31:
822:
473:
830:
1806:
1261:
1337:
1349:
681:
3747:
1598:
1249:
221:
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3562:
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90:
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180:
The precise boundaries of this cordillera and its subregions, as well as the names of its various features, may differ depending on the definitions in each country or jurisdiction, and also depending on the scientific field; this cordillera is a particularly prominent subject in the scientific field
2233:(Saunders College Publishing 1990): "The mainland ranges of the panhandle are a northward extension of the cascade range and the British Columbia Coastal ranges, while the mountainous offshore islands are an extension of the Coast Ranges of the Pacific Northwest and the islands of British Columbia."
868:
The
Columbia Mountains are classified as being in Canada's interior system, rather than its eastern system. However, the Columbia Mountains are an extension of mountains in the United States that are considered part of the Rocky Mountains, and therefore the Columbia Mountains are often treated as
526:, while their inland side against the plateau they transition to the high plateau in dryland valleys notable for a series of large lakes similar to the alpine lakes of southern Switzerland, beginning in deep mountains and ending in flatland. They are subdivided in three main groupings, the
1572:
For convenience the Rocky
Mountain Trench may be divided into northern and southern sections. The dividing point reflects the separation of north and easterly flows to the Arctic Ocean versus south and westerly flows to the Pacific Ocean. A break in the valley system at around 54°N near
1503:
mainland. The Gulf of
California is 1,126 km (700 miles) long and 48 to 241 km (30 to 150 miles) wide, with an area of 177,000 km (68,000 sq mi), a mean depth of 818.08 m (2,684.0 ft), and a volume of 145,000 km (35,000 cu mi).
1065:
mountain range is a southern extension of the Sierra Nevada. The range extends from near the
Arizona border down to the Sierra Madre del Sur, along the western mainland of Mexico. The high plateau that is formed by the range is cut by deep river valleys.
2309:, Volume 18: "Sierra Madre del Sur. — This sierra, which crosses the states of Colima, Michoacan, Guerrero, and Oaxaca, is the continuation of the Sierra de Baja California and the other mountain ranges linked with it." (Americana Corporation 1961).
757:
are one of the eleven traditional geomorphic provinces of
California. This province includes several – but not all – mountain ranges along the California coast (the Transverse Ranges, Peninsular Ranges and the Klamath Mountains are not included).
2554:, p. 80 (Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, Claitors Pub Div. 2005): "The Sierra Madre Occidental on the west is a continuation of California's Sierra Nevada (with a break in southeastern California and extreme northern Mexico)…."
2137:
W. R. Dickinson; M. A. Klute; M. J. Hayes; S. U. Janecke; E. R. Lundin; M. A. McKittrick & M. D. Olivares (1988). "Paleogeographic and paleotectonic setting of
Laramide sedimentary basins in the central Rocky Mountain region".
1226:. The Sierra Madre Oriental spans about 1,000 km (600 miles). Mexico's Gulf Coastal Plain lies to the east of the range, between the mountains and the Gulf of Mexico coast. The Mexican Plateau lies to the west of the range.
593:
The terrain of the main spine of the Coast
Mountains is typified by heavy glaciation, including several very large icefields of varying elevation. Of the three subdivisions, the Pacific Ranges are the highest and are crowned by
398:
The
Nevadan belt runs up and down the middle of the North American Cordillera. Therefore, the intermontane areas of the cordillera can be divided up into the areas east of the Nevadan belt, and those west of the Nevadan belt.
1545:. The trench bottom is 3 to 16 km (2 to 10 miles) wide and ranges from 600 to 900 m (2,000 to 3,000 ft) above sea level. The general orientation of the Trench is almost uniformly pointing north. Some of its
884:. There are many named subranges of all four subgroupings, particularly in the Selkirks and Monashees. The southward extension of the Selkirks, Purcells and Monashees into the United States are reckoned to be part of the
2220:, Alaska Humanities Forum: "At a very general level, Alaska is part of four general physiographic regions, the Interior Plains, Rocky Mountains, Intermontane Basins and Ranges, and the Pacific Mountains and Valleys".
303:(34–23 million years ago), but since that time the region has been relatively stable. Generally speaking, it will be convenient here to consider these three belts going west to east, and north to south.
2503:
1234:
The
Nevadan belt runs down the middle of the North American Cordillera. Therefore, the intermontane areas can be divided up into the areas east of the Nevadan belt, and those west of the Nevadan belt.
2486:", Canadian Ministry of Environment: "Interior Mountains comprising the Columbia Mountains of the southern interior and the Omineca, Cassiar, Skeena and Hazelton Mountains of the northern interior."
352:, the North American Cordillera is about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) wide, and its physiographic provinces at this midpoint are as follows, going from west to east: the Pacific Coast Ranges, the
310:, south of the Interior Plains area, is the Rocky Mountain System, then the Intermontane Basins and Ranges, and in the southern part of the state are the Pacific Mountains and Valleys. In the
979:
in a less rugged fashion than in most other parts of the range. The North
Cascades are very different in character from the series of high volcanic stratovolcanoes from Rainier southwards to
321:
In Canada, the North American Cordillera is usually divided into three physiographic regions: the western system, the interior system, and the eastern system. The western system includes the
923:, are sometimes considered as being part of the neighbouring ranges rather than the plateaus and are often spoken of that way locally but are formally designated as being part of the
967:. The small portion of the Cascade Range in Canada is called the Cascade Mountains or Canadian Cascades, and in its southwestern area is similar in terrain to the area north of
2479:
1735:
which flows south from the northernmost part of the plateau. The Green is a tributary of the Colorado, the confluence being west of Moab, Utah in Canyonlands National Park.
903:
To the west of the Monashees and Cariboos, there are three intermediary upland areas which are transitional between the mountain ranges and the plateaus flanking the
2500:
1581:
may be used for this purpose. There are three main mountain ranges in the Canadian area named the Rocky Mountains, the Columbia Mountains, and the Coast Mountains.
3477:
2032:
872:
The Selkirks and Purcells lie entirely within the basin of the Columbia River, while the Monashees lie to the river's west on its southward course from its
1167:
927:. The southernmost extends into the Washington, where it is named by the American spelling Okanogan Highland (and was the first-named of these groupings).
201:
413:
The Pacific Coast Ranges, comprising the Pacific Coast Belt, parallel the North American Pacific Coast, and comprise several mountain systems. Along the
2165:
J. A. Wolfe; C. E. Forest & P. Molnar (1998). "Paleobotanical evidence of Eocene and Oligocene paleoaltitudes in midlatitude western North America".
1819:
295:
80 million years ago. Prior to this time the Rocky Mountain region was occupied by a broad basin. Further topographical evolution occurred during the
602:
being the largest. The Kitimat Ranges are lower and less glacier-covered than either of the other two groupings, but are extremely rugged and dense.
3825:
2191:
D. Alt and D. Hyndman. (1995). Northwest Exposures: A Geological Story of the North West. Mountain Press Publishing Company, Missoula, Montana
1110:
includes the northernmost of the major mountain systems of the North American Cordillera, and extends along an east–west axis across northern
3845:
888:
and the designation Columbia Mountains is not used there (the Purcells, also, go by the name "Percell Mountains" in the United States). The
3624:
2208:. The 14th Special Symposium of the British Ecological Society. British Ecolological Society, Blackwell Science Ltd., Ch. 15, pp. 319–339.
2004:
T. O. Tobisch; S. R. Paterson; S. Longiaru; T. Bhattacharyya (1987). "Extent of the Nevadan orogeny, central Sierra Nevada, California".
522:
from the Pacific Ocean. Their coastal flank is characterized by an intense network of fjords and associated islands, very similar to the
2089:
1448:. The Central Valley covers an area of approximately 22,500 square miles (58,000 km), making it slightly smaller than the state of
256:, and includes some of the highest peaks on the continent. Its mountain ranges generally run north to south along three main belts: the
2889:
2861:
1942:, p. 687: "ame from the Spanish....It is used particularly in physical geography, although in geology also it is sometimes applied...."
2785:
3815:
3528:
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to the east. The mean height of the mountain summits in the Sierra Nevada gradually increases from north to south, culminating at
3820:
2796:
1444:
of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, which along with their tributaries drain the majority of the valley and flow into
1909:
900:
are essentially part of the same landform, but are officially designated part of the Rocky Mountains in the United States.
3788:
2759:
3303:
3850:
3840:
3810:
1974:
1441:
197:
1873:
D. S. Cowan (1985). "Structural styles in Mesozoic and Cenozoic melanges in the Western Cordillera of North America".
1078:
belt is on the side of the North American Cordillera most distant from the Pacific Coast Ranges. It is named for the
291:
of the central Rocky Mountains and adjoining Laramide regions (from central Montana to central New Mexico) during the
3835:
2535:
2460:
1452:
and about 13.7% of California's total area. The Central Valley is 40 to 60 miles (60 to 100 km) wide, with the
1376:
The Okanagan Highland is the part of the Interior Plateau to the east of the Thompson Plateau, and is bounded by the
727:
and are the wettest place in the 48 contiguous states. Most of the mountains are protected within the bounds of the
3617:
3523:
3487:
1786:
divides the plateau into northern and southern sections. These two sections, called the Northern Plateau (Spanish:
2063:
3590:
2764:
1574:
1034:. From east to west, the Sierra is wedge-shaped: the west slope gradually rises and the east slope forms a steep
723:
is the highest at 7,962 ft (2,427 m) – but the western slopes of the Olympics rise directly out of the
2178:
2151:
821:
3482:
3236:
2882:
2635:
2609:
2586:
2292:
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1939:
1917:
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1022:, forming a mountain region of complex terrain and varied geology which separates the Central Valley from the
3342:
2733:
1650:
1385:
531:
422:
30:
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on the east side. The Okanagan Highland is described as being a hilly plateau, and is located in southern
3764:
3610:
2927:
2912:
2648:
1768:
1421:
799:
353:
3830:
3578:
743:
720:
3384:
2875:
1838:
R. Saager & F. Bianconi (1971). "The Mount Nansen gold–silver deposit, Yukon territory, Canada".
1457:
775:
669:
637:
forming the Coast Mountains formed when magma intruded and cooled at depth beneath volcanoes of the
472:
1748:
1657:
1031:
829:
395:
is the southern extension of the Peninsular Ranges. Sierra Madre means "Mother Range" in Spanish.
357:
955:
mountains: all of the known historic eruptions in the contiguous United States have been from the
3492:
3457:
3399:
2922:
1772:
1496:
1062:
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The northern Sierra surface rocks are predominantly volcanic, while the southern Sierra granitic
754:
665:
376:
229:
213:
2217:
1990:
364:, and the Rocky Mountains. In the United States, another major feature of the Cordillera is the
3312:
3279:
3027:
2957:
2814:"Boundary Descriptions and Names of Regions, Subregions, Accounting Units and Cataloging Units"
2261:
661:
429:
2600:
2452:
2446:
2283:
2244:
1930:
1090:, a trapper who disappeared in the Laramie Mountains in 1820 and was never heard from again).
853:, which are the northernmost and sometimes considered to be part of the Interior Plateau, the
3434:
3274:
3246:
3127:
2977:
2626:
2401:
2112:
2033:"Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes: Cenozoic extensional relics of Mesozoic compression"
1776:
1752:
1518:
1219:
1207:
842:
728:
563:
449:
380:
315:
225:
166:
2525:
778:. The Peninsular Ranges are separated from the Sierra Madre del Sur by an expanse of ocean.
3855:
3452:
3424:
3325:
3261:
3161:
3032:
3022:
2992:
2962:
2932:
2917:
2901:
2782:
1811:
1453:
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767:
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whereas the metamorphic formed when intruding magma heated the surrounding rock to produce
408:
392:
261:
257:
233:
36:
2726:
2201:
1178:
at 14,439 feet (4,401 m) above sea level. The American Rockies rise steeply over the
1006:
forms an inland mountain spine of northern California, extending from the terminus of the
193:
8:
3644:
3533:
3518:
3213:
3118:
3059:
3042:
3017:
2967:
1336:
1260:
1151:
944:
461:
131:
3736:
3633:
3554:
3414:
3364:
3203:
3074:
3037:
3012:
3002:
2997:
2982:
2972:
2365:, p. 26 (Geological Survey of Canada, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, 1976).
2055:
1920:, pp. 6, 12, and 20: "The Cordillera is one of the seven geographic regions in Canada".
1855:
1622:
1562:
1542:
1488:
1468:
1437:
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forms the southern portion of the Interior Plateau. It is bordered on the south by the
1321:
1298:
1290:
1203:
1139:
862:
838:
803:
735:
704:
583:
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and Yukon Basin lie to their north. On the inland side of the Boundary Ranges are the
445:
326:
182:
2709:
2694:
2679:
2601:
The New York Times guide to essential knowledge: a desk reference for the curious mind
2003:
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3251:
3136:
3054:
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2147:
2104:
2090:"History and causes of post-Laramide relief in the Rocky Mountain orogenic plateau"
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2013:
1986:
1882:
1847:
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1409:
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1130:, towards their eastern end, and at their farthest west is the small subrange that
1087:
1075:
991:. Inland portions of the range are dryland and plateau-like in character, e.g. the
976:
948:
924:
916:
912:
889:
873:
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are a designation in British Columbia for a group of four ranges lying between the
815:
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The Nevadan belt is located between the Pacific coast belt and the Laramide belt.
653:
630:
610:
595:
579:
571:
551:
519:
414:
365:
361:
330:
311:
284:
150:
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is the part of the Coast Range system that is denoted as between the mouth of the
3670:
3347:
3140:
3047:
2949:
2800:
2793:
2789:
2577:
2507:
2483:
1959:
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322:
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on its west. It is up to 25 km (16 miles) wide, if measured peak-to-peak.
372:– which is a northern extension of the Sierra Nevada – and the Rocky Mountains.
3657:
3409:
3404:
3369:
3289:
3231:
3092:
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1646:
1554:
1401:
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992:
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908:
897:
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739:
696:
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503:, Canada. This range has an area of 364,710 km (140,820 sq mi).
272:
158:
143:
2344:
1763:. Averaging 1,825 m (5,988 ft) above sea level, it extends from the
1521:
is a large valley that extends approximately 1,600 km (990 mi) from
3804:
3746:
3712:
3707:
3374:
3337:
3166:
3113:
1638:
1597:
1522:
1472:
1449:
1429:
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1115:
1027:
1007:
964:
960:
936:
724:
708:
515:
369:
337:
209:
205:
135:
127:
2565:
Rabbit Creek Country: Three Ranching Lives in the Heart of the Mountain West
2320:
Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories: A Manual of the Vascular Plants
3684:
3679:
3653:
3513:
3352:
3189:
3108:
3097:
3082:
3007:
2813:
1634:
1476:
1248:
1206:, are sometimes considered a separate system lying to the west of the huge
1171:
1143:
1107:
1011:
988:
984:
980:
968:
904:
614:
606:
567:
555:
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484:
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and Alaska coast, the mountains intermix with the sea in a complex maze of
174:
147:
220:
3662:
3648:
3442:
3394:
3389:
3330:
3320:
3132:
3122:
1954:
1794:), are now generally regarded by geographers as sections of one plateau.
1530:
1183:
1135:
1023:
657:
425:
280:
2202:"Comparative phylogeography of north-western north america: A synthesis"
1589:
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in New Mexico. The United States definition of the Rockies includes the
3717:
3697:
3692:
3447:
3197:
3175:
3150:
3145:
1851:
1716:
1677:
1669:
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995:, which lies along the Cascades' northeastern margin, separated by the
747:
622:
618:
539:
492:
341:
288:
245:
94:
The mountainous western part of North America is called a "cordillera".
2727:"The Gulf of California: A Physical, Geological, and Biological Study"
802:
are a northern extension of the Columbia Mountains. They include the
224:
Physiographic divisions of Mexico include three mountain systems: the
3726:
3722:
3602:
3419:
3241:
3221:
3184:
3180:
2898:
2108:
1614:
1098:
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300:
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987:, and are more severely alpine and steeply rugged, particularly the
3688:
3193:
2867:
2794:
Hanford Reach Protection and Management Program Interim Action Plan
1720:
1229:
1175:
1146:. The Brooks Range is considered part of (or an extension of) the
712:
488:
421:, with thousands of islands. Off the Southern California coast the
349:
139:
1507:
1050:
770:
mountains in southwestern Mexico form a southern extension of the
3702:
3357:
3226:
3170:
3154:
3087:
1756:
1712:
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1610:
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200:
of the western United States include three mountain systems: the
154:
2164:
1653:" refers to more or less the same area as the Columbia Plateau.
746:. It is about 200 miles (320 km) long. The highest peak is
89:
16:
North American portion of the American Cordillera mountain chain
2856:
1760:
1697:
1681:
1661:
1626:
1500:
1111:
642:
598:, while the Boundary Ranges contain the largest icefields, the
586:
system, which also extend southwards on the inland side of the
523:
496:
418:
345:
307:
296:
253:
249:
170:
59:
52:
1424:
is a large, flat valley that dominates the central portion of
1198:
of Idaho and Montana, whereas their counterparts north of the
930:
2444:
1820:
List of ecoregions in North America (CEC): Western Cordillera
1685:
1673:
1630:
1538:
1119:
675:
547:
500:
1931:
The Encyclopedia Americana: a library of universal knowledge
1222:
mountains in eastern Mexico are a southern extension of the
142:. The North American Cordillera covers an extensive area of
2200:
S. Brunsfeld, J. Sullivan, D. Soltis, and P. Sotis (2001).
2179:
10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0664:PEOEAO>2.3.CO;2
2152:
10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<1023:PAPSOL>2.3.CO;2
1724:
1689:
1161:
260:
in the west, the Nevadan belt in the middle (including the
1134:. The Brooks Range forms the northern flank of the lower
2803:. Prosser, Washington: Benton County Planning Department.
2052:
10.1130/0091-7613(1984)12<550:CMCCCE>2.0.CO;2
2018:
10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<132:EOTNOC>2.0.CO;2
1887:
10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<451:SSIMAC>2.0.CO;2
1475:; this depression continues north into Washington as the
314:, the mainland mountain ranges and offshore islands (the
2307:
Encyclopedia Americana: the International Reference Work
1731:
which flows westward through the southern part, and the
975:, and its northern and eastern extremities verge on the
440:
In southern Alaska, the primary mountain ranges are the
1755:
physiographic division. It is a large arid-to-semiarid
1030:(14,505 feet (4,421 m)), the highest point in the
275:(also called "orogens") arose due to the engagement of
2714:(British Columbia Geographic Names Information System)
2699:(British Columbia Geographic Names Information System)
2684:(British Columbia Geographic Names Information System)
2669:(British Columbia Geographic Names Information System)
2206:
Integrating Ecology and Evolution in a Spatial Context
2088:
M. E. McMillan; P. L. Heller & S. L. Wing (2006).
2030:
1093:
1747:
is one of six distinct physiographic sections of the
318:) are extensions of respective ranges further south.
1997:
1837:
1801:
1056:
761:
264:), and the Laramide belt in the east (including the
1312:consists of a portion of the foothills between the
1700:. It is an extremely arid region characterized by
1213:
387:. To the west of the Sierra Madre Occidental, the
2477:Insular and Coastal Mountains, Interior Mountains
3802:
2530:. Greystone/David Suzuki Foundation. p. 5.
2523:
1230:Intermontane areas seaward from the Nevadan belt
876:and are flanked on the west by the basin of the
2445:California Coastal Commission (November 1987).
1975:"Western Cordillera—Alaska to Mexico: ABSTRACT"
1966:
1782:A low east–west mountain range in the state of
1584:
1508:Intermontane areas inland from the Nevadan belt
1432:coast. Its northern half is referred to as the
283:(crust and uppermost mantle). For example, the
244:The North American Cordillera extends from the
2302:
2300:
1601:Basin & Range Province (indicated in blue)
360:(forming many narrow ranges and valleys), the
173:, including much of the territory west of the
3618:
3478:Geographic data and information organizations
2883:
1972:
1415:
2519:
2517:
2389:Canadian Provinces & Territories Gr. 4-6
2248:, McGill–Queen's Press – MQUP, 1997, p. 226.
2204:. In: Silverton, J., Antonovics, J. (Eds.),
1045:has been sculpted by glaciers into dramatic
793:
664:. It contains two main mountain ranges, the
633:about 100 million years ago. The widespread
2630:, Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 88,
2451:. University of California Press. pp.
2322:, p. xiv (Stanford University Press, 1968).
2297:
2265:, Merriam-Webster, 1997, pp. 219 and 1087,
2218:The Geography of Alaska: Physical Geography
2194:
1991:10.1306/5d25c1b1-16c1-11d7-8645000102c1865d
1872:
1759:that occupies much of northern and central
1210:which runs the length of British Columbia.
1038:, particularly so in the southern portion.
959:. The highest peak in the Cascade Range is
931:Cascade–Sierra Mountains in contiguous U.S.
566:lie to their west and northwest, while the
467:
3625:
3611:
2890:
2876:
2724:
2620:
2618:
2494:
2492:
2391:, p. 91 (S&S Learning Materials 2003).
2378:, p. 281 (CUP Archive, November 18, 1993).
951:, Canada. It consists of non-volcanic and
676:Pacific Border Province in contiguous U.S.
368:, located north of California between the
3529:National Council for Geographic Education
2514:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2262:Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary
2256:
2254:
2081:
1396:. The Interior Plateau also includes the
435:
2769:United States Department of the Interior
2424:"SEQUIM 2 E, WASHINGTON Climate Summary"
1898:
1896:
1596:
1588:
1428:, stretching inland and parallel to the
1162:Rocky Mountain System in contiguous U.S.
1122:Territory. Major subranges include the
1097:
828:
820:
679:
471:
219:
192:
3826:Geologic provinces of the United States
2615:
2489:
2363:Geology and Economic Minerals of Canada
2281:Shatrughna Sinha and Faguni Ram (1993)
2158:
1950:
1948:
1014:southwards along the east flank of the
3803:
3632:
2350:
2251:
2167:Geological Society of America Bulletin
2140:Geological Society of America Bulletin
2097:Geological Society of America Bulletin
2031:P. J. Coney & T. A. Harms (1984).
1934:, Encyclopedia Americana Corp., 1918,
1875:Geological Society of America Bulletin
1649:. In one of various usages, the term "
1491:is a body of water that separates the
1361:Also within the Interior plateau, the
1114:from near the northern opening of the
329:, and the eastern system includes the
134:, the mountain chain system along the
3606:
2871:
2448:The California Coastal Resource Guide
2347:in the Canadian Mountain Encyclopedia
2185:
1893:
1711:is an area of high desert located in
1617:region that lies across parts of the
1553:, but it is primarily a byproduct of
1512:
1186:to the west, and extend south to the
957:volcanoes of the Cascade Volcanic Arc
849:(to the west). These ranges are the
432:extends for 160 miles (260 km).
402:
3846:Mountain ranges of the United States
3783:
3573:
2897:
2806:
1945:
1910:Weigl Educational Publishers Limited
1779:to the west and east, respectively.
1738:
1463:In northwestern Oregon, the fertile
1277:is the northern continuation of the
1150:. South of the Brooks Range are the
546:from there to their terminus in the
3585:
2840:Geographic Names Information System
2760:Geographic Names Information System
2718:
2438:
2335:, p. 14 (Marshall Cavendish, 2006).
1771:in the south and is bounded by the
1238:
1138:basin, separating it from Alaska's
1094:Alaska and Eastern System of Canada
750:, at 4,101 ft (1,250 m).
325:, the interior system includes the
299:(55–50 million years ago) and
116:Western Cordillera of North America
13:
2842:. United States Geological Survey.
2284:Instant Encyclopaedia of Geography
1482:
1442:Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta
1440:. The two-halves meet at the huge
825:Location map of Columbia Mountains
391:border the Pacific Ocean, and the
14:
3867:
2849:
2581:, Vol. 23, p. 618 (Grolier 2000)
2426:. Western Regional Climate Center
1308:Within the Interior plateau, the
1057:Sierra Madre Occidental in Mexico
790:means "snow-covered" in Spanish.
762:Western mountain ranges of Mexico
188:
3816:Mountain ranges of North America
3782:
3770:
3759:
3758:
3745:
3584:
3572:
3560:
3549:
3548:
3524:International Geography Olympiad
2855:
1804:
1790:) and Central Plateau (Spanish:
1347:
1335:
1259:
1247:
1069:
963:(14,409 feet (4,392 m)), a
605:The Coast Mountains are made of
491:in the southeastern part of the
104:United States, Canada and Mexico
88:
29:
2828:
2775:
2765:United States Geological Survey
2747:
2703:
2688:
2673:
2658:
2641:
2592:
2570:
2557:
2544:
2469:
2416:
2394:
2381:
2368:
2338:
2325:
2312:
2287:, Mittal Publications, p. 140,
2275:
2236:
2223:
2211:
2130:
1963:, pp. 534–535, Macmillan, 1986.
1751:, which in turn is part of the
1436:, and its southern half as the
1214:Sierra Madre Oriental in Mexico
781:
3237:Geographic information science
2653:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
2527:The Rockies: A Natural History
2245:The surface climates of Canada
2229:Wheeler, J. and Kostbade, J.
2024:
1923:
1866:
1831:
1696:, as well as much of northern
1297:are to the southwest, and the
518:northwestward, separating the
236:(which is an extension of the
1:
3343:Geographic information system
2734:University of Texas at Dallas
2501:Landforms of British Columbia
2402:"Visiting the Hoh Rainforest"
1825:
538:from there northwards to the
77:6,400 km (4,000 mi)
64:6,168 m (20,236 ft)
3821:Geologic provinces of Canada
3270:Environmental social science
2404:. U.S. National Park Service
1660:covers most of the state of
1557:. The Trench separates the
1281:, and covers much of inland
1016:Central Valley of California
719:, are not especially high –
668:on Vancouver Island and the
114:, sometimes also called the
7:
2799:September 27, 2007, at the
2604:, Macmillan, 2007, p. 623,
2567:, p. 143 (UNM Press, 2008).
2475:Parsons, M. and Quinn, O. "
1797:
1769:Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt
1664:and parts of the states of
1328:on the east and northeast.
1305:to the west and northwest.
869:being part of the Rockies.
800:Northern Interior Mountains
383:further east, surround the
279:which deformed the Earth's
10:
3872:
2578:The Encyclopedia Americana
1902:Melanie Ostopowich (2005)
1585:Portion in contiguous U.S.
1416:Portion in contiguous U.S.
1182:to the east, and over the
1102:The Brooks Range in Alaska
744:Middle Fork Coquille River
406:
336:At its midsection between
252:to the southern border of
3851:Mountain ranges of Mexico
3841:Mountain ranges of Canada
3811:North American Cordillera
3754:
3743:
3640:
3544:
3501:
3470:
3433:
3385:Global Positioning System
3311:
3302:
3260:
3212:
3073:
2948:
2941:
2908:
2862:North American Cordillera
2524:Richard Cannings (2007).
2482:October 10, 2012, at the
794:Interior System of Canada
670:Queen Charlotte Mountains
356:, the Sierra Nevada, the
112:North American Cordillera
100:
86:
81:
73:
68:
58:
48:
43:
28:
24:North American Cordillera
23:
3836:Lists of mountain ranges
2816:. U.S. Geological Survey
2231:World Regional Geography
1749:Basin and Range Province
1658:Basin and Range province
1369:and on the north by the
1032:contiguous United States
947:in the United States to
943:in Canada) extends from
468:Western System of Canada
358:Basin and Range Province
3493:National mapping agency
3458:Survey (human research)
3400:Participant observation
2788:March 22, 2005, at the
2552:Mexico: A Country Study
2242:William Bailey et al.
1773:Sierra Madre Occidental
1497:Sierra Madre Occidental
1063:Sierra Madre Occidental
1049:and thin ridges called
755:California Coast Ranges
666:Vancouver Island Ranges
530:between the Fraser and
377:Sierra Madre Occidental
230:Sierra Madre Occidental
214:Pacific Border Province
198:Physiographic divisions
3483:Geographical societies
3280:Landscape architecture
2506:March 4, 2016, at the
2376:A History of the Earth
1973:A. J. Eardley (1967).
1602:
1594:
1384:on the north, and the
1170:, the highest peak is
1103:
845:(to the east) and the
834:
826:
688:
662:British Columbia Coast
480:
436:Southern Alaska ranges
430:Santa Monica Mountains
241:
217:
3275:Environmental studies
3247:Statistical geography
3128:Environmental science
2649:Sierra Madre Oriental
1777:Sierra Madre Oriental
1753:Intermontane Plateaus
1645:, cut through by the
1600:
1592:
1561:on its east from the
1549:has been carved into
1519:Rocky Mountain Trench
1320:on the west, and the
1293:lie to the east, the
1220:Sierra Madre Oriental
1208:Rocky Mountain Trench
1101:
843:Rocky Mountain Trench
832:
824:
729:Olympic National Park
683:
564:Saint Elias Mountains
475:
450:Saint Elias Mountains
381:Sierra Madre Oriental
316:Alexander Archipelago
226:Sierra Madre Oriental
223:
202:Rocky Mountain System
196:
167:Western United States
3488:Geoscience societies
3453:Interview (research)
3425:Land change modeling
3326:Computer cartography
3304:Techniques and tools
3162:Earth system science
2864:at Wikimedia Commons
2550:Merrill, Tim et al.
1812:North America portal
1767:in the north to the
1765:United States border
1637:plateau between the
1533:, just south of the
1456:to the east and the
1128:Richardson Mountains
768:Sierra Madre del Sur
717:Pacific Coast Ranges
660:in the north on the
409:Pacific Coast Ranges
393:Sierra Madre del Sur
258:Pacific Coast Ranges
234:Sierra Madre del Sur
37:Denali National Park
3645:Atmospheric science
3534:Spatial citizenship
3519:Geographers on Film
3509:Geography education
3119:Atmospheric science
2781:Ben Floyd, et al. "
2627:World Geomorphology
2361:Wilson, Robert J.
2331:Stefoff, Rebecca.
1957:and Raymond Siever
1840:Mineralium Deposita
1152:Mackenzie Mountains
1142:region, facing the
1086:(in turn named for
945:northern California
613:from an episode of
524:Norwegian coastline
510:run from the lower
479:in British Columbia
462:Talkeetna Mountains
204:(areas 16–19), the
163:Northwestern Canada
132:American Cordillera
3737:Quaternary science
3634:Physical geography
3415:Statistical survey
3365:Geologic modelling
3204:Quaternary science
2836:"Colorado Plateau"
2755:"Columbia Plateau"
1852:10.1007/BF00208030
1727:, bisected by the
1603:
1595:
1563:Columbia Mountains
1543:Watson Lake, Yukon
1489:Gulf of California
1469:Oregon Coast Range
1438:San Joaquin Valley
1322:Monashee Mountains
1299:Hazelton Mountains
1291:Monashee Mountains
1204:Columbia Mountains
1104:
921:Okanagan Highlands
863:Monashee Mountains
839:Columbia Mountains
835:
833:Monashee Mountains
827:
804:Hazelton Mountains
736:Oregon Coast Range
689:
584:Interior Mountains
481:
446:Wrangell Mountains
403:Pacific Coast Belt
327:Columbia Mountains
242:
218:
183:physical geography
124:Pacific Cordillera
120:Western Cordillera
44:Highest point
3831:Geology of Mexico
3798:
3797:
3732:Landscape ecology
3676:Coastal geography
3600:
3599:
3466:
3465:
3298:
3297:
3285:Landscape ecology
3105:Coastal geography
2860:Media related to
2710:Okanagan Highland
1567:Cassiar Mountains
1493:Peninsular Ranges
1467:lies between the
1465:Willamette Valley
1446:San Francisco Bay
1434:Sacramento Valley
1380:on the west, the
1367:Canadian Cascades
1354:Okanagan Highland
1326:Cariboo Mountains
1318:Bonaparte Plateau
1295:Canadian Cascades
1287:Cariboo Mountains
1132:De Long Mountains
1124:British Mountains
1080:Laramie Mountains
1020:Transverse Ranges
997:Similkameen River
941:Cascade Mountains
894:Cabinet Mountains
859:Purcell Mountains
855:Selkirk Mountains
851:Cariboo Mountains
812:Omineca Mountains
808:Cassiar Mountains
772:Peninsular Ranges
701:Olympic Peninsula
693:Olympic Mountains
685:Olympic Mountains
656:in the south to
650:Insular Mountains
458:Chugach Mountains
389:Peninsular Ranges
238:Peninsular Ranges
108:
107:
3863:
3786:
3785:
3774:
3762:
3761:
3749:
3667:Paleoclimatology
3627:
3620:
3613:
3604:
3603:
3588:
3587:
3576:
3575:
3564:
3552:
3551:
3380:Geovisualization
3309:
3308:
3252:Spatial analysis
3137:Paleoclimatology
2946:
2945:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2869:
2868:
2859:
2844:
2843:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2810:
2804:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2731:
2725:Rebekah K. Nix.
2722:
2716:
2707:
2701:
2695:Thompson Plateau
2692:
2686:
2680:Shuswap Highland
2677:
2671:
2665:Interior Plateau
2662:
2656:
2645:
2639:
2622:
2613:
2598:William Safire.
2596:
2590:
2574:
2568:
2561:
2555:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2521:
2512:
2496:
2487:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2398:
2392:
2385:
2379:
2372:
2366:
2359:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2329:
2323:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2295:
2279:
2273:
2258:
2249:
2240:
2234:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2118:on June 23, 2010
2117:
2111:. Archived from
2109:10.1130/B25712.1
2094:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2069:on June 12, 2011
2068:
2062:. Archived from
2037:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1985:(9): 1900–1901.
1970:
1964:
1952:
1943:
1927:
1921:
1900:
1891:
1890:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1835:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1709:Colorado Plateau
1607:Columbia Plateau
1593:Colorado Plateau
1579:British Columbia
1535:British Columbia
1513:Canadian portion
1410:McGregor Plateau
1398:Quesnel Highland
1390:British Columbia
1363:Thompson Plateau
1351:
1342:Thompson Plateau
1339:
1314:Thompson Plateau
1310:Shuswap Highland
1283:British Columbia
1279:Columbia Plateau
1275:Interior Plateau
1266:Shuswap Highland
1263:
1254:Interior Plateau
1251:
1239:Canadian portion
1196:Salish Mountains
1156:Canadian Rockies
1118:to the northern
1088:Jacques La Ramee
1047:U-shaped valleys
977:Thompson Plateau
949:British Columbia
925:Interior Plateau
847:Interior Plateau
816:Skeena Mountains
672:on Haida Gwaii.
654:Vancouver Island
631:Laramide orogeny
611:metamorphic rock
596:Mount Waddington
580:Skeena Mountains
576:Tagish Highlands
520:Interior Plateau
499:and most of the
415:British Columbia
366:Columbia Plateau
362:Colorado Plateau
331:Canadian Rockies
312:Alaska panhandle
285:Laramide orogeny
92:
33:
21:
20:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3750:
3741:
3671:Palaeogeography
3636:
3631:
3601:
3596:
3540:
3497:
3462:
3429:
3348:Distributed GIS
3294:
3256:
3208:
3141:Palaeogeography
3069:
2937:
2904:
2896:
2852:
2847:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2819:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2801:Wayback Machine
2790:Wayback Machine
2780:
2776:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2738:
2736:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2708:
2704:
2693:
2689:
2678:
2674:
2663:
2659:
2646:
2642:
2624:Edwin Bridges.
2623:
2616:
2597:
2593:
2575:
2571:
2562:
2558:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2522:
2515:
2511:, BC Govt, 1976
2508:Wayback Machine
2497:
2490:
2484:Wayback Machine
2474:
2470:
2463:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2387:Solski, Ruth.
2386:
2382:
2374:Rogers, John.
2373:
2369:
2360:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2330:
2326:
2318:Hultén, Eric.
2317:
2313:
2305:
2298:
2280:
2276:
2259:
2252:
2241:
2237:
2228:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2163:
2159:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2092:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2002:
1998:
1971:
1967:
1953:
1946:
1928:
1924:
1901:
1894:
1871:
1867:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1745:Mexican Plateau
1741:
1739:Mexican portion
1702:basin and range
1643:Rocky Mountains
1633:. It is a wide
1587:
1559:Rocky Mountains
1551:glacial valleys
1515:
1510:
1485:
1483:Mexican portion
1418:
1406:Nechako Plateau
1359:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1241:
1232:
1224:Rocky Mountains
1216:
1180:Interior Plains
1168:Rocky Mountains
1164:
1096:
1072:
1059:
971:, known as the
933:
909:Thompson Rivers
886:Rocky Mountains
882:Okanagan Rivers
798:In Canada, the
796:
784:
776:Baja California
764:
678:
639:Coast Range Arc
627:Farallon Plates
600:Juneau Icefield
544:Boundary Ranges
508:Coast Mountains
470:
454:Kenai Mountains
438:
423:Channel Islands
411:
405:
385:Mexican Plateau
375:In Mexico, the
323:Coast Mountains
293:Late Cretaceous
277:tectonic plates
266:Rocky Mountains
191:
144:mountain ranges
130:portion of the
96:
95:
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3869:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3780:
3768:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3682:
3673:
3660:
3658:Phytogeography
3651:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3630:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3607:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3582:
3570:
3558:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3410:Remote sensing
3407:
3405:Photogrammetry
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3370:Geomathematics
3367:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3317:
3315:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3290:Time geography
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3232:Geoinformatics
3229:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3187:
3178:
3173:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3148:
3143:
3130:
3125:
3111:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3093:Phytogeography
3090:
3079:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2895:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2851:
2850:External links
2848:
2846:
2845:
2827:
2805:
2774:
2746:
2717:
2712:in the BCGNIS
2702:
2697:in the BCGNIS
2687:
2682:in the BCGNIS
2672:
2667:in the BCGNIS
2657:
2640:
2614:
2591:
2569:
2556:
2543:
2536:
2513:
2488:
2468:
2461:
2437:
2415:
2393:
2380:
2367:
2349:
2337:
2324:
2311:
2296:
2274:
2250:
2235:
2222:
2210:
2193:
2184:
2157:
2129:
2080:
2023:
1996:
1965:
1944:
1922:
1905:The Cordillera
1892:
1865:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1799:
1796:
1788:Mesa del Norte
1740:
1737:
1729:Colorado River
1651:Columbia Basin
1647:Columbia River
1586:
1583:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1484:
1481:
1422:Central Valley
1417:
1414:
1402:Fraser Plateau
1378:Okanagan River
1371:Thompson River
1353:
1346:
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1334:
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1200:Kootenai River
1163:
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993:Okanagan Range
973:North Cascades
932:
929:
911:. These – the
898:Kootenai River
795:
792:
783:
780:
763:
760:
740:Columbia River
715:, part of the
697:mountain range
677:
674:
588:Kitimat Ranges
582:, part of the
560:Haines, Alaska
552:Champagne Pass
536:Kitimat Ranges
528:Pacific Ranges
469:
466:
437:
434:
407:Main article:
404:
401:
354:Central Valley
273:orogenic belts
212:(23), and the
190:
189:Major features
187:
128:North American
106:
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35:A mountain in
34:
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3713:Geostatistics
3711:
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3708:Geomorphology
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3375:Geostatistics
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3338:Geochronology
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3167:Geomorphology
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3138:
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3114:Earth science
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2602:
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2580:
2579:
2573:
2566:
2563:Thiem, Jon.
2560:
2553:
2547:
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2533:
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2462:9780520061866
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2091:
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2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:AAPG Bulletin
1976:
1969:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1926:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1899:
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1679:
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1671:
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1659:
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1652:
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1640:
1639:Cascade Range
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
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1591:
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1576:
1575:Prince George
1570:
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1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
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1532:
1528:
1524:
1523:Flathead Lake
1520:
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1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1460:to the west.
1459:
1455:
1454:Sierra Nevada
1451:
1450:West Virginia
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1430:Pacific Ocean
1427:
1423:
1420:California's
1413:
1411:
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1395:
1392:and northern
1391:
1387:
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1382:Shuswap River
1379:
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1121:
1117:
1116:Bering Strait
1113:
1109:
1100:
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1089:
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1070:Laramide Belt
1067:
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1039:
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1033:
1029:
1028:Mount Whitney
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:Cascade Range
1005:
1004:Sierra Nevada
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
965:stratovolcano
962:
961:Mount Rainier
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
937:Cascade Range
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
901:
899:
896:south of the
895:
891:
887:
883:
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875:
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860:
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848:
844:
840:
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726:
725:Pacific Ocean
722:
721:Mount Olympus
718:
714:
710:
709:United States
706:
702:
698:
694:
687:in Washington
686:
682:
673:
671:
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663:
659:
655:
651:
646:
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640:
636:
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624:
620:
616:
615:arc volcanism
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
591:
589:
585:
581:
578:and also the
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
558:northwest of
557:
553:
550:Territory at
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:Fraser Canyon
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
487:comprise the
486:
478:
474:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
433:
431:
427:
424:
420:
416:
410:
400:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
370:Cascade Range
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:San Francisco
334:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
269:
267:
263:
262:Sierra Nevada
259:
255:
251:
247:
239:
235:
231:
227:
222:
215:
211:
210:Sierra Nevada
207:
203:
199:
195:
186:
184:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
149:
145:
141:
137:
136:Pacific coast
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
103:
99:
91:
85:
80:
76:
72:
67:
63:
61:
57:
54:
51:
47:
42:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3787:
3775:
3763:
3685:Soil science
3680:Oceanography
3654:Biogeography
3589:
3577:
3565:
3553:
3514:Geo-literacy
3471:Institutions
3353:Internet GIS
3313:Quantitative
3190:Soil science
3109:Oceanography
3098:Zoogeography
3083:Biogeography
2958:Agricultural
2839:
2830:
2818:. Retrieved
2808:
2777:
2758:
2749:
2737:. Retrieved
2720:
2713:
2705:
2698:
2690:
2683:
2675:
2668:
2660:
2652:
2643:
2625:
2599:
2594:
2576:
2572:
2564:
2559:
2551:
2546:
2526:
2499:
2498:S. Holland,
2471:
2447:
2440:
2428:. Retrieved
2418:
2406:. Retrieved
2396:
2388:
2383:
2375:
2370:
2362:
2345:Yukon Ranges
2340:
2332:
2327:
2319:
2314:
2306:
2282:
2277:
2260:
2243:
2238:
2230:
2225:
2213:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2120:. Retrieved
2113:the original
2103:(3–4): 393.
2100:
2096:
2083:
2071:. Retrieved
2064:the original
2043:
2039:
2026:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1958:
1929:
1925:
1903:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1792:Mesa Central
1791:
1787:
1781:
1742:
1706:
1704:topography.
1655:
1635:flood basalt
1604:
1571:
1541:border near
1516:
1486:
1477:Puget Trough
1462:
1458:Coast Ranges
1419:
1386:Kettle River
1375:
1360:
1307:
1272:
1233:
1217:
1172:Mount Elbert
1165:
1144:Beaufort Sea
1108:Brooks Range
1105:
1073:
1060:
1040:
1001:
989:Skagit Range
981:Mount Shasta
969:Glacier Peak
939:(called the
934:
902:
871:
867:
836:
797:
787:
785:
782:Nevadan belt
765:
752:
733:
690:
652:extend from
647:
604:
592:
568:Yukon Ranges
556:Chilkat Pass
512:Fraser River
505:
485:Yukon Ranges
482:
477:Mount Robson
442:Alaska Range
439:
412:
397:
374:
335:
320:
305:
287:changed the
271:These three
270:
243:
179:
175:Great Plains
148:intermontane
123:
119:
115:
111:
109:
18:
3856:Cordilleras
3663:Climatology
3649:Meteorology
3591:WikiProject
3443:Ethnography
3435:Qualitative
3395:Map algebra
3390:Hydrography
3331:Web mapping
3321:Cartography
3133:Climatology
3123:Meteorology
2978:Development
2820:October 23,
2430:January 27,
2408:January 27,
2146:(7): 1023.
1955:Frank Press
1733:Green River
1619:U.S. states
1531:Liard River
1303:Coast Range
1184:Great Basin
1140:North Slope
1136:Yukon River
1082:of eastern
1024:Great Basin
1012:Lassen Peak
985:Lassen Peak
703:of western
658:Haida Gwaii
629:during the
617:related to
532:Bella Coola
426:archipelago
281:lithosphere
3805:Categories
3718:Glaciology
3698:Geobiology
3693:Edaphology
3448:Geopoetics
3262:Integrated
3198:Edaphology
3176:Glaciology
3151:Geophysics
3146:Geobiology
3033:Settlement
3023:Population
2993:Historical
2963:Behavioral
2923:Philosophy
2792:". (1998)
2636:0521289653
2610:0312376596
2587:0717201333
2293:8170994896
2271:0877795460
2173:(5): 664.
2046:(9): 550.
2012:(2): 132.
1940:0717201333
1918:1553881494
1881:(4): 451.
1826:References
1717:New Mexico
1678:New Mexico
1670:California
1623:Washington
1615:geographic
1547:topography
1426:California
1394:Washington
1188:Rio Grande
1154:, and the
1036:escarpment
861:, and the
748:Marys Peak
705:Washington
619:subduction
540:Nass River
493:U.S. state
379:, and the
342:California
289:topography
246:U.S. state
69:Dimensions
3727:Limnology
3723:Hydrology
3502:Education
3420:Surveying
3242:Geomatics
3222:Geodesign
3214:Technical
3185:Limnology
3181:Hydrology
3060:Strategic
3043:Transport
3018:Political
3008:Marketing
2968:Cognitive
2899:Geography
2739:April 10,
2453:384 pages
2122:March 28,
2060:129399334
1860:129092271
1784:Zacatecas
1529:, to the
1495:from the
1043:batholith
1010:south of
713:mountains
489:mountains
301:Oligocene
126:, is the
122:, or the
101:Countries
82:Geography
60:Elevation
3765:Category
3689:Pedology
3555:Category
3194:Pedology
3075:Physical
3038:Regional
3028:Religion
3013:Military
3003:Language
2998:Internet
2983:Economic
2973:Cultural
2942:Branches
2913:Glossary
2797:Archived
2786:Archived
2783:Glossary
2504:Archived
2480:Archived
1798:See also
1721:Colorado
1641:and the
1611:geologic
1565:and the
1555:faulting
1473:Cascades
1471:and the
1176:Colorado
1076:Laramide
953:volcanic
878:Thompson
874:Big Bend
742:and the
542:and the
514:and the
350:Colorado
232:and the
155:plateaus
140:Americas
3789:Commons
3703:Geology
3579:Commons
3358:Web GIS
3227:Geodesy
3171:Geology
3155:Geodesy
3088:Ecology
3065:Tourism
2933:Outline
2918:History
2655:(2011).
2040:Geology
2006:Geology
1757:plateau
1713:Arizona
1694:Wyoming
1666:Arizona
1527:Montana
1501:Mexican
1499:on the
1192:Cabinet
1166:In the
1148:Rockies
1084:Wyoming
1018:to the
917:Shuswap
913:Quesnel
711:. The
707:in the
699:on the
635:granite
621:of the
607:igneous
572:Tahltan
428:of the
206:Cascade
159:Western
138:of the
3777:Portal
3567:Portal
3055:Social
2988:Health
2902:topics
2634:
2608:
2585:
2534:
2459:
2333:Alaska
2291:
2269:
2073:May 7,
2058:
1938:
1916:
1858:
1761:Mexico
1723:, and
1698:Mexico
1692:, and
1682:Oregon
1662:Nevada
1629:, and
1627:Oregon
1408:, and
1285:. The
1202:, the
1112:Alaska
1051:arêtes
905:Fraser
890:Salish
857:, the
814:, and
788:Nevada
643:schist
562:. The
534:, the
497:Alaska
460:, and
419:fjords
346:Denver
308:Alaska
297:Eocene
254:Mexico
250:Alaska
228:, the
171:Mexico
169:, and
153:, and
151:basins
118:, the
74:Length
53:Denali
3048:Urban
2950:Human
2928:Index
2730:(PDF)
2116:(PDF)
2093:(PDF)
2067:(PDF)
2056:S2CID
2036:(PDF)
1960:Earth
1856:S2CID
1846:(3).
1686:Texas
1674:Idaho
1631:Idaho
1609:is a
1539:Yukon
1120:Yukon
695:is a
548:Yukon
501:Yukon
216:(24).
2822:2010
2741:2010
2632:ISBN
2606:ISBN
2583:ISBN
2532:ISBN
2457:ISBN
2432:2011
2410:2011
2289:ISBN
2267:ISBN
2124:2013
2075:2011
1936:ISBN
1914:ISBN
1775:and
1743:The
1725:Utah
1707:The
1690:Utah
1656:The
1613:and
1605:The
1517:The
1487:The
1324:and
1316:and
1301:and
1289:and
1273:The
1218:The
1194:and
1126:and
1106:The
1074:The
1061:The
1002:The
983:and
935:The
919:and
907:and
892:and
880:and
837:The
766:The
753:The
734:The
691:The
648:The
625:and
623:Kula
609:and
574:and
554:and
506:The
483:The
344:and
161:and
110:The
49:Peak
2651:",
2175:doi
2171:110
2148:doi
2144:100
2105:doi
2101:118
2048:doi
2014:doi
1987:doi
1883:doi
1848:doi
1621:of
1174:in
774:of
495:of
306:In
268:).
248:of
181:of
157:in
3807::
3725:/
3691:/
3687:/
3678:/
3669:/
3665:/
3656:/
3647:/
3183:/
3169:/
3153:/
3139:/
3135:/
3121:/
3107:/
2838:.
2767:,
2763:.
2757:.
2732:.
2617:^
2516:^
2491:^
2455:.
2352:^
2299:^
2253:^
2169:.
2142:.
2099:.
2095:.
2054:.
2044:12
2042:.
2038:.
2010:15
2008:.
1983:51
1981:.
1977:.
1947:^
1912:,
1908:,
1895:^
1879:96
1877:.
1854:.
1842:.
1719:,
1715:,
1688:,
1684:,
1680:,
1676:,
1672:,
1668:,
1625:,
1577:,
1525:,
1479:.
1412:.
1404:,
1400:,
1373:.
1158:.
1053:.
999:.
915:,
865:.
818:.
810:,
806:,
731:.
645:.
590:.
464:.
456:,
452:,
448:,
444:,
348:,
340:,
333:.
240:).
185:.
177:.
165:,
146:,
3626:e
3619:t
3612:v
3200:)
3196:/
3192:(
2891:e
2884:t
2877:v
2824:.
2771:.
2743:.
2647:"
2638:.
2612:.
2589:.
2540:.
2465:.
2434:.
2412:.
2181:.
2177::
2154:.
2150::
2126:.
2107::
2077:.
2050::
2020:.
2016::
1993:.
1989::
1889:.
1885::
1862:.
1850::
1844:6
1537:–
208:–
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