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distance from water. It is a shallow scrape on the ground lined with plant material and down. The female lays seven to nine cream-coloured eggs at the rate of one per day; the eggs are 55 mm × 38 mm (2.2 in × 1.5 in) in size and weigh 45 g (1.6 oz), of which 7% is shell. If predators destroy the first clutch, the female can produce a replacement clutch as late as the end of July. The hen alone incubates the eggs for 22 to 24 days before they hatch. The
635:
831:
67:
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216:
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392:. It is highly gregarious when not breeding, forming large mixed flocks with other species of duck. This duck's population is affected by predators, parasites and avian diseases. Human activities, such as agriculture, hunting and fishing, have also had a significant impact on numbers. Nevertheless, owing to the huge range and large population of this species, it is not threatened globally.
309:
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The pintail walks well on land, and swims well. In water, the swimming posture is forward leaning, with the base of the neck almost flush with the water. It has a very fast flight, with its wings slightly swept-back, rather than straight out from the body like other ducks. In flight, the male shows a
845:
Among the earliest species to breed in the spring, northern pintails typically form pairs during migration, or even while still on wintering grounds. Breeding takes place between April and June, with the nest being constructed on the ground and hidden amongst vegetation in a dry location, often some
580:
The adult female is mainly scalloped and mottled in light brown with a more uniformly grey-brown head, and its pointed tail is shorter than the male's; it is still easily identified by its shape, long neck, and long grey bill. In non-breeding (eclipse) plumage, the drake pintail looks similar to the
372:
This is a large duck, and the male's long central tail feathers give rise to the species' English and scientific names. Both sexes have blue-grey bills and grey legs and feet. The drake is more striking, having a thin white stripe running from the back of its chocolate-coloured head down its neck to
1064:
Pintails in North
America at least have been badly affected by avian diseases, with the breeding population falling from more than 10 million in 1957 to 3.5 million by 1964. Although the species has recovered from that low point, the breeding population in 1999 was 30% below the long-term average,
808:
The northern pintail's breeding habitat is open unwooded wetlands, such as wet grassland, lakesides or tundra. In winter, it will utilise a wider range of open habitats, such as sheltered estuaries, brackish marshes and coastal lagoons. It is highly gregarious outside the breeding season and forms
878:
The pintail feeds by dabbling and upending in shallow water for plant food mainly in the evening or at night, and therefore spends much of the day resting. Its long neck enables it to take food items from the bottom of water bodies up to 30 cm (12 in) deep, which are beyond the reach of
1012:
This species' preferred habitat of shallow water is naturally susceptible to problems such as drought or the encroachment of vegetation, but this duck's habitat might be increasingly threatened by climate change. Populations are also affected by the conversion of wetlands and grassland to arable
576:
male has a chocolate-brown head and white breast with a white stripe extending up the side of the neck. Its upperparts and sides are grey, but elongated grey feathers with black central stripes are draped across the back from the shoulder area. The vent area is yellow, contrasting with the black
567:
of 23.6–28.2 cm (9.3–11.1 in) and wingspan of 80–95 cm (31–37 in). The male is 59–76 cm (23–30 in) in length and weighs 450–1,360 g (0.99–3.00 lb), and therefore is considerably larger than the female, which is 51–64 cm (20–25 in) long and weighs
308:
1008:
The northern pintail is a popular species for game shooting because of its speed, agility, and excellent eating qualities, and is hunted across its range. Although one of the world's most numerous ducks, the combination of hunting with other factors has led to population declines, and local
841:
Both sexes reach sexual maturity at one year of age. The male mates with the female by swimming close to her with his head lowered and tail raised, continually whistling. If there is a group of males, they will chase the female in flight until only one drake is left. The female prepares for
1013:
crops, depriving the duck of feeding and nesting areas. Spring planting means that many nests of this early breeding duck are destroyed by farming activities, and a
Canadian study showed that more than half of the surveyed nests were destroyed by agricultural work such as ploughing and
1053:
The northern pintail has a large range, estimated at 41,900,000 km (16,200,000 sq mi), and a population estimated at 4.8–4.9 million individuals. The IUCN has categorised the northern pintail as not being threatened globally, however it is endangered in Europe.
306:
515:
is much less marked in the southern pintails, with the male's breeding appearance being similar to the female plumage. Unusually for a species with such a large range, northern pintail has no geographical subspecies if Eaton's pintail is treated as a separate species.
2407:
589:
black speculum bordered white at the rear and pale rufous at the front, whereas the female's speculum is dark brown bordered with white, narrowly at the front edge but very prominently at the rear, being visible at a distance of 1,600 m (1 mi).
1036:
were the species with the highest levels of lead shot ingestion, higher than in northern countries of the western
Palearctic flyway, where lead shot has been banned. In the United States, Canada, and many western European countries, all shot used for
842:
copulation, which takes place in the water, by lowering her body; the male then bobs his head up and down and mounts the female, taking the feathers on the back of her head in his mouth. After mating, he raises his head and back and whistles.
850:
downy chicks are then led by the female to the nearest body of water, where they feed on dead insects on the water surface. The chicks fledge in 46 to 47 days after hatching, but stay with the female until she has completed
373:
its mostly white undercarriage. The drake also has attractive grey, brown, and black patterning on its back and sides. The hen's plumage is more subtle and subdued, with drab brown feathers similar to those of other female
1065:
despite years of major efforts focused on restoring the species. In 1997, an estimated 1.5 million water birds, the majority being northern pintails, died from avian botulism during two outbreaks in Canada and Utah.
305:
2357:
682:
43:
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2355:
547:, with accession numbers NML-VZ T11792 (male immature), NML-VZ T11795 (female adult) and NML-VZ T11797 (female adult). The specimens were collected by J. V. Arundel in Sydney Island (
858:
Around three-quarters of chicks live long enough to fledge, but not more than half of those survive long enough to reproduce. The maximum recorded age is 27 years and 5 months for a
2160:
Mateo, Rafael; Martínez-Vilalta, Albert; Guitart, Raimon (1997). "Lead shot pellets in the Ebro delta, Spain: Densities in sediments and prevalence of exposure in waterfowl".
581:
female, but retains the male upperwing pattern and long grey shoulder feathers. Juvenile birds resemble the female, but are less neatly scalloped and have a duller brown
1835:
Williams, N.A.; Calverley, B.K.; Mahrt, J.L. (1977). "Blood parasites of mallard and pintail ducks from central
Alberta and the Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories".
1142:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata
2356:
1805:
989:, blood parasites and external feather lice, and is also affected by other avian diseases. It is often the dominant species in major mortality events from avian
2020:
3314:
622:
1878:
1061:, breeding populations are declining in much of the range, including its stronghold in Russia. In other regions, populations are stable or fluctuating.
577:
underside of the tail, which has the central feathers elongated to as much as 10 cm (3.9 in). The bill is bluish and the legs are blue-grey.
3172:
1583:
3237:
2435:
3415:
1232:
572:, but is more slender, elongated and gracile, with a relatively longer neck and (in males) a longer tail. The unmistakable breeding
3435:
3123:
1072:) applies, but it has no special status under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (
870:
701:
3185:
1330:
1427:
1068:
The northern pintail is one of the species to which the
Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (
886:
of aquatic plants, but the pintail sometimes feeds on roots, grain and other seeds in fields, though less frequently than other
3296:
2292:
2004:
1979:
1944:
1732:
1562:
1532:
1407:
1382:
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3190:
1912:
1813:
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3309:
1159:
942:. The adults can take flight to escape terrestrial predators, but nesting females in particular may be surprised by large
646:
2243:
2217:
2050:
689:
3146:
3061:
666:
3353:
2428:
1290:"A phylogenetic analysis and classification of recent dabbling ducks (Tribe Anatini) based on comparative morphology"
610:
2028:
568:
454–1,135 g (1.001–2.502 lb). The northern pintail broadly overlaps in size with the similarly widespread
3445:
3361:
3092:
3242:
1750:"Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Wild Ducks along the Rio Grande River Valley in Southern New Mexico"
1660:
1480:
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405:
206:
1929:
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which nests on the ground, often some distance from water. It feeds by dabbling for plant food and adds small
3392:
3224:
2983:
2900:
2421:
3255:
2960:
1375:
Wildfowl: An
Identification Guide to the Ducks, Geese and Swans of the World (Helm Identification Guides)
2965:
2021:"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Proposes Duck Hunting Regulations, Limited Canvasback Season Re-Opened"
1613:
1119:
540:
3151:
3366:
3275:
2929:
2391:
2372:
634:
3430:
3425:
3250:
3115:
2109:
Scheuhammer, A.M.; Norris, S.L. (1996). "The ecotoxicology of lead shot and lead fishing weights".
750:
3216:
1233:"The evolution of postcopulatory displays in dabbling ducks (Anatini): a phylogenetic perspective"
3440:
2471:
717:
91:
30:
2079:
3340:
3177:
2947:
2853:
1524:
1518:
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in waterfowl, which often feed off the bottom of lakes and wetlands where the shot collects. A
914:
477:, 1824), an arrangement supported by morphological, molecular and behavioural data. The famous
474:
3203:
1579:
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2526:
2413:
1429:
Type
Specimens of Birds in the Merseyside County Museums (formerly City of Liverpool Museums)
454:
186:
3327:
3138:
1634:
3348:
3035:
2952:
2911:
2891:
2387:
2118:
1761:
564:
552:
8:
2624:
2546:
2496:
2269:
1702:
BirdFacts: profiles of birds occurring in
Britain & Ireland (BTO Research Report 407)
1605:
1271:
1096:
508:
56:
3265:
2122:
1765:
2720:
2195:
2142:
1860:
1312:
1263:
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758:
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366:
255:
86:
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1782:
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1334:
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2996:
2816:
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2538:
2501:
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2288:
2177:
2134:
2000:
1975:
1852:
1787:
1728:
1558:
1528:
1403:
1378:
1255:
1165:
582:
512:
496:
2988:
2146:
1864:
1693:
1267:
2916:
2796:
2755:
2611:
2461:
2169:
2126:
1924:
1844:
1777:
1769:
1304:
1247:
1205:
1114:
1058:
955:
835:
753:. It mainly winters south of its breeding range, reaching almost to the equator in
551:), Phoenix Islands in 1885 and came to the Liverpool national collection via Canon
445:
name, refers to the pointed tail of the male in breeding plumage. Within the large
442:
3001:
1773:
3283:
3079:
2975:
2591:
2481:
2308:
1231:
Johnson, Kevin P.; McKinney, Frank; Wilson, Robert; Sorenson, Michael D. (2000).
998:
981:
975:
822:
536:
338:
3229:
1076:), which regulates international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants.
1009:
restrictions on hunting have been introduced at times to help conserve numbers.
3100:
3087:
2836:
2639:
2586:
2486:
2466:
1848:
1725:
The
Raptors of Europe & the Middle East: A Handbook of Field Identification
1033:
1025:
528:
504:
389:
350:
346:
2247:
3420:
3409:
3198:
2801:
2775:
2674:
2619:
2566:
2506:
2491:
2476:
2317:
Agreement on the conservation of
African-Eurasian migratory Waterbirds (AEWA)
1137:
1105:
1014:
802:
766:
726:
539:), the extinct subspecies, are held in the vertebrate zoology collections of
478:
401:
374:
202:
76:
71:
3379:
3014:
292:
2876:
2831:
2806:
2791:
2740:
2571:
2551:
2181:
2138:
1791:
1553:
Mullarney, Killian; Svensson, Lars; Zetterstrom, Dan; Grant, Peter (2001).
1259:
1251:
951:
891:
782:
548:
544:
520:
453:, the northern pintail's closest relatives are other pintails, such as the
385:
278:
143:
3066:
1945:"Avian influenza tests complete on wild northern pintail ducks in Montana"
3211:
3159:
2885:
2811:
2511:
2375:
was created from a revision of this article dated 14 April 2009
1856:
922:
Pintail nests and chicks are vulnerable to predation by mammals, such as
859:
805:
and the northwestern United States, the pintail may be present all year.
798:
597:
485:
481:
362:
2939:
3374:
3288:
3128:
2699:
2694:
2634:
2596:
2556:
2130:
1316:
1217:
970:
903:
830:
762:
730:
673:
358:
357:. Unusually for a bird with such a large range, it has no geographical
342:
1146:
A. cauda acuminata elongata subtus nigra, occipite utrinque linea alba
1005:
strain of which is highly pathogenic and occasionally infects humans.
215:
3048:
2684:
2679:
2629:
2601:
1913:"Disease emergence in birds: Challenges for the twenty-first century"
1038:
963:
943:
847:
103:
3164:
2847:
1308:
1209:
537:
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1886, p.79. pl. VII
527:, appears to be indistinguishable from the nominate form. The three
3053:
3027:
2870:
2745:
2644:
2516:
2399:
2246:. British Association for Shooting and Conservation. Archived from
990:
899:
786:
738:
653:
446:
153:
123:
1748:
Kuhn, Ryan C.; Rock, Channah M.; Oshima, Kevin H. (January 2002).
773:, where a few hundred birds winter on the main islands in shallow
3387:
3040:
2924:
2826:
2821:
2770:
2765:
2576:
2561:
2058:
Common birds in decline; a state of the birds report, summer 2007
1911:
Friend, Milton; McLean, Robert G.; Dein, F. Joshua (April 2001).
1552:
1021:
994:
986:
883:
774:
693:
657:
601:
573:
569:
381:
354:
3301:
377:. Hens make a coarse quack and the drakes a flute-like whistle.
16:
Migratory duck that breeds in northern Eurasia and North America
2760:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2689:
2649:
2285:
The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes)
1883:
Wildpro - the electronic encyclopaedia and library for wildlife
959:
947:
939:
927:
895:
789:, Canada, was shot by a hunter in England nine days later, and
770:
754:
746:
742:
734:
113:
2443:
1090:
1088:
1020:
Hunting with lead shot, along with the use of lead sinkers in
3022:
2704:
2659:
1230:
1073:
1029:
882:
The winter diet is mainly plant material including seeds and
852:
793:-ringed birds have been recovered from six US states east to
790:
778:
416:
2159:
2669:
1930:
10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[0290:DEIBCF]2.0.CO;2
1085:
1069:
1042:
935:
931:
794:
341:
that breeds in the northern areas of Europe and across the
334:
163:
133:
1447:. Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
2654:
1041:
must now be non-toxic, and therefore may not contain any
923:
488:
gave this name to his daughter, the artist Dafila Scott.
1191:): a comparison of molecular and morphological evidence"
890:
ducks. During the nesting season, this bird eats mainly
1442:
1834:
1443:
del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J., eds. (1992).
1094:
604:-like descending quack, and a low croak when flushed.
2287:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 222–225.
1187:"Phylogeny and biogeography of dabbling ducks (genus
1144:(in Latin). Holmiae : Laurentii Salvii. p. 126.
469:). The pintails are sometimes separated in the genus
2196:"Service continues to expand non-toxic shot options"
2283:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998).
2051:"Losing ground: The top 10 common birds in decline"
563:The northern pintail is a fairly large duck with a
507:, and was formerly considered conspecific with the
1974:. Creative Publishing International. p. 123.
1972:Dressing & Cooking Wild Game (Complete Hunter)
1120:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22680301A153882797.en
966:, have the speed and power to catch flying birds.
2198:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 25 October 2000
2108:
3407:
2027:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from
1910:
1185:Johnson, Kevin P.; Sorenson, Michael D. (1999).
781:journeys also occur: a bird that was caught and
272:
1479:Robinson, Jerry (2002). Johansson, Carl (ed.).
1184:
1747:
1727:. Princeton University Press. pp. 21–25.
1557:. Princeton University Press. pp. 48–49.
2429:
1333:. Society of Wildlife Artists. Archived from
1164:. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 31, 46.
1520:Ducks of Britain and the Northern Hemisphere
1516:
1425:
1161:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
958:, will take ducks from the ground, and some
2282:
2102:
1999:. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 97.
1994:
1397:
712:
555:'s collection which was purchased in 1896.
435:
427:
420:
2444:Game animals and shooting in North America
2436:
2422:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1491:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
1398:Hume, Julian P.; Walters, Michael (2012).
1224:
1178:
1132:
1130:
1024:, has been identified as a major cause of
809:very large mixed flocks with other ducks.
441:, "to sharpen"; the species term like the
214:
65:
29:
2013:
1928:
1906:
1904:
1781:
1474:
1372:
1118:
2383:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
2366:
1828:
1691:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1136:
913:
869:
829:
821:
716:
369:is considered to be a separate species.
301:
293:Listen to Northern Pintail on xeno-canto
2043:
1969:
1963:
1722:
1716:
1598:
1541:
1503:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1287:
1157:
1127:
1032:study showed that northern pintail and
879:other dabbling ducks like the mallard.
380:The northern pintail is a bird of open
3408:
2188:
2072:
1988:
1901:
1754:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1577:
1377:. Christopher Helm. pp. 222–224.
1281:
2852:
2851:
2417:
2402:at eBird (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)
2270:"Anas acuta European regional status"
2210:
2153:
1995:Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005).
1879:"Feather Lice Infection in Waterfowl"
1586:from the original on 1 September 2009
1517:Gooders, John; Boyer, Trevor (1997).
1451:
1421:
1419:
1323:
721:Non-breeding males wintering in India
415:. The scientific name comes from two
249: Vagrant (seasonality uncertain)
3393:80A55F67-4EE3-469F-99B9-367FC3A3A386
3276:648fcc1a-72fd-4d79-92a9-decf43e29f77
3106:eb1cb67a-0e4d-40c4-b4b2-7829e067d3a3
2301:
2236:
1937:
1871:
1798:
1571:
1349:
1151:
729:breeds across northern areas of the
491:Eaton's pintail has two subspecies,
400:This species was first described by
3416:IUCN Red List least concern species
2276:
1741:
1678:
1436:
1391:
1373:Madge, Steve; Burn, Hilary (1988).
1106:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
777:and flooded agricultural habitats.
690:Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge
13:
2525:
2353:
1445:Handbook of the Birds of the World
1416:
519:A claimed extinct subspecies from
14:
3462:
2400:Explore Species: Northern Pintail
2334:
1578:Towell, Larry (23 January 2008).
874:Up-ending to feed (male on right)
801:. In parts of the range, such as
2365:
1951:. U.S. Department of Agriculture
1665:The National Wildlife Federation
1523:. Collins & Brown. pp.
1426:R. Wagstaffe (1 December 1978).
969:It is susceptible to a range of
707:Female in flight, California, US
700:
681:
665:
645:
633:
621:
616:Northern pintail female wingspan
609:
596:whistle, similar to that of the
277:
90:
3436:Birds of the Dominican Republic
2262:
2218:"Crunch time for lead shot ban"
2088:Fire Effects Information System
1704:. British Trust for Ornithology
1653:
1627:
1095:BirdLife International (2019).
628:Northern pintail male in flight
585:with a narrower trailing edge.
2408:Northern pintail photo gallery
1402:. London: Poyser. p. 50.
558:
1:
2174:10.1016/S0269-7491(97)00046-8
1810:Parasite species summary page
1774:10.1128/AEM.68.1.161-165.2002
1079:
337:species with wide geographic
2410:at VIREO (Drexel University)
1837:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
812:
433:, which comes from the verb
38:Male and female (left–right)
7:
3451:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3152:northern-pintail-anas-acuta
894:animals, including aquatic
817:
765:. Small numbers migrate to
600:, whereas the female has a
495:(the Kerguelen pintail) of
395:
10:
3467:
2244:"Lead & Non-Lead Shot"
2025:News Release 1 August 2003
1849:10.7589/0090-3558-13.3.226
1614:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
865:
592:The male's call is a soft
541:National Museums Liverpool
2860:
2784:
2713:
2610:
2537:
2523:
2449:
1698:[Linnaeus, 1758]"
1158:Jobling, James A (2010).
1113:: e.T22680301A153882797.
1048:
909:
349:and winters south of its
345:and North America. It is
261:
254:
222:
213:
192:
185:
87:Scientific classification
85:
63:
54:
37:
28:
23:
1970:Marrone, Teresa (2000).
1949:News release No. 0402.06
997:, and can also contract
751:Midwestern United States
713:Distribution and habitat
503:(the Crozet pintail) of
3446:Birds described in 1758
2162:Environmental Pollution
1692:Robinson, R.A. (2005).
640:Northern pintail female
388:to its diet during the
2650:Cougar (mountain lion)
2531:
2361:
2341:Listen to this article
1723:Forsman, Dick (2008).
1580:"From Tokyo to Tupelo"
1288:Livezey, B.C. (1991).
1252:10.1006/anbe.1999.1399
919:
875:
838:
827:
769:islands, particularly
722:
523:, Tristram's pintail,
436:
428:
425:, meaning "duck", and
421:
316:
3336:Paleobiology Database
2529:
2360:
2090:. USDA Forest Service
917:
873:
833:
825:
720:
509:Northern Hemisphere's
501:A. e. drygalskyi
455:yellow-billed pintail
404:in his landmark 1758
312:
3101:Fauna Europaea (new)
2502:Snipe (common snipe)
2482:Ring-necked pheasant
2392:More spoken articles
1806:"Cotugnia fastigata"
1489:Animal Diversity Web
553:Henry Baker Tristram
2497:Sharp-tailed grouse
2467:Hungarian partridge
2123:1996Ecotx...5..279S
2080:"Wildlife species:
1889:on 10 December 2014
1816:on 10 December 2014
1766:2002ApEnM..68..161K
57:Conservation status
2721:American alligator
2532:
2362:
2131:10.1007/BF00119051
1661:"Northern Pintail"
1641:. 13 November 2014
1635:"Northern Pintail"
1606:"Northern Pintail"
1277:on 5 January 2006.
920:
876:
839:
828:
759:sub-Saharan Africa
723:
688:Male flying above
525:A. a. modesta
511:northern pintail.
317:
243: Non-breeding
3403:
3402:
3323:Open Tree of Life
2854:Taxon identifiers
2845:
2844:
2817:Waterfowl hunting
2665:White-tailed deer
2530:Waterfowl hunters
2358:
2294:978-0-19-854099-1
2031:on 20 August 2007
2006:978-0-7011-6907-7
1981:978-0-86573-108-0
1734:978-0-85661-098-1
1564:978-0-691-05054-6
1534:978-1-85585-570-0
1409:978-1-4081-5725-1
1384:978-0-7470-2201-5
1171:978-1-4081-2501-4
1138:Linnaeus, Carolus
956:northern goshawks
930:, and birds like
529:syntype specimens
513:Sexual dimorphism
497:Kerguelen Islands
493:A. e. eatoni
310:
299:
298:
270:
269:
80:
24:Northern pintail
3458:
3396:
3395:
3383:
3382:
3370:
3369:
3357:
3356:
3344:
3343:
3331:
3330:
3318:
3317:
3315:northern-pintail
3305:
3304:
3292:
3291:
3279:
3278:
3269:
3268:
3266:northern-pintail
3259:
3258:
3246:
3245:
3233:
3232:
3230:NBNSYS0000000189
3220:
3219:
3207:
3206:
3194:
3193:
3181:
3180:
3168:
3167:
3155:
3154:
3142:
3141:
3139:northern-pintail
3132:
3131:
3119:
3118:
3109:
3108:
3096:
3095:
3083:
3082:
3070:
3069:
3057:
3056:
3044:
3043:
3031:
3030:
3018:
3017:
3005:
3004:
2992:
2991:
2979:
2978:
2969:
2968:
2956:
2955:
2943:
2942:
2933:
2932:
2930:56CCA7179C9FA71D
2920:
2919:
2907:
2906:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2849:
2848:
2797:Big-game hunting
2582:Northern pintail
2438:
2431:
2424:
2415:
2414:
2382:
2380:
2369:
2368:
2359:
2349:
2347:
2342:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2055:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2017:
2011:
2010:
1997:Birds Britannica
1992:
1986:
1985:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1885:. Archived from
1875:
1869:
1868:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1812:. Archived from
1802:
1796:
1795:
1785:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1689:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1550:
1539:
1538:
1514:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1476:
1449:
1448:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1423:
1414:
1413:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1370:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1294:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1270:. Archived from
1240:Animal Behaviour
1237:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1195:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1134:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1092:
962:, including the
836:Museum Wiesbaden
834:Egg, Collection
704:
685:
669:
649:
637:
625:
613:
459:A. georgica
439:
431:
424:
406:10th edition of
361:if the possibly
325:northern pintail
311:
281:
273:
248:
242:
236:
230:
218:
198:
95:
94:
74:
69:
68:
50:
49:
48:
46:
33:
21:
20:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3431:Birds of Africa
3426:Holarctic birds
3406:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3391:
3386:
3378:
3373:
3365:
3360:
3352:
3347:
3339:
3334:
3326:
3321:
3313:
3308:
3300:
3295:
3287:
3284:Observation.org
3282:
3274:
3272:
3264:
3262:
3254:
3249:
3241:
3236:
3228:
3223:
3215:
3210:
3202:
3197:
3189:
3184:
3176:
3171:
3163:
3158:
3150:
3145:
3137:
3135:
3127:
3122:
3114:
3112:
3104:
3099:
3091:
3086:
3078:
3073:
3065:
3060:
3052:
3047:
3039:
3034:
3026:
3021:
3013:
3008:
3000:
2995:
2987:
2982:
2974:
2972:
2964:
2959:
2951:
2946:
2938:
2936:
2928:
2923:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2899:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2856:
2846:
2841:
2780:
2709:
2640:Bison (buffalo)
2606:
2533:
2521:
2472:Prairie chicken
2445:
2442:
2396:
2395:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2373:This audio file
2370:
2363:
2354:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2332:
2322:
2320:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2281:
2277:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2225:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2158:
2154:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2007:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1909:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1690:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1616:
1610:All About Birds
1604:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1555:Birds of Europe
1551:
1542:
1535:
1515:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1477:
1452:
1441:
1437:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1371:
1350:
1340:
1338:
1337:on 16 July 2011
1329:
1328:
1324:
1309:10.2307/4088089
1292:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1210:10.2307/4089339
1193:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1156:
1152:
1135:
1128:
1093:
1086:
1082:
1051:
999:avian influenza
976:Cryptosporidium
912:
868:
820:
815:
733:south to about
715:
708:
705:
696:
686:
677:
670:
661:
650:
641:
638:
629:
626:
617:
614:
561:
463:Eaton's pintail
408:Systema Naturae
398:
367:Eaton's pintail
302:
300:
295:
290:
289:
287:Songs and calls
250:
246:
244:
240:
238:
234:
232:
228:
209:
200:
194:
181:
89:
81:
70:
66:
59:
44:
41:
40:
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3464:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3441:Birds of Haiti
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3384:
3371:
3358:
3345:
3332:
3319:
3306:
3293:
3280:
3270:
3260:
3247:
3234:
3221:
3208:
3195:
3182:
3169:
3156:
3143:
3133:
3120:
3110:
3097:
3088:Fauna Europaea
3084:
3071:
3058:
3045:
3032:
3019:
3006:
2993:
2980:
2970:
2957:
2944:
2934:
2921:
2908:
2897:
2882:
2866:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2837:Upland hunting
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2457:Bobwhite quail
2453:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2404:
2403:
2385:
2371:
2364:
2352:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:External links
2333:
2331:
2330:
2300:
2293:
2275:
2261:
2250:on 25 May 2006
2235:
2224:. 5 April 1997
2209:
2187:
2168:(3): 335–341.
2152:
2117:(5): 279–295.
2101:
2071:
2042:
2012:
2005:
1987:
1980:
1962:
1936:
1923:(2): 290–303.
1900:
1870:
1843:(3): 226–229.
1827:
1797:
1760:(1): 161–165.
1740:
1733:
1715:
1677:
1652:
1626:
1597:
1570:
1563:
1540:
1533:
1502:
1450:
1435:
1415:
1408:
1390:
1383:
1348:
1331:"Dafila Scott"
1322:
1303:(3): 471–507.
1280:
1246:(5): 953–963.
1223:
1204:(3): 792–805.
1177:
1170:
1150:
1126:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1050:
1047:
1034:common pochard
1026:lead poisoning
911:
908:
867:
864:
819:
816:
814:
811:
714:
711:
710:
709:
706:
699:
697:
687:
680:
678:
671:
664:
662:
651:
644:
642:
639:
632:
630:
627:
620:
618:
615:
608:
560:
557:
533:Dafila modesta
505:Crozet Islands
473:(described by
467:A. eatoni
397:
394:
390:nesting season
375:dabbling ducks
351:breeding range
297:
296:
291:
285:
283:
271:
268:
267:
259:
258:
252:
251:
245:
239:
233:
231: Breeding
227:
220:
219:
211:
210:
201:
190:
189:
183:
182:
175:
173:
169:
168:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
83:
82:
64:
61:
60:
55:
52:
51:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3463:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2802:Bison hunting
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2776:Snowshoe hare
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2751:Gray squirrel
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:Mountain goat
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2620:Bighorn sheep
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2567:Greater scaup
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2528:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2507:Spruce grouse
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2492:Ruffed grouse
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2477:Mourning dove
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2374:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2304:
2296:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2271:
2265:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2223:
2222:New Scientist
2219:
2213:
2197:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2111:Ecotoxicology
2105:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2075:
2059:
2052:
2046:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1736:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1703:
1699:
1697:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1536:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1446:
1439:
1431:
1430:
1422:
1420:
1411:
1405:
1401:
1400:Extinct Birds
1394:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
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2832:Wolf hunting
2807:Deer hunting
2792:Bear hunting
2741:Fox squirrel
2714:Other quarry
2592:Ross's goose
2581:
2572:Lesser scaup
2552:Canada goose
2321:. Retrieved
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545:World Museum
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264:Dafila acuta
263:
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144:Anseriformes
18:
3251:Neotropical
3212:NatureServe
3160:iNaturalist
2886:Wikispecies
2812:Fox hunting
2323:12 February
1059:Palaearctic
904:crustaceans
799:Mississippi
757:, northern
598:common teal
594:proop-proop
559:Description
486:Peter Scott
363:conspecific
3410:Categories
3380:Anas-acuta
3375:Xeno-canto
3015:anas-acuta
2917:Anas_acuta
2892:Anas acuta
2862:Anas acuta
2700:Polar bear
2695:Dall sheep
2635:Brown bear
2625:Black bear
2597:Snow goose
2557:Canvasback
2547:Black duck
2450:Game birds
2388:Audio help
2379:2009-04-14
2311:Anas acuta
2254:15 January
2228:15 January
2202:15 January
2094:15 January
2082:Anas acuta
2064:15 January
2035:15 January
1955:14 January
1893:14 January
1820:14 January
1708:13 January
1696:Anas acuta
1619:14 January
1590:23 January
1495:13 January
1483:Anas acuta
1341:16 January
1099:Anas acuta
1080:References
993:and avian
973:including
954:, such as
944:carnivores
763:South Asia
731:Palearctic
674:California
565:wing chord
535:Tristram (
413:Anas acuta
359:subspecies
343:Palearctic
330:Anas acuta
314:Anas acuta
196:Anas acuta
2685:Pronghorn
2680:Mule deer
2630:Razorback
2602:Wood duck
2539:Waterfowl
2487:Ptarmigan
2060:. Audubon
1694:"Pintail
1039:waterfowl
1015:harrowing
987:tapeworms
971:parasites
964:gyrfalcon
848:precocial
813:Behaviour
741:, and in
347:migratory
223:Range of
172:Species:
110:Kingdom:
104:Eukaryota
3217:2.103829
3204:22680301
3178:10587754
3041:45510569
2953:22680301
2948:BirdLife
2937:BioLib:
2871:Wikidata
2785:See also
2746:Gray fox
2612:Big game
2517:Woodcock
2390: ·
2182:15093399
2147:40092400
2139:24193869
1865:10120000
1792:11772622
1670:31 March
1645:31 March
1584:Archived
1582:. ESPN.
1268:28172603
1260:10860522
1140:(1758).
991:botulism
950:. Large
946:such as
900:molluscs
884:rhizomes
853:moulting
818:Breeding
791:Japanese
787:Labrador
775:wetlands
749:and the
739:Mongolia
672:Male in
654:Jamnagar
652:Male in
583:speculum
574:plumaged
475:Stephens
396:Taxonomy
382:wetlands
256:Synonyms
225:A. acuta
203:Linnaeus
154:Anatidae
150:Family:
124:Chordata
120:Phylum:
114:Animalia
100:Domain:
77:IUCN 3.1
3388:ZooBank
3129:2498112
2989:bob1890
2925:Avibase
2827:Fishing
2822:Whaling
2771:Red fox
2766:Raccoon
2756:Opossum
2645:Caribou
2587:Redhead
2577:Mallard
2562:Gadwall
2377: (
2348:minutes
2119:Bibcode
1917:The Auk
1762:Bibcode
1639:Audubon
1317:4088089
1297:The Auk
1218:4089339
1198:The Auk
1057:In the
1030:Spanish
1022:angling
995:cholera
982:Giardia
960:falcons
948:bobcats
940:magpies
928:badgers
896:insects
866:Feeding
767:Pacific
694:Wyoming
660:, India
658:Gujarat
602:mallard
570:mallard
479:British
443:English
419:words:
355:equator
353:to the
333:) is a
321:pintail
160:Genus:
140:Order:
130:Class:
75: (
3367:158939
3328:855474
3302:158939
3273:NZOR:
3263:NZBO:
3256:norpin
3191:175074
3136:GNAB:
3113:FEIS:
3075:EURING
3054:ANAXAC
3028:norpin
2976:norpin
2905:norpin
2877:Q25450
2761:Rabbit
2736:Coyote
2731:Bobcat
2726:Badger
2705:Whales
2690:Muskox
2512:Turkey
2462:Chukar
2319:. AEWA
2291:
2180:
2145:
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2003:
1978:
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1857:410954
1855:
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1783:126547
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1049:Status
1001:, the
910:Health
862:bird.
783:ringed
771:Hawaii
755:Panama
747:Alaska
743:Canada
735:Poland
676:, U.S.
499:, and
471:Dafila
461:) and
449:genus
437:acuere
247:
241:
235:
229:
3362:WoRMS
3341:83435
3243:28680
3173:IRMNG
3093:96504
3062:EUNIS
3023:eBird
2973:BOW:
2966:12142
2660:Moose
2143:S2CID
2054:(PDF)
1861:S2CID
1525:58–61
1313:JSTOR
1293:(PDF)
1275:(PDF)
1264:S2CID
1236:(PDF)
1214:JSTOR
1194:(PDF)
1074:CITES
936:crows
932:gulls
924:foxes
860:Dutch
725:This
429:acuta
417:Latin
365:duck
3421:Anas
3354:1699
3310:ODNR
3297:OBIS
3238:NCBI
3199:IUCN
3186:ITIS
3165:6933
3124:GBIF
3116:anac
3080:1890
3049:EPPO
3002:DGMX
2961:BOLD
2940:8461
2670:Wolf
2325:2015
2289:ISBN
2256:2008
2230:2008
2204:2008
2178:PMID
2135:PMID
2096:2008
2066:2008
2037:2008
2001:ISBN
1976:ISBN
1957:2008
1895:2008
1853:PMID
1822:2008
1788:PMID
1729:ISBN
1710:2008
1672:2022
1647:2022
1621:2008
1592:2008
1559:ISBN
1529:ISBN
1497:2008
1404:ISBN
1379:ISBN
1343:2008
1256:PMID
1189:Anas
1166:ISBN
1111:2019
1070:AEWA
1043:lead
1003:H5N1
938:and
926:and
902:and
888:Anas
797:and
795:Utah
737:and
484:Sir
451:Anas
422:anas
335:duck
319:The
207:1758
165:Anas
134:Aves
45:Call
3349:TSA
3289:160
3225:NBN
3147:IBC
3067:864
3036:EoL
3010:CMS
2997:CoL
2984:BTO
2912:ADW
2901:ABA
2655:Elk
2170:doi
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1305:doi
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