248: 7243: 7236: 7235:Goldring 1979 7233:, p. 7; 7232: 7231:Morrison 1985 7227: 7220: 7219:Morrison 1985 7215: 7208: 7203: 7196: 7191: 7184: 7179: 7177: 7169: 7164: 7158:, p. 136 7157: 7152: 7145: 7140: 7133: 7129: 7124: 7118:, p. 323 7117: 7112: 7110: 7103:, p. 322 7102: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7086:, p. 339 7085: 7081: 7076: 7069: 7068:Bercuson 2009 7064: 7057: 7056:Bercuson 2009 7052: 7050: 7042: 7041:Bercuson 2009 7037: 7030: 7029:Bercuson 1990 7025: 7019:, p. 339 7018: 7014: 7009: 7002: 6997: 6991:, p. 138 6990: 6986: 6981: 6974: 6970: 6965: 6959:, p. 338 6958: 6954: 6950: 6945: 6939:, p. 338 6938: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6921: 6916: 6910:, p. 333 6909: 6905: 6901: 6896: 6890:, p. 110 6889: 6885: 6881: 6878:, p. 6; 6877: 6872: 6865: 6864:Bercuson 2009 6860: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6840: 6833: 6829: 6824: 6817: 6813: 6808: 6802:, p. 328 6801: 6797: 6792: 6786:, p. 165 6785: 6781: 6776: 6769: 6764: 6757: 6753: 6748: 6741: 6736: 6729: 6725: 6720: 6713: 6709: 6704: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6684: 6682: 6674: 6670: 6665: 6663: 6656:, p. 326 6655: 6650: 6648: 6640: 6639:Morrison 1985 6635: 6628: 6627:Morrison 1985 6623: 6621: 6613: 6612:Morrison 1985 6608: 6601: 6600:Morrison 1985 6596: 6589: 6588:Morrison 1985 6584: 6577: 6576:Morrison 1985 6572: 6565: 6564:Morrison 1985 6560: 6554:, p. 104 6553: 6552:Morrison 1985 6548: 6541: 6540:Morrison 1985 6536: 6529: 6528:Morrison 1985 6524: 6517: 6516:Morrison 1985 6512: 6505: 6504:Morrison 1985 6500: 6493: 6492:Morrison 1985 6488: 6482:, p. 168 6481: 6476: 6470:, p. 117 6469: 6464: 6462: 6455:, p. 167 6454: 6449: 6442: 6437: 6435: 6427: 6422: 6416:, p. 136 6415: 6411: 6406: 6399: 6394: 6387: 6382: 6380: 6372: 6367: 6365: 6357: 6352: 6345: 6341: 6336: 6321: 6315: 6310: 6303: 6299: 6298:Morrison 1985 6295: 6290: 6283: 6278: 6271: 6268:, p. 8; 6267: 6262: 6255: 6250: 6248: 6240: 6235: 6228: 6223: 6217:, p. 108 6216: 6211: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6179: 6175: 6170: 6163: 6162:McIntyre 1997 6158: 6152:, p. 360 6151: 6147: 6146:McIntyre 1997 6142: 6140: 6133:, p. 361 6132: 6128: 6123: 6117:, p. 361 6116: 6111: 6105:, p. 163 6104: 6099: 6093:, p. 107 6092: 6087: 6085: 6077: 6073: 6068: 6062:, p. 165 6061: 6056: 6054: 6047:, p. 159 6046: 6041: 6034: 6029: 6022: 6017: 6011:, p. 106 6010: 6005: 5998: 5993: 5991: 5983: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5966: 5965:Morrison 1974 5962: 5961:Morrison 1985 5958: 5954: 5951:, p. 8; 5950: 5945: 5939:, p. 137 5938: 5934: 5933:Morrison 1974 5930: 5929:Morrison 1985 5925: 5919:, p. 137 5918: 5914: 5913:Morrison 1985 5909: 5903:, p. 137 5902: 5897: 5890: 5889:Morrison 1974 5885: 5879:, p. 335 5878: 5874: 5869: 5862: 5861:Morrison 1985 5858: 5853: 5847:, p. 137 5846: 5842: 5841:Morrison 1974 5837: 5831:, p. 125 5830: 5826: 5821: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5805:Morrison 1974 5801: 5794: 5793:Morrison 1974 5790: 5786: 5785:Morrison 1985 5783:, p. 7; 5782: 5777: 5771:, p. 396 5770: 5765: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5739:, p. 125 5738: 5734: 5730: 5725: 5719:, p. 114 5718: 5713: 5706: 5705:Morrison 1974 5702: 5701:Morrison 1985 5698: 5693: 5687:, p. 257 5686: 5682: 5677: 5670: 5665: 5658: 5657:Morrison 1985 5654: 5649: 5642: 5641:Morrison 1985 5637: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5617:Graybill 2007 5613: 5606: 5601: 5594: 5590: 5589:Graybill 2007 5585: 5578: 5573: 5567:, p. 160 5566: 5562: 5561:Graybill 2007 5557: 5550: 5546: 5545:Graybill 2007 5541: 5539: 5537: 5529: 5525: 5524:Graybill 2007 5520: 5514:, p. 158 5513: 5509: 5508:Graybill 2007 5504: 5498:, p. 157 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5484:Graybill 2007 5480: 5478: 5470: 5469:Graybill 2007 5465: 5459:, p. 141 5458: 5454: 5453:Graybill 2007 5449: 5443:, p. 157 5442: 5438: 5434: 5433:Graybill 2007 5429: 5423:, p. 157 5422: 5418: 5413: 5406: 5405:Graybill 2007 5401: 5395:, p. 158 5394: 5389: 5382: 5377: 5370: 5365: 5358: 5353: 5346: 5341: 5334: 5330: 5325: 5318: 5314: 5309: 5302: 5297: 5290: 5286: 5285:Morrison 1985 5282: 5277: 5270: 5265: 5259:, p. 353 5258: 5254: 5253:Graybill 2007 5249: 5243:, p. 353 5242: 5237: 5230: 5226: 5225:Graybill 2007 5221: 5214: 5209: 5202: 5197: 5191:, p. 184 5190: 5185: 5179:, p. 183 5178: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5162:, p. 178 5161: 5156: 5154: 5147:, p. 177 5146: 5141: 5135:, p. 175 5134: 5129: 5123:, p. 176 5122: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5105: 5100: 5094:, p. 174 5093: 5088: 5081: 5076: 5069: 5064: 5057: 5052: 5045: 5041: 5036: 5029: 5024: 5018:, p. 136 5017: 5012: 5006:, p. 133 5005: 5000: 4993: 4988: 4982:, p. 132 4981: 4976: 4970:, p. 107 4969: 4968:Chambers 1906 4964: 4957: 4952: 4945: 4940: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4904: 4897: 4892: 4890: 4882: 4877: 4870: 4865: 4858: 4854: 4853:Graybill 2007 4849: 4843:, p. 132 4842: 4841:Morrison 1985 4837: 4830: 4826: 4821: 4814: 4810: 4805: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4789:Graybill 2007 4785: 4778: 4777:Graybill 2007 4773: 4766: 4762: 4761:Graybill 2007 4757: 4751:, p. 115 4750: 4749:Graybill 2007 4745: 4738: 4733: 4731: 4724:, p. 117 4723: 4719: 4718:Graybill 2007 4714: 4707: 4706:Graybill 2007 4702: 4696:, p. 116 4695: 4690: 4683: 4679: 4674: 4667: 4662: 4656:, p. 144 4655: 4651: 4646: 4639: 4634: 4628:, p. 105 4627: 4624:, p. 8; 4623: 4622:Morrison 1985 4618: 4611: 4610:Morrison 1985 4606: 4599: 4594: 4587: 4582: 4575: 4572:, p. 8; 4571: 4570:Morrison 1985 4566: 4559: 4554: 4547: 4542: 4535: 4530: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4508:, p. 238 4507: 4502: 4496:, p. 241 4495: 4490: 4484:, p. 104 4483: 4478: 4472:, p. 233 4471: 4466: 4460:, p. 232 4459: 4455: 4450: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4428:, p. 222 4427: 4423: 4418: 4411: 4406: 4399: 4394: 4387: 4382: 4376:, p. 215 4375: 4371: 4366: 4360:, p. 214 4359: 4355: 4350: 4343: 4339: 4334: 4328:, p. 215 4327: 4323: 4318: 4311: 4306: 4300:, p. 166 4299: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4283:, p. 185 4282: 4277: 4270: 4266: 4265:Graybill 2007 4261: 4254: 4249: 4243:, p. 184 4242: 4237: 4231:, p. 183 4230: 4225: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4202: 4197: 4190: 4185: 4178: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4161: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4140: 4135: 4128: 4124: 4123:Mayfield 1998 4120: 4116: 4115:Graybill 2007 4111: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4096:Graybill 2007 4092: 4086:, p. 154 4085: 4080: 4073: 4068: 4066: 4058: 4053: 4046: 4041: 4034: 4029: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4006: 4001: 3999: 3991: 3990:Mayfield 1998 3986: 3979: 3978:Mayfield 1998 3974: 3967: 3966:Mayfield 1998 3962: 3955: 3954:Mayfield 1998 3950: 3944:, p. 242 3943: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3926: 3925:Jennings 1974 3922: 3919:, p. 3; 3918: 3914: 3913:Graybill 2007 3909: 3902: 3901:Jennings 1974 3898: 3894: 3890: 3889:Graybill 2007 3885: 3878: 3874: 3873:Jennings 1974 3870: 3865: 3858: 3853: 3847:, p. 352 3846: 3842: 3841:Graybill 2007 3837: 3830: 3825: 3819:, p. 100 3818: 3813: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3790: 3786: 3785:Mayfield 1998 3781: 3774: 3769: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3726: 3721: 3714: 3709: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3670: 3665: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3587: 3582: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3548: 3540: 3535: 3528: 3523: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3452: 3447: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3421: 3416: 3409: 3404: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3381: 3376: 3374: 3366: 3361: 3354: 3349: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3326: 3321: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3294: 3289: 3287: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3247: 3242: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3219: 3214: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3172: 3167: 3160: 3159:Morrison 1985 3157:, p. 8; 3156: 3155:Graybill 2007 3151: 3144: 3141:, p. 9; 3140: 3139:Graybill 2007 3135: 3128: 3125:, p. 9; 3124: 3123:Graybill 2007 3119: 3112: 3108: 3107:Graybill 2007 3103: 3096: 3095:Graybill 2007 3091: 3085: 3080: 3073: 3068: 3062:, p. 238 3061: 3056: 3054: 3038: 3034: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3015: 2999: 2990: 2980: 2970: 2961: 2951: 2942: 2933: 2923: 2913: 2903: 2893: 2884: 2875: 2866: 2859: 2858:Timothy Breen 2854: 2848: 2838: 2828: 2820: 2813: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2768: 2766: 2765: 2760: 2759: 2754: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2743: 2738: 2737: 2731: 2729: 2723: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2706:James Curwood 2703: 2699: 2694: 2692: 2684: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2658:Popular media 2650: 2648: 2637: 2635: 2634:motor vessels 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2592:Lake Winnipeg 2589: 2584: 2581: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2549:riding school 2541: 2540:riding school 2536: 2527: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2442:breechloaders 2439: 2435: 2428: 2423: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2339:buffalo coats 2336: 2332: 2327: 2324: 2320: 2312: 2307: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2163: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2042: 2037: 2029: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1955: 1954: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1933:Commissioner 1932: 1928: 1922: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1878: 1873: 1864: 1862: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1766:James Macleod 1763: 1762:George French 1753: 1744: 1735: 1726: 1717: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1668: 1663: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1642: 1640: 1637:, the acting 1636: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1623:Charles Cahan 1620: 1619:Robert Borden 1616: 1607: 1603: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1583:Western Front 1580: 1575: 1571: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1536: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1505: 1503: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1444:were sent to 1443: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1408: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1394: 1388: 1386: 1381: 1372: 1367: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1311:Edward Hutton 1308: 1303: 1300: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1262: 1259: 1254: 1253:paternalistic 1250: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1205: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1176: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1100: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1058: 1053: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1030:Regina Leader 1024: 1021: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1003:vagrancy laws 998: 994: 992: 986: 983: 974: 965: 963: 957: 954: 950: 945: 940: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 913:Prince Albert 910: 905: 902: 898: 894: 891:In 1885, the 886: 881: 876: 866: 862: 860: 856: 851: 849: 845: 837: 833: 829: 825: 816: 814: 809: 807: 803: 795: 790: 786: 783: 778: 773: 771: 767: 763: 759: 753: 750: 746: 741: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 713: 709: 706: 701: 687: 684: 679: 678:James Macleod 674: 671: 667: 662: 657: 655: 651: 647: 643: 637: 635: 631: 630:George French 622: 617: 607: 605: 604:Fort Dufferin 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 567: 565: 561: 560:Fort Whoop-Up 557: 553: 549: 548:Privy Council 545: 541: 536: 534: 530: 526: 522: 517: 510: 506: 505:Fort Dufferin 501: 487: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 463: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 431: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 408:First Nations 405: 401: 397: 392: 389: 385: 381: 380:Rupert's Land 377: 376:New Brunswick 373: 369: 365: 364:confederation 361: 357: 349: 344: 330: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 286: 284: 280: 276: 271: 268: 263: 259: 254: 252: 251:First Nations 248: 244: 243:United States 241:and fears of 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 223:Rupert's Land 220: 216: 212: 204: 203:James Macleod 200: 195: 184: 181: 179: 176: 175: 173: 169: 166: 163: 159: 155: 151: 148: 144: 141: 137: 134: 131: 125: 121: 116: 113: 110: 106: 103: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 75: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 46: 40: 36: 34: 19: 11097:Police board 10993: 10220: 10197: 10176: 10165: 10161: 10147:(3): 69–80. 10144: 10140: 10136: 10132: 10115: 10096: 10077: 10054: 10029: 10002: 9998: 9979: 9970: 9966: 9957: 9953: 9930: 9917: 9913: 9894: 9875: 9856: 9847: 9843: 9824: 9801: 9780: 9757: 9734: 9717: 9696: 9675: 9652: 9639: 9622: 9603: 9586: 9567: 9548: 9529: 9508: 9485: 9464: 9445: 9426: 9408: 9390: 9367: 9344: 9320: 9300: 9279: 9254: 9226: 9206: 9187: 9162: 9158: 9150:Bibliography 9132: 9097: 9092:, p. 14 9090:Horrall 1974 9081: 9069: 9057: 9041: 9021: 9005: 8998:Macleod 1976 8993: 8973: 8968:, p. 49 8957: 8952:, p. 17 8945: 8934:Marsden 1993 8925: 8918:Horrall 1973 8897: 8881: 8869: 8864:, p. 37 8853: 8841: 8829: 8824:, p. 42 8817: 8801: 8789: 8784:, p. 35 8769: 8757: 8745: 8729: 8717: 8705: 8700:, p. 16 8693: 8681: 8665: 8653: 8648:, p. 24 8624: 8612: 8601:Horrall 1973 8596: 8589:Horrall 1973 8574:Horrall 1973 8569: 8562:Horrall 1973 8542: 8518:, p. 24 8507: 8495: 8483: 8471: 8459: 8432: 8390: 8385:, p. 33 8374: 8350:, p. 24 8339: 8327: 8322:, p. 24 8311: 8299: 8272: 8252:, p. 85 8241:, retrieved 8237:the original 8227: 8215:. Retrieved 8211: 8201: 8189:. Retrieved 8185: 8176: 8171:, p. 44 8149: 8137: 8125: 8120:, p. 43 8109: 8093: 8066: 8054: 8049:, p. 34 8042: 8030: 8018: 7998:, p. 28 7991: 7979: 7974:, p. 28 7959: 7947:. Retrieved 7937: 7925:. Retrieved 7916: 7904:. Retrieved 7895: 7883:. Retrieved 7874: 7862:. Retrieved 7838:. Retrieved 7828: 7816: 7804: 7784:, p. 84 7782:Horrall 1973 7777: 7765: 7753: 7741: 7729: 7718:Horrall 1973 7709: 7697: 7685: 7680:, p. 23 7678:Horrall 1973 7669: 7657: 7645: 7633: 7617: 7610:Horrall 1973 7602:Marquis 2005 7597: 7590:Macleod 1976 7582:Marquis 2005 7577: 7561: 7556:, p. 42 7549: 7537:. Retrieved 7528: 7516: 7511:, p. 50 7485: 7473: 7461: 7454:Marquis 2005 7449: 7437: 7425: 7420:, p. 76 7418:Macleod 1976 7405: 7398:Macleod 1976 7389: 7384:, p. 73 7382:Macleod 1976 7373: 7361: 7349: 7337: 7321: 7301: 7296:, p. 95 7281:, p. 49 7279:Macleod 1976 7270: 7259:Macleod 1976 7254: 7242: 7237:, p. 16 7226: 7214: 7202: 7190: 7185:, p. 10 7163: 7151: 7139: 7134:, p. 23 7132:Horrall 1973 7123: 7116:Horrall 1998 7101:Horrall 1998 7080:Horrall 1998 7075: 7063: 7058:, p. 26 7036: 7024: 7013:Horrall 1998 7008: 7001:Horrall 1998 6996: 6980: 6969:Horrall 1998 6964: 6953:Horrall 1998 6944: 6915: 6904:Horrall 1998 6895: 6880:Horrall 1998 6871: 6859: 6848:Horrall 1998 6839: 6828:Horrall 1998 6823: 6818:, p. 91 6816:Horrall 1973 6807: 6796:Horrall 1998 6791: 6784:Horrall 1973 6775: 6770:, p. 29 6763: 6758:, p. 10 6747: 6735: 6724:Horrall 1998 6719: 6712:Horrall 1973 6703: 6692:Horrall 1998 6634: 6607: 6595: 6583: 6571: 6559: 6547: 6535: 6523: 6511: 6499: 6494:, p. 72 6487: 6480:Horrall 1973 6475: 6468:Horrall 1973 6453:Horrall 1973 6448: 6441:Macleod 1976 6426:Macleod 1976 6421: 6410:Macleod 1976 6405: 6398:Macleod 1976 6393: 6388:, p. 61 6386:Macleod 1976 6371:Macleod 1976 6356:Macleod 1976 6351: 6346:, p. 46 6344:Macleod 1976 6335: 6324:, retrieved 6309: 6304:, p. 55 6302:Macleod 1976 6289: 6282:Macleod 1976 6277: 6272:, p. 54 6270:Macleod 1976 6261: 6256:, p. 53 6254:Macleod 1976 6234: 6229:, p. 55 6227:Macleod 1976 6222: 6215:Macleod 1976 6210: 6201:December 29, 6199:, retrieved 6185: 6180:, p. 16 6169: 6164:, p. 85 6157: 6127:Macleod 1976 6122: 6110: 6098: 6091:Macleod 1976 6072:Macleod 1976 6067: 6040: 6035:, p. 99 6028: 6021:Macleod 1976 6016: 6009:Macleod 1976 6004: 5997:Macleod 1976 5984:, p. 45 5982:Marquis 1993 5944: 5924: 5908: 5896: 5891:, p. 96 5884: 5868: 5863:, p. 63 5852: 5836: 5825:Porsild 1998 5820: 5815:, p. 72 5813:Winslow 1952 5800: 5795:, p. 95 5789:Macleod 1976 5776: 5764: 5753:Porsild 1998 5744: 5733:Porsild 1998 5724: 5712: 5707:, p. 94 5692: 5676: 5664: 5648: 5643:, p. 11 5636: 5629:Macleod 1976 5612: 5600: 5584: 5577:Macleod 1976 5572: 5565:Macleod 1976 5556: 5519: 5512:Macleod 1976 5503: 5496:Macleod 1976 5464: 5448: 5441:Macleod 1976 5428: 5421:Macleod 1976 5412: 5400: 5393:Macleod 1976 5388: 5381:Macleod 1976 5376: 5364: 5352: 5340: 5333:Macleod 1976 5324: 5317:Macleod 1976 5308: 5303:, p. 65 5301:Macleod 1976 5296: 5291:, p. 65 5289:Macleod 1976 5276: 5264: 5248: 5236: 5220: 5208: 5201:Horrall 1998 5196: 5189:Horrall 1998 5184: 5177:Horrall 1998 5160:Horrall 1998 5145:Horrall 1998 5140: 5133:Horrall 1998 5128: 5121:Horrall 1998 5104:Horrall 1998 5099: 5092:Horrall 1998 5087: 5080:Horrall 1998 5075: 5068:Macleod 1976 5063: 5056:Macleod 1976 5051: 5044:Macleod 1976 5035: 5028:Macleod 1976 5023: 5016:Macleod 1976 5011: 5004:Macleod 1976 4999: 4992:Macleod 1976 4987: 4980:Macleod 1976 4975: 4963: 4958:, p. 69 4951: 4939: 4923: 4918:, p. 46 4916:Macleod 1976 4903: 4898:, p. 46 4896:Macleod 1976 4876: 4869:Macleod 1976 4864: 4848: 4836: 4829:Macleod 1976 4820: 4813:Macleod 1976 4804: 4784: 4772: 4756: 4744: 4713: 4701: 4689: 4684:, p. 77 4682:Horrall 1973 4678:Macleod 1976 4673: 4661: 4654:Macleod 1976 4645: 4640:, p. 85 4638:Horrall 1973 4633: 4626:Macleod 1976 4617: 4605: 4593: 4581: 4565: 4553: 4546:Macleod 1976 4541: 4529: 4518:Macleod 1976 4513: 4501: 4494:Macleod 1976 4489: 4482:Macleod 1976 4477: 4465: 4454:Macleod 1976 4449: 4438:Macleod 1976 4433: 4422:Macleod 1976 4417: 4405: 4393: 4381: 4370:Macleod 1976 4365: 4354:Macleod 1976 4349: 4338:Macleod 1976 4333: 4322:Macleod 1976 4317: 4305: 4276: 4260: 4248: 4236: 4224: 4217:Horrall 1973 4208: 4196: 4191:, p. 26 4184: 4162:, p. 68 4134: 4129:, p. 27 4127:Macleod 1976 4102:, p. 27 4100:Macleod 1976 4091: 4079: 4052: 4040: 4028: 4012: 4007:, p. 57 3985: 3980:, p. 35 3973: 3968:, p. 32 3961: 3949: 3908: 3903:, p. 64 3893:Macleod 1976 3884: 3879:, p. 21 3869:Macleod 1976 3864: 3859:, p. 27 3857:Macleod 1976 3852: 3836: 3824: 3812: 3801:Macleod 1976 3796: 3791:, p. 24 3789:Macleod 1976 3780: 3775:, p. 25 3773:Macleod 1976 3768: 3761:Horrall 1974 3757:Macleod 1976 3752: 3747:, p. 60 3741:Macleod 1976 3737:Francis 1997 3732: 3725:Horrall 1974 3720: 3708: 3703:, p. 60 3692: 3687:, p. 60 3681:Horrall 1974 3676: 3671:, p. 24 3669:Horrall 1974 3650:Horrall 1974 3645: 3634:Horrall 1974 3629: 3624:, p. 73 3618:Stanley 1974 3614:Horrall 1974 3609: 3604:, p. 73 3598:Stanley 1974 3593: 3581: 3570:Stanley 1974 3565: 3560:, p. 63 3554:Stanley 1974 3541:, p. 30 3539:Stanley 1974 3534: 3529:, p. 61 3522: 3517:, p. 61 3511:Stanley 1974 3506: 3501:, p. 60 3495:Horrall 1974 3490: 3485:, p. 34 3483:Stanley 1974 3479:Horrall 1974 3474: 3467:Horrall 1973 3463:Horrall 1974 3458: 3453:, p. 20 3451:Horrall 1974 3436:Horrall 1974 3432:Macleod 1976 3427: 3422:, p. 19 3420:Horrall 1974 3415: 3408:Horrall 1974 3403: 3398:, p. 21 3396:Horrall 1973 3392:Horrall 1974 3387: 3382:, p. 18 3380:Horrall 1974 3365:Horrall 1974 3360: 3353:Macleod 1976 3348: 3341:Horrall 1974 3337:Macleod 1976 3332: 3327:, p. 17 3325:Horrall 1974 3320: 3315:, p. 21 3313:Horrall 1973 3309:Horrall 1974 3305:Macleod 1976 3300: 3293:Horrall 1974 3280:, p. 15 3278:Horrall 1974 3274:Macleod 1976 3269: 3264:, p. 15 3262:Horrall 1974 3258:Macleod 1976 3253: 3246:Horrall 1974 3241: 3236:, p. 15 3230:Horrall 1974 3225: 3220:, p. 15 3199:Horrall 1974 3194: 3183:Macleod 1976 3178: 3171:Macleod 1976 3166: 3161:, p. 10 3150: 3134: 3118: 3102: 3090: 3079: 3067: 3041:, retrieved 3037:the original 2998: 2989: 2979: 2969: 2960: 2950: 2941: 2932: 2922: 2912: 2902: 2892: 2883: 2874: 2865: 2847: 2837: 2827: 2812: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2785:Sitting Bull 2762: 2756: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2732: 2724: 2717: 2713: 2710:Ralph Connor 2697: 2695: 2691:Musical Ride 2687: 2680: 2643: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2606: 2598: 2587: 2585: 2577: 2566: 2545: 2512: 2500: 2473: 2458:black powder 2431: 2406:Clan MacLeod 2401: 2397: 2387: 2380: 2352: 2331:13th Hussars 2328: 2316: 2165:1880s–1890s 2101:Other ranks 2093: 2065: 2049: 2045: 2038: 2034: 1919: 1907: 1882: 1877:Fort Macleod 1857: 1833: 1821: 1784: 1695: 1691: 1671: 1657:Amalgamation 1643: 1631: 1611: 1566: 1553: 1532: 1498: 1482:York Factory 1470: 1465: 1439: 1404:Saskatchewan 1401: 1397: 1389: 1376: 1334:Samuel Steel 1319: 1304: 1298: 1283: 1237: 1221: 1209: 1200: 1173: 1169:picket lines 1149: 1132:trade unions 1121: 1111:The town of 1084: 1072: 1061: 1057:Stetson hats 1036: 1028: 1025: 1016: 999: 995: 987: 979: 958: 941: 917:Leif Crozier 906: 890: 863: 852: 841: 828:Donald Smith 810: 799: 777:Sitting Bull 774: 754: 742: 717: 712:Fort Calgary 708:First Nation 683:Fort Macleod 675: 658: 654:Henri Julien 638: 627: 571:Conservative 569:Macdonald's 568: 537: 515: 513: 509:Henri Julien 464: 432: 396:Great Plains 393: 353: 305: 287: 283:Canadian law 272: 255: 214: 210: 208: 85:May 23, 1873 55:Abbreviation 39: 32: 11075:commissions 11073:Boards and 10860:Specialized 10403:enforcement 9973:(1): 84–91. 9960:(2): 72–81. 9850:(1): 31–42. 9165:(4): 1–24. 9141:Kealey 1998 9137:Hewitt 1998 9125:Hewitt 1998 9121:Dawson 1998 9117:Baker 1998a 9102:Dawson 1998 9086:Baker 1998a 9074:Dawson 1998 9062:Hewitt 1998 9050:Hewitt 1998 9046:Baker 1998a 9034:Hewitt 1998 9030:Dawson 1998 9026:Baker 1998a 9014:Kealey 1998 9010:Hewitt 2002 8986:Hewitt 1998 8982:Dawson 1998 8966:Dawson 1998 8906:Hewitt 1998 8902:Dawson 1998 8862:Dawson 1998 8848:, p. 2 8822:Dawson 1998 8810:Dawson 1998 8794:Dawson 1998 8782:Dawson 1998 8738:Hewitt 1998 8734:Dawson 1998 8710:Dawson 1998 8676:, p. 4 8547:Hewitt 1998 8217:November 3, 8191:November 3, 7996:Haydon 1926 7986:, p. 9 7984:Morton 1998 7972:Haydon 1926 7964:Morton 1998 7949:January 25, 7927:January 25, 7906:January 25, 7885:January 25, 7864:January 25, 7840:January 25, 7833:J.J.Healy. 7714:Hewitt 1997 7606:Hewitt 1997 7539:January 25, 7332:, p. 7 7326:Hewitt 1997 7316:, p. 7 7310:Hewitt 1997 7221:, p. 7 7170:, p. 9 7084:Kealey 1998 7017:Kealey 1998 6989:Hewitt 1997 6985:Kealey 1998 6973:Kealey 1998 6957:Kealey 1998 6949:Hewitt 2002 6937:Kealey 1998 6920:Kealey 1998 6908:Kealey 1998 6900:Hewitt 2002 6888:Hewitt 1997 6884:Kealey 1998 6876:Hewitt 2002 6852:Kealey 1998 6844:Hewitt 2002 6832:Kealey 1998 6812:Kealey 1998 6800:Kealey 1998 6780:Hewitt 1998 6768:Wilson 2016 6752:Wilson 2016 6740:Wilson 2016 6728:Hewitt 1997 6708:Hewitt 1998 6696:Kealey 1998 6688:Hewitt 2002 6673:Kealey 1998 6669:Hewitt 2002 6654:Kealey 1998 6103:Miller 1993 6060:Miller 1993 6045:Miller 1993 5953:Berton 2001 5937:Zaslow 1971 5917:Zaslow 1971 5901:Zaslow 1971 5873:Berton 2001 5857:Berton 2001 5845:Zaslow 1971 5809:Zaslow 1971 5769:Berton 2001 5757:Coates 1994 5749:Berton 2001 5729:Berton 2001 5685:Wright 1976 5625:Hewitt 1997 5621:Baker 1998b 5605:Hewitt 1997 5593:Baker 1998b 5549:Baker 1998b 5528:Baker 1998b 5488:Baker 1998b 5457:Baker 1998b 5437:Baker 1998b 5257:Hewitt 1998 5241:Hewitt 1998 5229:Hewitt 1998 5213:Hewitt 1998 4932:Hubner 1998 4912:Hubner 1998 4857:Hubner 1998 4612:, p. 8 4560:, p. 6 4189:Zaslow 1971 4177:Hubner 1998 4160:Hubner 1998 4139:Hubner 1998 4119:Hubner 1998 4017:Hubner 1998 4005:Hubner 1998 3917:Morton 1998 3845:Hewitt 1998 3713:Haydon 1926 3697:Baker 1998a 3234:Zaslow 1971 3218:Zaslow 1971 3205:, p. 2 3203:Zaslow 1971 3187:Zaslow 1971 3145:, p. 1 3143:Zaslow 1971 3129:, p. 2 3127:Zaslow 1971 3113:, p. 1 3111:Zaslow 1971 2853:Anglo-Irish 2781:James Walsh 2627:Lady Borden 2569:pack ponies 2465:Lee–Enfield 2454:Lee–Metford 2394:Tudor crown 2085:Lost Patrol 2023:Other ranks 1527:Shorncliffe 1486:Port Nelson 1427:Dawson City 1338:Stetson hat 1276:during the 1244:Dawson City 1204:Yukon River 813:pass system 540:Assiniboine 372:Nova Scotia 58:NWMP, RNWMP 11189:Categories 10364:Provincial 10232:0771090803 10209:0888260628 10168:(1): 1–36. 10068:0889771030 9944:0889771030 9920:(1): 1–14. 9866:0802053335 9834:1894384709 9815:0889771030 9771:0889771030 9744:0889771030 9685:0802041493 9666:0889771030 9613:0888640544 9497:1551520435 9381:0889771030 9310:0773507949 9291:1894022084 9268:0889771030 9241:0889771030 8437:Atkin 1973 8250:Atkin 1973 8102:Atkin 1973 8023:Atkin 1973 7758:Atkin 1973 7674:Atkin 1973 7626:Atkin 1973 7570:Atkin 1973 7554:Atkin 1973 7509:Atkin 1973 7156:Atkin 1973 7144:Atkin 1973 7128:Atkin 1973 6414:Breen 1974 6190:Atkin 1973 6174:McCoy 2000 6150:Atkin 1973 6131:Atkin 1973 6115:Atkin 1973 6076:Atkin 1973 5949:Allen 2007 5877:Atkin 1973 5781:Allen 2007 5717:Gates 1997 5697:Gates 1997 5681:Gates 1997 5669:Gates 1997 5653:Gates 1997 5369:Betke 1998 5357:Betke 1998 5313:Betke 1998 4908:Betke 1998 4825:Betke 1998 4809:Betke 1998 4797:Breen 1974 4793:Betke 1998 4765:Breen 1974 4737:Breen 1974 4722:Breen 1974 4694:Breen 1974 4598:Atkin 1973 4586:Atkin 1973 4574:Atkin 1973 4534:Atkin 1973 4522:Atkin 1973 4506:Atkin 1973 4470:Atkin 1973 4458:Atkin 1973 4442:Atkin 1973 4426:Atkin 1973 4410:Atkin 1973 4398:Atkin 1973 4386:Atkin 1973 4374:Atkin 1973 4358:Atkin 1973 4342:Atkin 1973 4326:Atkin 1973 4310:Atkin 1973 4298:Atkin 1973 4281:Atkin 1973 4269:Atkin 1973 4253:Atkin 1973 4241:Atkin 1973 4229:Atkin 1973 4213:Atkin 1973 4201:Atkin 1973 4084:Atkin 1973 4072:Atkin 1973 4057:Atkin 1973 4045:Atkin 1973 4033:Atkin 1973 4021:Atkin 1973 3921:Breen 1974 3897:Breen 1974 3877:Atkin 1973 3829:Atkin 1973 3817:Atkin 1973 3805:Atkin 1973 3745:Atkin 1973 3701:Atkin 1973 3685:Atkin 1973 3654:Atkin 1973 3638:Atkin 1973 3622:Atkin 1973 3602:Atkin 1973 3586:Atkin 1973 3574:Atkin 1973 3558:Atkin 1973 3527:Atkin 1973 3515:Atkin 1973 3499:Atkin 1973 3011:References 2758:Rose Marie 2677:Yukon King 2647:cartridges 2609:, a small 2580:McLaughlin 2427:Fort Walsh 2323:forage cap 2247:Constable 2180:Constable 2117:Constable 2072:mosquitoes 1948:Inspector 1930:1870–1900 1915:Freemasons 1889:veterinary 1841:telephones 1791:constables 1787:inspectors 1490:Baker Lake 1233:Maxim guns 1152:Lethbridge 1113:Lethbridge 991:quarantine 929:Poundmaker 897:Louis Riel 836:Sam Steele 766:gratuities 725:Swan River 616:March West 610:March West 587:Washington 483:magistrate 400:the Shield 388:government 338:Background 302:Edward VII 279:March West 205:sat centre 199:Fort Walsh 10908:oversight 10476:municipal 10472:Regional 10401:Other law 10187:465425340 10124:635848375 10019:159897122 9789:635848375 9726:635848375 9595:635848375 9418:679780396 9399:635848375 9179:154301382 8834:Kuhn 2003 7534:"Uniform" 3942:Gywn 2012 3072:Gywn 2012 3060:Gywn 2012 2984:uniforms. 2764:Due South 2747:Challenge 2640:Suppliers 2631:Chakawana 2596:steamboat 2469:small arm 2412:Equipment 2376:red serge 2335:moccasins 2311:red serge 2244:Corporal 2241:Sergeant 2177:Corporal 2174:Sergeant 2060:oil lamps 2056:sod roofs 1837:telegraph 1804:corporals 1800:sergeants 1706:Structure 1687:revolvers 1615:Bolshevik 1502:dog sleds 1355:the Crown 1284:When the 1210:In 1896, 921:Duck Lake 834:in 1885; 770:annuities 705:Blackfoot 495:Formation 358:into the 315:Bolshevik 90:Dissolved 11032:Staffing 9631:25798772 2822:in 1915. 2615:Rouville 2603:launches 2588:Keewatin 2554:saddlery 2436:and the 2417:Weaponry 2360:oilskins 2080:bed bugs 1613:the new 1572:and the 1473:steamers 1462:schooner 1373:, c.1905 1249:coroners 1240:boomtown 1216:Klondike 1140:lockouts 1012:trackers 933:Big Bear 762:Treaty 7 749:reserves 721:Crowfoot 661:prairies 521:Winnipeg 447:smallpox 424:Manitoba 294:Klondike 11147:Museums 10952:Defunct 10906:Police 10298:Federal 9806:325–350 9657:351–362 9372:209–230 9259:137–172 9232:vii–xvi 8243:June 9, 6326:June 1, 3043:June 9, 2787:in 1877 2728:Western 2619:Victory 2611:steamer 2607:Redwing 2599:Vidette 2368:Stetson 2343:dragoon 2054:, with 1903:Ontario 1885:medical 1816:captain 1808:colonel 1679:lorries 1587:Siberia 1570:Alberta 1561:Calgary 1466:Neptune 1454:whaling 1214:in the 1144:strikes 909:Batoche 745:ranches 737:Calgary 731:, with 646:mortars 579:Liberal 455:Piegans 435:Alberta 350:in 1870 333:History 292:in the 275:Alberta 10229: 10206: 10185: 10122: 10103: 10084: 10065: 10038: 10017: 9986: 9941: 9901: 9882: 9863: 9831: 9812: 9787: 9768: 9741: 9724: 9705: 9682: 9663: 9629: 9610: 9593: 9574: 9555: 9536: 9517: 9494: 9471: 9452: 9433: 9416: 9397: 9378: 9351: 9332: 9307: 9288: 9265: 9238: 9213: 9194: 9177: 2623:Duncan 2503:lances 2486:; the 2383:parkas 2232:1900s 2106:1870s 2068:lumber 1371:Regina 1324:, the 1280:, 1900 1197:, 1898 1008:scouts 848:Regina 729:Ellice 714:, 1878 554:, the 368:Canada 356:Canada 348:Canada 233:, the 147:Canada 133:Canada 82:Formed 35:(film) 11106:Lists 10015:S2CID 9935:17–40 9762:53–70 9175:S2CID 3003:hero. 2974:1918. 2907:1898. 2804:Notes 2573:mules 2313:tunic 1812:major 1195:Yukon 733:Walsh 451:Sioux 443:bison 416:Métis 412:Inuit 306:Royal 63:Motto 10944:(ON) 10940:and 10934:(NS) 10928:(MB) 10922:(BC) 10474:and 10227:ISBN 10204:ISBN 10183:OCLC 10120:OCLC 10101:ISBN 10082:ISBN 10063:ISBN 10059:3–16 10036:ISBN 9984:ISBN 9939:ISBN 9899:ISBN 9880:ISBN 9861:ISBN 9829:ISBN 9810:ISBN 9785:OCLC 9766:ISBN 9739:ISBN 9722:OCLC 9703:ISBN 9680:ISBN 9661:ISBN 9627:OCLC 9608:ISBN 9591:OCLC 9572:ISBN 9553:ISBN 9534:ISBN 9515:ISBN 9492:ISBN 9469:ISBN 9450:ISBN 9431:ISBN 9414:OCLC 9395:OCLC 9376:ISBN 9349:ISBN 9330:ISBN 9326:1–32 9305:ISBN 9286:ISBN 9263:ISBN 9236:ISBN 9211:ISBN 9192:ISBN 8245:2017 8219:2021 8193:2021 7951:2021 7929:2021 7908:2021 7887:2021 7866:2021 7842:2021 7541:2021 6328:2017 6203:2016 3045:2017 2783:and 2739:and 2708:and 2675:and 2629:and 2571:and 2078:and 2076:lice 2052:logs 1887:and 1814:and 1776:and 1330:Boer 1299:veld 1142:and 1090:and 1010:and 931:and 901:Cree 735:and 668:and 453:and 374:and 260:Sir 225:and 215:NWMP 209:The 93:1920 10149:doi 10139:". 10007:doi 9167:doi 1901:in 1525:at 1464:SS 1429:to 1242:of 710:at 666:Bow 422:of 360:NWT 11191:: 10166:25 10164:. 10145:24 10143:. 10061:. 10013:. 10001:. 9969:. 9956:. 9937:. 9918:16 9916:. 9848:10 9846:. 9808:. 9764:. 9659:. 9374:. 9328:. 9261:. 9234:. 9173:. 9163:67 9161:. 9109:^ 8636:^ 8581:^ 8554:^ 8523:^ 8444:^ 8417:^ 8402:^ 8355:^ 8284:^ 8257:^ 8248:; 8210:. 8184:. 8161:^ 8078:^ 8003:^ 7850:^ 7789:^ 7497:^ 7286:^ 7175:^ 7108:^ 7091:^ 7048:^ 6927:^ 6680:^ 6661:^ 6646:^ 6619:^ 6460:^ 6433:^ 6378:^ 6363:^ 6246:^ 6138:^ 6083:^ 6052:^ 5989:^ 5972:^ 5535:^ 5476:^ 5167:^ 5152:^ 5111:^ 4888:^ 4729:^ 4288:^ 4167:^ 4146:^ 4107:^ 4064:^ 3997:^ 3932:^ 3661:^ 3546:^ 3443:^ 3372:^ 3285:^ 3210:^ 3052:^ 3018:^ 2704:, 2625:, 2621:, 2605:. 2510:. 2482:; 2358:, 2074:, 1905:. 1802:, 1772:, 1768:, 1764:, 1171:. 606:. 410:, 370:, 145:, 10283:e 10276:t 10269:v 10235:. 10212:. 10189:. 10155:. 10151:: 10126:. 10109:. 10090:. 10071:. 10044:. 10021:. 10009:: 10003:9 9992:. 9971:6 9958:9 9947:. 9907:. 9888:. 9869:. 9837:. 9818:. 9791:. 9774:. 9747:. 9728:. 9711:. 9688:. 9669:. 9633:. 9616:. 9597:. 9580:. 9561:. 9542:. 9523:. 9500:. 9477:. 9458:. 9439:. 9420:. 9401:. 9384:. 9357:. 9338:. 9313:. 9294:. 9271:. 9244:. 9219:. 9200:. 9181:. 9169:: 8221:. 8195:. 7953:. 7931:. 7910:. 7889:. 7868:. 7844:. 7543:. 2083:" 213:( 37:. 20:)

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Knowledge

North-West Mounted Police

Index