152:
when vacant, so that no
European workers were displaced. The NRMU strongly resisted any attempt to transfer jobs to the African workers, relying on a clause in their agreement with the companies that prevented jobs being filled by workers not covered by the existing contract. In 1951 the NRMU signed an agreement with the AMU that any African worker replacing a white worker must be paid and housed to the same standard as the European employee. This effectively delayed the transfer of jobs to African workers, as the employers were not prepared to fulfil this condition.
200:(MASA). This was opposed by the AMU who felt that the new union was designed to undermine the AMU by depriving them of members and splitting the African workforce. In response to a series of strikes throughout the Copperbelt during 1956 the government declared a state of emergency, arresting and banishing the leaders of the AMU from the region. An inquiry, known as the Branigan Report, was established to investigate possible links between African nationalist groups and the AMU.
156:
689:
138:(NRMU), suggested that the African workers join, but this was rejected by the African miners. In 1947 and 1948 unions were formed at all four major copper mines in Northern Rhodesia, and these merged to form the African Mineworkers' Union in 1949, receiving recognition from the mining companies in the same year.
168:
In 1952 the AMU launched a major strike, halting copper production for three weeks. This was followed by the provision of significantly improved wages in the
Guillebaud Award of January 1953. By 1954 in excess of 75% of African miners were members of the AMU, giving them a strong bargaining position.
151:
to investigate the colour bar, and the
Commission recommended the gradual replacement of European workers with Africans, initially in low-skilled occupations, but gradually filling other positions after training. The Dalgliesh Commission recommended that positions be filled with African workers only
192:
Government and mining companies, the AMU sought increases in wages for all mineworkers, rather than focussing solely on further breaking down the colour bar. This was the aim of a major strike in
January 1955, in which 28,885 out of 34,000 African workers took part. The strike lasted until March,
125:
over an increase in the native tax levied on
Africans living in urban areas. In 1940 following a successful strike by European mine employees, violent clashes occurred in which 17 African miners were killed and 69 injured. The Forster Commission was established to address problems in the working
212:
was agitating politically for improved rights for
Africans, however the union's president, Lawrence Katilungu, did not support the AMU becoming involved in politics. The union declined to participate in a planned strike by the Congress in 1953 to protest the establishment of the
104:. The AMU was formed in 1949, and campaigned actively to improve working conditions and wages for African miners, as well as opposing racial discrimination in hiring. The union amalgamated with several other mining unions in 1967 to form the
193:
costing £2,000,000 in lost production. The
African miners returned to work without achieving their initial aim of an increase in wages of ten shillings and eightpence per shift, however a smaller increase was awarded some time later.
184:
also announced plans to replace white workers with
Africans. In September 1955 a formal agreement was reached, with 24 job classes transferred to African workers, with further advancement of African miners to be reviewed.
146:
The primary issue during the early years of the union was the practice of reserving skilled jobs for white employees, known as the industrial colour bar. In 1947 the
British government had established the
221:(NRTUC). Katilungu responded by expelling all unions in arrears with their fees, leaving only three mining unions as affiliates of the NRTUC. The other unions responded by establishing a rival body, the
218:
105:
32:
241:
to form the
Mineworkers' Union of Zambia (MUZ). The amalgamation had the support of the government, as it brought an end to the conflict between the ZMU and the ruling party, the
222:
217:. The AMU was involved in a dispute with other Northern Rhodesian unions in the late 1950s when they attempted to dismiss Lawrence Katilungu from the leadership of the
238:
188:
The AMU continued to press for the improvement of the position of African miners, with numerous strikes throughout 1955 and 1956. Contrary to the expectations of the
196:
The strength and militancy of the AMU led the government and mining companies to support the establishment of a rival union for skilled African workers in 1953, the
735:
233:
Following national independence in 1964 the AMU changed its name to the Zambian Mineworkers' Union (ZMU). In April 1967 the ZMU amalgamated with the
134:
were sent to Northern Rhodesia to facilitate the process of establishing the unions. In 1947 the existing union representing European miners, the
625:
730:
209:
262:
180:, announced they would break the industrial colour bar in 1953, and end the equal pay condition imposed by the unions. In February 1955
725:
225:(RTUC) in February 1960. The NRTUC and RTUC later merged in 1961 after Katilungu had been dismissed from the presidency of the AMU.
135:
315:
130:
decided to encourage the establishment of African trade unions in the British African colonies, and advisors from the British
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214:
242:
176:, began attempting to replace the skilled European mineworkers with African workers. Ronald Prain, the Chairman of the
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633:
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486:
715:
197:
234:
710:
504:
720:
659:
654:
Africanisation, Nationalisation and Inequality: Mining Labour and the Copperbelt in Zambian Development
177:
122:
515:
694:
478:
159:
Two African miners working in an underground copper mine in Northern Rhodesia in the early 1950s.
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Trade union organisation among African mineworkers was first initiated in 1935, when workers
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131:
8:
652:
270:
181:
78:
663:
629:
596:
537:
482:
189:
97:
62:
148:
619:
580:
559:
531:
505:"Crisis and Successes of the Labour Movement in Zambia: A historical perspective"
472:
173:
127:
704:
155:
126:
conditions of African miners in response to the incident. In 1945 the new
263:"Black miners strike in the Northern Rhodesian (Zambia) Copperbelt, 1935"
93:
101:
172:
In the 1950s the major mining companies, with the support of the
688:
564:
Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa
566:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press
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Central Africa: Part 1 Closer Association 1945-1958
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398:
651:
702:
474:An Introduction to the History of Central Africa
81:, President; Matthew Nkoloma, General Secretary
100:which represented black African miners in the
90:Northern Rhodesian African Mineworkers' Union
23:Northern Rhodesian African Mineworkers' Union
210:Northern Rhodesian African National Congress
141:
208:The AMU was active at the same time as the
557:
392:
368:
558:Berg, Elliot J.; Butler, Jeffrey (1964).
471:Wills, A.J. (1967). "Three Territories".
736:1949 establishments in Northern Rhodesia
529:
356:
154:
502:
341:
219:Northern Rhodesian Trade Union Congress
703:
649:
578:
453:
409:
380:
310:
308:
163:
536:(4th ed.). Bradt Travel Guides.
470:
438:
299:
255:
136:Northern Rhodesia Mine Workers' Union
617:
426:
215:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
731:Trade unions disestablished in 1967
305:
13:
243:United National Independence Party
14:
747:
593:Institute of Commonwealth Studies
267:Global Nonviolent Action Database
726:Trade unions established in 1949
687:
228:
198:Mines African Staff Association
316:"Mine Workers Union of Zambia"
1:
512:The Labour Movement in Zambia
463:
235:Mines Local Staff Association
223:Reformed Trade Union Congress
116:
106:Mineworkers' Union of Zambia
33:Mineworkers' Union of Zambia
7:
510:. In Heiner Naumann (ed.).
503:Mulenga, Friday E. (2011).
203:
10:
752:
660:Cambridge University Press
587:. B. Vol. 9. London:
583:. In Philip Murphy (ed.).
111:
178:Rhodesian Selection Trust
142:The Industrial Colour Bar
128:British Labour government
72:
54:
46:
38:
28:
21:
530:McIntyre, Chris (2008).
516:Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung
477:(2nd ed.). Durban:
248:
239:Mines Police Association
695:Organized labour portal
650:Daniel, Philip (1979).
579:Murphy, Philip (2005).
479:Oxford University Press
716:Trade unions in Zambia
393:Berg & Butler 1964
369:Berg & Butler 1964
160:
618:Wood, J.R.T. (1983).
158:
589:University of London
149:Dalgleish Commission
132:Trade Union Congress
123:spontaneously struck
711:Mining trade unions
621:The Welensky Papers
318:. PWYP Zambia. 2011
164:Industrial Conflict
18:
441:, p. 319–320.
302:, p. 296–297.
271:Swarthmore College
190:Northern Rhodesian
161:
79:Lawrence Katilungu
16:
721:Northern Rhodesia
626:Graham Publishing
543:978-1-84162-226-2
98:Northern Rhodesia
85:
84:
63:Northern Rhodesia
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29:Merged into
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387:
383:, p. VIII.
379:
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348:
344:, p. 3–19.
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174:Colonial Office
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119:
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92:(A.M.U.) was a
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581:"Introduction"
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560:"Trade Unions"
555:
542:
527:
500:
487:
467:
465:
462:
459:
458:
456:, p. 139.
443:
431:
429:, p. 432.
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397:
395:, p. 374.
385:
373:
371:, p. 353.
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182:Anglo American
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669:0-521-22719-4
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661:
658:. Cambridge:
656:
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641:September 10,
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635:0-620-06410-2
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675:September 6,
673:. Retrieved
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607:. Retrieved
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549:September 6,
547:. Retrieved
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519:. Retrieved
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494:September 5,
492:. Retrieved
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364:
359:, p. 8.
342:Mulenga 2011
320:. Retrieved
274:. Retrieved
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229:Amalgamation
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89:
86:
609:8 September
570:7 September
521:7 September
454:Daniel 1979
410:Murphy 2005
381:Murphy 2005
322:7 September
276:6 September
94:trade union
705:Categories
624:. Durban:
514:. Lusaka:
464:References
439:Wills 1967
300:Wills 1967
102:Copperbelt
74:Key people
427:Wood 1983
117:Formation
47:Dissolved
605:. 177353
237:and the
204:Politics
55:Location
112:History
39:Founded
666:
632:
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533:Zambia
485:
17:A.M.U.
508:(PDF)
249:Notes
677:2012
664:ISBN
643:2012
630:ISBN
611:2012
597:ISBN
572:2012
551:2012
538:ISBN
523:2012
496:2012
483:ISBN
324:2012
278:2012
88:The
50:1967
42:1949
96:in
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