North-West Mounted Police

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However, the campaign was ineffective as the NWMP would raid a brothel and offer the madam the choice of paying a fine or leaving town; generally the latter option was taken. No sooner had the brothel been shut down, then another would open a few weeks later, leading to the cycle being repeated. An additional problem for the NWMP was the fact that the pay for an constable was 60 cents per day, making it difficult as an NWMP to recruit "men of good character and steady habits". By 1904, an average of 10% of the force either were being dismissed or had deserted to the United States. Given that the average age for a NWMP constable was between 20 and 25 and the majority were unmarried, there was a marked tendency for them to associate with the "sporting women" as prostitutes were euphemistically described. The NWMP "necessary evil" policy caused much tension with Protestant churches and civic groups that demanded that prostitution be stamped out in the early 20th century. In 1907, following complaints that a brothel full of Japanese prostitutes was operating in Nose Creek just outside of Calgary, Superintendent Dean of the NWMP refused to shut it down, saying the brothel was medically inspected every 9 days and to shut it down would cause venereal diseases to spread, leading to a furor in the Calgary newspapers.

1259: 1411: 804:, under which a First Nations person was permitted to leave a reservation only with a pass issued by the local Indian agent and had to return by the time the pass expired. The pass system was brought in as a temporary measure during the North-West Rebellion, but was then made permanent as the government found it an useful means of social control. The NWMP knew that the pass system had no basis in the law and in fact violated Treaty 7 with the Blackfoot, which promised that the Blackfoot people would be permitted go whatever they liked. The Indians often ignored the pass system, and in May 1893 Commissioner Herchmer ordered the NWMP to stop enforcing the pass system, saying it was illegal under Canadian law, only to be overruled by the Department of Indian Affairs. It was the intention of the Canadian government to colonize the Prairies, and the government believed that settlers would not come unless there were assurances that the First Nations peoples were under control, hence the pass system. 741:"legal tyranny". The police insisted that the Canadian law should be applied rigidly to the First Nations, but at the same time were relatively supportive of the First Nations when responding to the claims of the growing number of white ranchers. The force built cordial personal relationships with the First Nations' leaders, which led to a much lower level of violence between the government and indigenous peoples than in the United States. That the NWMP had evicted the American whisky traders whose sales had led to alcoholism becoming a serious problem was greatly appreciated by the First Nations peoples. The Blackfoot chief Crowfoot in 1877 stated: "The Mounted Police protected us as the feathers of the bird protect it from the frosts of winter". The fact that the NWMP arrested whites accused of killing First Nations peoples led to the perception among First Nations peoples that the NWMP was high-handed, but fair. 2295: 1591: 778: 1861: 1355: 846:, having been given special jurisdiction over the area along the line of the route. They enforced the liquor laws, and oversaw the itinerant service workers who accompanied the main construction teams. They defused many of the tensions involving the construction workers and the company, including intervening to resolve cases where the workers had not been paid by the company as promised, but they also intervened to support the railway company. When the railway staff went on strike for higher wages in 1883, the mounted police guarded the company's trains, escorted in new drivers and, when necessary, drove the locomotives themselves; two years later the police broke up a protest over unpaid wages by over a thousand construction workers, arresting the main leaders. The head of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 2495:

with swords, despite Commissioner French having doubts about their utility. The policy around the carrying of these weapons was reviewed in 1880, due to concerns that swords were no longer practical in conflicts with the First Nations. Commissioner Irvine wanted to equip all of his force with swords for use in close quarter combat, while the authorities in Ottawa were opposed to any extension; as a compromise, some 1822 pattern swords were purchased for storage in the police armouries. In 1882, non-commissioned officers were authorized to carry the 1822 pattern sabre, and commissioned police officers adopted the new British 1896 pattern cavalry sword when it was issued a few years later. The mounted police deployed to Siberia at the end of the First World War carried the

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to use Canadian suppliers whenever possible. Supplies of food and similar goods were initially bought from the major trading companies in the west, such as the Hudson's Bay Company, but this gradually changed once more of the territories were settled and goods could be purchased from smaller, local firms, with the police becoming an important source of business. Equipment and supplies had to be bought from companies that supported the government of the day, and after 1896 a formal list of politically approved suppliers was kept by the comptroller's office. All of the police's guns had to be imported, due to the lack of domestic manufacturers, and by 1890s the force was still buying most of its ammunition from abroad, as Canadian-manufactured

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inspections supported by surprise "flying patrols". This approach was enabled by a network of new outposts across the major ranches. Police would visit almost every farm or ranch, seek to get to know every member of the community personally, gather intelligence and ask each settler to record any issues in a patrol book. Along the way, the police helped to distribute relief, including to the Métis communities affected by the rebellion, provided emergency medical assistance, and delivered mail to the more remote areas. Under the new patrol system, the mounted police travelled a total of 1,500,000 miles (2,400,000 km) on average each year on horseback. Backed by harsh sentences from the courts, the process virtually eliminated rural crime.

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championed what the historian Andrew Graybill describes as "Victorian manliness", with the narrative focusing on "romance, manners and the preservation of justice through fair play". Within the genre, some national differences emerged. British writers often portrayed the police as upper-class colonial soldiers, carrying out their duty in serving the British Empire on the fringes of civilization. Canadian novels embraced much of this imperial narrative, but also depicted the force as a protector of wider moral authority and order, forming a reassuring, conservative image in the face of contemporary fears of immigrants and social instability. In contrast, authors in the United States usually reused familiar

2032:. Early in the force's history, the training of recruits was carried out on an ad hoc basis at the police's headquarters; in response, a depot for training new recruits created in Regina in 1885, based on the Royal Irish Constabulary Depot in Dublin, which took a much more structured approach. The use of the depot declined in line with the reduced number of new recruits joining the force after 1895, and was ultimately replaced by the new School of Instruction in 1899. Efforts were taken throughout the 1880s and 1890s to improve the quality of recruits being accepted by the force, and to tackle the related problems of early discharge and desertion, which was making staff retention a serious problem. 2393:". The expression "They always get their man", or "The Mountie always gets his man", associated with the force since 1877, has no official standing, but comes from the adaptation created by Hollywood from an American newspaper report, in the Fort Benton (Montana) Record from April 1877. Despite being a French phrase, this was a 14th-century English motto, first used in Canada by the Grand Trunk Railway Regiment, and it remains unclear why it was adopted by the mounted police. There are several explanations for the use of the buffalo head: it may have been due to Inspector James Macleod's use of a buffalo head in his office in the mid-1870s, or may have been a prairie adaption of the 2524: 978:

in size and excluding smaller farmers. The police had close links to the ranch owners, and many of the first recruits had gone on to become ranchers themselves after leaving the force. Illegal squatting by poorer settlers started to become a problem, however, boiling over into open disputes during the 1890s, and the mounted police were deployed to evict them. The task was unpopular among the force, but it grudgingly complied until government policy towards the smaller settlers finally changed in 1896. The police provided a range of other services for the new ranches, carrying out operations along the border to prevent cattle crossing north into the Canadian ranches, running

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and police beer canteens were established to provide members of the force a legal alternative. Settlers also began to routinely evade the laws in the larger towns, despite mounted police searches, the deployment of undercover officers, and large fines being imposed by the courts. Public hostility towards the force grew and the police soon found themselves almost entirely occupied in attempting to enforce the unpopular laws. Legal changes were pushed through in 1892, removing prohibition and allowing the licensing of public bars; the new law was enforced by local town inspectors, removing most of the force's responsibility for the problem.

1651: 1642:. The establishment of the mounted force was to be permanently kept at 1,200 men, creating a huge demand for manpower: those members of the force still serving in Europe and Siberia were ordered to return. The police began to recruit new networks of secret agents, whom Perry tasked to investigate "foreign settlements" to identify "the least indication of Bolshevik tendencies and doctrines", and the force embraced new laws allowing for the deportation, without trial, of immigrants suspected of holding extremist views. The police's operations were well run, although no significant evidence of any Bolshevik plot was actually discovered. 1983: 2001: 689: 1992: 1974: 1956: 1910:

Leif Crozier was paid a bonus of $ 3,659 in 1886 (~$ 124,081 in 2023), for example. Once an officer had purchased items such as their uniform, which would cost around $ 500, and maintained a presence at key social events, however, this salary was thinly stretched. Most officers found it difficult to support a family on their police income alone, and either relied on their private wealth, or took on additional paid roles and government offices. Commissioned officers were members of the civil service pension scheme, but this was increasingly regarded as inadequate and their pension provisions were reformed in 1902.

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provincial authorities for $ 75,000 (~$ 1.97 million in 2023) per year apiece – about one-third of the actual operational cost – a solution which was approved by both sides. The workload on the police grew quickly as a consequence, with the criminal cases being handled almost trebling between 1905 and 1912 to over 13,000. Despite complaints from Commissioner Perry, the government refused to increase the establishment of the mounted police. By 1913, the provinces were expressing dissatisfaction about the service being delivered, and Saskatchewan indicated its intention not to renew the contract in 1916.

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their existing bases therefore remained vital to the northern operations. The increasing demands from the railway companies and mining companies for police assistance, and appeals from the ranching community for continued support, also made it harder for the Liberals to consider cutting back the force. The Second Boer War then disrupted plans to create a replacement militia unit, while Herchmer's disastrous tour in South Africa enabled the Liberals to replace him with Perry, a Liberal supporter. As a result, the political argument began to swing back in favour of potentially retaining the force.

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day, with basic provisions included, with a senior non-commissioned officer earning three times as much. Combined with "working pay" bonuses for particular duties, a constable could earn over $ 300 a year, which was initially about the same as a Canadian school teacher. At the start of the 20th century, the rates of police pay were unchanged and had become quite low by wider Canadian standards; they were slowly increased, the basic rate rising to $ 1 a day in 1905, and then to $ 1.50 and finally $ 1.75 by 1919. A pension scheme was introduced in 1889, albeit in the face of political opposition.

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on record", of which "all Canadians might well feel proud. By 1955, however, the historian Paul Sharp had suggested that the March West almost failed due to "misinformation, inexperience and ignorance" and criticism of the force's performance intensified after 1973. Ronald Atkin concludes that the expedition was "epic in its lack of organization, in the poor way in which it was conducted and its incredibly close brush with disaster", Daniel Francis condemns it as "a fiasco of bad planning", with R. C. Macleod observing that "the difficulties of the Long March...were largely self-inflicted".

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recruiting. Initially, a majority of the force were of Canadian origin but the number originating from Britain rose steadily during the 1880s until they made up over half of all new recruits, with British-born mounted police also tending to predominate in the non-commissioned cadre, mainly because they chose to stay longer in the force. Although the number of Canadian-born recruits increased for a while, the economic boom of the 1910s made the task much harder, and the mounted police opened a recruitment office in London; by 1914 almost 80 percent of the force had been born in Britain.

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inaccessible except to selected researchers, trusted to maintain a particular perspective on the police's history. Historians had few other sources to work with other than the force's own published annual accounts, autobiographies by members of the police, and popular narratives from the 19th century, and so their works tended to mirror the established image of the mounted police. The resulting histories put forward what the historian William Baker terms as "episodic, nostalgic, eulogistic, antiquarian, non-scholarly, romantic, and heroic" accounts of the force.

332: 1298:; many of the other volunteers in the battalion were also ex-policemen. The NWMP influence on the Canadian Mounted Rifles battalion was strong; of the officers of the battalion, 13 out of 19 were NWMP men. Of the policemen who volunteered to fight in South Africa, 67.4% were British-born while the remainder were Canadian-born, reflecting the tendency of male British immigrants in Canada to be the ones most likely to volunteer for service in South Africa. Soon after the battalion's arrival in South Africa, however, Herchmer's superior, Major General 489: 2243: 2176: 2125: 2116: 2785:

foundation of the mounted police in 1873, rather than, for example, drawing on the Dominion Police's foundation date of 1868. The RCMP's centennial in 1973 saw celebratory events across Canada, various historical publications and even proposals – turned down by the mounted police – for a reenactment of the March West. The RCMP used the celebrations to redefine the early history of the mounted police in line with contemporary policing objectives, focusing on the force's role in shaping the evolution of a liberal, tolerant, modern Canada.

2270: 2261: 2252: 2203: 2185: 2136: 813: 2017: 1041: 2194: 2658: 1489:

however, and often blamed them for wider government policies; for their part, the mounted police often regarded the First Nations with contempt. By comparison, the mounted police got on much better with the Inuit, who had seen far less contact with Europeans. The force generally took a more liberal, paternalistic attitude towards them, often applying informal justice rather than official laws when the occasional Inuit crime was committed. Members of the First Nations and Inuit were employed to drive police

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over 4,000. There was controversy around what role the mounted police should play in the new towns, and the force became concerned that these were pulling in police manpower, at the expense of the wider, less populated areas of the Prairies, where the patrolling system had already had to be cut back. A special railway branch was briefly established in 1888, using undercover officers positioned along the railway line to gather intelligence, and plans were put forward, but not enacted, to create a larger

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to see it as a "necessary evil", arguing that the male workers wanted sex, and that to shut down the brothels would cause unmanageable social tensions. Between 1874–1890, there were only 12 convictions for prostitution in the North-West, which reflected the "necessary evil" policy of tolerating prostitution. The fact that the men of the NWMP themselves frequently made use of the services of the prostitutes was another reason to tolerate the brothels. In an editorial, the

183: 1852:, until replaced by A. A. Mclean in 1913. The comptroller was responsible for keeping account of expenditure, auditing and managing procurement, and effectively removed most of the non-operational functions from the commissioner's responsibility. White was a political client of Prime Minister John A. Macdonald, who took a close interest in the management of the force, and the post became critical for garnering support from Ottawa for investment in the police. 1179: 1732: 2678:

historian Michael Dawson describes as accounts of "inefficiency, irresolution and impropriety" within the new organization. In contrast, police memoirs promoted an image of a tough but fair force, focused on maintaining order in the wilderness. Quite quickly, however, a more heroic, romantic tone came to dominate newspaper accounts and a powerful myth was built up around the mounted police. This was reinforced by events such as the mounted police's

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sympathized with the company", and William Baker argues that "the Mounties were usually anti-labour", and "comprehended and sympathized with management's perspective more naturally than with the viewpoint of the striking miners". Steve Hewitt suggests that the police typically blamed agitators for problems and were required to sometimes use force, but that they had some sympathy for the difficulties of ordinary workers.

1156:, pay and working conditions. A team of 82 regular police were reinforced by 11 special constables recruited from within the company, with an undercover constable deployed to infiltrate the strike and send back intelligence. Efforts were made to collect information on the earnings of the union leaders, probably intended for use in discrediting them. The police maintained order and escorted non-striking workers past the 2906:

percent Canadian or British. Charlene Porsild notes that the census data for the period is inconsistent in how it asked questions about citizenship and place of birth. Porsild argues that the level of participation from those born in the United States, as opposed to recent immigrants or temporary residents, may have been as low as 43 percent, with Canadian and British-born members of the gold rush in the majority.

2047:. In the first year of the force, the poorly constructed fort at Swan River drew particular condemnation from senior officers: Commissioner French complained to Ottawa about the "exposure and hardship" that the police detachment were enduring. Even once the force was properly established, living conditions remained very basic: the forts used wood- and coal-burning stoves for heating and cooking, and were lit by 1059:, and over half of them settled in the territories. The urban population grew significantly as new towns were established across the Prairies. Many of the immigrants were employed by the growing industries of the region, especially the large mining and manufacturing centres enabled by the Canadian Pacific Railway. As society changed, there were fears of immigrants and criminals exploiting the new rail network. 10238: 1380:

responsibility for their own policing; it was therefore time to plan for the closure of the force, which originally had only been intended to be a temporary organization. The force was reduced to 850 men in 1893, and to 750 by 1898. The Conservative government stood for reelection in 1896 with plans to further reduce the size of the force, reportedly to 500 men, but lost to the Liberal party, led by

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The Canadian government turned to the mounted police as their main source for experienced mounted soldiers, and members were given leave from the force for the duration of their service. Combined with the pressures of maintaining the commitments in the Yukon, this reduced the number of the police in the remaining territories to only 682 men by 1900. The similarity of the vast expenses of the

645:, a journalist whom the commissioner hoped would write a positive account of the new force. The expedition made slow time along the boundary trail, progressing only 15 miles (24 km) a day at most. The police were already travelling under unpleasant and arduous conditions, made more difficult by the teamsters having little experience and their horses being unsuitable for draught work. 621:, was ordered to proceed west from Fort Dufferin to deal with what the authorities described as the "band of desperadoes" around Fort Whoop-Up, before then dispersing his force to establish police posts stretching across the territories. From Fort Dufferin, French could have simply traced the southern line of the frontier, following a well-established trail created two years before by the 1097: 2831:

noting that Irvine's failure to reinforce Middleton "can only be explained by excessive caution...or by his ignorance of what was happening on his doorstep". Stanley Horrall blames the poor performance by the police on a combination of the government's neglect of the mounted police and the weak leadership shown by Commissioner Irvine in the years running up to the rebellion.

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officially in order to cope with the growing white population, but also to prevent any future uprising by the Métis and First Nations. Levels of crime were initially low, with the police's implementation of the law relatively informal, and focused on upholding the spirit, rather than the letter, of the law, but the force soon faced new challenges as the population grew.

793:, which was considered to promote violent behaviour among the First Nations. By the 1880s, however, the police also began to tackle horse theft. Horse stealing was common among the First Nations on the prairies: it formed part of intertribal competition and warfare, and the stolen horses enabled their hunting expeditions. In part the police crackdown was driven by the 516:, which combined aspects of a traditional military unit with the judicial functions of the magistrates' courts, and believed that the new force should be able to provide a local system of government in otherwise ungoverned areas. Originally, Macdonald also had wanted to form units of Métis policemen, commanded by white Canadian officers in a similar manner to the 2944:

undercover; full-time "secret agents", typically chosen for their ethnic background and language skills; and "informants", effectively part-time secret agents providing ad hoc information. As the historian Stanley Horrall suggests, many of the labour organizations of the period regarded such secret agents as "police spies or agent provocateurs".

1674:, military veterans marched through the city in support of the strikers; the authorities called in the mounted police to break up the marchers. By the time the police arrived, the protesters had begun to riot and the police carried out two mounted charges. The police then concluded that they were losing control of the situation and fired their 1682:

creating a new federal police force, ideally by amalgamating the Dominion Police into the existing mounted police force. The mounted police, he argued, were much larger, militarized, experienced and had a proven capacity to carry out secret intelligence work. They were also free from union influence and enjoyed high prestige among the public.

1384:. The new prime minister had stood for election on a platform of increasing the rights of the provinces to carry out law enforcement. He produced plans to halve the size of the mounted police as a first step towards eliminating the force, and proposed to establish a new militia regiment in the NWT to fulfil any legacy military requirements. 1548:, but, since most mounted police did not have links within the relevant ethnic communities, they instead used secret agents and informants to gather intelligence, supported by a few undercover officers. Meanwhile, tensions grew between temperance campaigners and soldiers over the implementation of the liquor laws. The police barracks in 551:; Morris predicted that if action was not taken immediately, there would be a major uprising by the First Nations across the region, into which the United States might choose to intervene. Macdonald was not entirely convinced by the governor's analysis, but nonetheless he agreed to recruit 150 men and send them west to 797:, who believed that the practice of horse theft was slowing the assimilation of the First Nations into broader Canadian society. The authorities were also concerned that if the First Nations were allowed to steal horses from across the border in the United States, it could provoke a military intervention into Canada. 2374:, fur hats and boots. In the more extreme conditions of the far north, the police adopted local Inuit clothing for use on their patrols, even though this required daily maintenance, often carried out by local Inuit women. Mounted police deployed to Siberia wore the standard army khaki uniform used by mounted forces. 924:, now joined the Métis in their revolt, although others continued to tacitly support the government, in part the result of the good relationship the police had built up with them. The police rapidly abandoned most of their posts along the valley, falling back to more easily defensible locations; Inspector 2322:, with similarly militaristic uniforms for the other ranks, using gold braid to distinguish the non-commissioned officers. These uniforms were initially of rather low quality, as the government had contracted out the work to prison convicts. The winter uniforms comprised grey overcoats with fur caps and 458:, made plans to create a 200-strong mounted police force to maintain order along the border; such a force, he thought, would enable the colonization of the region and be much cheaper than deploying regular militia units for the task. The implementation of this proposal was delayed, however, first by the 2535:

The mounted police initially deployed with 310 horses in 1873, both as mounts and as draught animals, but large numbers of these died on the march, and for much of the 1870s there were shortages of horses, impacting on the police's work. The importance of horses to the force's work grew, particularly

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along on the expedition to impress the Blackfoot First Nation. The force also used swords, with the 1822 pattern British Light Cavalry sabre approved for commissioned officers, and the non-commissioned officers carrying the British 1853 pattern weapon; some constables unofficially equipped themselves

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A tension remained between uniforms which were perceived as smart, reflecting the force's military heritage, and practical uniforms which were suitable for the daily work of the police. The mounted police's white helmets, forage caps and tight tunics were impractical for work on the plains, and a set

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Sub-constables, initially the lowest rank in the force, were paid 75 cents a day in 1873, with a promise of 160 acres (65 ha) of land on completion of their enlistment, but the pay was cut by a third in 1878 and the land grants ceased. As a result, constables were paid a basic wage of 50 cents a

2024:

The first enlisted men to be recruited in 1873 came from a wide variety of backgrounds, but most had some military experience. Many of the men enlisting in this tranche were later dismissed as unsuitable for service, less than half completing their term of enlistment, and more care was taken in later

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The mounted police initially began their wartime operations by focusing on the activities of immigrants and carrying out border security, but quickly widened their operations. Unlike during the Boer War, the mounted police at first were forbidden to volunteer for military duty abroad, and the size of

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and gathered customs duties. Fears grew that the United States might try to seize the mineral-rich region, and a twenty-man police team was established at Forty Mile in 1895. Although there was very little actual crime, frictions soon rose between the police and the Miners' Committees, which had been

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mockingly noted the "redcoat of the Mounted Policeman is seen flashing in and out from these dens at all hours. As no arrests have been made the character of these visits can be easily surmised!". Commissioner Herchemer complained that venereal diseases caused more medical treatments in the NWMP than

989:

A new system of controlling the movement of the First Nations was introduced by the government after the rebellion. Known as the pass system, this required any individual leaving a reserve to possess a pass signed by a government agent, or to face arrest by the police. The police received advice that

853:

The construction of the railway introduced new tensions between the government and the First Nations. The authorities wished to move the indigenous peoples to reserves north of the railway in order to cut them off from the United States border. For their part, the First Nations were unhappy about the

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played a prominent part. The Sioux declined to return south, however, and the police had to deploy around 200 men to Fort Walsh to oversee the immigrant community. The police lived in primitive conditions and voluntarily shared some of their own supplies with the Sioux, who were not covered by Treaty

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The herds of buffalo migrated elsewhere on the plains in 1876 and starvation among the Blackfoot loomed. Crowfoot rejected a proposed alliance with the Sioux against the United States, arguing that the collapse of buffalo hunting and white immigration meant that his people needed a long-term alliance

450:

from the United States had come across the border, selling alcohol to the indigenous peoples, fuelling social problems and outbreaks of violence. Although the region remained relatively safe, there was no civil government, and military explorers highlighted the "lawlessness" and lack of "security for

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Early historians of the force stressed the epic nature of the expedition. The popular historian Arthur Haydon, for example, scorned the newspaper accounts which blamed the officers and men as "incapable", "inexperienced" and "careless", arguing that the march was "truly one of the most extraordinary

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made from pilot cloth became popular among the police as part of their winter outfit, and were officially issued from 1893 onwards. There were continual attempts to produce a consistent uniform across the force, but this was only ever partially successful due to the multiple government suppliers who

1909:

Commissioned officers were paid a respectable wage for the period; an inspector in 1886 earned an annual salary of $ 1,000 (~$ 29,968 in 2023). Early in the force's history, additional payments were made to officers for successfully collecting customs duties and seizing illegal goods; Superintendent

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The events of the Klondike Gold Rush challenged this policy, as the force soon became essential to controlling the borders in the far north. Moving the entire force to the remote region of the Yukon, though, would have more than doubled the cost of the police's training and support arrangements, and

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willingness to invent and enforce non-existent laws whenever they considered it necessary. The police acted efficiently and with probity during the period, largely curbing criminality in the region, although their task was helped by the geography of the Klondike, which made it relatively easy to bar

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As a result, there were a growing range of demands on the mounted police, and they struggled to cope with the changes. The rising population drove an increase in the criminal cases tackled by the force: less than 1,000 were investigated in 1900, but within four years the number of cases had risen to

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As there were almost no white women on the Prairies, the influx of the male work crews for the railroad together with the mines being opened in the foothills of the Rocky mountains created an immense demand for prostitution, which flourished as a result. Prostitution was illegal, but the NWMP tended

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Cattle ranchers had moved into the territories within a year of the police arriving, initially clustering around the police posts for protection. The government began to promote the development of the large ranches during the 1870s and early 1880s, enclosing land up to 100,000 acres (40,000 ha)

948:

Middleton criticized Irvine and the mounted police for having remained in Prince Albert throughout the campaign, and for failing to reinforce him during the Battle of Batoche. The general recommended closing the force, and replacing it with a corps of mounted infantry. He publicly likened the police

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First Nation, defeat the mounted police and seize the region, forcing the Canadian government to the negotiation table. There had been worries among the police about potential instability since the previous fall, and the force had increased its presence in the area over the winter. As tensions rose,

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following soon after. Macdonald's newly returned Conservative government was critical of the way that the Liberals had stood up the force, ordering an inspection in 1875 that concluded that "for a newly-raised force, hastily enrolled and equipped, it is in very fair order", but recommended a variety

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on an island in Old Man's River. The expedition had been badly planned and executed, and almost failed; the historian William Baker describes it as "a monumental fiasco of poor planning, ignorance, incompetence, and cruelty to men and beasts". Nonetheless, it rapidly became portrayed by the force as

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or commissioner, based along the northern trade routes, leaving the border area as a liminal, ungarrisoned zone. Colonel Patrick Robertson-Ross conducted another survey in 1872, and recommended an alternative strategy of recruiting a larger force of 550 men who would be tasked to push south into the

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would lead to the First Nations peoples killing the American traders, which would lead to the United States military being deployed into the NWT to protect the lives of American citizens on the grounds that Canada was unable to maintain law and order in the region. Macdonald's greatest fear was that

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During the early 1970s, professional historians began to reevaluate the force's history. A wider set of themes, including social, race and class issues, began to be analysed, resulting in more challenging histories of the force being published. Legal challenges brought before the Canadian courts in

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Early on in the force's history, most of its equipment and weapons had to be imported from abroad, due to the lack of domestic Canadian industry. Its early saddlery and wagons were imported from the United States, although the police's uniforms were made locally. After 1887, political pressure grew

1811:

Although at first the force answered to the prime minister, in 1876 control was passed to the Secretary of State, an arrangement which was reinforced in the Mounted Police Act of 1879. The mounted police's rules and regulations were initially very informal, drawing on the Mounted Police Act of 1873

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In response, Prime Minister Borden amended the policing legislation in November 1919, bringing together the RNWMP and the Dominion Police to form the RCMP, with the new force responsible for federal law enforcement and national security across Canada under the command of Perry. The legislation came

1366:

The mounted police continued to face criticism after 1885, through a sequence of allegations in the popular press known as the "Herchmer scandals". Lawrence Herchmer had been appointed as commissioner partially because of his positive reputation within the Indian Department, but also because of his

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from Russia in 1867, and most of the influx of prospectors were American. Amid fresh concerns that the United States might annex the gold fields, the mounted police were tasked to assert Canadian control along the border line. The force set up control posts at the borders of the Yukon and at easily

1074:

There was pressure on the mounted police to assist local government in a wide variety of ways, often opposed by the police themselves. These included supporting public health efforts, distributing relief, fighting and investigating fires, and continuing to manage the movement of cattle. New railway

1026:

The policy of the NWMP was to allow red-light districts to exist, and every so often to launch a raid to shut down a brothel in order to give the impression that the prostitution was not being tolerated. From 1890, pressure from Protestant churches led to a crackdown being launched on prostitution.

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and a system of annuities, which would then hopefully be followed by the integration of the First Nations into the agricultural economy. The mounted police's approach to enabling this process has been characterized by the historian Ronald Atkin as a "benevolent despotism", and by John Jennings as a

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rivers on September 10, there was nothing to be seen, as the fort was in fact around 75 miles (121 km) away. The police had expected the area to contain good grazing for their horses but it was barren and treeless. French was forced to abandon the plan to head to Whoop-Up and instead travelled

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who defined its purpose as "the preservation of peace and the prevention of crime" in the vast NWT. Macdonald envisioned the police force as a para-military force, writing that the "best force would be mounted riflemen, trained to act as cavalry... and styled police". Macdonald's principal fear was

2844:

background and had military backgrounds, while many others were ex-policemen or from the social elite of eastern Canada. The historian Andrew Graybill notes the comments of one visitor that "nearly all have been in the Police...it is quite natural as when a man is in the police round here he sees

2510:

were acquired in 1876. Despite requests for the force to be assigned machine-guns, two steel 7-pounder (3 kg) Mark II field guns were allocated instead in 1886, replacing two of the brass guns which were passed on to the militia. The machine-guns finally arrived in 1894, when two .303 calibre

2071:

were major irritants. When the force deployed to the far north, the police were once again living in extremely basic conditions, in a very dangerous climate; a network of small shelters had to be built to protect units out on patrol, although these did not prevent the well-publicized deaths of the

1880:

officers, rising to 50 after 1885, a ratio of approximately one officer to every twenty enlisted men. The officers were usually from middle- or upper-class backgrounds, and were typically Canadian-born; deliberate attempts were made to reflect the different religious and ethnic groups that made up

1601:

Conscription was introduced in Canada during the final years of the war, which was accompanied by labour shortages, pressures for social change, and the rapid unionization of the remaining workforce. While concerns about the Central Powers declined, fears grew in government at the end of 1918 that

1530:

might be threatened, either by immigrants who still sympathized with their home countries in central Europe, or from citizens of the United States with German or Irish backgrounds crossing over the border. The authorities introduced new war-time secrecy regulations, including the censorship of the

1379:

Nonetheless, the force's reputation suffered from the controversy and complaints persisted that the force was oversized, excessively funded and staffed by political appointees. By the 1890s, a political consensus had emerged in Ottawa that the western provinces should become autonomous and take up

1371:

for public drunkenness several years before. Apparently motivated by a desire for revenge, Davin pursued a vendetta against Lawrence when he became commissioner, helped by another newspaper publisher, Charles Wood. Lawrence Herchmer was unpopular with many of his officers and Davin published their

1333:

was created in October 1900 to police the recaptured territories; it mirrored the mounted police, with its members again wearing the force's Stetson hat; it incorporated forty-two members of the mounted police and one of its divisions was commanded by Steele. The mounted police volunteers suffered

1285:

in 1896, but was turned down by his superiors. Although there was public enthusiasm for a Canadian military response, at first it appeared that only a minimal deployment would be needed, and it was only after several British defeats that an offer of a more substantive force was welcomed by London.

1011:

applauded the measures, most settlers opposed them. Special permits to import alcohol for personal consumption could be granted, but these were not issued impartially, adding to the general resentment. Many members of the force drank alcohol themselves, including liquor confiscated from smugglers,

944:

and forcing Riel to surrender, before relieving Prince Albert on May 20. The third column marched to Edmonton, supported by 20 mounted police and their 9-pounder (4 kg) gun, where the government captured Big Bear and the remnants of the rebel Cree. Riel was imprisoned by the mounted police at

669:

to advance on Fort Whoop-Up with the three remaining divisions, approximately 150 men. When the police reached the fort on October 9, they were prepared for a confrontation, but the whisky traders were aware that they were approaching and had long since moved on. The force received new orders from

2915:

It is unclear why the mounted police were not allowed to form their own independent mounted police unit in the South African campaign. The decision may have been due to pressure from the Canadian military leadership, or because creating a special unit for the campaign would have made it harder to

2677:

The early reputation of the force was shaped by journalistic accounts published in the 1880s and 1890s, followed by various biographical accounts written by retired officers. The initial press response to the mounted police was mixed, particularly among Liberal newspapers, and focused on what the

1621:

Meanwhile, Commissioner Perry had put forward three options for the future of the mounted police: the force could be absorbed into the Canadian military; the remit of the force could be reduced to simply policing the far north; or the force could be assigned a much wider role in public and secret

1488:

The First Nations in the north typically had some prior experience of Europeans, for example through contact with the Hudson's Bay Company, and there was little conflict between the police and these native communities, and few crimes committed. The First Nations typically did not like the police,

1249:

caused much comment in the newspapers. Reflecting the improved image of the NWMP, in 1897 as part of the celebrations of the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria, a group of NWMP riders clad in their colorful scarlet uniforms marched down the streets of London as part of the Canadian contingent. The

2784:

This traditional, historical portrayal of the NWMP influenced that of the RCMP, who used their predecessor's history to build their own status as a Canadian national symbol. Although the RCMP as an organization formally dates from 1920, the modern force chose to trace its own history back to the

2780:

The extensive historical archives of the RNWMP were combined with those of its successor, the RCMP, in 1920, although the early archives from 1873 to 1885 had been destroyed in a fire in 1897. For most of the 20th century, the RCMP kept most of these historical archives closed, with the material

1823:

The force was divided into various divisions, each typically commanded by a superintendent. The headquarters of the force was initially sited at Lower Fort Garry, until the March West to Fort Walsh, but in 1888 it was moved to Regina, to be closer to the new railway line. The Regina headquarters

1235:

and patrolled out across the Yukon Territory, creating a network of thirty-three posts. Detectives were deployed to infiltrate American organizations to seek out potential conspiracies. The police's role also encompassed fire safety, the management of local game hunting, operating the postal and

1190:

Up until the 1890s, the government had no presence in the far north-west of Canada. In 1894, the rise of gold mining and a growing population led to calls for Ottawa to intervene, both to control whisky trading and to protect the local First Nations. In response, the mounted police carried out a

1163:

Historians hold differing views as to whether the mounted police were neutral in these disputes or sided with the employers, although all agree that the position of the police in managing the strikes became more difficult as organized labour became better established. The mounted police disliked

1147:

locked out its workforce in 1894 during an attempt to cut staff and reduce wages; a team of ten police was deployed to maintain order, in particular any risks posed by eastern European immigrants, and to mediate in the dispute. Police deployed there again in 1906 for nine months during a dispute

973:

to settle the north-west continued; by 1885, white settlers became the majority in the region as the railway brought in immigrants, and their numbers almost doubled over the course of the 1890s. The establishment of the mounted police was increased to 1,000 men in the aftermath of the rebellion,

2943:

To provide a sense of scale, in the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan the mounted police investigated 173,568 Canadian citizens of German and Austrian background during the war. The police used three categories of secret investigators: regular members of the force, often detectives, working

2905:

Early historical analysis, as outlined by George Fetherling, suggested around 80 percent of the prospector were either United States citizens or recent immigrants to the country. The 1898 census data suggests that 63 percent of Dawson City inhabitants at the time were American citizens, with 32

2830:

Early historians defended the performance of the mounted police, noting that the force was mostly under the command of the militia and General Middleton himself, and were not given opportunities to show their value in battle. Later historians have been more critical, R. C. Macleod, for example,

2714:

These novels used standard characters and plot. The mounted policeman was, as Dawson describes, an Anglo-Saxon, "chivalric, self-abnegating hero", who would pursue his suspect – typically a foreigner or French-Canadian – across a hostile landscape, often overcoming them bloodlessly. The stories

1681:

The events in Winnipeg highlighted the chaotic and ill-coordinated management of security issues across Canada, the artificial division between policing organizations in the west and east of the country, and the absence of a single senior leader for security work. Commissioner Perry recommended

768:

incident. In 1876 the United States military led a campaign against the Sioux in Dakota; the Sioux's leader, Sitting Bull, concluded that the conflict was unwinnable, and chose to seek sanctuary in Canada. Sitting Bull arrived in May the following year and, by the summer, around 5,600 Sioux had

628:

Following instructions from Ottawa, French finally agreed with Morris that the expedition would initially follow the trail, but then would steer away from the border and Sioux territory, and the mounted police finally left Dufferin on July 8, 1874. The 275-strong expedition was divided into six

2885:

The historian R. C. Macleod champions the argument that the mounted police's role was marked by their "disinterestedness", suggesting that the force was "effectively neutral in almost all labour disputes". Andrew Graybill concludes that by 1906 "the Mounties were not honest brokers but rather

2571:

Model 55, in 1915, and mechanized its border patrols the following year, deploying a range of cars and motorcycles. By 1920, the mounted police owned 33 cars and trucks, and 28 motorcycles. There was a proposal in 1919 to equip the police with surplus wartime aircraft to create an "Air Police

2083:

The initial ranks for other ranks were Sub-constable, Constable, and Chief constable, with Staff constable between Constable and Chief constable added later. Though through the early years many enlisted members, as with officers, would refer to themselves by their former military ranks or the

1207:

valley. Once news of this circulated the following year, around 100,000 people rushed to the Klondike in search of wealth, most with no experience in the mining industry. To reach the area, many prospectors travelled by foot over arduous mountain routes and along rivers using primitive boats,

1395:

announced their desire to take on similar responsibilities to those in the eastern provinces, but showed no sign of actually establishing provincial police forces of their own. Finally, Laurier proposed in 1905 that the mounted police should remain in the new provinces, under contract to the

1208:

although no more than 40,000 of them successfully reached the goldfields. A substantial and expensive mounted police detachment was established in the Klondike, amounting to 288 men by 1898, representing around a third of the entire force and including many of its most experienced personnel.

985:

The scale of horse theft by white thieves along the border increased dramatically during the late 1880s, which the police's sporadic deployments were unable to counter. In response, Commissioner Herchmer introduced a system of police patrols across the territories, with scheduled visits and

935:

hurried west along the Canadian Pacific Railway. Middleton split his forces into three groups and led the main column, intending to retake Batoche. The second column advanced to Battleford and then marched south to Cut Knife Creek, with 74 mounted police forming the advance guard. There the

994:

as an alternative approach for removing First Nations from selected areas. Police used agents employed to collect intelligence from within First Nation and Métis communities, and, from 1887, they also employed members of the First Nations as special constables, typically deploying them as

1290:

to the Prairies was felt to make the NWMP well qualified for operations in South Africa. Herchmer was a efficient bureaucrat, but his authoritarian leadership style made him ill-suited to "handle the hardy dare-devils" who rushed to join up to fight for Queen and Country in South Africa.

662:

70 miles (110 km) south towards the border, where supplies could be purchased from the United States. Yet more horses died from the cold and hunger, and many of the men were barefoot and in rags by the time they arrived, having travelled a total of nearly 900 miles (1,400 km).

379:

was keen to expand westwards, in part due to fears that the United States might annex the region. It agreed to purchase the company's lands in exchange for £300,000 and various grants of land, adding around 2,500,000 square miles (6,500,000 km) of territory to the Dominion in 1870.

1087:

branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway, following the pattern set by their earlier work in the 1880s. There was a heavy legal load on the force's commissioned officers both in their role as magistrates and as informal arbitrators between company management and the construction teams.

839:, the new territorial capital which had been founded alongside the railway line. The force was increased in size to 500 in 1882 to cope with the increased tasks being demanded of it, and the police began to use the railway to bring in recruits more easily from the eastern provinces. 1630:, therefore proposed merging the mounted police and the Dominion Police, placing them under Perry's command. This idea was turned down by Borden, who believed, incorrectly, that the merger would be unacceptable to Perry, whom he thought still wanted a military future for the force. 1164:

labour agitators and strikers with eastern or southern European backgrounds, but they also had some sympathy for the difficulties faced by ordinary workers, and were often unwilling to actively assist the company owners if there was a risk it might cause disturbances to break out.

854:

railway being built through their lands, stole company horses and disrupted the construction work. The mounted police made arrests and the government reduced their rations: by 1883, the threat of starvation had forced the First Nations to relocate to the northern side of the line.

1906:, a popular movement among Protestant Canadians. The officers were made Justices of Peace, giving them powers to try civilian cases, and they also had authority to summarily try members of the force itself, potentially imprisoning constables for up a year for even minor offences. 1782:

and sub-constables, with the force as a whole headed by the commissioner and the assistant commissioner: this system reflected that in use in the Royal Irish Constabulary, upon which the force was modelled. In 1878 this structure was overhauled and replaced by a hierarchy of

1665:

broke out, creating a national crisis which ministers feared would lead to a revolution. The mounted police were deployed to maintain public order and generate intelligence on the strikers; 245 mounted police were sent into the city, supported by four machine guns mounted on

2540:

was built in Regina at a cost of $ 30,000 in 1886 to allow training throughout the cold winter months. At their peak towards the end of the century, the force owned around 800 horses, and needed to purchase 100 new mounts each year. The police initially used a wide range of

1006:

Enforcing the prohibition on liquor began to cause the force increasing problems. The liquor laws had been designed to prevent the First Nations from drinking alcohol, but their terms also applied to the increasing numbers of white settlers in the late 1880s. Although some

2689:, published in 1885. The police soon became a popular subject for writers, with over 150 novels about the force and its successor, the RCMP, being published between 1890 and 1940 across North America and Britain, along with magazine articles and publications for children. 2972:

The police's red uniforms were a departure from tradition in the region, as previous British and Canadian forces deployed to the west had typically worn green uniforms, rather than red, but reflected contemporary British advice on the most appropriate style for military

1820:, followed by a much longer, "Regulations and Orders" booklet in 1889. This framework empowered the Assistant Commissioner to monitor, inspect and investigate all aspects of the force, and encouraged a much more disciplined approach to tracking operations and resources. 625:. Lieutenant Governor Morris disagreed with this approach, arguing that it might encourage an attack by the Sioux, who he believed were gathering in the United States to attack across the border, and urged the government to send the police via a more northerly route. 761:. The Department of Indian Affairs was created to govern the reserves, supported by the police. By 1879, the last of the Canadian buffalo herds had been eliminated by hunting, and the Indians became dependent on supplies issued by the police to avoid starvation. 1897:

The officer corps formed part of the social elite in Canada, and considered themselves to be much closer to the prestigious, regular military than to their equivalents in the local police forces. Commissioned officers were expected to join and participate in an

949:

to "gophers", who had retreated and hid during the fighting, and his complaints were picked up by the press. Irvine was criticized in the media for his lack of vigour and, lacking the support of the prime minister, he resigned the next year and was replaced by

590:

to deploy into Canadian territory, he instead agreed to deploy the new mounted police to carry out the operation. Another 150 men were recruited in eastern Canada and sent west by rail through the United States to rendezvous with the first part of the force at

1449:. The police found no evidence of sexual abuse, but took the opportunity to collect customs duties and to attempt to clamp down on liquor sales to the indigenous community. The same year, a well-publicized Canadian expedition was sent to Hudson Bay on the 2059:, often prefabricated in the east, and fitted with modern technology and iron beds. Canteens, reading rooms and sporting facilities were introduced at the larger barracks. Nonetheless, living conditions on the prairies remained difficult and spartan, and 2051:

and candles, while the constables slept on wooden boards using straw-filled mattresses. In the early 1880s, conditions grew so bad that the constables at Fort Macleod issued a manifesto to their officers demanding improvements to their living conditions.

1807:

respectively. Over the course of its life, the force had five commissioners: George French from 1873 to 1876, James Macleod to 1880, Acheson Irvine to 1886, Lawrence Herchmer to 1900 and Aylesworth Perry, who led the force until its amalgamation in 1920.

1565:

forces were created, allowing the closure of over 80 mounted police posts. Perry argued that the force had now "largely finished the work for which it was called into existence" and proposed that the mounted police should instead focus on supporting the

297:

to the North-West Mounted Police (RNWMP) in 1904. Plans for disbanding the Royal North-West Mounted Police were abandoned in the face of popular oppositions and regional politicians. Large numbers of the RNWMP volunteered for military service during the

2962:

During the Klondike Gold Rush, the region was officially run by the Frederick White in his role as Comptroller, rather than through the normal governmental channels, and White also served as the Commissioner of the North-West Territories from 1905 to

2789:

the 1980s resulted in the release of archive material about the force's role in the First World War for the first time, generating further new lines of research on their role in managing labour disputes and overseeing the changing security situation.

1847:

Although the force was commanded by its commissioner, there was also an influential senior post of comptroller, created in 1880 in response to Macleod's financial mismanagement of the force. For most of the force's history the role was occupied by

1556:

The demands of the force's new security role, combined with its traditional policing responsibilities, soon overstretched the police's resources. Commissioner Perry raised his concerns about the situation with the government and in response the

2314:

for their undress uniform. The grey trousers were soon replaced with blue ones, with a yellow stripe along the sides. These early uniforms were quite plain, and commissioned officers and their enlisted men wore essentially the same uniform.

2515:. The 7-pounders acquired in 1876 saw service in the rebellion of the Métis, and one of these guns, combined with a 9-pounder, was later used to bombard and kill a fugitive member of the Cree First Nation, called Almighty Voice, in 1897. 1552:

were attacked in October 1916 by a crowd of over two hundred soldiers and civilians, who were trying to release six soldiers arrested for alcohol offences. The building was destroyed, one police officer was shot and several more injured.

2895:

Research into the numbers of "stampeders" involved in the Klondike Gold Rush draws on a range of sources, but in particular uses the statistics maintained by the mounted police along the trails and the census carried out by the force in

2705:, published in 1912, set the tone for many later books with a tale of its initially dissolute protagonist's redemption through service with the police. Numerous poems were written about the force, with the best known probably being the 652:

to the north-west. The police had no water bottles and soon both their food and water ran out; as the weather worsened, their horses began to die. When the force arrived at what they thought was Fort Whoop-Up at the junction of the

2991:

The sequence of novels featuring the force in the late-19th century and early-20th centuries were all published in English: there were no French-Canadian novels published during the period that featured a mounted policeman as a

707:

With the arrival of the mounted police, the whisky trade around Fort Macleod collapsed, and the traders shifted into legitimate projects or moved elsewhere. The Blackfoot welcomed the arrival of the police and their leader,

1468:

in 1908, continuing for two decades, which, although it required substantial police assistance, gradually eased the challenge of supplying the police outposts around the bay. The police opened temporary detachments around

1224:. The police checked for illegal weapons and prevented the entry of criminals and collected customs duties, while helping protect and guide the flow of migrants, mediating in their disputes and providing practical advice. 1245:

entry to undesirables. The Klondike gold rush attracted immense worldwide publicity at the time, and the contrast between the relative order of Dawson City in the Yukon vs. the more chaotic and violent situation in

893:

Irvine, who had replaced Macleod as Commissioner in 1880 after accusations of financial mismanagement, began to mobilize any spare police manpower in Regina, bringing the force up to an operational strength of 562.

1196:

created to provide informal justice during the previous few years. The police brought the issue to a head in June 1896, sending a team into one of the mining camps to overturn the decisions of the local committee.

712:, promoted a policy of co-operation. After enduring a difficult winter with only limited supplies, the force broke up their main command, some remaining at Fort Macleod, with others establishing forts at Dufferin, 507:

into law unopposed. At this point, Macdonald appears to have intended to create a force of mounted police to watch "the frontier from Manitoba to the foot of the Rocky Mountains", probably with its headquarters in

1812:

and a "Rules and Regulations" document published in 1874. In the absence of further guidance, its officers made ad hoc use of British military regulations, effectively managing the force as they might have done a

1539:

from the United States. The Dominion Police therefore delegated much of their responsibilities to local police forces, including, in the cases of the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, to the mounted police.

2536:

once the new patrol system was introduced by Commissioner Herchmer. By the 1880s the police's horses were looked after carefully and given good veterinarian support, although they were worked very hard. A large

1885:

from the government of the day in Ottawa for their appointment and career progression, and were typically selected on the basis of their military experience, service in the police ranks or previous study at the

11070: 1633:

Instead, in December 1918 Borden reorganized the federal Canadian security system by splitting the policing of the country geographically, with the mounted police running the western half and reporting to the

774:

7 and therefore ineligible for government support. Nonetheless, starvation gradually forced the return of most of the newcomers to the United States, and Sitting Bull himself finally surrendered in 1881.

1135:

sometimes required armed government intervention. The militia was most commonly used for this purpose, but the mounted police were cheaper to deploy and were considered to be more politically reliable.

2441:

repeating rifle from 1878 onwards, but the new guns proved quite delicate and did not perform effectively during the 1885 rebellion. In 1895, the force began to replace the ageing Winchesters with the

1302:, concluded that Herchmer was unsuited for military command and retired him from duty. Herchmer complained to the prime minister, who then dismissed him from the police altogether, replacing him with 908:

took a force of police, civilian volunteers and a 7-pounder (3 kg) gun to Fort Carlton and attempted to seize a cache of supplies. In the process, Crozier confronted a larger force of rebels at

835:

between eastern Canada and British Columbia in 1881, with the aim of opening up the north-western territories for settlement. In response, the mounted police moved their headquarters to the town of

2460:. The very limited supplies of ammunition held by the force meant that the police had few opportunities to practice with their weapons, and as a result their marksmanship was typically quite poor. 2310:– issued from the militia stores and chosen on the advice of Colonel Patrick Robertson Ross and Governor Alexander Morris – brown belts, white helmets, grey breeches and brown boots, with a round 10992: 2750:. The popularity of these films finally waned in the 1970s, although this image of the force continued to influence late-20th century television portrayals of the modern RCMP, such as the series 1582:. By December, there were only 303 mounted police left in Canada, primarily focused on border protection, and the intelligence networks created earlier in the war were allowed to wind down. 1240:

and running the mining registration system. The historian Morris Zaslow describes the Yukon as forming a "police state" during this period, and William Morrison has highlighted the force's

583: 2567:

In the early 20th century, the development of the automobile began to make horses redundant for most police work, with the exception of crowd control. The force purchased its first car, a

990:

the new policy was illegal, as it contravened Treaty 7, which had given guarantees of free movement, but they continued to enforce it for several years. Eventually the force turned to the

395:, had formed a natural barrier to European colonists gradually spreading across from the eastern colonies. As a result, the territories remained thinly populated, with only around 150,000 953:. In turn, Irvine complained about Crozier's behaviour and "the impetuosity displayed by both the police and volunteers" at Duck Lake; when the details became public, Crozier resigned. 10972: 2421:

The mounted police were established to be an armed force, primarily due to the perceived threat from the First Nations on the prairies. The police were initially equipped with the

1367:

Conservative sympathies and his family links to Prime Minister Macdonald. Herchmer's brother William – himself a mounted police superintendent – had arrested the newspaper-owner

10423: 2606:

steamer specially constructed for patrolling in the far north in 1906, but tests demonstrated it burnt through too much fuel, and it was never deployed. By 1919, however, the

940:, but the attack by the advance troops failed and the government forces were forced to retreat. After many delays, Middleton finally attacked the rebel capital, winning the 1485:

until, by the end of the decade, the police presence in Hudson Bay had been reduced to a bare minimum, with the force focusing on reaching out into ever more remote areas.

10962: 10270: 1570:

in Europe, threatening to resign if the police were not allowed to fight. Despite complaints from the military that there was no longer any requirement for cavalry on the

539:

order to enact the new legislation, formally creating the NWMP with the intention of mobilizing the force and deploying it early the next year. A report then arrived from

1464:

to move supplies around the coast. It proved to be a harsh existence for the force, particularly when deliveries of supplies were delayed by bad weather. Work began on a

9882:

Marquis, Greg (2005). "Policing Two Imperial Frontiers: The Royal Irish Constabulary and the North-West Mounted Police". In Knafla, Louis A.; Swainger, Jonathan (eds.).

2028:

The first contingent of police enlisted for a three-year term of service, but later recruits enlisted for five year periods, with the possibility of their purchasing an

729:

of improvements, including to the quality of the commissioned officers. Commissioner French was forced to resign the following year, and was replaced by James Macleod.

10999: 10413: 1872:

The NWMP was commanded by a relatively small team of commissioned officers, having an establishment of 25 officers in its early years, of whom around a quarter were

863: 2055:

Gradual improvement began to be made in the 1880s and 1890s; the later police barracks lost the title of "fort" and were professionally assembled, made from planed

274:

across the region. The living conditions of the NWMP on the prairies were spartan and often uncomfortable, and only slowly improved over the course of the century.

769:

crossed the border despite opposition from the Blackfoot. The mounted police helped to facilitate the negotiations with the Sioux, in which Assistant Commissioner

10657: 1429:

After the Klondike Gold Rush, the mounted police continued to spread their network of posts across the far north. In 1903, a small team of police under Inspector

11142: 2343:

of clothes termed "prairie dress" instead evolved unofficially, becoming the dominant style of uniform in the force by 1900. Prairie dress typically included a

2564:

to carry equipment and supplies, and using oxen as draught animals in the early years of the force. Dog-sled teams and canoes were also used in the far north.

2039:

Early in the force's history, the police lived in buildings that they termed "forts", typically one-storey buildings constructed by the police themselves from

2377:

The force's badge emerged around 1876 and became commonly used by the late 1890s. It comprised a buffalo or bison head, maple leaves, a crown – early on, the

10804: 1410: 736:

being established across the Canadian plains. The government also introduced a new Indian Policy, seeking to sign treaties with the First Nations, establish

622: 285:, the NWMP was redeployed to protect Canada's sovereignty over the region and to manage the influx of prospectors. NWMP volunteers were sent to fight in the 2370:

The first police to deploy to the Yukon equipped themselves with specialized cold-weather clothing, and subsequent detachments were equipped with deer-skin

1824:

became known locally as "the Barracks", and during the 1890s typically held around 200 police at any one time. Many of the force's posts were linked by the

1258: 11106: 10987: 1795:

and constables. Informally, the commissioned officers were often referred to by equivalent army titles, the commissioner being associated with the rank of

1051:

Towards the end of the 19th century, immigration, urbanization and industrialization transformed the territories, destroying the old frontier way of life.

11218: 2849:

observes that as a result "it is hardly surprising" that the ranchers' "relationship with the Police was intimate and almost without exception, cordial".

2502:

The force was also equipped with artillery, primarily to deter attacks from the First Nations. In 1873, the force was assigned two 9-pounder (4 kg)

270:

and was portrayed as an epic journey of endurance. Over the next few years, the NWMP established a wide network of forts, posts and patrols and extended

11198: 1310: 2867:

The First Nation scouts were paid $ 25 a month along with rations; they provided their own horse, although the police equipped them with their saddle.

1119:

for deserting their employment, or alternatively detained under the vagrancy laws. Although the position of organized labour was weak in Canada – the

842:

The mounted police took on a range of tasks associated with the new project. Teams of police escorted the construction teams as they moved across the

9213:

Baker, William (1998a). "Twenty-five Years After: Mounted Police Historiography Since the 1973–74 Centennial of the Force". In Baker, William (ed.).

2511:

Maxim guns were approved for the police, with two more purchased in 1897. A final two bronze 7-pounder guns were donated to the force in 1900 by the

544: 10930: 10263: 2294: 2858:

The term "to patrol" came to take on a wide meaning within the force, covering every form of travel from horseback riding to journeys by steamer.

2484: 1405: 1314: 1173: 574:, who placed more credence on Morris's reports and had his own moral concerns about the whisky trade. These worries were amplified by calls from 1460:

Extending the police's presence across the region was logistically challenging, requiring the creation of a network of new posts and the use of

1068: 10865: 10303: 2925:

As a result of the cutbacks after 1893, and then the new commitments in the Klondike, the patrolling system had to be scaled back considerably.

10418: 777: 1844:– and until 1891 the only short-term jail facilities in the territories were the guardrooms of the force's various divisional headquarters. 794: 582:

from purchasing whisky in Canada. Mackenzie initially suggested sending a joint Canadian-United States military expedition, but, after the

559: 10666: 1590: 10860: 10323: 10256: 10149:

Wilson, Fay (2016). "Booze, Temperance, and Soldiers on the Home Front: The Unraveling of the Image of the Idealised Soldier in Canada".

1250:

NWMP riders caused a sensation in London, and it was from that time onward the romantic image of the Mounties became popular in Britain.

1860: 1139:

As a result, the force was called in to manage industrial disputes on a range of occasions between 1887 and 1906. In the mining town of

745:

with the mounted police. Formal negotiations between the Canadian government and the Blackfoot began in 1877, with Macleod representing

11121: 11111: 10428: 2652: 10675: 1281:

and the strong military tradition within the force. Indeed, Commissioner Herchmer had proposed sending a force of 350 men to join the

302:

and the future of the badly depleted force was once again in doubt. Towards the end of the war, however, fears grew about a potential

277:

By 1896, the government planned to pass policing responsibilities to the provinces and ultimately disband the NWMP. However, with the

11193: 10829: 10788: 10433: 10242: 2670: 617:

The mounted police's deployment onto the plains in 1874 became known as the "March West". The commissioner of the new force, Colonel

348: 9941:

McCoy, Brendam (2000). "Snapshots from the South African War: The F. C. Cantrill Photograph Collection at the Canadian War Museum".

1329:

as part of their uniform, while in turn their distinctive boots were adopted by the police as their official footwear in 1901. The

1294:

Herchmer recruited and commanded a group of 144 mounted police volunteers, who made up almost half of the new 2nd Battalion of the

8221: 3021: 2982:

The first mounted police riding school at Regina burnt down in 1889, and had to be rebuilt in 1889; this too burned down, in 1920.

1372:

critiques of him, along with accusations of a wide range of misdemeanours. The government ordered an investigation, followed by a

1277:

broke out in 1899, many members of the mounted police wanted to volunteer to serve in South Africa, motivated by sympathy for the

11152: 1354: 633:

and wagons, in all stretching out 1.5 miles (2.4 km) along the track. The force took two 9-pounder (4 kg) guns and two

1317:

in London, raised a unit of mounted infantry modelled on the force, believing this would be particularly suitable for taking on

931:

Meanwhile, more than 5,000 militia (the nascent Canadian army after the departure of British troops) commanded by Major-General

11238: 11188: 10903: 10648: 10398: 1840:

for disseminating orders in 1888. The force did not have its own prison – those sentenced to prison terms would be sent to the

1149: 1071:

in the new towns – previously these had been largely ignored – with the police informally regulating the local sex industries.

1023:

any other, leading him to deduct the costs of medical treatment from the venereal diseases from the pay of the men concerned.

11243: 11075: 10926: 10028: 9461: 9203: 1813: 1544:

the force was instead temporarily increased to 1,200 men. The force investigated rumours of conspiracies associated with the

1445:

community there; the decision was also driven by fears that the United States might try to assert sovereignty over the wider

579: 467: 10819: 2496: 1833: 1606:

government in Russia might be covertly orchestrating a campaign of strikes across Canada. In response the Prime Minister,

10839: 10834: 2360: 1003:. These scouts wore an informal uniform and were empowered to arrest other members of their communities, but not whites. 9954:

McIntyre, Kyle (1997). "'Sons of Good Western Stock': The South African War Artefacts of Private Alexander W. Stewart".

1574:, a force of 738 mounted police were sent overseas in May 1918 to form "A" Squadron, and a further 186 were deployed to 503:

Macdonald acquired approval for his new force on May 23, 1873, after Parliament, following a cursory debate, passed the

11183: 10952: 10561: 10093: 9976: 9891: 9872: 9695: 9564: 9545: 9507: 9442: 9322: 9184: 10445: 8196: 7522: 2359:

was the headgear of choice. A standardized form of prairie dress, called patrol dress, was formalized in time for the

11116: 10908: 10596: 10328: 10074: 9526: 9423: 9341: 1335: 1115:. Workers who left their jobs in protest could find themselves arrested by the mounted police under the terms of the 7889: 7868: 2722:

During the 1930s and 1940s, the force became the topic of many radio broadcasts and films. Radio series such as the

2682:, performed for the first time in 1887, which entertained the crowds with cavalry charges and displays with lances. 2318:

Changes were made in 1876, introducing more elaborate uniforms for commissioned officers based on those worn by the

1506: 11228: 10855: 10742: 10732: 10481: 10408: 7910: 7847: 1887: 1282: 1144: 1052: 571: 306:

conspiracy and the authorities tasked the RNWMP to investigate the threat. In the aftermath of the violence of the

20: 259:

if the Americans occupied the NWT that they would not leave and the region would be annexed to the United States.

10601: 10371: 10298: 2422: 1671: 11042: 2363:, featuring a brown duck stable jacket. By the turn of the century, many police were wearing a combination of a 11233: 11203: 11006: 10920: 10914: 10880: 10551: 10536: 10521: 10501: 10318: 10219: 10196: 10055: 9931: 9853: 9821: 9802: 9758: 9731: 9672: 9653: 9600: 9484: 9368: 9297: 9278: 9255: 9228: 6183: 2503: 2330:, which were available until the herds died out. In 1886, the hussar-style uniforms were replaced by a simpler 1635: 1562: 884:

broke out along the North Saskatchewan River valley. Driven by a combination of political and economic issues,

801: 2367:

tunic, cut to resemble the prairie dress tunic, and the Stetson hat, a combination which later became famous.

1816:. This led to a rather disorganized approach, and in 1886 Superintendent Richard Dean issued a revised set of 446:

that had crossed into Canada, fleeing the expansion of the United States military across the southern plains.

11213: 11080: 10778: 10682: 10438: 10338: 10293: 9591:

Harrison, Dick (2004). "Introduction: Selling a Birth-Rite for a Mass of Plottage". In Harrison, Dick (ed.).

2744:. Over 250 films were made about the force in the 20th century, including the highly successful 1936 musical 2740: 2549:, but this was found to be unsuitable for the prairies. After some experimentation, the force settled on the 991: 540: 315: 90: 2523: 234:

military intervention. The NWMP combined military, police and judicial functions along similar lines to the

10967: 10814: 10697: 10631: 10511: 10471: 2568: 1567: 242:. The NWMP uniforms included red coats deliberately reminiscent of British and Canadian military uniforms. 9787:"The Surveillance State: The Origins of Domestic Intelligence and Counter-subversion in Canada, 1914–1921" 2876:

The mounted police were called in to manage disputes in 1887, 1892, 1894, 1896, 1897, 1901, 1903 and 1906.

11223: 11101: 10783: 10722: 10687: 10586: 10313: 2463:

In addition to rifles and carbines, the police also sometimes carried revolvers. The early recruits used

1571: 1116: 1080: 901: 289:

and, in recognition for that and 30 years of service policing the North-West and Yukon Territories, King

9831:

Lackenbauer, P. Whitney (2001). "The Military and "Mob Rule": The CEF Riots in Calgary, February 1916".

383:

The NWT varied geographically from the extreme conditions of the far north, through to the edges of the

10773: 10727: 10692: 8170: 2507: 2426: 1841: 1330: 1321:

scouting parties. Thirty-three serving members of the police joined the unit, including Superintendent

206:) was a Canadian paramilitary police force, established in 1873, to maintain order in the new Canadian 9578:. Lincoln, Nebraska: Historical Society of Alberta and McClelland and Stewart West. pp. 163–174. 9382:. Lincoln, Nebraska: Historical Society of Alberta and McClelland and Stewart West. pp. 115–137. 1704: 266:

border. Their ill-planned and arduous journey of nearly 900 miles (1,400 km) became known as the

238:. A small, mobile police force was chosen to reduce potential for tensions with the United States and 171: 166: 112: 11208: 11037: 10977: 10947: 10712: 10616: 10576: 10486: 10366: 10279: 9629:"Old Myths Die Hard": The Transformation of the Mounted Police in Alberta and Saskatchewan, 1914–1939 2480: 2077: 1946: 1558: 1465: 1076: 10107:. Lincoln, Nebraska: Historical Society of Alberta and McClelland and Stewart West. pp. 27–49. 9772:. Lincoln, Nebraska: Historical Society of Alberta and McClelland and Stewart West. pp. 50–65. 9709:. Lincoln, Nebraska: Historical Society of Alberta and McClelland and Stewart West. pp. 13–26. 1964: 1650: 11011: 10870: 10824: 10641: 10606: 10591: 9901:

Marsden, Michael T. (1993). "Popular Images of the Canadian Mounted Police and the Texas Rangers".

2546: 2073: 1614:. Cahan envisaged transforming this organization into a much larger secret service, similar to the 832: 820: 658: 513: 246: 235: 10378: 648:

On July 29, the main force then turned off the trail and headed across the much drier and rougher

11157: 10885: 10752: 10556: 10546: 10526: 10516: 10403: 10103:

Stanley, George F. G. (1974). "The Man Who Sketched the Great March". In Dempsey, Hugh A. (ed.).

9240:"The Miners and the Mounties: The Royal North-West Mounted Police and the 1906 Lethbridge Strike" 2661: 2242: 2175: 2124: 2115: 1784: 1678:

into the crowd, killing one man and injuring others. The marchers fled and the strike collapsed.

1662: 1655: 1615: 1295: 1262: 1212: 909: 696: 567: 396: 372: 307: 239: 219: 215: 9794: 9786: 9645: 9637: 9378:

Breen, D. H. (1974). "The Mounted Police and the Ranching Frontier". In Dempsey, Hugh A. (ed.).

9360: 9352: 9247: 9239: 2251: 2184: 1982: 1955: 1111:

The new industrial workforce often lived and worked under very poor conditions, and enjoyed few

688: 11162: 11126: 10875: 10747: 10717: 10611: 10571: 10506: 10496: 10491: 9923: 9915: 9750: 9742: 2746: 2730: 2724: 2575:

The mounted police also purchased various boats for work along Canada's coasts and rivers. The

2382: 2000: 816: 532: 352: 255: 227: 207: 131: 10047: 10039: 9595:(2nd ed.). Alberta: University of Alberta Press and Lone Pine Publishing. pp. 1–20. 9314: 9308: 2479:

was introduced in 1882, but these were felt to be heavy and awkward, and were replaced by the

1991: 1973: 10702: 10636: 10621: 10581: 10541: 10476: 10308: 9986:

Morrison, William Robert (1974). "The North-West Mounted Police and the Klondike Gold Rush".

9220: 9214: 2764: 2438: 2430: 1474: 1346:

renamed the force the Royal Northwest Mounted Police to honour its contributions in the war.

897: 790: 427: 11052: 2269: 2260: 2202: 2135: 1477:

in 1913, where the police established their divisional headquarters. Patrols pushed up into

1075:

lines continued to be constructed, and the police were tasked to assist in the building the

403:

and occasional small groups of Europeans, and more substantial communities of around 12,000

11147: 10809: 10757: 10707: 10626: 9743:"Horse Stealing and the Borderline: The NWMP and the Control of Indian Movement, 1874–1900" 2707: 2635: 2378: 2193: 1902:, which the police based on the corresponding military tradition. Many were members of the 1877: 1750: 1627: 1359: 1299: 961: 888:

and his Métis followers intended to form a provisional government, gain the support of the

881: 836: 782: 713: 618: 376: 153: 10120:

Tranquilla, Ronald (1990). "Ranger and Mountie: Myths of National Identity in Zane Grey's

2934:

The region of New Manitoba was taken into the contract when the province expanded in 1912.

2456:—the SMLE (Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk I)—was introduced in 1902 as the standard police 665:

After resupplying, French led some of his force back east, leaving Assistant Commissioner

419:. Surveys referred to the territories as the "Wild North Land" and the "Great Lone Land". 8: 11032: 2464: 1882: 1661:

The government remained deeply concerned about the Bolshevik threat, and in May 1919 the

1639: 1478: 1430: 1084: 1008: 937: 932: 913: 521: 517: 459: 223: 9538:

Policing the Great Plains: Rangers, Mounties, and the North American Frontier, 1875–1910

1309:

The mounted police influenced the creation of other imperial units during the conflict.

331: 10531: 10333: 10208: 10185: 10164: 10141: 10017: 10003: 9496: 9473: 9267: 9163: 8225: 3025: 2769: 2472: 2437:

already being used by Indian groups in the United States. These were replaced with the

2029: 2020:

Mounted police corporal and a constable, wearing undress or "walking out" uniform, 1885

1849: 1535:

but they had very limited resources; indeed, before the war they had often had to hire

1200: 1153: 1128: 1124: 1018: 1000: 587: 356: 278: 2490:

When the force marched west in 1873, it brought twenty-five British Army 1868 pattern

10248: 10215: 10192: 10171: 10108: 10089: 10070: 10051: 10024: 10019:

Showing the Flag: The Mounted Police and Canadian Sovereignty in the North, 1894–1925

10007: 9972: 9927: 9887: 9868: 9849: 9817: 9798: 9773: 9754: 9727: 9710: 9691: 9684: 9668: 9649: 9615: 9596: 9579: 9560: 9541: 9522: 9503: 9480: 9457: 9438: 9419: 9402: 9396: 9383: 9364: 9337: 9318: 9307:

Bercuson, David Jay (2009) . "The Winnipeg General Strike". In Abella, Irving (ed.).

9293: 9274: 9251: 9224: 9199: 9180: 9167: 2512: 1899: 1762: 1579: 1536: 1527: 1515: 950: 941: 847: 649: 488: 455: 250: 100: 9768:

Jennings, John (1974). "The Plains Indians and the Law". In Dempsey, Hugh A. (ed.).

2916:

ultimately close down the force, which at the time remained the government's intent.

812: 10737: 10343: 10137: 9995: 9916:"The Interlude: The North-West Mounted Police and the Blackfoot Peoples, 1874–1877" 9865:

Policing Canada's Century A History of the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police

9612:

The Riders of the Plains: A Record of the Royal North-West Mounted Police of Canada

9574:

Harrison, Dick (1974). "The Mounted Police in Fiction". In Dempsey, Hugh A. (ed.).

9155: 2476: 2450: 1766: 1594: 1482: 1423: 1303: 575: 552: 416: 408: 368: 211: 7823: 2685:

The first appearance of the mounted police in fiction occurred in Joseph Collin's

10957: 10566: 9177:

Maintain the Right: The Early History of the North West Mounted Police, 1873–1900

6308: 2716: 2553:

of saddle in the 1880s, which was more comfortable for both the rider and horse.

2453: 2442: 2434: 2016: 1532: 1523: 1511: 1446: 1434: 1419: 1381: 1325:, who became their commanding officer. The Strathconas wore the mounted police's 1274: 1266: 1246: 1216: 1044:

Mounted police, c.1900, wearing the new uniform of red, prairie-style tunics and

1040: 970: 925: 873: 850:, thanked the force for its contribution to the final completion of the project. 843: 638: 634: 563: 443: 388: 311: 299: 286: 282: 11027: 2657: 2306:

The first recruits to the force in 1873 were issued uniforms comprising scarlet

1686:

into effect on February 1, 1920, officially marking the end of the older force.

1618:

in the United States, but he soon fell out with Borden and ultimately resigned.

789:

Initially, the police focused their law enforcement efforts on dealing with the

11071:

Civilian Review and Complaints Commission for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police

9999: 9290:

Confrontation at Winnipeg: Labour, Industrial Relations, and the General Strike

9146:

Allen, Douglas W. (2007). "Information Sharing During the Klondike Gold Rush".

2690: 2590:

was acquired to transport the police along the Yukon River, supported by three

2550: 2468: 2307: 1837: 1758: 1638:, and the Dominion Police running the eastern side, under the oversight of the 1623: 1545: 1531:

press. The responsibility for tackling these tasks was assigned to the federal

1373: 1368: 1339: 1278: 1204: 1056: 996: 770: 746: 737: 630: 431: 392: 9159: 11177: 11047: 10175: 10112: 9777: 9714: 9583: 9406: 9387: 3072: 2694: 2591: 2580: 2537: 2528: 2449:

and did not perform as well as hoped. The program was halted and instead the

1817: 1754: 1611: 1607: 1241: 1132: 1105: 800:

From 1885 onward, the NWMP was charged with the enforcing the apartheid-like

666: 592: 548: 536: 493: 451:

life or property" that resulted from the absence of a formal justice system.

364: 231: 191: 9665:

Spying 101: The RCMP's Secret Activities at Canadian Universities, 1917–1997

9619: 9292:(revised ed.). Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. 7932: 11085: 10040:"Cavalry or Police: Keeping the Peace on Two Adjacent Frontiers, 1870–1900" 2773: 2711:, which was first published in 1878 and later expanded upon several times. 2698: 2679: 2622: 2602:, was purchased for transport on Lake Winnipeg in 1905. The police had the 2394: 2327: 2319: 1865: 1800: 1470: 1457:, including Superintendent John Moodie and a small team of mounted police. 1438: 1392: 1342:

for rescuing a Canadian soldier under heavy fire at Wolve Spruit. In 1904,

1322: 1112: 905: 765: 725: 700: 671: 642: 497: 463: 387:

in the south, covered by flat, semi-arid grasslands. A rocky area known as

384: 271: 245:

The NWMP was established by the Canadian government during the ministry of

10046:. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina. pp. 9922:. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina. pp. 9793:. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina. pp. 9749:. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina. pp. 9644:. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina. pp. 9359:. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina. pp. 9246:. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina. pp. 9219:. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina. pp. 868: 609: 343:

The NWMP was created due to the expansion of the newly formed Dominion of

9886:. Vancouver and Toronto: University of Columbia Press. pp. 185–210. 9705:

Horrall, Stanley W. (1974). "The March West". In Dempsey, Hugh A. (ed.).

9638:"From RNWMP to RCMP: The Power of Myth and the Reality of Transformation" 2846: 2841: 1622:

policing across the whole of Canada. Perry promoted the third option and

1415: 1326: 1232: 1192: 1157: 1120: 717: 641:

to make hay. French had negotiated that the expedition be accompanied by

528: 360: 182: 2389:", meaning "to maintain the right", but after 1915 was altered to read " 1391:

After the 1904 elections, the new provincial governments of Alberta and

1178: 2665: 2415: 2352: 2311: 1903: 1774:

When the NWMP was formed in 1873, it initially had a rank structure of

1461: 1140: 1101: 979: 917: 885: 824: 721: 604: 471: 290: 267: 187: 2410: 2752: 2599: 2584: 2557: 2457: 2446: 2364: 2344: 2299: 2040: 1873: 1829: 1825: 1779: 1775: 1603: 1343: 1221: 1064: 693: 654: 613:

Mounted police in Dead Horse Valley in 1874, depicted by Henri Julien

303: 1731: 9269:

Red Coats on the Prairies: The North-West Mounted Police, 1886–1900

2542: 2335: 2323: 2060: 2048: 2044: 1792: 1788: 1675: 1490: 1450: 1228: 965:

Sketch of Corporal Shaw by Sidney Hall, 1881, wearing dress uniform

921: 754: 750: 709: 509: 435: 412: 19:"North West Mounted Police" redirects here. For the 1940 film, see 2527:

Recruits gathered at the Regina barracks, 1918, showing the large

2334:

version, and dark-blue undress uniforms introduced. In the 1880s,

1868:, c.1917, (l to r) in service order, patrol and full dress uniform 900:

in March, Irvine advanced quickly through the snow from Regina to

470:

recommended establishing a mounted force of up to 150 men under a

404: 9726:. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina. 7933:"History and Uniform of the North West Mounted Police, 1873–1904" 2356: 2348: 2331: 2068: 1891: 1804: 1796: 1740: 1667: 1575: 1549: 1442: 1237: 1045: 758: 423: 263: 10067:

Gamblers and Dreamers: Women, Men, and Community in the Klondike

9969:

Painting the Map Red Canada and the South African War, 1899–1902

2734:

continued the portrayal of the mounted police as iconic heroes,

1306:, a career policeman and a supporter of the Liberal government. 732:

Meanwhile, the frontier was changing rapidly, with large cattle

10237: 2845:

the country and goes in for ranching as soon as he comes out".

2701:'s works proved particularly popular and influential. Connor's 2056: 1722: 1713: 928:

was forced to flee Fort Pitt with his men on a makeshift boat.

807: 447: 344: 336: 226:

and in response to lawlessness, demonstrated by the subsequent

135: 121: 10187:

Prelude to Bonanza: The Discovery and Exploration of the Yukon

547:, blaming the massacre on the activities of whisky traders at 351:

during the 1870s. The Dominion had been formed in 1867 by the

9814:

Tributes to the Scarlet Riders: An Anthology of Mountie Poems

9454:

The Gold Crusades: A Social History of Gold Rushes, 1849–1929

2491: 2371: 1183: 1104:

in 1911, where the mounted police deployed to manage several

733: 629:

divisions, supported by 310 horses, 143 draught oxen and 187

439: 400: 9846:

The North-West Mounted Police and Law Enforcement, 1873–1905

9519:

The First Contingent: The North-West Mounted Police, 1873–74

9414:

Coates, Ken (1994). "Introduction". In Adney, Tappan (ed.).

2756:

which centred on a mounted police constable from the Yukon.

535:, creating a national furore. In response, Macdonald used a 10424:

Combined Forces Special Enforcement Unit – British Columbia

2561: 2064: 1318: 1096: 889: 262:

In 1874, the NWMP were deployed to the area of the present

10414:

British Columbia Commercial Vehicle Safety and Enforcement

9686:

The Pictorial History of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police

7930: 1799:, with superintendents and inspectors using the titles of 586:

and others noted the serious implications of inviting the

438:, and were under increasing pressure from rival groups of 9353:"Pioneers and Police on the Canadian Prairies, 1885–1914" 2506:

and two 5.63 calibre brass mortars; a further four brass

1832:, with the communications encrypted when necessary using 1376:, both of which cleared Herchmer of any serious charges. 1227:

The mounted police established their headquarters in the

864:

North-West Mounted Police during the North-West Rebellion

10324:

Environment and Climate Change Canada Enforcement Branch

9848:. Toronto and Buffalo, US: University of Toronto Press. 5981: 5979: 2487:, were purchased for use by undercover police officers. 2414:

Reconstruction of mounted police weapons and uniform at

2278: 2211: 2144: 753:

established reserves for the Blackfoot, in exchange for

475:

border region itself and establish law and order there.

9557:

Nation Maker Sir John A. Macdonald: His Life, Our Times

9310:

On Strike: Six Key Labour Struggles in Canada 1919–1949

8546: 8544: 2953:

A territorial jail was finally built in Regina in 1891.

2719:

plot-lines, but using Canadian characters and scenery.

2351:

for wet weather, and leather leggings, combined with a

1610:, created a Public Safety Branch led by the politician 520:, but he was forced to abandon this approach after the 415:

and a further 8,500 European settlers in the colony of

10278: 831:

The Canadian government began the construction of the

670:

Ottawa to garrison the area and settled down to build

466:. Meanwhile, a survey conducted in 1871 by Lieutenant 11000:

Régie intermunicipale de police de la Rivière-du-Nord

10805:

Calgary Transit Public Safety and Enforcement Section

9614:(6th ed.). London and New York: Andrew Melrose. 6425: 6423: 6355: 6353: 5976: 1220:

controlled mountain passes, equipping the posts with

904:, which he garrisoned with 90 police. Superintendent 367:, but the extensive lands to the north-west known as 11107:

List of law enforcement agencies in British Columbia

9398:

The Royal North-West Mounted Police: A Corps History

8541: 3277: 3275: 2583:, but it capsized later the same year. In 1902, the 2572:

Service", but it was turned down by the government.

2385:– and the police's motto. The motto originally ran " 675:

epic story of bravery, endurance and determination.

430:, a First Nation whose economy was based on hunting 254:

that the activities of American traders such as the

10069:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. 10023:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. 9502:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. 9475:

National Dreams: Myth, Memory, and Canadian History

9418:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. 8197:"History April 13, The RCMP "always get their man"" 7100: 7098: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7040: 7038: 6452: 6450: 6075: 6073: 4161: 4159: 4157: 3073:

History of the RCMP | Royal Canadian Mounted Police

1127:grew significantly over this period. The resulting 1123:only had very limited legal rights – the number of 969:In the years after the rebellion, the government's 827:

of the mounted police stands third right from Smith

562:government then fell from power as a result of the 10207: 10184: 10163: 10016: 9722:Horrall, Stanley W. (1998). Baker, William (ed.). 9683: 9495: 9472: 9266: 7824:"The Mystery of The Mountie and The Mixed Up Rank" 6921: 6919: 6917: 6638: 6636: 6420: 6350: 6238: 6236: 4721: 4719: 2738:later translating onto television in the 1950s as 2625:were patrolling the far north and the west coast. 2579:, a sailing vessel, was bought in 1890 for use on 916:. Emboldened, some of the Cree leaders, including 912:, where his detachment came off much worse in the 10658:Service de police de l’agglomération de Longueuil 10044:The Mounted Police and Prairie Society, 1873–1919 9920:The Mounted Police and Prairie Society, 1873–1919 9884:The Mounted Police and Prairie Society, 1873–1919 9791:The Mounted Police and Prairie Society, 1873–1919 9747:The Mounted Police and Prairie Society, 1873–1919 9724:The Mounted Police and Prairie Society, 1873–1919 9642:The Mounted Police and Prairie Society, 1873–1919 9357:The Mounted Police and Prairie Society, 1873–1919 9244:The Mounted Police and Prairie Society, 1873–1919 9216:The Mounted Police and Prairie Society, 1873–1919 3653: 3651: 3364: 3362: 3272: 2483:in 1904. Smaller pocket revolvers, including the 578:for Ottawa to secure the frontier and so prevent 545:Lieutenant Governor of the North-West Territories 11175: 10931:Office of the Independent Police Review Director 9498:Gold at Fortymile Creek: Early Days in the Yukon 8171:"Maintiens le Droit | The Canadian Encyclopedia" 7095: 7078: 7035: 6447: 6070: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4154: 3202: 3200: 2556:The police did not rely solely on horses, using 1689: 1654:The mounted police on June 21, 1919, during the 637:for additional protection, cattle for food, and 512:. He was heavily influenced by the model of the 9631:(Ph.D.). Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan. 9313:. Toronto: James Lorimer and Company. pp. 8224:, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, archived from 6914: 6633: 6233: 6184:"Canada & The South African War, 1899–1902" 4716: 3024:, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, archived from 2326:, although the police preferred wearing warmer 1749:Mounted police commissioners, (left to right): 1406:North-West Mounted Police in the Canadian north 1334:seven casualties during the conflict. Sergeant 1174:North-West Mounted Police in the Canadian north 764:At the same time, the police were managing the 683: 422:The Canadian border along the southern edge of 10866:Integrated National Security Enforcement Teams 10304:Canadian Forces National Investigation Service 8195:International, Radio Canada (April 13, 2015). 6611: 6609: 6130: 6128: 3648: 3359: 2768:Statue commemorating the meeting of Inspector 1526:in 1914, the government became concerned that 10419:British Columbia Conservation Officer Service 10264: 9540:. Lincoln, US: University of Nebraska Press. 9264: 8738: 8674: 8658: 8646: 8634: 8519: 8515: 8513: 8500: 8488: 8476: 8464: 8452: 8440: 8436: 8434: 8413: 8409: 8407: 8398: 8394: 8392: 8383: 8367: 8355: 8351: 8349: 8347: 8345: 8332: 8320: 8304: 8292: 8280: 8276: 8274: 8265: 8253: 8249: 8247: 8194: 8130: 8118: 8102: 8086: 8074: 8070: 8068: 8059: 8047: 8023: 7999: 7995: 7993: 7797: 7785: 7781: 7779: 7758: 7734: 7722: 7690: 7678: 7650: 7638: 7626: 7610: 7574: 7509: 7493: 7489: 7487: 7478: 7466: 7454: 7430: 7418: 7398: 7382: 7366: 7342: 7330: 7294: 7282: 7263: 7251: 7235: 7195: 7183: 7171: 7156: 6672: 6670: 6653: 6651: 6302: 6282: 6254: 6227: 6021: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5480: 5405: 5333: 5317: 5269: 5257: 5028: 4944: 4932: 4916: 4869: 4654: 4638: 4546: 4275: 3197: 2465:.44 calibre Smith & Wesson American Model 1578:to support the British forces engaged in the 956: 623:British and United States Boundary Commission 10997: 10673: 10664: 10655: 10646: 10443: 10376: 10210:The Opening of the Canadian North, 1870–1914 10086:The Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 1873–1987 9334:Klondike: The Last Great Gold Rush 1896–1899 9101: 9099: 8630: 8628: 8626: 7842: 7840: 7278: 7276: 7167: 7165: 5468: 5466: 4099: 4097: 2806: 1349: 982:schemes and helping with veterinary issues. 808:Construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway 524:of 1870 called their loyalty into question. 478: 55: 10861:Canadian Pacific Kansas City Police Service 9830: 9401:. Montreal and Ottawa: The Mortimer Press. 6744: 6606: 6125: 4056: 4054: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2339:each produced slightly different variants. 1836:. Typewriters were acquired in 1886, and a 1399: 310:, the government amalgamated the RNWMP and 11219:Defunct law enforcement agencies of Canada 11122:Provincial correctional services in Canada 11112:List of law enforcement agencies in Canada 10429:Organized Crime Agency of British Columbia 10271: 10257: 10119: 9451: 8898: 8510: 8431: 8404: 8389: 8342: 8271: 8244: 8065: 7990: 7776: 7484: 6667: 6648: 5817: 5725: 5522: 3538: 3536: 2653:North-West Mounted Police in popular media 1496: 1053:Three million immigrants arrived in Canada 1035: 1030: 678: 375:as a proprietary colony. The new Dominion 11199:19th-century colonization of the Americas 10830:University of Alberta Protective Services 10667:Service de police de la Ville de Montréal 10434:High Sheriff of Newfoundland and Labrador 9193: 9096: 8623: 8573: 8571: 8153: 8151: 7837: 7273: 7162: 6370: 6368: 5945: 5463: 4880: 4878: 4094: 1881:white Canadian society. They depended on 1055:between 1910 and 1914, many of them from 945:Regina, given a short trial, and hanged. 555:before winter weather blocked the route. 10014: 9985: 9953: 9913: 9867:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 9767: 9667:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 9590: 9573: 9535: 9516: 9456:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 9394: 9306: 9287: 8966: 8950: 8938: 8926: 8918: 8902: 8878: 8874: 8862: 8846: 8834: 8794: 8766: 8762: 8750: 8710: 8686: 8662: 8617: 8605: 8593: 8523: 8142: 7809: 7710: 7554: 7402: 7354: 7318: 7302: 7223: 7219: 7207: 7056: 7044: 7029: 7017: 6852: 6627: 6615: 6600: 6588: 6576: 6564: 6552: 6540: 6528: 6516: 6504: 6492: 6480: 6286: 6150: 6134: 5953: 5949: 5921: 5917: 5901: 5877: 5849: 5829: 5793: 5781: 5773: 5693: 5689: 5645: 5629: 5605: 5577: 5549: 5533: 5512: 5496: 5472: 5457: 5441: 5421: 5393: 5273: 5241: 5213: 4956: 4841: 4829: 4777: 4765: 4749: 4737: 4706: 4694: 4610: 4598: 4558: 4253: 4111: 4103: 4084: 4051: 3989: 3987: 3978: 3966: 3954: 3942: 3913: 3901: 3889: 3877: 3861: 3829: 3773: 3147: 3143: 3127: 3111: 3095: 3083: 3005: 2840:The Canadian ranch owners were often of 2763: 2656: 2522: 2409: 2293: 2084:military equivalent of their NWMP rank. 2015: 1859: 1855: 1649: 1589: 1505: 1409: 1353: 1257: 1177: 1095: 1039: 960: 896:When the rebellion finally broke out in 867: 811: 776: 687: 608: 487: 434:. The Blackfoot had suffered badly from 330: 181: 11153:Rotary Museum of Police and Corrections 10676:Service de police de la Ville de Québec 10161: 10102: 10083: 10064: 9900: 9881: 9862: 9843: 9721: 9704: 9681: 9470: 9265:Beahen, William; Horrall, Stan (1998). 9078: 8986: 8922: 8906: 8589: 8577: 8562: 8550: 8504: 8371: 8336: 8308: 8157: 8106: 8035: 7956: 7770: 7706: 7666: 7598: 7590: 7578: 7570: 7442: 7406: 7386: 7370: 7267: 7247: 7120: 7104: 7089: 7068: 7001: 6989: 6957: 6941: 6892: 6868: 6836: 6816: 6804: 6784: 6772: 6712: 6700: 6680: 6468: 6456: 6441: 6429: 6414: 6398: 6386: 6374: 6359: 6344: 6332: 6328: 6290: 6270: 6258: 6242: 6215: 6203: 6166: 6115: 6079: 6060: 6009: 5997: 5985: 5970: 5813: 5801: 5777: 5741: 5721: 5617: 5565: 5553: 5500: 5484: 5429: 5409: 5381: 5369: 5321: 5305: 5289: 5277: 5189: 5177: 5165: 5148: 5133: 5121: 5109: 5092: 5080: 5068: 5056: 5044: 5032: 5016: 5004: 4992: 4980: 4968: 4904: 4884: 4857: 4817: 4801: 4670: 4666: 4642: 4626: 4614: 4534: 4506: 4482: 4470: 4442: 4426: 4410: 4358: 4342: 4326: 4310: 4205: 4115: 4088: 3881: 3857: 3845: 3789: 3777: 3761: 3749: 3745: 3729: 3725: 3713: 3669: 3657: 3638: 3622: 3606: 3602: 3586: 3558: 3542: 3533: 3527: 3499: 3483: 3471: 3467: 3455: 3451: 3439: 3435: 3433: 3424: 3420: 3408: 3396: 3384: 3380: 3368: 3353: 3341: 3329: 3325: 3313: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3281: 3266: 3262: 3250: 3246: 3234: 3218: 3187: 3171: 3159: 2518: 2485:Smith & Wesson .38 calibre Revolver 1338:, a member of the Strathconas, won the 1091: 857: 527:In June 1873, around 30 members of the 335:Map showing the westwards expansion of 11176: 10993:Prince Edward Island Provincial Police 10904:Alberta Serious Incident Response Team 10649:Service de police de la Ville de Laval 10399:Alberta Law Enforcement Response Teams 10205: 10182: 10148: 10037: 9966: 9784: 9740: 9662: 9635: 9626: 9609: 9432: 9413: 9331: 9237: 9212: 9129: 9125: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9090: 9074: 9062: 9050: 9038: 9034: 9022: 9018: 9014: 9002: 8998: 8974: 8970: 8954: 8894: 8890: 8850: 8810: 8798: 8782: 8770: 8726: 8722: 8698: 8568: 8535: 8148: 7984: 7972: 7960: 7952: 7702: 7594: 7314: 7298: 7072: 7005: 6977: 6973: 6961: 6945: 6937: 6925: 6908: 6896: 6888: 6876: 6872: 6864: 6840: 6832: 6820: 6800: 6788: 6768: 6756: 6740: 6728: 6716: 6696: 6684: 6676: 6661: 6657: 6642: 6365: 6306: 6091: 6048: 6044: 6042: 6033: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5941: 5925: 5905: 5889: 5861: 5845: 5833: 5797: 5757: 5745: 5737: 5717: 5673: 5613: 5609: 5593: 5581: 5537: 5516: 5476: 5445: 5425: 5245: 5229: 5217: 5201: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5144: 5142: 5105: 5103: 5101: 4920: 4900: 4875: 4845: 4177: 4165: 4148: 4127: 4107: 4005: 3993: 3905: 3833: 3701: 3685: 3222: 3206: 3191: 3175: 3131: 3115: 3099: 1510:Mounted police in training during the 1150:Alberta Railway and Irrigation Company 876:and his men evacuating Fort Pitt, 1885 11076:Military Police Complaints Commission 10252: 10191:. Sidney, Canada: Gray's Publishing. 9971:. Montreal: McGill University Press. 9940: 9493: 9435:The Mountie From Dime Novel to Disney 9377: 9350: 9179:. London and Basingstoke: Macmillan. 9174: 9145: 8425: 8238: 8090: 8011: 7821: 7746: 7662: 7614: 7558: 7542: 7497: 7144: 7132: 7116: 6402: 6178: 6162: 6138: 6119: 6103: 6064: 5937: 5865: 5769: 5705: 5685: 5669: 5657: 5641: 5357: 5345: 5301: 4896: 4813: 4797: 4785: 4781: 4753: 4725: 4710: 4682: 4586: 4574: 4562: 4522: 4510: 4494: 4458: 4446: 4430: 4414: 4398: 4386: 4374: 4362: 4346: 4330: 4314: 4298: 4286: 4269: 4257: 4241: 4229: 4217: 4201: 4189: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4072: 4060: 4045: 4033: 4021: 4009: 3984: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3909: 3885: 3865: 3817: 3805: 3793: 3733: 3689: 3673: 3642: 3626: 3610: 3590: 3574: 3562: 3546: 3515: 3503: 3487: 2445:carbine, but these rifles still used 1167: 210:(NWT) following the 1870 transfer of 10820:McMaster University Security Service 9811: 9554: 8822: 7911:"Staff Sergeant in Full Dress, 1886" 7653:, pp. 171–174, 232–234, 239–240 3930: 3430: 3060: 3048: 3044: 3042: 2289: 1778:, sub-inspectors, staff constables, 1670:. On June 21, which became known as 1201:huge amounts of gold were discovered 1148:between the company, now called the 1067:. Attempts were made to enforce the 872:Contemporary depiction of Inspector 186:North-West Mounted Police officers, 10840:YRT/Viva Special Constable Services 10835:University of Toronto Campus Safety 10214:. Toronto: McClelland and Steward. 6039: 5959: 5154: 5139: 5098: 1828:network and, from 1885 onwards, by 938:column surprised Poundmakers's camp 13: 10953:British Columbia Provincial Police 10562:Kennebecasis Regional Police Force 10280:Law enforcement agencies in Canada 10142:10.1111/j.0022-3840.1990.2403_69.x 7931:Jack L. Summers; Renee Chartrand. 4133: 3919: 2641: 2277: 2268: 2259: 2250: 2241: 2210: 2201: 2192: 2183: 2174: 2143: 2134: 2123: 2114: 1999: 1990: 1981: 1972: 1963: 1954: 1945: 1585: 1501: 1253: 692:Mounted police and members of the 492:Mounted police preparing to leave 14: 11255: 11117:List of police firearms in Canada 10909:Independent Investigations Office 10789:Stl’atl’imx Tribal Police Service 10597:New Westminster Police Department 10230: 10015:Morrison, William Robert (1985). 9479:. Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press. 7890:"Sergeant-Major in Undress, 1890" 7869:"Staff Sergeant in Undress, 1879" 3039: 2759: 11194:1920 disestablishments in Canada 11143:Ontario Provincial Police Museum 10856:Canadian National Police Service 10743:West Vancouver Police Department 10733:Waterloo Regional Police Service 10409:British Columbia Sheriff Service 10236: 10084:Ross, David; May, Robin (1988). 9690:. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson. 9119: 9084: 9068: 9056: 9044: 9028: 9008: 8992: 8980: 8960: 8944: 8932: 8912: 8884: 8868: 8856: 8840: 8828: 8816: 8804: 8788: 8776: 8756: 8744: 8732: 8716: 8704: 8692: 8680: 8668: 8652: 8640: 8611: 8599: 8583: 8556: 8529: 8494: 8482: 8470: 8458: 8446: 8419: 8377: 8361: 8326: 8314: 8298: 8286: 8259: 8214: 8188: 8163: 8136: 8124: 8112: 8096: 8080: 8053: 8041: 8029: 8017: 8005: 7978: 7966: 7946: 7924: 7903: 7882: 7861: 7815: 7812:, pp. 114–115, 128, 133–136 7803: 7791: 7764: 7752: 7740: 7728: 7716: 7696: 7684: 7672: 7656: 7644: 7632: 7620: 7604: 7584: 7564: 7548: 7536: 7515: 7503: 7472: 7460: 7448: 7436: 7424: 7412: 7392: 7376: 7360: 7348: 7336: 7324: 7308: 7288: 7257: 7241: 7229: 7213: 7201: 7189: 7177: 7150: 7138: 7126: 7110: 7062: 7050: 7023: 7011: 6995: 6983: 6967: 6951: 6931: 6902: 6882: 6858: 6846: 6826: 6810: 6794: 6778: 6762: 6750: 6734: 6722: 6706: 6690: 6621: 6594: 6582: 6570: 6558: 6546: 6534: 6522: 6510: 6498: 6486: 6474: 6462: 6435: 6408: 6392: 6380: 6338: 6322: 6296: 6276: 6264: 6248: 6221: 6209: 6197: 6172: 6156: 6144: 6109: 6097: 6085: 6054: 6027: 6015: 6003: 5991: 5931: 5911: 5895: 5883: 5871: 5855: 5839: 5823: 5807: 5787: 5763: 5751: 5731: 5711: 5699: 5679: 5663: 5651: 5635: 5623: 5599: 5587: 5571: 5559: 5543: 5506: 5490: 5451: 5435: 5415: 5399: 5387: 5375: 5363: 5351: 5339: 5327: 5311: 5295: 5283: 5263: 5251: 5235: 5223: 5207: 5195: 5183: 5171: 5127: 5115: 5086: 5074: 5062: 5050: 5038: 5022: 5010: 4998: 4986: 4974: 4962: 4950: 4938: 4926: 4910: 4890: 4863: 4851: 4835: 4823: 4807: 4791: 4771: 4759: 4743: 4731: 4700: 4688: 4676: 4660: 4648: 4632: 4620: 4604: 4592: 4580: 4568: 4552: 4540: 4528: 4516: 4500: 4488: 4476: 4464: 2985: 2976: 2966: 2956: 2947: 2937: 2928: 2919: 2909: 2899: 2889: 2879: 2870: 2861: 2852: 2834: 2824: 2646: 2504:Mark I muzzle-loading field guns 1739: 1730: 1721: 1712: 1703: 1441:of Inuit women by the transient 1145:Alberta Railway and Coal Company 531:First Nation were killed in the 10973:New Brunswick Provincial Police 10602:Niagara Regional Police Service 10446:Unité permanente anticorruption 10372:Royal Newfoundland Constabulary 10299:Canadian Forces Military Police 10166:Big Pan-Out: The Klondike Story 9988:Journal of Contemporary History 9148:The Journal of Economic History 9138: 6618:, pp. 86, 152–153, 156–157 4452: 4436: 4420: 4404: 4392: 4380: 4368: 4352: 4336: 4320: 4304: 4292: 4263: 4247: 4235: 4223: 4211: 4195: 4183: 4171: 4121: 4078: 4066: 4039: 4027: 4015: 3999: 3972: 3960: 3948: 3936: 3895: 3871: 3851: 3839: 3823: 3811: 3799: 3783: 3767: 3755: 3739: 3719: 3707: 3695: 3679: 3663: 3632: 3616: 3596: 3580: 3568: 3552: 3521: 3509: 3493: 3477: 3461: 3445: 3414: 3402: 3390: 3374: 3347: 3335: 3319: 3307: 3287: 3256: 3240: 3228: 3212: 3181: 3165: 3153: 3137: 2814: 2545:, mostly of the British Army's 2423:Snider-Enfield Carbine Mark III 1787:, inspectors, staff sergeants, 1645: 1414:Mounted police patrolling from 1182:Mounted police deployed to the 11007:Saskatchewan Provincial Police 10921:Serious Incident Response Team 10915:Independent Investigation Unit 10881:Metro Vancouver Transit Police 10552:Halton Regional Police Service 10537:Greater Sudbury Police Service 10522:Durham Regional Police Service 10502:Central Saanich Police Service 10319:Correctional Service of Canada 9437:. Toronto: Between the Lines. 8175:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca 7848:"Earliest Known Picture, 1874" 3121: 3105: 3089: 3077: 3066: 3054: 2805:The motto was altered to read 2799: 2551:Western, or Californian, style 2080:during the winter of 1910–11. 2011: 1636:President of the Privy Council 1563:Saskatchewan Provincial Police 819:driving the last spike of the 791:illegal consumption of alcohol 462:, and then by the threat of a 145:As per operations jurisdiction 39:Royal Northwest Mounted Police 1: 11239:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 11189:1873 establishments in Canada 11081:Toronto Police Services Board 10810:GO Transit Special Constables 10779:Nishnawbe-Aski Police Service 10683:Saugeen Shores Police Service 10512:Charlottetown Police Services 10439:Ontario conservation officers 10339:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 10294:Canada Border Services Agency 9395:Chambers, Ernest. J. (1906). 9288:Bercuson, David Jay (1990) . 9198:. Vancouver: Whitecap Books. 5740:, pp. 269–274, 421–431; 4752:, pp. 134–136, 144–146; 2999: 2741:Sergeant Preston of the Yukon 2671:Sergeant Preston of the Yukon 2429:, but these were single-shot 1690:Organization and working life 795:Department for Indian Affairs 598: 326: 316:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 91:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 11244:Uniformed services of Canada 11028:Aircraft Protective Officers 10968:New Brunswick Highway Patrol 10815:Niagara Parks Police Service 10698:Summerside Police Department 10632:Port Moody Police Department 10472:Abbotsford Police Department 9816:. Nanooose: Heritage House. 9682:Horrall, Stanley W. (1973). 9536:Graybill, Andrew R. (2007). 6309:"Herchmer, Lawrence William" 2628: 2508:7-pounder Mark II field guns 2400: 1694: 1568:Canadian Expeditionary Force 1493:and cook for their patrols. 1236:telegraph system, acting as 684:Relations with First Nations 483: 16:Former Canadian police force 7: 11102:Indigenous police in Canada 10927:Special Investigations Unit 10784:Treaty Three Police Service 10723:Vancouver Police Department 10688:South Simcoe Police Service 10587:Medicine Hat Police Service 10042:. In Baker, William (ed.). 9918:. In Baker, William (ed.). 9789:. In Baker, William (ed.). 9745:. In Baker, William (ed.). 9640:. In Baker, William (ed.). 9610:Haydon, Arthur L. (1926) . 9593:Best Mounted Police Stories 9559:. Toronto: Vintage Canada. 9452:Fetherling, George (1997). 9355:. In Baker, William (ed.). 9242:. In Baker, William (ed.). 9194:Backhouse, Frances (1995). 6307:Horall, Stanley W. (1998), 2405: 1864:Mounted police officers at 1437:to investigate the alleged 454:In 1869, the government of 391:, which was unsuitable for 355:of the British colonies of 10: 11260: 11038:Bylaw enforcement officers 10963:Manitoba Provincial Police 10774:Anishinabek Police Service 10767:Indigenous police services 10728:Victoria Police Department 10713:Thunder Bay Police Service 10130:Journal of Popular Culture 10065:Porsild, Charlene (1998). 10000:10.1177/002200947400900204 9903:Studies in Popular Culture 9785:Kealey, George S. (1998). 9517:Goldring, Phillip (1979). 9336:. Toronto: Anchor Canada. 2650: 2497:1908 pattern cavalry sword 2427:Snider-Enfield Short Rifle 1422:in 1909, led by Constable 1403: 1331:South African Constabulary 1315:Canadian High Commissioner 1211:The borders in the region 1171: 957:Operations on the prairies 861: 785:, with 7-pounder gun, 1885 602: 566:, and was replaced by the 321: 18: 11184:North-West Mounted Police 11135: 11094: 11061: 11020: 10998: 10983:North-West Mounted Police 10978:Newfoundland Ranger Force 10948:Alberta Provincial Police 10940: 10894: 10848: 10797: 10766: 10674: 10665: 10656: 10647: 10617:Oak Bay Police Department 10577:Lethbridge Police Service 10487:Brockville Police Service 10482:Belleville Police Service 10460: 10444: 10389: 10377: 10367:Ontario Provincial Police 10359: 10352: 10286: 10183:Wright, Allen A. (1976). 10170:. London: Phoenix House. 10162:Winslow, Kathryn (1952). 10151:Canadian Military History 9956:Canadian Military History 9943:Canadian Military History 9833:Canadian Military History 9812:Kuhn, Edgar, ed. (2003). 9663:Hewitt, Steve R. (2002). 9636:Hewitt, Steve R. (1998). 9627:Hewitt, Steve R. (1997). 9160:10.1017/S0022050707000459 9093:, pp. 88–86, 111–112 8739:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8675:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8659:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8647:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8635:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8520:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8501:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8489:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8477:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8465:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8453:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8441:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8414:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8399:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8384:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8368:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8356:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8333:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8321:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8305:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8293:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8281:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8266:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8254:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8131:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8119:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8103:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8087:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8075:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8060:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8048:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8024:Beahen & Horrall 1998 8000:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7798:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7786:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7759:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7735:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7723:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7691:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7679:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7651:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7639:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7627:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7611:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7575:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7510:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7496:, pp. 156–157, 167; 7494:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7479:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7467:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7455:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7431:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7419:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7399:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7383:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7367:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7343:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7331:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7295:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7283:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7264:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7252:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7236:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7196:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7184:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7172:Beahen & Horrall 1998 7157:Beahen & Horrall 1998 6976:, pp. 340–341, 344; 6303:Beahen & Horrall 1998 6283:Beahen & Horrall 1998 6255:Beahen & Horrall 1998 6228:Beahen & Horrall 1998 6022:Beahen & Horrall 1998 5920:, pp. 40–41, 50–51; 5864:, pp. 154, 248–249; 5612:, pp. 140, 160–168; 5499:, pp. 169–170, 173; 5481:Beahen & Horrall 1998 5406:Beahen & Horrall 1998 5334:Beahen & Horrall 1998 5318:Beahen & Horrall 1998 5270:Beahen & Horrall 1998 5258:Beahen & Horrall 1998 5029:Beahen & Horrall 1998 4945:Beahen & Horrall 1998 4933:Beahen & Horrall 1998 4917:Beahen & Horrall 1998 4870:Beahen & Horrall 1998 4655:Beahen & Horrall 1998 4639:Beahen & Horrall 1998 4547:Beahen & Horrall 1998 2481:Colt New Service Revolver 2361:1897 Jubilee celebrations 2220: 2153: 2094: 2089: 1918: 1834:Slater's Telegraphic Code 1350:Controversy and criticism 1152:, and the workforce over 716:, Edmonton, Winnipeg and 479:Establishment (1873–1874) 371:remained governed by the 200:North-West Mounted Police 159: 149: 141: 127: 117:(Operations jurisdiction) 111: 106: 96: 86: 78: 70: 65: 51: 43: 37:North-West Mounted Police 36: 22:North West Mounted Police 11012:Shelburne Police Service 10871:Integrated Security Unit 10825:Transit Enforcement Unit 10693:Stratford Police Service 10642:Saskatoon Police Service 10607:North Bay Police Service 10592:Nelson Police Department 10243:Northwest Mounted Police 10038:Morton, Desmond (1998). 9914:Mayfield, B. J. (1998). 9521:. Ottawa: Parks Canada. 9471:Francis, Daniel (1997). 9433:Dawson, Michael (1998). 9273:. Regina: Centax Books. 9238:Baker, William (1998b). 5744:, pp. 16, 201–203; 3249:, pp. 3–4, 11, 18; 2792: 2477:Enfield Mark II revolver 1522:When Canada entered the 1400:Expansion into the north 1117:Masters and Servants Act 833:Canadian Pacific Railway 821:Canadian Pacific Railway 514:Royal Irish Constabulary 236:Royal Irish Constabulary 107:Jurisdictional structure 11229:Legal history of Canada 11158:Vancouver Police Museum 10886:Via Rail Police Service 10753:Winnipeg Police Service 10557:Hamilton Police Service 10547:Halifax Regional Police 10527:Edmonton Police Service 10517:Delta Police Department 10404:Alberta Sheriffs Branch 10206:Zaslow, Morris (1971). 9967:Miller, Carman (1993). 9844:Macleod, R. C. (1976). 9494:Gates, Michael (1997). 9332:Berton, Pierre (2001). 8741:, pp. 229, 286–288 8443:, pp. 275–276, 280 7800:, pp. 204–205, 302 7469:, pp. 156–157, 167 6719:, pp. 103, 155–172 6591:, pp. 143–144, 150 6579:, pp. 131, 136–139 6311:, University of Toronto 5956:, pp. 102, 104–105 4697:, pp. 110–111, 118 4589:, pp. 219–220, 239 4577:, pp. 239–240, 253 4036:, pp. 115–116, 120 2687:The Story of Louis Riel 1928:Assistant commissioner 1663:Winnipeg General Strike 1656:Winnipeg General Strike 1616:Bureau of Investigation 1497:Final years (1914–1920) 1296:Canadian Mounted Rifles 1263:Canadian Mounted Rifles 1036:Growth of urban centres 1031:Later years (1895–1914) 783:Regina, Assiniboia, NWT 679:Early years (1874–1895) 308:Winnipeg General Strike 216:North-Western Territory 167:Federal law enforcement 128:Operations jurisdiction 61:"To Maintain the Right" 11163:Winnipeg Police Museum 11127:Police ranks in Canada 10876:Ottawa By-law Services 10798:Special constabularies 10748:Windsor Police Service 10718:Toronto Police Service 10612:Nunavik Police Service 10572:Lacombe Police Service 10507:Cobourg Police Service 10497:Camrose Police Service 10492:Calgary Police Service 9863:Marquis, Greg (1993). 9741:Hubner, Brian (1998). 9555:Gywn, Richard (2012). 9175:Atkin, Ronald (1973). 8661:, pp. 24–25, 55; 2807: 2777: 2731:Challenge of the Yukon 2725:Renfrew of the Mounted 2674: 2638:remained substandard. 2532: 2433:, and inferior to the 2418: 2303: 2282: 2273: 2264: 2255: 2246: 2215: 2206: 2197: 2188: 2179: 2148: 2139: 2128: 2119: 2021: 2004: 1995: 1986: 1977: 1968: 1959: 1950: 1914:Commissioned officers 1888:Royal Military College 1869: 1658: 1598: 1519: 1466:railroad to Hudson Bay 1426: 1363: 1358:RNWMP Headquarters in 1279:British imperial cause 1270: 1187: 1108: 1083:lines, as well as the 1048: 966: 877: 828: 786: 704: 614: 533:Cypress Hills Massacre 500: 460:rebellion of the Métis 340: 256:Cypress Hills Massacre 228:Cypress Hills Massacre 208:North-West Territories 195: 132:North-West Territories 56: 31:Law enforcement agency 11234:Prohibition in Canada 11204:British North America 10703:Surrey Police Service 10637:Regina Police Service 10622:Ottawa Police Service 10582:London Police Service 10567:Kingston Police Force 10542:Guelph Police Service 10477:Barrie Police Service 10309:Canada Revenue Agency 9416:The Klondike Stampede 9196:Women of the Klondike 8222:"Badges and Insignia" 7613:, pp. 171, 222; 7385:, pp. 155, 265; 7266:, pp. 178, 302; 6715:, pp. 312, 319; 6507:, pp. 84–85, 115 6186:, Canadian War Museum 5944:, pp. 307, 311; 5720:, pp. 112, 396; 4204:, pp. 160, 172; 3022:"Badges and Insignia" 2767: 2668:in 1955, publicizing 2660: 2526: 2439:Winchester Model 1876 2413: 2355:: by late 1890s, the 2353:wide-brimmed felt hat 2297: 2281: 2272: 2263: 2254: 2245: 2214: 2205: 2196: 2187: 2178: 2147: 2138: 2127: 2118: 2019: 2003: 1994: 1985: 1976: 1967: 1958: 1949: 1931:Chief superintendent 1863: 1856:Commissioned officers 1842:Manitoba Penitentiary 1653: 1597:at Fort Macleod, 1919 1593: 1509: 1473:in 1912, and then at 1413: 1357: 1261: 1181: 1099: 1043: 964: 871: 815: 780: 691: 612: 496:in 1874, depicted by 491: 428:Blackfoot Confederacy 334: 190:, 1878; Commissioner 185: 172:Local civilian police 11214:Defunct gendarmeries 11148:RCMP Heritage Centre 11033:Auxiliary constables 10758:York Regional Police 10708:Taber Police Service 10627:Peel Regional Police 10334:Parks Canada wardens 10245:at Wikimedia Commons 10122:The Lone Star Ranger 9351:Betke, Carl (1998). 8905:, pp. 165–166; 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London: Osprey. 9065:, pp. 110–111 8969:, pp. 17–18; 8553:, pp. 166–167 8386:, pp. 229–231 8295:, pp. 226–227 8283:, pp. 224–225 7788:, pp. 205–207 7641:, pp. 179–180 7629:, pp. 12, 177 7512:, pp. 266–267 7457:, pp. 88, 133 7135:, pp. 135–136 7020:, pp. 168–169 6964:, pp. 338–339 6911:, pp. 333–336 6703:, pp. 91, 165 6687:, pp. 327–328 6664:, pp. 326–327 6603:, pp. 148–149 6555:, pp. 120–121 6401:, pp. 62–63; 6165:, pp. 74–75; 6067:, pp. 360–361 5988:, pp. 104–106 5952:, pp. 66–67; 5904:, pp. 50–51; 5672:, pp. 90–91; 5644:, pp. 69–70; 5596:, pp. 228–231 5540:, pp. 147–157 5519:, pp. 145–146 5460:, pp. 174–175 5396:, pp. 162–163 5372:, pp. 62, 158 5360:, pp. 224–228 5348:, pp. 222–223 5220:, pp. 352–353 5204:, pp. 352–353 5192:, pp. 184–185 5095:, pp. 175–176 5071:, pp. 173–174 5059:, pp. 141–142 5047:, pp. 138–140 5035:, pp. 137–139 5019:, pp. 134–136 4983:, pp. 132–133 4903:, pp. 64–65; 4756:, pp. 129–131 4728:, pp. 118–120 4669:, pp. 45–46; 4565:, pp. 238–239 4537:, pp. 103–105 4525:, pp. 249–252 4513:, pp. 244–228 4433:, pp. 220–229 4401:, pp. 217–220 4389:, pp. 214–218 4377:, pp. 214–217 4333:, pp. 213–215 4301:, pp. 166–167 4260:, pp. 183–185 4244:, pp. 183–185 4192:, pp. 164–165 4114:, pp. 24–25; 4106:, pp. 53–54; 4087:, pp. 53–54; 4048:, pp. 117–123 4024:, pp. 113–114 4012:, pp. 141–143 3904:, pp. 62–63; 3792:, pp. 25–26; 3545:, pp. 34–35; 3486:, pp. 20–21; 3470:, pp. 20–21; 3454:, pp. 20–21; 3328:, pp. 18–19; 3063:, pp. 238–239 2808:Maintiens le droit 2778: 2675: 2533: 2419: 2391:Maintiens le Droit 2381:, after 1903, the 2304: 2283: 2274: 2265: 2256: 2247: 2216: 2207: 2198: 2189: 2180: 2149: 2140: 2129: 2120: 2078:Francis Fitzgerald 2022: 2005: 1996: 1987: 1978: 1969: 1960: 1951: 1913: 1870: 1659: 1599: 1537:private detectives 1520: 1427: 1364: 1271: 1217:purchase of Alaska 1188: 1168:Klondike Gold Rush 1109: 1049: 967: 878: 829: 787: 705: 659:South Saskatchewan 615: 588:United States Army 570:administration of 505:Mounted Police Act 501: 341: 196: 142:Legal jurisdiction 87:Superseding agency 11171: 11170: 11043:Firearms officers 10456: 10455: 10360:Provincial police 10241:Media related to 10030:978-0-7748-0245-1 9463:978-0-8020-8046-2 9205:978-1-55110-375-4 8865:, pp. 18, 20 8801:, pp. 35, 42 8713:, pp. 16, 21 8677:, pp. 24, 54 7749:, pp. 90, 94 7389:, pp. 74, 78 7357:, pp. 8, 142 7333:, pp. 5, 268 6855:, pp. 5, 8–9 6630:, pp. 7, 133 6417:, pp. 60, 63 5660:, pp. 70, 88 5260:, pp. 99–100 4860:, pp. 45, 48 3332:, pp. 15, 17 3178:, pp. 1, 6–7 2547:Universal pattern 2531:in the background 2513:Yukon Field Force 2473:Tranter revolvers 2467:and .450 calibre 2435:repeating weapons 2387:Maintien le Droit 2379:St Edward's crown 2290:Uniform and badge 2287: 2286: 2009: 2008: 1763:Lawrence Herchmer 1580:Russian Civil War 1528:national security 1336:Arthur Richardson 1213:had been disputed 1191:survey along the 1154:union recognition 1113:employment rights 1077:Canadian Northern 1069:prostitution laws 1009:temperance groups 951:Lawrence Herchmer 942:Battle of Batoche 848:William Van Horne 456:John A. Macdonald 279:discovery of gold 180: 179: 101:Government agency 97:Legal personality 57:Maintien le droit 11251: 11209:Canadian Militia 11003: 11002: 10738:West Grey Police 10679: 10678: 10670: 10669: 10661: 10660: 10652: 10651: 10449: 10448: 10382: 10381: 10379:Sûreté du Québec 10357: 10356: 10344:Transport Canada 10329:Fishery officers 10273: 10266: 10259: 10250: 10249: 10240: 10225: 10213: 10202: 10190: 10179: 10169: 10158: 10145: 10126:Corporal Cameron 10116: 10099: 10080: 10061: 10034: 10022: 10011: 9982: 9963: 9950: 9937: 9910: 9897: 9878: 9859: 9840: 9827: 9808: 9781: 9764: 9737: 9718: 9701: 9689: 9678: 9659: 9632: 9623: 9606: 9587: 9570: 9551: 9532: 9513: 9501: 9490: 9478: 9467: 9448: 9429: 9410: 9391: 9374: 9347: 9328: 9303: 9284: 9272: 9261: 9234: 9209: 9190: 9171: 9133: 9123: 9117: 9103: 9094: 9088: 9082: 9077:, p. viii; 9072: 9066: 9060: 9054: 9048: 9042: 9032: 9026: 9012: 9006: 8996: 8990: 8984: 8978: 8964: 8958: 8948: 8942: 8936: 8930: 8916: 8910: 8888: 8882: 8877:, pp. 3–4; 8872: 8866: 8860: 8854: 8844: 8838: 8832: 8826: 8825:, pp. 4, 11 8820: 8814: 8808: 8802: 8797:, pp. 1–2; 8792: 8786: 8785:, pp. 26–27 8780: 8774: 8760: 8754: 8748: 8742: 8736: 8730: 8720: 8714: 8708: 8702: 8701:, pp. 31–33 8696: 8690: 8684: 8678: 8672: 8666: 8656: 8650: 8649:, pp. 24–26 8644: 8638: 8632: 8621: 8615: 8609: 8603: 8597: 8587: 8581: 8575: 8566: 8560: 8554: 8548: 8539: 8533: 8527: 8517: 8508: 8498: 8492: 8486: 8480: 8474: 8468: 8462: 8456: 8450: 8444: 8438: 8429: 8423: 8417: 8411: 8402: 8396: 8387: 8381: 8375: 8365: 8359: 8353: 8340: 8330: 8324: 8318: 8312: 8302: 8296: 8290: 8284: 8278: 8269: 8263: 8257: 8251: 8242: 8236: 8235: 8233: 8218: 8212: 8211: 8209: 8207: 8192: 8186: 8185: 8183: 8181: 8167: 8161: 8155: 8146: 8140: 8134: 8128: 8122: 8116: 8110: 8100: 8094: 8084: 8078: 8072: 8063: 8057: 8051: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8027: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8003: 7997: 7988: 7982: 7976: 7970: 7964: 7950: 7944: 7943: 7941: 7939: 7928: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7907: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7896: 7886: 7880: 7879: 7877: 7875: 7865: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7844: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7830: 7819: 7813: 7807: 7801: 7795: 7789: 7783: 7774: 7768: 7762: 7756: 7750: 7744: 7738: 7732: 7726: 7720: 7714: 7700: 7694: 7688: 7682: 7676: 7670: 7660: 7654: 7648: 7642: 7636: 7630: 7624: 7618: 7608: 7602: 7588: 7582: 7581:, pp. 81–82 7568: 7562: 7561:, pp. 49–50 7552: 7546: 7540: 7534: 7533: 7531: 7529: 7519: 7513: 7507: 7501: 7491: 7482: 7481:, pp. 19–20 7476: 7470: 7464: 7458: 7452: 7446: 7440: 7434: 7428: 7422: 7416: 7410: 7396: 7390: 7380: 7374: 7364: 7358: 7352: 7346: 7345:, pp. 9, 13 7340: 7334: 7328: 7322: 7312: 7306: 7292: 7286: 7280: 7271: 7261: 7255: 7245: 7239: 7233: 7227: 7217: 7211: 7205: 7199: 7198:, pp. 10–11 7193: 7187: 7181: 7175: 7169: 7160: 7154: 7148: 7142: 7136: 7130: 7124: 7114: 7108: 7102: 7093: 7087: 7076: 7066: 7060: 7059:, pp. 26–28 7054: 7048: 7042: 7033: 7027: 7021: 7015: 7009: 6999: 6993: 6987: 6981: 6971: 6965: 6955: 6949: 6935: 6929: 6923: 6912: 6906: 6900: 6886: 6880: 6862: 6856: 6850: 6844: 6830: 6824: 6814: 6808: 6798: 6792: 6782: 6776: 6766: 6760: 6754: 6748: 6745:Lackenbauer 2001 6738: 6732: 6726: 6720: 6710: 6704: 6694: 6688: 6674: 6665: 6655: 6646: 6640: 6631: 6625: 6619: 6613: 6604: 6598: 6592: 6586: 6580: 6574: 6568: 6562: 6556: 6550: 6544: 6538: 6532: 6531:, pp. 94–95 6526: 6520: 6519:, pp. 90–91 6514: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6495:, pp. 79–82 6490: 6484: 6478: 6472: 6466: 6460: 6454: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6432:, pp. 69–70 6427: 6418: 6412: 6406: 6396: 6390: 6389:, pp. 60–61 6384: 6378: 6372: 6363: 6362:, pp. 58–60 6357: 6348: 6347:, pp. 58–59 6342: 6336: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6300: 6294: 6280: 6274: 6273:, pp. 54–55 6268: 6262: 6252: 6246: 6240: 6231: 6225: 6219: 6213: 6207: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6176: 6170: 6160: 6154: 6148: 6142: 6132: 6123: 6113: 6107: 6101: 6095: 6089: 6083: 6077: 6068: 6058: 6052: 6046: 6037: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6013: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5974: 5968: 5957: 5935: 5929: 5915: 5909: 5899: 5893: 5887: 5881: 5875: 5869: 5859: 5853: 5843: 5837: 5827: 5821: 5811: 5805: 5791: 5785: 5776:, pp. 8–9; 5767: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5735: 5729: 5715: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5683: 5677: 5667: 5661: 5655: 5649: 5648:, pp. 15–16 5639: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5575: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5547: 5541: 5531: 5520: 5510: 5504: 5494: 5488: 5470: 5461: 5455: 5449: 5439: 5433: 5419: 5413: 5403: 5397: 5391: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5337: 5336:, pp. 29–31 5331: 5325: 5315: 5309: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5249: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5211: 5205: 5199: 5193: 5187: 5181: 5175: 5169: 5163: 5152: 5146: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5036: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4960: 4954: 4948: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4923:, pp. 68–69 4914: 4908: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4873: 4872:, pp. 20–21 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4848:, pp. 65–67 4839: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4820:, pp. 46–47 4811: 4805: 4804:, pp. 45–46 4795: 4789: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4747: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4714: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4664: 4658: 4657:, pp. 3, 11 4652: 4646: 4636: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4440: 4434: 4424: 4418: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4356: 4350: 4340: 4334: 4324: 4318: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4273: 4267: 4261: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4208:, pp. 75–76 4199: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4168:, pp. 68–69 4163: 4152: 4146: 4131: 4130:, pp. 59–61 4125: 4119: 4101: 4092: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3982: 3981:, pp. 36–37 3976: 3970: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3945:, pp. 30–31 3940: 3934: 3928: 3917: 3916:, pp. 56–57 3899: 3893: 3875: 3869: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3796:, pp. 85–90 3787: 3781: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3752:, pp. 13–14 3743: 3737: 3723: 3717: 3716:, pp. 14–15 3711: 3705: 3704:, pp. 32–33 3699: 3693: 3683: 3677: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3646: 3636: 3630: 3629:, pp. 73–74 3620: 3614: 3600: 3594: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3565:, pp. 66–67 3556: 3550: 3540: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3497: 3491: 3481: 3475: 3465: 3459: 3458:, pp. 41–42 3449: 3443: 3437: 3428: 3427:, pp. 19–20 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3399:, pp. 18–19 3394: 3388: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3357: 3356:, pp. 17–18 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3291: 3285: 3284:, pp. 16–17 3279: 3270: 3260: 3254: 3244: 3238: 3237:, pp. 15–16 3232: 3226: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3195: 3185: 3179: 3174:, pp. 7–8; 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3141: 3135: 3125: 3119: 3109: 3103: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3037: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3018: 2993: 2989: 2983: 2980: 2974: 2970: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2951: 2945: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2926: 2923: 2917: 2913: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2893: 2887: 2883: 2877: 2874: 2868: 2865: 2859: 2856: 2850: 2838: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2818: 2812: 2810: 2803: 2703:Corporal Cameron 2451:smokeless powder 2336:blue pea jackets 2101:Staff Constable 2098:Chief Constable 2087: 2086: 1916: 1912: 1814:cavalry regiment 1767:Aylesworth Perry 1743: 1734: 1725: 1716: 1707: 1595:Christmas dinner 1483:Coppermine River 1424:William Dempster 1374:judicial inquiry 1304:Aylesworth Perry 1085:Crow's Nest Pass 1065:detective branch 749:. The resulting 584:Governor General 580:American Indians 553:Lower Fort Garry 541:Alexander Morris 417:British Columbia 409:Red River valley 318:(RCMP) in 1920. 118: 59: 34: 33: 11259: 11258: 11254: 11253: 11252: 11250: 11249: 11248: 11174: 11173: 11172: 11167: 11131: 11090: 11063: 11057: 11016: 10958:Dominion Police 10936: 10896: 10890: 10844: 10793: 10762: 10464: 10462: 10452: 10391: 10385: 10348: 10282: 10277: 10233: 10228: 10222: 10199: 10096: 10077: 10058: 10031: 9979: 9934: 9894: 9875: 9856: 9824: 9805: 9761: 9734: 9698: 9675: 9656: 9603: 9567: 9548: 9529: 9510: 9487: 9464: 9445: 9426: 9371: 9344: 9325: 9300: 9281: 9258: 9231: 9206: 9187: 9141: 9136: 9128:, p. 356; 9124: 9120: 9104: 9097: 9089: 9085: 9073: 9069: 9061: 9057: 9049: 9045: 9033: 9029: 9013: 9009: 8997: 8993: 8985: 8981: 8965: 8961: 8949: 8945: 8937: 8933: 8917: 8913: 8899:Tranquilla 1990 8897:, p. 356; 8889: 8885: 8873: 8869: 8861: 8857: 8845: 8841: 8833: 8829: 8821: 8817: 8809: 8805: 8793: 8789: 8781: 8777: 8761: 8757: 8749: 8745: 8737: 8733: 8721: 8717: 8709: 8705: 8697: 8693: 8685: 8681: 8673: 8669: 8657: 8653: 8645: 8641: 8633: 8624: 8616: 8612: 8604: 8600: 8592:, p. 214; 8588: 8584: 8576: 8569: 8561: 8557: 8549: 8542: 8534: 8530: 8522:, p. 285; 8518: 8511: 8499: 8495: 8487: 8483: 8475: 8471: 8463: 8459: 8451: 8447: 8439: 8432: 8424: 8420: 8412: 8405: 8397: 8390: 8382: 8378: 8370:, p. 229; 8366: 8362: 8354: 8343: 8335:, p. 229; 8331: 8327: 8319: 8315: 8307:, p. 225; 8303: 8299: 8291: 8287: 8279: 8272: 8264: 8260: 8252: 8245: 8231: 8229: 8220: 8219: 8215: 8205: 8203: 8193: 8189: 8179: 8177: 8169: 8168: 8164: 8156: 8149: 8141: 8137: 8129: 8125: 8117: 8113: 8105:, p. 220; 8101: 8097: 8089:, p. 212; 8085: 8081: 8073: 8066: 8058: 8054: 8046: 8042: 8034: 8030: 8022: 8018: 8010: 8006: 7998: 7991: 7983: 7979: 7971: 7967: 7951: 7947: 7937: 7935: 7929: 7925: 7915: 7913: 7909: 7908: 7904: 7894: 7892: 7888: 7887: 7883: 7873: 7871: 7867: 7866: 7862: 7852: 7850: 7846: 7845: 7838: 7828: 7826: 7820: 7816: 7808: 7804: 7796: 7792: 7784: 7777: 7769: 7765: 7757: 7753: 7745: 7741: 7733: 7729: 7721: 7717: 7709:, p. 177; 7701: 7697: 7689: 7685: 7677: 7673: 7661: 7657: 7649: 7645: 7637: 7633: 7625: 7621: 7609: 7605: 7593:, p. 189; 7589: 7585: 7577:, p. 173; 7573:, p. 189; 7569: 7565: 7553: 7549: 7541: 7537: 7527: 7525: 7521: 7520: 7516: 7508: 7504: 7492: 7485: 7477: 7473: 7465: 7461: 7453: 7449: 7441: 7437: 7429: 7425: 7417: 7413: 7397: 7393: 7381: 7377: 7365: 7361: 7353: 7349: 7341: 7337: 7329: 7325: 7313: 7309: 7293: 7289: 7281: 7274: 7262: 7258: 7246: 7242: 7234: 7230: 7218: 7214: 7206: 7202: 7194: 7190: 7186:, pp. 9–10 7182: 7178: 7170: 7163: 7155: 7151: 7143: 7139: 7131: 7127: 7115: 7111: 7103: 7096: 7088: 7079: 7067: 7063: 7055: 7051: 7043: 7036: 7028: 7024: 7016: 7012: 7000: 6996: 6988: 6984: 6972: 6968: 6956: 6952: 6944:, p. 309; 6936: 6932: 6924: 6915: 6907: 6903: 6895:, p. 309; 6887: 6883: 6875:, p. 333; 6871:, p. 309; 6863: 6859: 6851: 6847: 6839:, p. 309; 6831: 6827: 6819:, p. 309; 6815: 6811: 6803:, p. 328; 6799: 6795: 6787:, p. 309; 6783: 6779: 6771:, p. 358; 6767: 6763: 6755: 6751: 6739: 6735: 6727: 6723: 6711: 6707: 6699:, p. 358; 6695: 6691: 6683:, p. 308; 6675: 6668: 6656: 6649: 6641: 6634: 6626: 6622: 6614: 6607: 6599: 6595: 6587: 6583: 6575: 6571: 6563: 6559: 6551: 6547: 6539: 6535: 6527: 6523: 6515: 6511: 6503: 6499: 6491: 6487: 6479: 6475: 6467: 6463: 6455: 6448: 6440: 6436: 6428: 6421: 6413: 6409: 6397: 6393: 6385: 6381: 6373: 6366: 6358: 6351: 6343: 6339: 6327: 6323: 6314: 6312: 6301: 6297: 6285:, p. 140; 6281: 6277: 6269: 6265: 6253: 6249: 6241: 6234: 6226: 6222: 6214: 6210: 6202: 6198: 6189: 6187: 6182: 6181:, p. 360; 6177: 6173: 6161: 6157: 6149: 6145: 6133: 6126: 6114: 6110: 6102: 6098: 6090: 6086: 6078: 6071: 6063:, p. 107; 6059: 6055: 6047: 6040: 6032: 6028: 6020: 6016: 6008: 6004: 5996: 5992: 5984: 5977: 5969: 5960: 5948:, p. 108; 5936: 5932: 5924:, p. 100; 5916: 5912: 5900: 5896: 5888: 5884: 5876: 5872: 5860: 5856: 5848:, p. 248; 5844: 5840: 5828: 5824: 5818:Fetherling 1997 5812: 5808: 5800:, p. 137; 5792: 5788: 5768: 5764: 5756: 5752: 5748:, p. xviii 5736: 5732: 5726:Fetherling 1997 5724:, p. 201; 5716: 5712: 5704: 5700: 5688:, p. 113; 5684: 5680: 5668: 5664: 5656: 5652: 5640: 5636: 5628: 5624: 5608:, p. 189; 5604: 5600: 5592: 5588: 5580:, p. 189; 5576: 5572: 5564: 5560: 5548: 5544: 5532: 5523: 5515:, p. 187; 5511: 5507: 5495: 5491: 5479:, p. 147; 5475:, p. 199; 5471: 5464: 5456: 5452: 5440: 5436: 5428:, p. 141; 5424:, p. 186; 5420: 5416: 5404: 5400: 5392: 5388: 5380: 5376: 5368: 5364: 5356: 5352: 5344: 5340: 5332: 5328: 5316: 5312: 5304:, p. 213; 5300: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5268: 5264: 5256: 5252: 5240: 5236: 5228: 5224: 5216:, p. 162; 5212: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5188: 5184: 5176: 5172: 5164: 5155: 5147: 5140: 5132: 5128: 5120: 5116: 5108: 5099: 5091: 5087: 5079: 5075: 5067: 5063: 5055: 5051: 5043: 5039: 5027: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4979: 4975: 4967: 4963: 4955: 4951: 4943: 4939: 4931: 4927: 4915: 4911: 4895: 4891: 4883: 4876: 4868: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4844:, p. 116; 4840: 4836: 4828: 4824: 4812: 4808: 4800:, p. 210; 4796: 4792: 4784:, p. 219; 4780:, p. 117; 4776: 4772: 4764: 4760: 4748: 4744: 4736: 4732: 4724: 4717: 4709:, p. 115; 4705: 4701: 4693: 4689: 4681: 4677: 4665: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4637: 4633: 4625: 4621: 4609: 4605: 4597: 4593: 4585: 4581: 4573: 4569: 4557: 4553: 4545: 4541: 4533: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4509:, p. 104; 4505: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4481: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4457: 4453: 4445:, p. 104; 4441: 4437: 4429:, p. 103; 4425: 4421: 4413:, p. 105; 4409: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4385: 4381: 4373: 4369: 4357: 4353: 4345:, p. 103; 4341: 4337: 4325: 4321: 4309: 4305: 4297: 4293: 4285: 4276: 4268: 4264: 4256:, p. 174; 4252: 4248: 4240: 4236: 4228: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4200: 4196: 4188: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4164: 4155: 4147: 4134: 4126: 4122: 4102: 4095: 4083: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4059: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4032: 4028: 4020: 4016: 4004: 4000: 3992: 3985: 3977: 3973: 3965: 3961: 3953: 3949: 3941: 3937: 3929: 3920: 3912:, p. 117; 3900: 3896: 3876: 3872: 3856: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3832:, p. 155; 3828: 3824: 3816: 3812: 3804: 3800: 3788: 3784: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3756: 3744: 3740: 3724: 3720: 3712: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3684: 3680: 3668: 3664: 3656: 3649: 3637: 3633: 3621: 3617: 3601: 3597: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3557: 3553: 3541: 3534: 3526: 3522: 3514: 3510: 3498: 3494: 3482: 3478: 3466: 3462: 3450: 3446: 3438: 3431: 3419: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3395: 3391: 3379: 3375: 3367: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3292: 3288: 3280: 3273: 3261: 3257: 3245: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3217: 3213: 3205: 3198: 3186: 3182: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3142: 3138: 3126: 3122: 3110: 3106: 3094: 3090: 3086:, pp. 9–12 3082: 3078: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3040: 3031: 3029: 3020: 3019: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2996: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2914: 2910: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2890: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2853: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2825: 2819: 2815: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2762: 2662:Richard Simmons 2655: 2649: 2644: 2642:Cultural legacy 2631: 2521: 2469:Adams revolvers 2408: 2403: 2397:'s bull badge. 2345:buckskin jacket 2308:Norfolk jackets 2298:Mounted police 2292: 2227:Staff sergeant 2224:Sergeant major 2160:Staff sergeant 2157:Sergeant major 2076:" of Inspector 2030:early discharge 2014: 1934:Superintendent 1858: 1850:Frederick White 1818:standing orders 1785:superintendents 1772: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1736: 1735: 1727: 1726: 1718: 1717: 1709: 1708: 1697: 1692: 1672:Bloody Saturday 1648: 1588: 1586:Bolshevik fears 1533:Dominion Police 1524:First World War 1518:, England, 1918 1512:First World War 1504: 1502:First World War 1499: 1447:Mackenzie Delta 1435:Herschel Island 1420:Herschel Island 1408: 1402: 1382:Wilfrid Laurier 1352: 1311:Lord Strathcona 1275:Second Boer War 1267:Second Boer War 1256: 1254:Second Boer War 1247:Skagway, Alaska 1176: 1170: 1094: 1038: 1033: 971:National Policy 959: 926:Francis Dickens 914:resulting fight 874:Francis Dickens 866: 860: 844:Rocky Mountains 810: 781:NWMP Barracks, 686: 681: 639:mowing machines 631:Red River carts 607: 601: 564:Pacific Scandal 486: 481: 464:Fenian invasion 407:settled in the 329: 324: 312:Dominion Police 300:First World War 287:Second Boer War 176: 116: 115: 66:Agency overview 60: 38: 32: 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11257: 11247: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11191: 11186: 11169: 11168: 11166: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11139: 11137: 11133: 11132: 11130: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11098: 11096: 11092: 11091: 11089: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11067: 11065: 11059: 11058: 11056: 11055: 11050: 11048:Peace officers 11045: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11024: 11022: 11018: 11017: 11015: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10944: 10942: 10938: 10937: 10935: 10934: 10924: 10918: 10912: 10906: 10900: 10898: 10892: 10891: 10889: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10852: 10850: 10846: 10845: 10843: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10801: 10799: 10795: 10794: 10792: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10770: 10768: 10764: 10763: 10761: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10671: 10662: 10653: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10468: 10466: 10458: 10457: 10454: 10453: 10451: 10450: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10395: 10393: 10387: 10386: 10384: 10383: 10374: 10369: 10363: 10361: 10354: 10350: 10349: 10347: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10290: 10288: 10284: 10283: 10276: 10275: 10268: 10261: 10253: 10247: 10246: 10232: 10231:External links 10229: 10227: 10226: 10220: 10203: 10197: 10180: 10159: 10146: 10117: 10105:Men in Scarlet 10100: 10095:978-0850458343 10094: 10081: 10075: 10062: 10056: 10035: 10029: 10012: 9983: 9978:978-0773509139 9977: 9964: 9951: 9938: 9932: 9911: 9898: 9893:978-0774811668 9892: 9879: 9874:978-0802050205 9873: 9860: 9854: 9841: 9828: 9822: 9809: 9803: 9782: 9770:Men in Scarlet 9765: 9759: 9738: 9732: 9719: 9707:Men in Scarlet 9702: 9697:978-0070773660 9696: 9679: 9673: 9660: 9654: 9633: 9624: 9607: 9601: 9588: 9576:Men in Scarlet 9571: 9566:978-0307356451 9565: 9552: 9547:978-0803260023 9546: 9533: 9527: 9514: 9509:978-0774804929 9508: 9491: 9485: 9468: 9462: 9449: 9444:978-1896357164 9443: 9430: 9424: 9411: 9392: 9380:Men in Scarlet 9375: 9369: 9348: 9342: 9329: 9324:978-0888620576 9323: 9304: 9298: 9285: 9279: 9262: 9256: 9235: 9229: 9210: 9204: 9191: 9186:978-0333122822 9185: 9172: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9134: 9118: 9112:, p. 19; 9095: 9083: 9067: 9055: 9043: 9037:, p. ix; 9027: 9021:, p. 19; 9017:, p. ix; 9007: 8991: 8979: 8973:, p. 25; 8959: 8953:, p. 18; 8943: 8931: 8911: 8893:, p. 34; 8883: 8867: 8855: 8849:, p. 17; 8839: 8827: 8815: 8803: 8787: 8775: 8765:, p. 17; 8755: 8743: 8731: 8725:, p. 33; 8715: 8703: 8691: 8679: 8667: 8651: 8639: 8622: 8610: 8598: 8582: 8567: 8555: 8540: 8528: 8509: 8493: 8481: 8469: 8457: 8445: 8430: 8418: 8403: 8388: 8376: 8360: 8341: 8325: 8313: 8297: 8285: 8270: 8258: 8243: 8213: 8187: 8162: 8147: 8135: 8123: 8111: 8095: 8079: 8064: 8052: 8040: 8028: 8016: 8004: 7989: 7977: 7965: 7959:, p. 22; 7945: 7923: 7902: 7881: 7860: 7836: 7814: 7802: 7790: 7775: 7763: 7751: 7739: 7727: 7715: 7705:, p. 63; 7695: 7683: 7671: 7655: 7643: 7631: 7619: 7603: 7597:, p. 63; 7583: 7563: 7547: 7535: 7514: 7502: 7483: 7471: 7459: 7447: 7435: 7423: 7411: 7391: 7375: 7359: 7347: 7335: 7323: 7317:, p. 82; 7307: 7301:, p. 82; 7287: 7272: 7256: 7250:, p. 49; 7240: 7228: 7212: 7200: 7188: 7176: 7161: 7149: 7137: 7125: 7109: 7094: 7077: 7061: 7049: 7034: 7022: 7010: 6994: 6982: 6966: 6950: 6940:, p. 20; 6930: 6913: 6901: 6891:, p. 20; 6881: 6857: 6845: 6835:, p. 20; 6825: 6809: 6793: 6777: 6761: 6749: 6743:, p. 29; 6733: 6731:, pp. 1–2 6721: 6705: 6689: 6679:, p. 19; 6666: 6660:, p. 19; 6647: 6632: 6620: 6605: 6593: 6581: 6569: 6557: 6545: 6533: 6521: 6509: 6497: 6485: 6473: 6461: 6446: 6434: 6419: 6407: 6391: 6379: 6364: 6349: 6337: 6331:, p. 14; 6321: 6295: 6289:, p. 17; 6275: 6263: 6247: 6232: 6230:, pp. 6–7 6220: 6208: 6196: 6171: 6155: 6143: 6137:, p. 86; 6124: 6118:, p. 57; 6108: 6096: 6084: 6069: 6053: 6038: 6026: 6014: 6002: 5990: 5975: 5958: 5946:Backhouse 1995 5930: 5910: 5894: 5882: 5870: 5854: 5838: 5832:, p. 95; 5822: 5806: 5796:, p. 95; 5786: 5780:, p. 46; 5762: 5750: 5730: 5710: 5698: 5692:, p. 25; 5678: 5662: 5650: 5634: 5622: 5598: 5586: 5570: 5558: 5542: 5521: 5505: 5489: 5483:, p. 50; 5462: 5450: 5434: 5414: 5408:, p. 18; 5398: 5386: 5374: 5362: 5350: 5338: 5326: 5320:, p. 91; 5310: 5294: 5282: 5276:, p. 18; 5272:, p. 56; 5262: 5250: 5234: 5222: 5206: 5194: 5182: 5170: 5153: 5138: 5126: 5114: 5097: 5085: 5073: 5061: 5049: 5037: 5031:, p. 35; 5021: 5009: 4997: 4985: 4973: 4961: 4949: 4937: 4925: 4919:, p. 57; 4909: 4889: 4874: 4862: 4850: 4834: 4822: 4806: 4790: 4770: 4758: 4742: 4730: 4715: 4699: 4687: 4675: 4659: 4647: 4631: 4619: 4603: 4591: 4579: 4567: 4551: 4539: 4527: 4515: 4499: 4487: 4475: 4463: 4451: 4435: 4419: 4403: 4391: 4379: 4367: 4351: 4335: 4319: 4303: 4291: 4274: 4262: 4246: 4234: 4222: 4210: 4194: 4182: 4170: 4153: 4132: 4120: 4110:, p. 58; 4093: 4077: 4065: 4050: 4038: 4026: 4014: 4008:, p. 58; 3998: 3983: 3971: 3959: 3947: 3935: 3918: 3894: 3884:, p. 27; 3880:, p. 51; 3870: 3864:, p. 58; 3860:, p. 27; 3850: 3838: 3822: 3810: 3798: 3782: 3776:, p. 23; 3766: 3754: 3748:, p. 23; 3738: 3732:, p. 23; 3728:, p. 32; 3718: 3706: 3694: 3688:, p. ix; 3678: 3672:, p. 25; 3662: 3647: 3641:, p. 13; 3631: 3625:, p. 23; 3615: 3609:, p. 43; 3605:, p. 23; 3595: 3589:, p. 41; 3579: 3567: 3561:, p. 39; 3551: 3532: 3520: 3508: 3502:, p. 27; 3492: 3476: 3460: 3444: 3429: 3423:, p. 17; 3413: 3401: 3389: 3383:, p. 18; 3373: 3358: 3346: 3344:, pp. 8–9 3334: 3318: 3306: 3300:, p. 17; 3296:, p. 15; 3286: 3271: 3265:, p. 11; 3255: 3239: 3227: 3221:, p. 15; 3211: 3196: 3190:, p. 16; 3180: 3164: 3162:, pp. 7–8 3152: 3136: 3120: 3104: 3098:, p. 10; 3088: 3076: 3065: 3053: 3038: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2984: 2975: 2965: 2955: 2946: 2936: 2927: 2918: 2908: 2898: 2888: 2878: 2869: 2860: 2851: 2833: 2823: 2813: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2761: 2760:Historiography 2758: 2691:Gilbert Parker 2651:Main article: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2630: 2627: 2520: 2517: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2284: 2275: 2266: 2257: 2248: 2238: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2208: 2199: 2190: 2181: 2171: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2151: 2150: 2141: 2132: 2130: 2121: 2111: 2110: 2109:Sub-Constable 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2091: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2006: 1997: 1988: 1979: 1970: 1961: 1952: 1942: 1941: 1940:Sub-inspector 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1900:officers' mess 1857: 1854: 1838:printing press 1759:Acheson Irvine 1748: 1747: 1738: 1737: 1729: 1728: 1720: 1719: 1711: 1710: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1647: 1644: 1624:Arthur Meighen 1587: 1584: 1546:Central Powers 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1481:and along the 1404:Main article: 1401: 1398: 1369:Nicholas Davin 1351: 1348: 1340:Victoria Cross 1283:Sudan campaign 1255: 1252: 1172:Main article: 1169: 1166: 1093: 1090: 1057:eastern Europe 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 958: 955: 862:Main article: 859: 856: 809: 806: 771:Acheson Irvine 747:Queen Victoria 685: 682: 680: 677: 603:Main article: 600: 597: 485: 482: 480: 477: 468:William Butler 448:Whisky-traders 393:arable farming 328: 325: 323: 320: 314:, to form the 251:John Macdonald 247:Prime Minister 178: 177: 175: 174: 169: 163: 161: 160:General nature 157: 156: 151: 150:Governing body 147: 146: 143: 139: 138: 129: 125: 124: 119: 113:Federal agency 109: 108: 104: 103: 98: 94: 93: 88: 84: 83: 80: 76: 75: 72: 68: 67: 63: 62: 53: 49: 48: 45: 41: 40: 30: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11256: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11181: 11179: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11140: 11138: 11134: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11099: 11097: 11093: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11068: 11066: 11060: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11025: 11023: 11019: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11001: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10945: 10943: 10939: 10932: 10928: 10925: 10922: 10919: 10916: 10913: 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10026: 10021: 10020: 10013: 10009: 10005: 10001: 9997: 9994:(2): 93–105. 9993: 9989: 9984: 9980: 9974: 9970: 9965: 9961: 9957: 9952: 9948: 9944: 9939: 9935: 9929: 9925: 9921: 9917: 9912: 9908: 9904: 9899: 9895: 9889: 9885: 9880: 9876: 9870: 9866: 9861: 9857: 9851: 9847: 9842: 9838: 9834: 9829: 9825: 9819: 9815: 9810: 9806: 9800: 9796: 9792: 9788: 9783: 9779: 9775: 9771: 9766: 9762: 9756: 9752: 9748: 9744: 9739: 9735: 9729: 9725: 9720: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9703: 9699: 9693: 9688: 9687: 9680: 9676: 9670: 9666: 9661: 9657: 9651: 9647: 9643: 9639: 9634: 9630: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9608: 9604: 9598: 9594: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9572: 9568: 9562: 9558: 9553: 9549: 9543: 9539: 9534: 9530: 9528:0-660-00567-0 9524: 9520: 9515: 9511: 9505: 9500: 9499: 9492: 9488: 9482: 9477: 9476: 9469: 9465: 9459: 9455: 9450: 9446: 9440: 9436: 9431: 9427: 9425:0-7748-0489-0 9421: 9417: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9399: 9393: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9376: 9372: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9349: 9345: 9343:0-385-65844-3 9339: 9335: 9330: 9326: 9320: 9316: 9312: 9311: 9305: 9301: 9295: 9291: 9286: 9282: 9276: 9271: 9270: 9263: 9259: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9236: 9232: 9226: 9222: 9218: 9217: 9211: 9207: 9201: 9197: 9192: 9188: 9182: 9178: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9149: 9144: 9143: 9132:, p. 325 9131: 9127: 9122: 9116:, p. 352 9115: 9111: 9108:, p. x; 9107: 9102: 9100: 9092: 9087: 9080: 9076: 9071: 9064: 9059: 9052: 9047: 9041:, p. 352 9040: 9036: 9031: 9025:, p. 356 9024: 9020: 9016: 9011: 9005:, p. 325 9004: 9001:, p. 4; 9000: 8995: 8989:, p. 201 8988: 8983: 8977:, p. 355 8976: 8972: 8968: 8967:Graybill 2007 8963: 8956: 8952: 8951:Graybill 2007 8947: 8940: 8939:Graybill 2007 8935: 8929:, p. 166 8928: 8927:Harrison 1974 8925:, p. 8; 8924: 8921:, p. 5; 8920: 8919:Harrison 2004 8915: 8909:, p. 118 8908: 8904: 8903:Harrison 1974 8900: 8896: 8892: 8887: 8881:, p. 164 8880: 8879:Harrison 1974 8876: 8875:Harrison 2004 8871: 8864: 8863:Graybill 2007 8859: 8852: 8848: 8847:Graybill 2007 8843: 8836: 8835:Harrison 2004 8831: 8824: 8819: 8812: 8807: 8800: 8796: 8795:Harrison 2004 8791: 8784: 8779: 8772: 8769:, p. 1; 8768: 8767:Harrison 2004 8764: 8763:Graybill 2007 8759: 8753:, p. 163 8752: 8751:Harrison 1974 8747: 8740: 8735: 8729:, p. 354 8728: 8724: 8719: 8712: 8711:Graybill 2007 8707: 8700: 8695: 8688: 8687:Graybill 2007 8683: 8676: 8671: 8664: 8663:Morrison 1985 8660: 8655: 8648: 8643: 8636: 8631: 8629: 8627: 8620:, p. 122 8619: 8618:Morrison 1985 8614: 8608:, p. 144 8607: 8606:Chambers 1906 8602: 8596:, p. 144 8595: 8594:Chambers 1906 8591: 8586: 8580:, p. 214 8579: 8574: 8572: 8565:, p. 208 8564: 8559: 8552: 8547: 8545: 8538:, p. 360 8537: 8532: 8526:, p. 122 8525: 8524:Morrison 1985 8521: 8516: 8514: 8506: 8502: 8497: 8491:, p. 283 8490: 8485: 8478: 8473: 8467:, p. 300 8466: 8461: 8455:, p. 298 8454: 8449: 8442: 8437: 8435: 8428:, p. 127 8427: 8422: 8416:, p. 231 8415: 8410: 8408: 8401:, p. 230 8400: 8395: 8393: 8385: 8380: 8373: 8369: 8364: 8358:, p. 229 8357: 8352: 8350: 8348: 8346: 8338: 8334: 8329: 8323:, p. 225 8322: 8317: 8310: 8306: 8301: 8294: 8289: 8282: 8277: 8275: 8268:, p. 224 8267: 8262: 8256:, p. 223 8255: 8250: 8248: 8240: 8227: 8223: 8217: 8202: 8201:RCI | English 8198: 8191: 8176: 8172: 8166: 8159: 8154: 8152: 8145:, p. 133 8144: 8143:Morrison 1985 8139: 8133:, p. 221 8132: 8127: 8121:, p. 220 8120: 8115: 8108: 8104: 8099: 8093:, p. 127 8092: 8088: 8083: 8077:, p. 219 8076: 8071: 8069: 8062:, p. 213 8061: 8056: 8050:, p. 217 8049: 8044: 8037: 8032: 8025: 8020: 8014:, p. 126 8013: 8008: 8001: 7996: 7994: 7986: 7981: 7974: 7969: 7962: 7958: 7955:, p. 9; 7954: 7949: 7934: 7927: 7912: 7906: 7891: 7885: 7870: 7864: 7849: 7843: 7841: 7825: 7818: 7811: 7810:Morrison 1985 7806: 7799: 7794: 7787: 7782: 7780: 7772: 7767: 7760: 7755: 7748: 7743: 7737:, p. 296 7736: 7731: 7725:, p. 184 7724: 7719: 7713:, p. 142 7712: 7711:Chambers 1906 7708: 7704: 7699: 7693:, p. 182 7692: 7687: 7680: 7675: 7668: 7664: 7659: 7652: 7647: 7640: 7635: 7628: 7623: 7617:, p. 124 7616: 7612: 7607: 7601:, p. 165 7600: 7596: 7592: 7587: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7567: 7560: 7557:, p. 8; 7556: 7555:Goldring 1979 7551: 7544: 7539: 7524: 7518: 7511: 7506: 7499: 7495: 7490: 7488: 7480: 7475: 7468: 7463: 7456: 7451: 7445:, p. 193 7444: 7439: 7433:, p. 160 7432: 7427: 7420: 7415: 7408: 7405:, p. 3; 7404: 7403:Morrison 1985 7400: 7395: 7388: 7384: 7379: 7372: 7368: 7363: 7356: 7355:Morrison 1985 7351: 7344: 7339: 7332: 7327: 7320: 7319:Morrison 1985 7316: 7311: 7304: 7303:Morrison 1985 7300: 7296: 7291: 7284: 7279: 7277: 7269: 7265: 7260: 7254:, p. 302 7253: 7249: 7244: 7238:, p. 176 7237: 7232: 7225: 7224:Goldring 1979 7222:, p. 7; 7221: 7220:Morrison 1985 7216: 7209: 7208:Morrison 1985 7204: 7197: 7192: 7185: 7180: 7173: 7168: 7166: 7158: 7153: 7147:, p. 136 7146: 7141: 7134: 7129: 7122: 7118: 7113: 7107:, p. 323 7106: 7101: 7099: 7092:, p. 322 7091: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7075:, p. 339 7074: 7070: 7065: 7058: 7057:Bercuson 2009 7053: 7046: 7045:Bercuson 2009 7041: 7039: 7031: 7030:Bercuson 2009 7026: 7019: 7018:Bercuson 1990 7014: 7008:, p. 339 7007: 7003: 6998: 6991: 6986: 6980:, p. 138 6979: 6975: 6970: 6963: 6959: 6954: 6948:, p. 338 6947: 6943: 6939: 6934: 6928:, p. 338 6927: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6910: 6905: 6899:, p. 333 6898: 6894: 6890: 6885: 6879:, p. 110 6878: 6874: 6870: 6867:, p. 6; 6866: 6861: 6854: 6853:Bercuson 2009 6849: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6829: 6822: 6818: 6813: 6806: 6802: 6797: 6791:, p. 328 6790: 6786: 6781: 6775:, p. 165 6774: 6770: 6765: 6758: 6753: 6746: 6742: 6737: 6730: 6725: 6718: 6714: 6709: 6702: 6698: 6693: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6673: 6671: 6663: 6659: 6654: 6652: 6645:, p. 326 6644: 6639: 6637: 6629: 6628:Morrison 1985 6624: 6617: 6616:Morrison 1985 6612: 6610: 6602: 6601:Morrison 1985 6597: 6590: 6589:Morrison 1985 6585: 6578: 6577:Morrison 1985 6573: 6566: 6565:Morrison 1985 6561: 6554: 6553:Morrison 1985 6549: 6543:, p. 104 6542: 6541:Morrison 1985 6537: 6530: 6529:Morrison 1985 6525: 6518: 6517:Morrison 1985 6513: 6506: 6505:Morrison 1985 6501: 6494: 6493:Morrison 1985 6489: 6482: 6481:Morrison 1985 6477: 6471:, p. 168 6470: 6465: 6459:, p. 117 6458: 6453: 6451: 6444:, p. 167 6443: 6438: 6431: 6426: 6424: 6416: 6411: 6405:, p. 136 6404: 6400: 6395: 6388: 6383: 6376: 6371: 6369: 6361: 6356: 6354: 6346: 6341: 6334: 6330: 6325: 6310: 6304: 6299: 6292: 6288: 6287:Morrison 1985 6284: 6279: 6272: 6267: 6260: 6257:, p. 8; 6256: 6251: 6244: 6239: 6237: 6229: 6224: 6217: 6212: 6206:, p. 108 6205: 6200: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6168: 6164: 6159: 6152: 6151:McIntyre 1997 6147: 6141:, p. 360 6140: 6136: 6135:McIntyre 1997 6131: 6129: 6122:, p. 361 6121: 6117: 6112: 6106:, p. 361 6105: 6100: 6094:, p. 163 6093: 6088: 6082:, p. 107 6081: 6076: 6074: 6066: 6062: 6057: 6051:, p. 165 6050: 6045: 6043: 6036:, p. 159 6035: 6030: 6023: 6018: 6011: 6006: 6000:, p. 106 5999: 5994: 5987: 5982: 5980: 5972: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5955: 5954:Morrison 1974 5951: 5950:Morrison 1985 5947: 5943: 5940:, p. 8; 5939: 5934: 5928:, p. 137 5927: 5923: 5922:Morrison 1974 5919: 5918:Morrison 1985 5914: 5908:, p. 137 5907: 5903: 5902:Morrison 1985 5898: 5892:, p. 137 5891: 5886: 5879: 5878:Morrison 1974 5874: 5868:, p. 335 5867: 5863: 5858: 5851: 5850:Morrison 1985 5847: 5842: 5836:, p. 137 5835: 5831: 5830:Morrison 1974 5826: 5820:, p. 125 5819: 5815: 5810: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5794:Morrison 1974 5790: 5783: 5782:Morrison 1974 5779: 5775: 5774:Morrison 1985 5772:, p. 7; 5771: 5766: 5760:, p. 396 5759: 5754: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5734: 5728:, p. 125 5727: 5723: 5719: 5714: 5708:, p. 114 5707: 5702: 5695: 5694:Morrison 1974 5691: 5690:Morrison 1985 5687: 5682: 5676:, p. 257 5675: 5671: 5666: 5659: 5654: 5647: 5646:Morrison 1985 5643: 5638: 5631: 5630:Morrison 1985 5626: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5606:Graybill 2007 5602: 5595: 5590: 5583: 5579: 5578:Graybill 2007 5574: 5567: 5562: 5556:, p. 160 5555: 5551: 5550:Graybill 2007 5546: 5539: 5535: 5534:Graybill 2007 5530: 5528: 5526: 5518: 5514: 5513:Graybill 2007 5509: 5503:, p. 158 5502: 5498: 5497:Graybill 2007 5493: 5487:, p. 157 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5473:Graybill 2007 5469: 5467: 5459: 5458:Graybill 2007 5454: 5448:, p. 141 5447: 5443: 5442:Graybill 2007 5438: 5432:, p. 157 5431: 5427: 5423: 5422:Graybill 2007 5418: 5412:, p. 157 5411: 5407: 5402: 5395: 5394:Graybill 2007 5390: 5384:, p. 158 5383: 5378: 5371: 5366: 5359: 5354: 5347: 5342: 5335: 5330: 5323: 5319: 5314: 5307: 5303: 5298: 5291: 5286: 5279: 5275: 5274:Morrison 1985 5271: 5266: 5259: 5254: 5248:, p. 353 5247: 5243: 5242:Graybill 2007 5238: 5232:, p. 353 5231: 5226: 5219: 5215: 5214:Graybill 2007 5210: 5203: 5198: 5191: 5186: 5180:, p. 184 5179: 5174: 5168:, p. 183 5167: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5151:, p. 178 5150: 5145: 5143: 5136:, p. 177 5135: 5130: 5124:, p. 175 5123: 5118: 5112:, p. 176 5111: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5094: 5089: 5083:, p. 174 5082: 5077: 5070: 5065: 5058: 5053: 5046: 5041: 5034: 5030: 5025: 5018: 5013: 5007:, p. 136 5006: 5001: 4995:, p. 133 4994: 4989: 4982: 4977: 4971:, p. 132 4970: 4965: 4959:, p. 107 4958: 4957:Chambers 1906 4953: 4946: 4941: 4934: 4929: 4922: 4918: 4913: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4886: 4881: 4879: 4871: 4866: 4859: 4854: 4847: 4843: 4842:Graybill 2007 4838: 4832:, p. 132 4831: 4830:Morrison 1985 4826: 4819: 4815: 4810: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4778:Graybill 2007 4774: 4767: 4766:Graybill 2007 4762: 4755: 4751: 4750:Graybill 2007 4746: 4740:, p. 115 4739: 4738:Graybill 2007 4734: 4727: 4722: 4720: 4713:, p. 117 4712: 4708: 4707:Graybill 2007 4703: 4696: 4695:Graybill 2007 4691: 4685:, p. 116 4684: 4679: 4672: 4668: 4663: 4656: 4651: 4645:, p. 144 4644: 4640: 4635: 4628: 4623: 4617:, p. 105 4616: 4613:, p. 8; 4612: 4611:Morrison 1985 4607: 4600: 4599:Morrison 1985 4595: 4588: 4583: 4576: 4571: 4564: 4561:, p. 8; 4560: 4559:Morrison 1985 4555: 4548: 4543: 4536: 4531: 4524: 4519: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4497:, p. 238 4496: 4491: 4485:, p. 241 4484: 4479: 4473:, p. 104 4472: 4467: 4461:, p. 233 4460: 4455: 4449:, p. 232 4448: 4444: 4439: 4432: 4428: 4423: 4417:, p. 222 4416: 4412: 4407: 4400: 4395: 4388: 4383: 4376: 4371: 4365:, p. 215 4364: 4360: 4355: 4349:, p. 214 4348: 4344: 4339: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4317:, p. 215 4316: 4312: 4307: 4300: 4295: 4289:, p. 166 4288: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4272:, p. 185 4271: 4266: 4259: 4255: 4254:Graybill 2007 4250: 4243: 4238: 4232:, p. 184 4231: 4226: 4220:, p. 183 4219: 4214: 4207: 4203: 4198: 4191: 4186: 4179: 4174: 4167: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4150: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4129: 4124: 4117: 4113: 4112:Mayfield 1998 4109: 4105: 4104:Graybill 2007 4100: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4085:Graybill 2007 4081: 4075:, p. 154 4074: 4069: 4062: 4057: 4055: 4047: 4042: 4035: 4030: 4023: 4018: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3995: 3990: 3988: 3980: 3979:Mayfield 1998 3975: 3968: 3967:Mayfield 1998 3963: 3956: 3955:Mayfield 1998 3951: 3944: 3943:Mayfield 1998 3939: 3933:, p. 242 3932: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3915: 3914:Jennings 1974 3911: 3908:, p. 3; 3907: 3903: 3902:Graybill 2007 3898: 3891: 3890:Jennings 1974 3887: 3883: 3879: 3878:Graybill 2007 3874: 3867: 3863: 3862:Jennings 1974 3859: 3854: 3847: 3842: 3836:, p. 352 3835: 3831: 3830:Graybill 2007 3826: 3819: 3814: 3808:, p. 100 3807: 3802: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3779: 3775: 3774:Mayfield 1998 3770: 3763: 3758: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3715: 3710: 3703: 3698: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3659: 3654: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3576: 3571: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3537: 3529: 3524: 3517: 3512: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3441: 3436: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3410: 3405: 3398: 3393: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3370: 3365: 3363: 3355: 3350: 3343: 3338: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3315: 3310: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3283: 3278: 3276: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3236: 3231: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3208: 3203: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3161: 3156: 3149: 3148:Morrison 1985 3146:, p. 8; 3145: 3144:Graybill 2007 3140: 3133: 3130:, p. 9; 3129: 3128:Graybill 2007 3124: 3117: 3114:, p. 9; 3113: 3112:Graybill 2007 3108: 3101: 3097: 3096:Graybill 2007 3092: 3085: 3084:Graybill 2007 3080: 3074: 3069: 3062: 3057: 3051:, p. 238 3050: 3045: 3043: 3027: 3023: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3004: 2988: 2979: 2969: 2959: 2950: 2940: 2931: 2922: 2912: 2902: 2892: 2882: 2873: 2864: 2855: 2848: 2847:Timothy Breen 2843: 2837: 2827: 2817: 2809: 2802: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2757: 2755: 2754: 2749: 2748: 2743: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2732: 2727: 2726: 2720: 2718: 2712: 2710: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2695:James Curwood 2692: 2688: 2683: 2681: 2673: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2647:Popular media 2639: 2637: 2626: 2624: 2623:motor vessels 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2581:Lake Winnipeg 2578: 2573: 2570: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2538:riding school 2530: 2529:riding school 2525: 2516: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2431:breechloaders 2428: 2424: 2417: 2412: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2373: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2328:buffalo coats 2325: 2321: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2301: 2296: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2112: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2085: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2031: 2026: 2018: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1922:Commissioner 1921: 1917: 1911: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1867: 1862: 1853: 1851: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1809: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1755:James Macleod 1752: 1751:George French 1742: 1733: 1724: 1715: 1706: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1657: 1652: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1631: 1629: 1626:, the acting 1625: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1612:Charles Cahan 1609: 1608:Robert Borden 1605: 1596: 1592: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1572:Western Front 1569: 1564: 1560: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1541: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1494: 1492: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1433:were sent to 1432: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1397: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1383: 1377: 1375: 1370: 1361: 1356: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1300:Edward Hutton 1297: 1292: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1251: 1248: 1243: 1242:paternalistic 1239: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1194: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1165: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1089: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1047: 1042: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1019:Regina Leader 1013: 1010: 1004: 1002: 998: 993: 992:vagrancy laws 987: 983: 981: 975: 972: 963: 954: 952: 946: 943: 939: 934: 929: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 902:Prince Albert 899: 894: 891: 887: 883: 880:In 1885, the 875: 870: 865: 855: 851: 849: 845: 840: 838: 834: 826: 822: 818: 814: 805: 803: 798: 796: 792: 784: 779: 775: 772: 767: 762: 760: 756: 752: 748: 742: 739: 735: 730: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 702: 698: 695: 690: 676: 673: 668: 667:James Macleod 663: 660: 656: 651: 646: 644: 640: 636: 632: 626: 624: 620: 619:George French 611: 606: 596: 594: 593:Fort Dufferin 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 556: 554: 550: 549:Fort Whoop-Up 546: 542: 538: 537:Privy Council 534: 530: 525: 523: 519: 515: 511: 506: 499: 495: 494:Fort Dufferin 490: 476: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 452: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 420: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 397:First Nations 394: 390: 386: 381: 378: 374: 370: 369:Rupert's Land 366: 365:New Brunswick 362: 358: 354: 353:confederation 350: 346: 338: 333: 319: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 275: 273: 269: 265: 260: 257: 252: 248: 243: 241: 240:First Nations 237: 233: 232:United States 230:and fears of 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 212:Rupert's Land 209: 205: 201: 193: 192:James Macleod 189: 184: 173: 170: 168: 165: 164: 162: 158: 155: 152: 148: 144: 140: 137: 133: 130: 126: 123: 120: 114: 110: 105: 102: 99: 95: 92: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 64: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 35: 29: 25: 23: 11086:Police board 10982: 10209: 10186: 10165: 10154: 10150: 10136:(3): 69–80. 10133: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10104: 10085: 10066: 10043: 10018: 9991: 9987: 9968: 9959: 9955: 9946: 9942: 9919: 9906: 9902: 9883: 9864: 9845: 9836: 9832: 9813: 9790: 9769: 9746: 9723: 9706: 9685: 9664: 9641: 9628: 9611: 9592: 9575: 9556: 9537: 9518: 9497: 9474: 9453: 9434: 9415: 9397: 9379: 9356: 9333: 9309: 9289: 9268: 9243: 9215: 9195: 9176: 9151: 9147: 9139:Bibliography 9121: 9086: 9081:, p. 14 9079:Horrall 1974 9070: 9058: 9046: 9030: 9010: 8994: 8987:Macleod 1976 8982: 8962: 8957:, p. 49 8946: 8941:, p. 17 8934: 8923:Marsden 1993 8914: 8907:Horrall 1973 8886: 8870: 8858: 8853:, p. 37 8842: 8830: 8818: 8813:, p. 42 8806: 8790: 8778: 8773:, p. 35 8758: 8746: 8734: 8718: 8706: 8694: 8689:, p. 16 8682: 8670: 8654: 8642: 8637:, p. 24 8613: 8601: 8590:Horrall 1973 8585: 8578:Horrall 1973 8563:Horrall 1973 8558: 8551:Horrall 1973 8531: 8507:, p. 24 8496: 8484: 8472: 8460: 8448: 8421: 8379: 8374:, p. 33 8363: 8339:, p. 24 8328: 8316: 8311:, p. 24 8300: 8288: 8261: 8241:, p. 85 8230:, retrieved 8226:the original 8216: 8204:. Retrieved 8200: 8190: 8178:. Retrieved 8174: 8165: 8160:, p. 44 8138: 8126: 8114: 8109:, p. 43 8098: 8082: 8055: 8043: 8038:, p. 34 8031: 8019: 8007: 7987:, p. 28 7980: 7968: 7963:, p. 28 7948: 7936:. Retrieved 7926: 7914:. Retrieved 7905: 7893:. Retrieved 7884: 7872:. Retrieved 7863: 7851:. Retrieved 7827:. Retrieved 7817: 7805: 7793: 7773:, p. 84 7771:Horrall 1973 7766: 7754: 7742: 7730: 7718: 7707:Horrall 1973 7698: 7686: 7674: 7669:, p. 23 7667:Horrall 1973 7658: 7646: 7634: 7622: 7606: 7599:Horrall 1973 7591:Marquis 2005 7586: 7579:Macleod 1976 7571:Marquis 2005 7566: 7550: 7545:, p. 42 7538: 7526:. Retrieved 7517: 7505: 7500:, p. 50 7474: 7462: 7450: 7443:Marquis 2005 7438: 7426: 7414: 7409:, p. 76 7407:Macleod 1976 7394: 7387:Macleod 1976 7378: 7373:, p. 73 7371:Macleod 1976 7362: 7350: 7338: 7326: 7310: 7290: 7285:, p. 95 7270:, p. 49 7268:Macleod 1976 7259: 7248:Macleod 1976 7243: 7231: 7226:, p. 16 7215: 7203: 7191: 7179: 7174:, p. 10 7152: 7140: 7128: 7123:, p. 23 7121:Horrall 1973 7112: 7105:Horrall 1998 7090:Horrall 1998 7069:Horrall 1998 7064: 7052: 7047:, p. 26 7025: 7013: 7002:Horrall 1998 6997: 6990:Horrall 1998 6985: 6969: 6958:Horrall 1998 6953: 6942:Horrall 1998 6933: 6904: 6893:Horrall 1998 6884: 6869:Horrall 1998 6860: 6848: 6837:Horrall 1998 6828: 6817:Horrall 1998 6812: 6807:, p. 91 6805:Horrall 1973 6796: 6785:Horrall 1998 6780: 6773:Horrall 1973 6764: 6759:, p. 29 6752: 6747:, p. 10 6736: 6724: 6713:Horrall 1998 6708: 6701:Horrall 1973 6692: 6681:Horrall 1998 6623: 6596: 6584: 6572: 6560: 6548: 6536: 6524: 6512: 6500: 6488: 6483:, p. 72 6476: 6469:Horrall 1973 6464: 6457:Horrall 1973 6442:Horrall 1973 6437: 6430:Macleod 1976 6415:Macleod 1976 6410: 6399:Macleod 1976 6394: 6387:Macleod 1976 6382: 6377:, p. 61 6375:Macleod 1976 6360:Macleod 1976 6345:Macleod 1976 6340: 6335:, p. 46 6333:Macleod 1976 6324: 6313:, retrieved 6298: 6293:, p. 55 6291:Macleod 1976 6278: 6271:Macleod 1976 6266: 6261:, p. 54 6259:Macleod 1976 6250: 6245:, p. 53 6243:Macleod 1976 6223: 6218:, p. 55 6216:Macleod 1976 6211: 6204:Macleod 1976 6199: 6190:December 29, 6188:, retrieved 6174: 6169:, p. 16 6158: 6153:, p. 85 6146: 6116:Macleod 1976 6111: 6099: 6087: 6080:Macleod 1976 6061:Macleod 1976 6056: 6029: 6024:, p. 99 6017: 6010:Macleod 1976 6005: 5998:Macleod 1976 5993: 5986:Macleod 1976 5973:, p. 45 5971:Marquis 1993 5933: 5913: 5897: 5885: 5880:, p. 96 5873: 5857: 5852:, p. 63 5841: 5825: 5814:Porsild 1998 5809: 5804:, p. 72 5802:Winslow 1952 5789: 5784:, p. 95 5778:Macleod 1976 5765: 5753: 5742:Porsild 1998 5733: 5722:Porsild 1998 5713: 5701: 5696:, p. 94 5681: 5665: 5653: 5637: 5632:, p. 11 5625: 5618:Macleod 1976 5601: 5589: 5573: 5566:Macleod 1976 5561: 5554:Macleod 1976 5545: 5508: 5501:Macleod 1976 5492: 5485:Macleod 1976 5453: 5437: 5430:Macleod 1976 5417: 5410:Macleod 1976 5401: 5389: 5382:Macleod 1976 5377: 5370:Macleod 1976 5365: 5353: 5341: 5329: 5322:Macleod 1976 5313: 5306:Macleod 1976 5297: 5292:, p. 65 5290:Macleod 1976 5285: 5280:, p. 65 5278:Macleod 1976 5265: 5253: 5237: 5225: 5209: 5197: 5190:Horrall 1998 5185: 5178:Horrall 1998 5173: 5166:Horrall 1998 5149:Horrall 1998 5134:Horrall 1998 5129: 5122:Horrall 1998 5117: 5110:Horrall 1998 5093:Horrall 1998 5088: 5081:Horrall 1998 5076: 5069:Horrall 1998 5064: 5057:Macleod 1976 5052: 5045:Macleod 1976 5040: 5033:Macleod 1976 5024: 5017:Macleod 1976 5012: 5005:Macleod 1976 5000: 4993:Macleod 1976 4988: 4981:Macleod 1976 4976: 4969:Macleod 1976 4964: 4952: 4947:, p. 69 4940: 4928: 4912: 4907:, p. 46 4905:Macleod 1976 4892: 4887:, p. 46 4885:Macleod 1976 4865: 4858:Macleod 1976 4853: 4837: 4825: 4818:Macleod 1976 4809: 4802:Macleod 1976 4793: 4773: 4761: 4745: 4733: 4702: 4690: 4678: 4673:, p. 77 4671:Horrall 1973 4667:Macleod 1976 4662: 4650: 4643:Macleod 1976 4634: 4629:, p. 85 4627:Horrall 1973 4622: 4615:Macleod 1976 4606: 4594: 4582: 4570: 4554: 4542: 4535:Macleod 1976 4530: 4518: 4507:Macleod 1976 4502: 4490: 4483:Macleod 1976 4478: 4471:Macleod 1976 4466: 4454: 4443:Macleod 1976 4438: 4427:Macleod 1976 4422: 4411:Macleod 1976 4406: 4394: 4382: 4370: 4359:Macleod 1976 4354: 4343:Macleod 1976 4338: 4327:Macleod 1976 4322: 4311:Macleod 1976 4306: 4294: 4265: 4249: 4237: 4225: 4213: 4206:Horrall 1973 4197: 4185: 4180:, p. 26 4173: 4151:, p. 68 4123: 4118:, p. 27 4116:Macleod 1976 4091:, p. 27 4089:Macleod 1976 4080: 4068: 4041: 4029: 4017: 4001: 3996:, p. 57 3974: 3969:, p. 35 3962: 3957:, p. 32 3950: 3938: 3897: 3892:, p. 64 3882:Macleod 1976 3873: 3868:, p. 21 3858:Macleod 1976 3853: 3848:, p. 27 3846:Macleod 1976 3841: 3825: 3813: 3801: 3790:Macleod 1976 3785: 3780:, p. 24 3778:Macleod 1976 3769: 3764:, p. 25 3762:Macleod 1976 3757: 3750:Horrall 1974 3746:Macleod 1976 3741: 3736:, p. 60 3730:Macleod 1976 3726:Francis 1997 3721: 3714:Horrall 1974 3709: 3697: 3692:, p. 60 3681: 3676:, p. 60 3670:Horrall 1974 3665: 3660:, p. 24 3658:Horrall 1974 3639:Horrall 1974 3634: 3623:Horrall 1974 3618: 3613:, p. 73 3607:Stanley 1974 3603:Horrall 1974 3598: 3593:, p. 73 3587:Stanley 1974 3582: 3570: 3559:Stanley 1974 3554: 3549:, p. 63 3543:Stanley 1974 3530:, p. 30 3528:Stanley 1974 3523: 3518:, p. 61 3511: 3506:, p. 61 3500:Stanley 1974 3495: 3490:, p. 60 3484:Horrall 1974 3479: 3474:, p. 34 3472:Stanley 1974 3468:Horrall 1974 3463: 3456:Horrall 1973 3452:Horrall 1974 3447: 3442:, p. 20 3440:Horrall 1974 3425:Horrall 1974 3421:Macleod 1976 3416: 3411:, p. 19 3409:Horrall 1974 3404: 3397:Horrall 1974 3392: 3387:, p. 21 3385:Horrall 1973 3381:Horrall 1974 3376: 3371:, p. 18 3369:Horrall 1974 3354:Horrall 1974 3349: 3342:Macleod 1976 3337: 3330:Horrall 1974 3326:Macleod 1976 3321: 3316:, p. 17 3314:Horrall 1974 3309: 3304:, p. 21 3302:Horrall 1973 3298:Horrall 1974 3294:Macleod 1976 3289: 3282:Horrall 1974 3269:, p. 15 3267:Horrall 1974 3263:Macleod 1976 3258: 3253:, p. 15 3251:Horrall 1974 3247:Macleod 1976 3242: 3235:Horrall 1974 3230: 3225:, p. 15 3219:Horrall 1974 3214: 3209:, p. 15 3188:Horrall 1974 3183: 3172:Macleod 1976 3167: 3160:Macleod 1976 3155: 3150:, p. 10 3139: 3123: 3107: 3091: 3079: 3068: 3056: 3030:, retrieved 3026:the original 2987: 2978: 2968: 2958: 2949: 2939: 2930: 2921: 2911: 2901: 2891: 2881: 2872: 2863: 2854: 2836: 2826: 2816: 2801: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2774:Sitting Bull 2751: 2745: 2739: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2721: 2713: 2706: 2702: 2699:Ralph Connor 2686: 2684: 2680:Musical Ride 2676: 2669: 2632: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2595: 2587: 2576: 2574: 2566: 2555: 2534: 2501: 2489: 2462: 2447:black powder 2420: 2395:Clan MacLeod 2390: 2386: 2376: 2369: 2341: 2320:13th Hussars 2317: 2305: 2154:1880s–1890s 2090:Other ranks 2082: 2054: 2038: 2034: 2027: 2023: 1908: 1896: 1871: 1866:Fort Macleod 1846: 1822: 1810: 1773: 1684: 1680: 1660: 1646:Amalgamation 1632: 1620: 1600: 1555: 1542: 1521: 1487: 1471:York Factory 1459: 1454: 1428: 1393:Saskatchewan 1390: 1386: 1378: 1365: 1323:Samuel Steel 1308: 1293: 1287: 1272: 1226: 1210: 1198: 1189: 1162: 1158:picket lines 1138: 1121:trade unions 1110: 1100:The town of 1073: 1061: 1050: 1046:Stetson hats 1025: 1017: 1014: 1005: 988: 984: 976: 968: 947: 930: 906:Leif Crozier 895: 879: 852: 841: 830: 817:Donald Smith 799: 788: 766:Sitting Bull 763: 743: 731: 706: 701:Fort Calgary 697:First Nation 672:Fort Macleod 664: 647: 643:Henri Julien 627: 616: 560:Conservative 558:Macdonald's 557: 526: 504: 502: 498:Henri Julien 453: 421: 385:Great Plains 382: 342: 294: 276: 272:Canadian law 261: 244: 203: 199: 197: 74:May 23, 1873 44:Abbreviation 28: 21: 11064:commissions 11062:Boards and 10849:Specialized 10392:enforcement 9962:(1): 84–91. 9949:(2): 72–81. 9839:(1): 31–42. 9154:(4): 1–24. 9130:Kealey 1998 9126:Hewitt 1998 9114:Hewitt 1998 9110:Dawson 1998 9106:Baker 1998a 9091:Dawson 1998 9075:Baker 1998a 9063:Dawson 1998 9051:Hewitt 1998 9039:Hewitt 1998 9035:Baker 1998a 9023:Hewitt 1998 9019:Dawson 1998 9015:Baker 1998a 9003:Kealey 1998 8999:Hewitt 2002 8975:Hewitt 1998 8971:Dawson 1998 8955:Dawson 1998 8895:Hewitt 1998 8891:Dawson 1998 8851:Dawson 1998 8837:, p. 2 8811:Dawson 1998 8799:Dawson 1998 8783:Dawson 1998 8771:Dawson 1998 8727:Hewitt 1998 8723:Dawson 1998 8699:Dawson 1998 8665:, p. 4 8536:Hewitt 1998 8206:November 3, 8180:November 3, 7985:Haydon 1926 7975:, p. 9 7973:Morton 1998 7961:Haydon 1926 7953:Morton 1998 7938:January 25, 7916:January 25, 7895:January 25, 7874:January 25, 7853:January 25, 7829:January 25, 7822:J.J.Healy. 7703:Hewitt 1997 7595:Hewitt 1997 7528:January 25, 7321:, p. 7 7315:Hewitt 1997 7305:, p. 7 7299:Hewitt 1997 7210:, p. 7 7159:, p. 9 7073:Kealey 1998 7006:Kealey 1998 6978:Hewitt 1997 6974:Kealey 1998 6962:Kealey 1998 6946:Kealey 1998 6938:Hewitt 2002 6926:Kealey 1998 6909:Kealey 1998 6897:Kealey 1998 6889:Hewitt 2002 6877:Hewitt 1997 6873:Kealey 1998 6865:Hewitt 2002 6841:Kealey 1998 6833:Hewitt 2002 6821:Kealey 1998 6801:Kealey 1998 6789:Kealey 1998 6769:Hewitt 1998 6757:Wilson 2016 6741:Wilson 2016 6729:Wilson 2016 6717:Hewitt 1997 6697:Hewitt 1998 6685:Kealey 1998 6677:Hewitt 2002 6662:Kealey 1998 6658:Hewitt 2002 6643:Kealey 1998 6092:Miller 1993 6049:Miller 1993 6034:Miller 1993 5942:Berton 2001 5926:Zaslow 1971 5906:Zaslow 1971 5890:Zaslow 1971 5862:Berton 2001 5846:Berton 2001 5834:Zaslow 1971 5798:Zaslow 1971 5758:Berton 2001 5746:Coates 1994 5738:Berton 2001 5718:Berton 2001 5674:Wright 1976 5614:Hewitt 1997 5610:Baker 1998b 5594:Hewitt 1997 5582:Baker 1998b 5538:Baker 1998b 5517:Baker 1998b 5477:Baker 1998b 5446:Baker 1998b 5426:Baker 1998b 5246:Hewitt 1998 5230:Hewitt 1998 5218:Hewitt 1998 5202:Hewitt 1998 4921:Hubner 1998 4901:Hubner 1998 4846:Hubner 1998 4601:, p. 8 4549:, p. 6 4178:Zaslow 1971 4166:Hubner 1998 4149:Hubner 1998 4128:Hubner 1998 4108:Hubner 1998 4006:Hubner 1998 3994:Hubner 1998 3906:Morton 1998 3834:Hewitt 1998 3702:Haydon 1926 3686:Baker 1998a 3223:Zaslow 1971 3207:Zaslow 1971 3194:, p. 2 3192:Zaslow 1971 3176:Zaslow 1971 3134:, p. 1 3132:Zaslow 1971 3118:, p. 2 3116:Zaslow 1971 3102:, p. 1 3100:Zaslow 1971 2842:Anglo-Irish 2770:James Walsh 2616:Lady Borden 2558:pack ponies 2454:Lee–Enfield 2443:Lee–Metford 2383:Tudor crown 2074:Lost Patrol 2012:Other ranks 1516:Shorncliffe 1475:Port Nelson 1416:Dawson City 1327:Stetson hat 1265:during the 1233:Dawson City 1193:Yukon River 802:pass system 529:Assiniboine 361:Nova Scotia 47:NWMP, RNWMP 11178:Categories 10353:Provincial 10221:0771090803 10198:0888260628 10157:(1): 1–36. 10057:0889771030 9933:0889771030 9909:(1): 1–14. 9855:0802053335 9823:1894384709 9804:0889771030 9760:0889771030 9733:0889771030 9674:0802041493 9655:0889771030 9602:0888640544 9486:1551520435 9370:0889771030 9299:0773507949 9280:1894022084 9257:0889771030 9230:0889771030 8426:Atkin 1973 8239:Atkin 1973 8091:Atkin 1973 8012:Atkin 1973 7747:Atkin 1973 7663:Atkin 1973 7615:Atkin 1973 7559:Atkin 1973 7543:Atkin 1973 7498:Atkin 1973 7145:Atkin 1973 7133:Atkin 1973 7117:Atkin 1973 6403:Breen 1974 6179:Atkin 1973 6163:McCoy 2000 6139:Atkin 1973 6120:Atkin 1973 6104:Atkin 1973 6065:Atkin 1973 5938:Allen 2007 5866:Atkin 1973 5770:Allen 2007 5706:Gates 1997 5686:Gates 1997 5670:Gates 1997 5658:Gates 1997 5642:Gates 1997 5358:Betke 1998 5346:Betke 1998 5302:Betke 1998 4897:Betke 1998 4814:Betke 1998 4798:Betke 1998 4786:Breen 1974 4782:Betke 1998 4754:Breen 1974 4726:Breen 1974 4711:Breen 1974 4683:Breen 1974 4587:Atkin 1973 4575:Atkin 1973 4563:Atkin 1973 4523:Atkin 1973 4511:Atkin 1973 4495:Atkin 1973 4459:Atkin 1973 4447:Atkin 1973 4431:Atkin 1973 4415:Atkin 1973 4399:Atkin 1973 4387:Atkin 1973 4375:Atkin 1973 4363:Atkin 1973 4347:Atkin 1973 4331:Atkin 1973 4315:Atkin 1973 4299:Atkin 1973 4287:Atkin 1973 4270:Atkin 1973 4258:Atkin 1973 4242:Atkin 1973 4230:Atkin 1973 4218:Atkin 1973 4202:Atkin 1973 4190:Atkin 1973 4073:Atkin 1973 4061:Atkin 1973 4046:Atkin 1973 4034:Atkin 1973 4022:Atkin 1973 4010:Atkin 1973 3910:Breen 1974 3886:Breen 1974 3866:Atkin 1973 3818:Atkin 1973 3806:Atkin 1973 3794:Atkin 1973 3734:Atkin 1973 3690:Atkin 1973 3674:Atkin 1973 3643:Atkin 1973 3627:Atkin 1973 3611:Atkin 1973 3591:Atkin 1973 3575:Atkin 1973 3563:Atkin 1973 3547:Atkin 1973 3516:Atkin 1973 3504:Atkin 1973 3488:Atkin 1973 3000:References 2747:Rose Marie 2666:Yukon King 2636:cartridges 2598:, a small 2569:McLaughlin 2416:Fort Walsh 2312:forage cap 2236:Constable 2169:Constable 2106:Constable 2061:mosquitoes 1937:Inspector 1919:1870–1900 1904:Freemasons 1878:veterinary 1830:telephones 1780:constables 1776:inspectors 1479:Baker Lake 1222:Maxim guns 1141:Lethbridge 1102:Lethbridge 980:quarantine 918:Poundmaker 886:Louis Riel 825:Sam Steele 755:gratuities 714:Swan River 605:March West 599:March West 576:Washington 472:magistrate 389:the Shield 377:government 327:Background 291:Edward VII 268:March West 194:sat centre 188:Fort Walsh 10897:oversight 10465:municipal 10461:Regional 10390:Other law 10176:465425340 10113:635848375 10008:159897122 9778:635848375 9715:635848375 9584:635848375 9407:679780396 9388:635848375 9168:154301382 8823:Kuhn 2003 7523:"Uniform" 3931:Gywn 2012 3061:Gywn 2012 3049:Gywn 2012 2973:uniforms. 2753:Due South 2736:Challenge 2629:Suppliers 2620:Chakawana 2585:steamboat 2458:small arm 2401:Equipment 2365:red serge 2324:moccasins 2300:red serge 2233:Corporal 2230:Sergeant 2166:Corporal 2163:Sergeant 2049:oil lamps 2045:sod roofs 1826:telegraph 1793:corporals 1789:sergeants 1695:Structure 1676:revolvers 1604:Bolshevik 1491:dog sleds 1344:the Crown 1273:When the 1199:In 1896, 910:Duck Lake 823:in 1885; 759:annuities 694:Blackfoot 484:Formation 347:into the 304:Bolshevik 79:Dissolved 11021:Staffing 9620:25798772 2811:in 1915. 2604:Rouville 2592:launches 2577:Keewatin 2543:saddlery 2425:and the 2406:Weaponry 2349:oilskins 2069:bed bugs 1602:the new 1561:and the 1462:steamers 1451:schooner 1362:, c.1905 1238:coroners 1229:boomtown 1205:Klondike 1129:lockouts 1001:trackers 922:Big Bear 751:Treaty 7 738:reserves 710:Crowfoot 650:prairies 510:Winnipeg 436:smallpox 413:Manitoba 283:Klondike 11136:Museums 10941:Defunct 10895:Police 10287:Federal 9795:325–350 9646:351–362 9361:209–230 9248:137–172 9221:vii–xvi 8232:June 9, 6315:June 1, 3032:June 9, 2776:in 1877 2717:Western 2608:Victory 2600:steamer 2596:Redwing 2588:Vidette 2357:Stetson 2332:dragoon 2043:, with 1892:Ontario 1874:medical 1805:captain 1797:colonel 1668:lorries 1576:Siberia 1559:Alberta 1550:Calgary 1455:Neptune 1443:whaling 1203:in the 1133:strikes 898:Batoche 734:ranches 726:Calgary 720:, with 635:mortars 568:Liberal 444:Piegans 424:Alberta 339:in 1870 322:History 281:in the 264:Alberta 10218: 10195: 10174: 10111: 10092: 10073: 10054: 10027: 10006: 9975: 9930: 9890: 9871: 9852: 9820: 9801: 9776: 9757: 9730: 9713: 9694: 9671: 9652: 9618: 9599: 9582: 9563: 9544: 9525: 9506: 9483: 9460: 9441: 9422: 9405: 9386: 9367: 9340: 9321: 9296: 9277: 9254: 9227: 9202: 9183: 9166: 2612:Duncan 2492:lances 2475:; the 2372:parkas 2221:1900s 2095:1870s 2057:lumber 1360:Regina 1313:, the 1269:, 1900 1186:, 1898 997:scouts 837:Regina 718:Ellice 703:, 1878 543:, the 357:Canada 345:Canada 337:Canada 222:, the 136:Canada 122:Canada 71:Formed 24:(film) 11095:Lists 10004:S2CID 9924:17–40 9751:53–70 9164:S2CID 2992:hero. 2963:1918. 2896:1898. 2793:Notes 2562:mules 2302:tunic 1801:major 1184:Yukon 722:Walsh 440:Sioux 432:bison 405:Métis 401:Inuit 295:Royal 52:Motto 10933:(ON) 10929:and 10923:(NS) 10917:(MB) 10911:(BC) 10463:and 10216:ISBN 10193:ISBN 10172:OCLC 10109:OCLC 10090:ISBN 10071:ISBN 10052:ISBN 10048:3–16 10025:ISBN 9973:ISBN 9928:ISBN 9888:ISBN 9869:ISBN 9850:ISBN 9818:ISBN 9799:ISBN 9774:OCLC 9755:ISBN 9728:ISBN 9711:OCLC 9692:ISBN 9669:ISBN 9650:ISBN 9616:OCLC 9597:ISBN 9580:OCLC 9561:ISBN 9542:ISBN 9523:ISBN 9504:ISBN 9481:ISBN 9458:ISBN 9439:ISBN 9420:ISBN 9403:OCLC 9384:OCLC 9365:ISBN 9338:ISBN 9319:ISBN 9315:1–32 9294:ISBN 9275:ISBN 9252:ISBN 9225:ISBN 9200:ISBN 9181:ISBN 8234:2017 8208:2021 8182:2021 7940:2021 7918:2021 7897:2021 7876:2021 7855:2021 7831:2021 7530:2021 6317:2017 6192:2016 3034:2017 2772:and 2728:and 2697:and 2664:and 2618:and 2560:and 2067:and 2065:lice 2041:logs 1876:and 1803:and 1765:and 1319:Boer 1288:veld 1131:and 1079:and 999:and 920:and 890:Cree 724:and 657:and 442:and 363:and 249:Sir 214:and 204:NWMP 198:The 82:1920 10138:doi 10128:". 9996:doi 9156:doi 1890:in 1514:at 1453:SS 1418:to 1231:of 699:at 655:Bow 411:of 349:NWT 11180:: 10155:25 10153:. 10134:24 10132:. 10050:. 10002:. 9990:. 9958:. 9945:. 9926:. 9907:16 9905:. 9837:10 9835:. 9797:. 9753:. 9648:. 9363:. 9317:. 9250:. 9223:. 9162:. 9152:67 9150:. 9098:^ 8625:^ 8570:^ 8543:^ 8512:^ 8433:^ 8406:^ 8391:^ 8344:^ 8273:^ 8246:^ 8237:; 8199:. 8173:. 8150:^ 8067:^ 7992:^ 7839:^ 7778:^ 7486:^ 7275:^ 7164:^ 7097:^ 7080:^ 7037:^ 6916:^ 6669:^ 6650:^ 6635:^ 6608:^ 6449:^ 6422:^ 6367:^ 6352:^ 6235:^ 6127:^ 6072:^ 6041:^ 5978:^ 5961:^ 5524:^ 5465:^ 5156:^ 5141:^ 5100:^ 4877:^ 4718:^ 4277:^ 4156:^ 4135:^ 4096:^ 4053:^ 3986:^ 3921:^ 3650:^ 3535:^ 3432:^ 3361:^ 3274:^ 3199:^ 3041:^ 3007:^ 2693:, 2614:, 2610:, 2594:. 2499:. 2471:; 2347:, 2063:, 1894:. 1791:, 1761:, 1757:, 1753:, 1160:. 595:. 399:, 359:, 134:, 10272:e 10265:t 10258:v 10224:. 10201:. 10178:. 10144:. 10140:: 10115:. 10098:. 10079:. 10060:. 10033:. 10010:. 9998:: 9992:9 9981:. 9960:6 9947:9 9936:. 9896:. 9877:. 9858:. 9826:. 9807:. 9780:. 9763:. 9736:. 9717:. 9700:. 9677:. 9658:. 9622:. 9605:. 9586:. 9569:. 9550:. 9531:. 9512:. 9489:. 9466:. 9447:. 9428:. 9409:. 9390:. 9373:. 9346:. 9327:. 9302:. 9283:. 9260:. 9233:. 9208:. 9189:. 9170:. 9158:: 8210:. 8184:. 7942:. 7920:. 7899:. 7878:. 7857:. 7833:. 7532:. 2072:" 202:( 26:.

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Knowledge

North-West Mounted Police

Index