820:
inflation (as measured by the 12-month increase in the Retail Prices Index) fell to 3.3% at the beginning of 1988. However, controlling inflation through the targeting of the growth of the domestic money supply, as proposed in that manifesto, turned out to be more problematic than its authors had envisaged and during his time as
Chancellor, Lawson had increasingly been drawn instead to targeting the exchange rate to provide an external monetary anchor. From its low point in February 1988, inflation rose with apparent inexorability: of the 31 months until it peaked at 10.9% in October 1990, there were only four months when inflation fell. In response, interest rates were progressively increased, doubling from 7.4% in June 1988 to 15% in October 1988, being cut by one point to 14% when the pound entered the ERM, the level of interest rates Lamont inherited as chancellor. As a result, the economy began to slow, contracting by 1.1% in the third quarter of 1990 and shrinking a further 0.7% in the final quarter of the year. Thus Lamont's period as Chancellor started with inflation at its highest level since 1982 and the economy in recession.
917:, when Lamont was forced to withdraw the pound from the ERM despite assuring the public that he would not do so just a week earlier. He faced fierce criticism at the time for his apparent insouciance in the face of the collapse of the stated central plank of his economic policy. Later that month, at a press conference in the garden of the British embassy in Washington, DC in response to a question as to why he appeared so cheerful, Lamont commented that it was a beautiful morning, adding, "My wife said she heard me singing in the bath this morning," a response which led to the story that he was singing in the bath with happiness at leaving the ERM. After Major left office and published his memoirs, Lamont publicly denied Major's version of events, claiming that Major had effectively opted out of his responsibilities and left Lamont to carry the can for that day's actions. On the evening of Black Wednesday and for days after, Major contemplated resigning, drafting a statement to that effect, but wrote Lamont a note instructing him not to resign.
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973:. He set a target range for inflation excluding mortgage interest rate payments of 1–4%, falling into the lower part of the range by the end of the Parliament. In assessing progress toward meeting the inflation target, there was a target for the growth of narrow money (M0) and monitoring ranges for the growth of broad money (M4). Decisions on interest rates would also take account of house and asset price inflation and the exchange rate. Transparency and market credibility would be enhanced by the publication of a monthly monetary assessment and the Bank of England was asked to produce a quarterly inflation report. These innovations marked a decisive break with the past and a necessary step toward central bank independence. Inflation targeting was the basis on which the Bank of England was made independent by the Blair government in 1997, the Bank's
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to Alan Budd, the
Treasury's Chief Economic Adviser during the period, the important step of central bank independence could only have been successful once monetary stability had been achieved; "In 1997 the Bank of England was not asked to succeed where politicians had failed; it was asked to maintain the rate of inflation, namely 2.5%, that it inherited." In Budd's view, the essential elements of the new framework and its success in achieving low and stable inflation were the establishment of an inflation target and the institution of monthly meetings with the governor of the Bank of England to discuss interest rates. The new framework, according to Budd, "worked extraordinarily well." "Credit must be given to those, principally Norman Lamont, who designed and implemented it."
1104:. In the 1992 budget, his proposal to advance to a 20% basic rate of income tax through a combination of a narrow initial band, a cut in tax on deposit interest and curtailment of tax allowances was hailed as an elegant way of combining populism with progressivism, though events were later to lend support to Nigel Lawson's view that this approach was strategically inept. His final budget in 1993 was more sympathetically received by financial specialists than John Major's 1990 budget or Kenneth Clarke's budget of November 1993. Lamont attributes the large public sector borrowing requirement (i.e. fiscal deficit) of these years to the depth of the recession triggered by his inability to cut interest rates sooner within the ERM.
928:, argued that "the decision to join the ERM two years ago in the circumstances; that, having joined, we were right to endeavour to stick it out; and that, in the circumstances which evolved, we were right to withdraw." Lamont's view expressed in his memoirs was more nuanced: without the discipline of the ERM, the Major government would have given up on the fight against inflation before Black Wednesday; ERM membership delivered a sharp break in Britain's inflation performance; the judgment of the markets that the higher rates needed to maintain Britain's membership was undoubtedly correct; "the ERM was a tool that broke in my hands when it had accomplished all that it could usefully do." Sir
56:
811:
would have given up the flexibility of the exchange rate." In public, Lamont justified the decision to join the ERM in terms of the government's counter-inflation strategy. In the House of
Commons debate shortly after the pound joined the ERM, he argued that under a regime of floating exchange rates, the consequences of depreciating the currency had been short-lived in terms of output and competitiveness, "but have been lasting in terms of inflation. That is one of the reasons why the Government concluded that it would be right to join the ERM."
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1162:: "It has recently been said that the option of leaving the Community was 'unthinkable.' I believe that this attitude is rather simplistic." He stopped short of arguing Britain should unilaterally withdraw from the European Union "today," but warned: "the issue may well return to the political agenda." Instead, he outlined an alternative to membership of a federal EU. "This means looking at all the options ranging from membership of an outer tier to participating solely in the
1122:, writing 12 years later on the factors behind the subsequent performance of the British economy, Lamont had introduced path-breaking macro-economic reforms including inflation targeting and the first steps towards an independent Bank of England and had begun a programme of fiscal consolidation, which transformed the public finances. "These macro economic reforms, along with the Thatcher economic reforms of the 1980s, effectively transformed the British economy."
1007:, whose opposition to the ERM as Mrs Thatcher's economic adviser triggered Nigel Lawson's resignation as chancellor, wrote on the buoyant state of the British economy in 2001 that "all the difficult and correct decisions that produced this happy state of affairs were taken and implemented by Norman Lamont, who thus showed himself, in his Mark 2 post ERM version, to be not only the most effective but also the bravest Chancellor since the War."
1003:'s economic adviser from 1997 to 2003, wrote that Lamont was "rightly praised" for putting in place the post-ERM framework, that stage of Lamont's career being "due for rerating since, in addition to designing a proper framework for monetary policy (later consolidated by Bank of England independence in 1997), he also took most of the tough decisions on spending and tax to put the public finances on the road to recovery." Sir
885:, who told Lamont: "I can't see what you are so worked up about. We are in the ERM. What difference does it make if it is in the Treaty?" Lamont decided to ignore their objections. At the next negotiating meeting on the treaty, he told his fellow European finance ministers that Britain would not accept membership of the ERM as a treaty obligation. As a result, the meeting agreed to remove it.
802:, winning the most votes of any political party in British electoral history, inflation fell to 4.3%, falling to 1.3% a year later. However the economy continued to contract until the third quarter of 1991. After economic growth resumed, the economy grew rapidly and by the third quarter of 1993, GDP was greater than the pre-recession peak in the second quarter of 1990.
1151:. "When we come to examine the advantages of our membership today of the European Union they are remarkably elusive. As a former Chancellor, I can only say that I cannot pinpoint a single concrete advantage that unambiguously comes to this country because of our membership of the European Union," Lamont told the group. He rejected the argument made by
708:, is a director of and a consultant to various companies in the financial sector. He is a director of the hedge fund company RAB Capital, Balli Group plc (commodities trading house), and he is an advisor to Rotch Property Group. He is also a director of a number of investment funds. In December 2008 he joined the board of
1274:(Lamont's political adviser around the time of Black Wednesday) lacked policies. In late 2008, Cameron asked Lamont, together with fellow former chancellors Geoffrey Howe, Nigel Lawson and Kenneth Clarke, to provide him with strategic political and economic advice as Britain's banking and fiscal position worsened.
1155:, the foreign secretary, who had claimed that the debate in Europe was turning Britain's way. "We deceive the British people and we deceive ourselves if we claim that we are winning the argument in Europe ... There is not a shred of evidence at Maastricht or since then that anyone accepts our view of Europe."
2623:"Fifteen months ago, in the wake of Pinochet's arrest, the main chant of Norman Lamont's bizarre chorus was that Chilean democracy was so fragile that an act of justice of this kind would bring it crashing to the ground. Fifteen months on, those opinions seem even more contemptible than they did at the time"
905:
Within the constraints of the ERM, sterling interest rates were cut seven times in 1991, falling from 14% to 10.5% in
September, with inflation halving from 9.0% to 4.5% over the course of the year, leaving real interest rates just 0.5% lower. The scope for swifter cuts in interest rates was squeezed
819:
By the time Lamont was appointed
Chancellor, the Conservative government's principal economic objective was to regain control of inflation. The Thatcher government had been elected in 1979 on a manifesto that had listed restoration of sound money as its first priority. Having peaked at 21.9% in 1980,
984:
Lamont's second task was to reduce government borrowing, which was rising sharply because of the twofold impact of the ERM on the public finances. The loss of output had reduced tax revenues and increased public spending as unemployment rose. The sharp falls in inflation further reduced tax revenues
980:
The new framework enabled interest rates to be cut from the 10% that they had been within the ERM to 6% by
January 1993. Inflation continued to fall. In June 1993, the first month after Lamont had left the Treasury, Britain recorded its lowest monthly rate of inflation since February 1964. According
810:
Lamont replaced Major as
Chancellor in Major's new Cabinet, thereby inheriting Major's exchange rate policy. In his memoirs, Lamont recalls a senior Treasury civil servant answering his question on why Britain had joined the ERM by replying, "It's politics," to which Lamont replied, "I don't think I
1049:
dismissed the speech as "dud, nasty, ludicrous and silly". Major and Lamont agree that Lamont had offered his resignation immediately after Black
Wednesday and that Major pressed him to remain in office. Lamont came to the view that Major had sought his survival in office as a firebreak against the
876:
for monetary union. Newly appointed as
Chancellor, Lamont therefore supported Major's idea of Britain negotiating an opt-out from the single currency. Negotiations on the economic aspects of the proposed treaty began in earnest at the end of 1990 with monthly meetings of European finance ministers.
1044:
Three weeks after the government's massive loss in the by-election, on 27 May 1993, Lamont was sacked (technically resigning from the government because he declined a demotion to become
Secretary of State for the Environment), throwing (by his own account) Major's letter of regret at his departure
880:
In a minute to the Cabinet's Defence and Overseas Policy committee the following month, Lamont set out his three objectives for the negotiations: first, to ensure that Britain did not have to join the single currency; second, to ensure the opt-out was legally water-tight; and third, to ensure that
1117:
that history was likely to record him as one of the better Chancellors, citing his structural reforms of taxation, his determination to give priority to securing and maintaining low inflation and the delayed tax increases in his final budget. "He leaves behind an economy with a faster growth rate
943:
During the autumn of 1992, Lamont became a press target in a string of largely fabricated stories: that he had not paid his hotel bill for "champagne and large breakfasts" from the Conservative Party Conference (in fact his bill had been forwarded on for settlement); that he was in arrears on his
989:
for 1993-94 of £50bn, equivalent to 8% of GDP. In terms of the Public Sector Net Cash Requirement, the definition currently in use to measure the UK government deficit, the actual deficit for 1993–94 of 6.9% was the highest since 1975–76 at 9.2% but just over half the 13.3% deficit projected for
793:
On 16 May 1991, Lamont stated in parliament that "Rising unemployment and the recession have been the price that we have had to pay to get inflation down. That price is well worth paying." The remark is regularly, but not always approvingly, recalled by commentators and other politicians. Seven
993:
To reduce government borrowing, the March 1993 budget announced a rising wedge of tax increases – £0.5bn in the first year, £6.7bn in the second, rising to £10.3bn in the third, the aim being to give markets confidence that government borrowing was under control without damaging the recovery.
784:
The decision to join the ERM was announced on Friday 5 October 1990, the last trading day before the week of the Conservative party conference. Shortly afterwards he successfully managed Major's election campaign to succeed Margaret Thatcher as party leader and Prime Minister. In her memoirs,
948:
bill (true); that in June 1991 he had used taxpayers' money to handle the fall-out from press stories concerning a sex therapist, who was using a flat he owned (the Treasury contributed £4,700 of the £23,000 bill which had been formally approved by the Head of the Civil Service and the Prime
1146:
in 1994, he argued that withdrawal from the European Union was an option that should be restored to the range of serious possibilities, d'Ancona, who attended the meeting, wrote. Later that year at the Conservative Party conference in Bournemouth, Lamont addressed a fringe meeting of the
777:, whom he tried unsuccessfully to persuade not to resign from the government on the morning of 26 October 1989 – Lawson resigned that evening. Lamont remained as Chief Secretary to the Treasury under Major's Chancellorship. In this position, he acquiesced in Major's decision to join the
1045:
unopened into the wastepaper basket, and giving a resignation speech in the House of Commons on 9 June, that made clear his feeling that he had been unfairly treated, saying that the government "gives the impression of being in office but not in power"; the then Party Chairman
827:
whether he agreed with his predecessor's view on the depth and duration of the recession and not wishing to contradict Major, Lamont replied that "there are reasons why one could believe that it will be relatively short-lived and relatively shallow." In October 1991, based on
848:, wrote in a newspaper article at the time of Lamont's removal from the Treasury that the "Green shoots" speech had turned out to be "remarkably prescient. From that moment onwards, output stopped declining, and within a few months, it started to rise. Estimates of
1138:
wrote that someone must have dared to make the initial leap to retrieve the "frozen thesis" from its glacial prison. "In the case of Brexit, it was Norman Lamont, the former chancellor of the exchequer, who dragged the idea back from the snowy wastes."
906:
by an event that few had anticipated when Britain joined the ERM: based on OECD indices of consumer prices, inflation in Germany, which had been 2.7% in 1990, rose to 5.1% in 1992, whilst in Britain inflation fell from 7.0% to 4.3%. In response, the
940:, in an economic assessment of Britain's membership of the ERM, has written, "although it was certainly a political disaster, the case can be made that it was an economic triumph and marked the turning point in our macro-economic performance."
1548:
868:. It had been Thatcher's opposition to EMU which triggered the end of her premiership. Like Thatcher, Lamont was a long-standing opponent of EMU and the European single currency. In his memoirs, Lamont wrote that he was "horrified" when
789:
as Thatcher's successor, phoning Lawson up to remind him of his caustic remarks made about Heseltine's economic policies. Lamont eventually slammed the phone down on Lawson in temper, though he later wrote to Lawson to offer an apology.
985:
compared to previous forecasts at the same time as increasing public spending after inflation, because public spending is planned in cash terms which becomes worth more in real terms if inflation falls. The March 1993 budget forecast a
897:, decided that the meeting should review the British opt-out line-by-line, Lamont said the text was not negotiable. After Kok persevered, Lamont walked out of the meeting. In his absence, the protocol was endorsed without amendment.
1258:
that Lamont and John Major had held up the release of papers concerning Black Wednesday under the Freedom of Information Act. The two wrote to the paper to deny the reports. Later it emerged that the source of the story had been
1085:
Despite departing under a cloud, Lamont defends his budget record to this day. The 1991 budget, in which he seized the opportunity presented by Thatcher's resignation to restrict mortgage interest tax relief to the basic rate of
712:, an online behavioural advertising company, and he is a non-executive director of Balli Group PLC and the Honorary President of the British Romanian Chamber of Commerce, and Chairman of the British Iranian Chamber of Commerce.
1461:
881:
during the period in the run-up to the single currency, there should be no binding obligations on Britain. In meeting the third of these, Lamont had to overcome the resistance of the prime minister and the foreign secretary,
998:
editorialised that Lamont's budget had been so badly received that he was out of his job within two months, "but it fixed the public finances and set up the prosperity of the 1990s and beyond" and Derek Scott,
1202:, a local teacher and long-time local politician. When the general election came, his unpopularity, and that of the Conservatives in general, led a massive tactical voting campaign in the constituency and the
888:
Lamont decided that the best way of securing the first two of his negotiating objectives was for Britain to draw up a protocol listing those parts of the treaty from which Britain would be exempted. When
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877:
At an Intergovernmental Conference held in Rome on 15 December 1990, Lamont declared, "I remain unconvinced that the potential benefits of a single currency are as great as its supporters allege."
1544:
1019:
by-election in May 1993, Lamont was asked at a press conference whether he most regretted claiming to see "the green shoots of recovery" or "singing in his bath". He replied by quoting the
3107:
785:
Thatcher listed Lamont along with six other Cabinet ministers as a potential successor to her. During the leadership election, Lamont clashed angrily in private with Lawson who preferred
852:
show the trough of the recession occurring in the fourth quarter of 1991, with sustained growth resuming in the third quarter of 1992, when GDP grew 0.4% compared to the second quarter.
1453:
949:
Minister; there was never any suggestion that he had ever met her); and that he had called at a newsagent in a seedy area of Paddington late at night to purchase champagne and cheap "
781:(ERM) at a central parity of 2.95 Deutschmarks to the Pound, although neither he nor any other Cabinet ministers were involved or informed about the decision before it had been made.
1027:", a dry response which raised a laugh at the press conference but which played poorly when quoted later on the television that evening and afterwards. When called to defend him on
1430:
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920:
Major's verdict on the ERM was that it was the medicine that cured Britain of inflation; "it hurt but it worked." Speaking a few days after Black Wednesday, the Governor of the
2486:
1277:
In June 2007, Lamont became honorary patron of the Oxford University History Society, one of the university's largest societies, and he was, from 1996 to 2008, chairman of
3177:
1263:, then a Treasury civil servant who as a result of this became a special adviser to the then Chancellor, Gordon Brown. McBride in 2009 resigned from a similar position in
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1130:
In the period after his resignation, Lamont became the first leading politician to raise the prospect of Britain withdrawing from the European Union. Shortly before the
965:, and to address the sharp increase in government borrowing caused by the recession and the rapid fall in inflation. In a letter to the Chairman of the House of Commons
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913:
Despite the Conservatives' surprise victory in the April 1992 general election, for these reasons, the ERM policy proved increasingly unsustainable and collapsed on
2031:
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which can otherwise lead to distortions in the headline inflation figure, as a rise in interest rates to bring inflation down will, in the short term, lead to an
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in which he envisaged Britain's withdrawal from the European Union, and was talked of as a potential leadership challenger to John Major; in the event, it was
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record. Lamont joined with Margaret Thatcher in defending Pinochet, calling him a "good and brave and honourable soldier". His stance was highly criticised.
910:
increased its discount rate from 6.0% in 1990 to 8.75% in July 1992, creating the conditions for the turbulence the ERM was to experience later that autumn.
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in Yorkshire. The move was seen as an attempt to parachute in an outsider, with Lamont seeming like an opportunist next to the Liberal Democrat candidate,
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Although the budget provoked a fierce reaction in some parts of the press, its reputation improved with the passage of time. After the 2009 budget, the
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1936:
Office for National Statistics, YBEZ Gross domestic product index: CVM: Seasonally adjusted, Constant 2003 prices, Updated on 25 February 2009. ;
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614:
437:
2008:
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1194:. He then embarked on a high-profile search for a new constituency and was eventually adopted as the Conservative candidate for the new seat of
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1875:
Office for National Statistics, YBEZ Gross domestic product index: CVM: Seasonally adjusted, Constant 2003 prices, Updated on 25 February 2009.
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said Lamont provided him with "counsel", and "advice" and was "a pillar of strength" while he unsuccessfully negotiated Debt relief with the
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for a total of 14 years, in the Departments of Energy, Industry, Defence and the Treasury. In 1986, he moved to the Treasury, first as
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visited Britain to obtain medical treatment. This prompted a debate about whether he should be arrested and put on trial over his
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In February 2015, Lamont resigned as a director of Phorm Corporation Limited, an internet personalisation technology company.
1178:, Lamont's constituency of Kingston upon Thames was split up. The northern parts were merged with Richmond and Barnes to form
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than that of any other of the main G7 countries and an underlying rate of inflation lower than in most." According to
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953:" cigarettes. The last story turned out to have been partly invented (Lamont only purchased three bottles of wine).
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1281:, a secret anti-Communist group which meets bi-annually in Washington, DC. In 2008, he became the president of the
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773:(succeeding John Major in the latter job on Major's promotion to Foreign Secretary in July 1989) under Chancellor
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In the following years, Lamont became a fierce critic of the Major government. He is now regarded as a staunch
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Following Britain's exit from the ERM, Lamont had two major tasks: to replace the ERM with a new framework for
674:
602:
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798:) reached 10.9%. In May 1991, inflation fell to 6.4%. A year after the Major government was reelected in the
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ONS, Gross Domestic Product: chained volume measures: Seasonally adjusted, ABMI retrieved on 13 April 2012.
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On succeeding Thatcher, the Major government had to decide its position on the negotiations on European
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of economic spring are appearing once again." The comment was widely criticised as premature. However,
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business surveys, he said "what we are seeing is the return of that vital ingredient – confidence. The
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http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/faculty/jennifersmith/policy/1inflationtargeting.pdf
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1062:. In March 1995 he voted with the Labour Party in a vote on Europe, and later that year he authored
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2597:"His theme in all his interviews was that Pinochet, who was never elected, was much preferable to
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following publication of emails indicating a plan to smear leading Conservative politicians.
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who challenged for the leadership. Lamont supported Redwood's campaign, which was managed by
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Norman Lamont, "Speech to the Selsdon Group", Conservative Party Conference, 12 October 1994
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months before Lamont made the statement, inflation (as measured by the annual change in the
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3137:
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Lamont stood as a candidate for Member of Parliament in the June 1970 general election for
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ONS, All items retail prices index (seasonally adjusted), CHAW retrieved on 13 April 2012.
1190:. Lamont lost the contest for the candidacy for the new seat to the incumbent Surbiton MP
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caused further merriment by claiming that Lamont could do an excellent impersonation of a
969:
in October 1992, Lamont set out a new basis for the conduct of monetary policy centred on
8:
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2745:"David Cameron settles on a new Tory strategy after consultations with his four wise men"
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1634:, the Deputy Prime Minister only learning of the decision to join from the Queen.
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962:
932:, the Treasury's Chief Economic Adviser during the period and later appointed by
921:
914:
4740:
4683:
4633:
4393:
4368:
4318:
4030:
3994:
3932:
3912:
3907:
3892:
3862:
3812:
3617:
3585:
3568:
3412:
3390:
3257:
3117:
3045:
2988:
1260:
1191:
1108:
1075:
666:
573:
333:
117:
2371:
Derek Scott in "Black Wednesday", Institute of Economic Affairs (2005), p. 35.
1630:, HarperCollins (1996), p. 545, states that the Cabinet was not informed, Sir
4850:
4668:
4663:
4508:
4373:
4303:
4175:
4135:
4125:
4100:
3927:
3872:
3792:
3727:
3682:
3400:
3232:
3217:
3207:
3197:
3127:
3112:
3097:
3037:
2318:
Economic and Fiscal Strategy Report and Financial Statement and Budget Report
2306:
Economic and Fiscal Strategy Report and Financial Statement and Budget Report
1631:
1271:
1211:
1148:
1096:
1046:
1034:
893:, the Dutch finance minister chairing the finance ministers' negotiations at
845:
730:
398:
321:
2433:"Personal view: It's worth remembering how Major gave Labour a flying start"
1670:
Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons, Westminster.
1387:
4790:
4770:
4755:
4745:
4713:
4693:
4678:
4518:
4468:
4423:
4418:
4403:
4388:
4313:
4293:
4205:
4190:
4130:
4115:
4105:
4075:
4050:
4040:
3897:
3877:
3867:
3857:
3837:
3422:
3147:
2969:
2942:
1423:"Former Chancellor Norman Lamont on Brexit and the regeneration of Grimsby"
1239:
1152:
1067:
1059:
1004:
933:
882:
841:
837:
774:
705:
701:, the investment bank, and became director of Rothschild Asset Management.
658:
387:
225:
171:
2151:"The beleaguered Chancellor: Fresh till receipt aims to quash speculation"
1041:(whose cry, Lamont later explained, "sounds like a tennis ball emitter").
4658:
4478:
4443:
4348:
4343:
4288:
4185:
4170:
4160:
4045:
3937:
3922:
3917:
3852:
3802:
3662:
3602:
3192:
3016:
2687:"Gordon Brown warned over 'unsuitable' Damian McBride, Blair aides claim"
1573:
1199:
873:
670:
2803:
http://www.phorm.com/sites/default/files/Board_Changes_25-Feb-2015_0.pdf
2800:
http://www.phorm.com/sites/default/files/Board_Changes_25-Feb-2015_0.pdf
977:
being made accountable for achieving the government's inflation target.
4729:
4438:
4155:
4145:
4140:
4120:
4065:
3882:
3817:
3317:
2952:
1087:
1020:
1000:
907:
894:
762:
734:
580:
375:
159:
105:
93:
2718:"Cameron is about to discover his big problem: the Conservative party"
4473:
4458:
4165:
3742:
1278:
1254:
1215:
1038:
1029:
929:
869:
649:, on 8 May 1942, where his father Daniel Lamont OBE was the islands'
622:
425:
407:
4225:
2601:, the prime minister he toppled and killed, who was elected, twice.
2545:
1938:
http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RP04.pdfInsert
1206:
won the seat. He was not recommended for a peerage in John Major's
1183:
1158:
Lamont implicitly challenged the view expressed by John Major, the
1119:
513:
2857:
2462:
Pilkington, Colin (1995). "Britain in the European Union today".
1545:"Norman Lamont, pillar of the British-Iranian business community"
1354:"Parliamentary career for Lord Lamont of Lerwick - MPs and Lords"
890:
654:
650:
642:
509:
4568:
2208:
A summary of the framework for monetary policy can be found at
1094:
by two percentage points, was greeted by positive coverage in
709:
1960:
1958:
1741:
Hansard, House of Commons debates, 23 October 1990, col 278.
1454:"The Crisis: Would the real Norman Lamont please stand up?"
1955:
1298:
during his six months as Greek Finance Minister in 2015.
1270:
In October 2006, he complained that the new party leader
1482:
1313:
served as Minister of State for Industry until June 1983
1132:
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum
2479:"Brexit: how a fringe idea took hold of the Tory party"
2138:
1992/93 HC 383 (Select Committee on Members Interests).
1222:, of Lerwick in the Shetland Islands, on 24 July 1998.
4877:
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
2870:
House of Lords minutes of proceedings, 19 October 1998
2868:
Announcement of his introduction at the House of Lords
1839:
1837:
1835:
1574:"British-Iranian Chamber of Commerce - The BICC Board"
598:
Norman Stewart Hughson Lamont, Baron Lamont of Lerwick
1384:"Co-Chairmen - Political Advisory Board - Supporters"
606:(born 8 May 1942) is a British politician and former
1788:
1786:
872:
in 1972 announced Britain that it was accepting the
855:
1832:
1245:He attempted to be selected as a candidate for the
1107:The day after his dismissal from the Treasury, Sir
1050:criticism of the ERM policy rebounding on himself.
823:Asked at his first appearance as chancellor at the
4892:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
4867:Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom
2771:"House of Lords – Economic Affairs – Sixth Report"
2149:
1783:
1569:
1166:. One day it may mean contemplating withdrawal."
341:Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Energy
4848:
3075:
2308:, The Stationery Office (April 2009), Table C16.
2186:, Little, Brown and Company (1999), pp. 313-316.
2112:, Little, Brown and Company (1999), pp. 388–390.
1994:, Little, Brown and Company (1999), pp. 131–132.
1901:, Little, Brown and Company (1999), pp. 140–141.
1483:William Keegan & Alex Brett (22 July 2007).
1182:, and the southern parts merged with the larger
2343:"A shoddy budget from a discredited government"
2320:, The Stationery Office (April 2009), Table C2.
2029:
1285:, Britain's oldest economics-based think tank.
900:
704:Lamont currently, in addition to his role as a
4897:People educated at Loretto School, Musselburgh
2829:
2817:, Vintage Penguin Random House (2018), p. 123.
2645:
2284:, Institute of Economic Affairs (2005), p. 31.
2271:, Institute of Economic Affairs (2005), p. 30.
1445:
805:
757:Lamont served in successive governments under
697:Before entering Parliament, Lamont worked for
653:. In 1953, he moved south with his parents to
4584:
4241:
3977:
3061:
2715:
741:. Two years later, on 4 May 1972, Lamont won
679:Cambridge University Conservative Association
299:14 September 1981 – 2 September 1985
2863:contributions in Parliament by Norman Lamont
2649:British Politics and European Elections 1999
2476:
1696:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1547:. intelligenceonline.com. 17 February 2016.
2409:, Little, Brown and Company (1999), p. 383.
2396:, Little, Brown and Company (1999), p. 365.
2060:, Little, Brown and Company (1999), p. 279.
1981:, Little, Brown and Company (1999), p. 127.
1968:, Little, Brown and Company (1999), p. 116.
1952:, Little, Brown and Company (1999), p. 112.
4591:
4577:
4248:
4234:
3984:
3970:
3068:
3054:
3008:Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom
2646:Butler, D.; Westlake, M. (16 March 2000).
2506:
2504:
2461:
1888:, Little, Brown and Company (1999), p. 37.
1660:, Little, Brown and Company (1999), p. 26.
956:
641:Norman Stewart Hughson Lamont was born in
54:
2032:"BBK - Statistics - Time series database"
1732:, Little, Brown and Company (1999), p. 8.
715:
661:, after his father took up a position at
233:Minister of State for Defence Procurement
4862:Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
3951:Interim Chancellor of the Exchequer, as
2519:
287:Minister of State for Trade and Industry
137:24 July 1989 – 28 November 1990
2742:
2684:
2501:
1420:
1214:recommended him, and Lamont was made a
720:
625:in 1998. Lamont was a supporter of the
621:from 1990 until 1993. He was created a
245:2 September 1985 – 21 May 1986
83:28 November 1990 – 27 May 1993
4849:
2781:from the original on 24 September 2015
2332:, HM Treasury (March 1993), Table 1.1.
2296:, HM Treasury (March 1993), Table 6.1.
2253:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1824:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1551:from the original on 17 September 2016
1464:from the original on 24 September 2018
1451:
1364:from the original on 20 September 2020
1053:
353:7 May 1979 – 5 September 1981
4572:
4229:
3965:
3049:
2443:from the original on 11 November 2012
2330:Financial Statement and Budget Report
2294:Financial Statement and Budget Report
2147:
1252:In February 2005, it was reported in
4972:21st-century Scottish businesspeople
4967:20th-century Scottish businesspeople
4255:
2743:Webster, Philip (10 December 2008).
2697:from the original on 13 October 2015
2073:, HarperCollins (1999), pp. 334–336.
1174:In boundary changes enacted for the
1160:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
2933:Financial Secretary to the Treasury
2541:"Pinochet death 'saddens' Thatcher"
2430:
2280:Alan Budd, 2004 Wincott Lecture in
2267:Alan Budd, 2004 Wincott Lecture in
2121:Alan Budd, 2004 Wincott Lecture in
1857:from the original on 2 January 2011
1780:, Bantam Press (1992), pp. 418–420.
1752:"1979 Conservative Party Manifesto"
1525:from the original on 10 August 2017
1495:from the original on 5 October 2014
1386:. Leave Means Leave. Archived from
1225:
987:Public Sector Borrowing Requirement
767:Financial Secretary to the Treasury
692:
191:21 May 1986 – 24 July 1989
179:Financial Secretary to the Treasury
13:
4952:Life peers created by Elizabeth II
4872:Conservative Party (UK) life peers
2685:Wintour, Patrick (16 April 2009).
2477:d'Ancona, Matthew (15 June 2016).
2011:from the original on 21 April 2009
1758:from the original on 1 August 2010
1678:from the original on 24 April 2010
1452:Castle, Stephen (3 October 1992).
990:2009–10 in the April 2009 budget.
752:
673:, Scotland, and read economics at
450:4 May 1972 – 8 April 1997
19:For the Scottish Liberal MPs, see
14:
4988:
4957:Chief Secretaries to the Treasury
4907:Presidents of the Cambridge Union
4598:
4000:Chief Secretaries to the Treasury
2850:
2666:from the original on 10 July 2021
2553:from the original on 15 June 2007
2164:from the original on 14 June 2022
2007:. Stats.oecd.org. 30 March 2009.
1912:"Lamont's 'green shoots' address"
1580:from the original on 18 July 2011
1247:1999 European Parliament election
856:Negotiating the Maastricht Treaty
4809:
4557:
4214:
3993:
2878:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2716:Hastings, Max (2 October 2006).
2579:from the original on 15 May 2010
2489:from the original on 6 July 2020
2353:from the original on 10 May 2011
1433:from the original on 21 May 2022
1169:
1033:his friend the former Labour MP
814:
779:European Exchange Rate Mechanism
551:
2960:Chief Secretary to the Treasury
2823:
2807:
2793:
2763:
2736:
2709:
2678:
2639:
2617:
2591:
2565:
2533:
2513:
2470:
2455:
2424:
2412:
2399:
2386:
2374:
2365:
2335:
2323:
2311:
2299:
2287:
2274:
2261:
2214:
2202:
2189:
2176:
2148:Braid, Mary (1 December 1992).
2141:
2132:
2115:
2102:
2099:, HarperCollins (1996), p. 550.
2089:
2086:, HarperCollins (1999), p. 341.
2076:
2063:
2050:
2034:. Bundesbank.de. Archived from
2023:
2005:"(downloaded on 24 April 2009)"
1997:
1984:
1971:
1942:
1930:
1918:
1904:
1891:
1878:
1869:
1770:
1744:
1735:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1663:
1650:
1647:, HarperCollins (1993), p. 755.
1637:
1620:
1592:
1563:
1537:
1515:"Lord Lamont joins Phorm board"
1421:Laister, David (1 March 2019).
1334:from the original on 6 May 2021
771:Chief Secretary to the Treasury
677:, where he was Chairman of the
665:. He was privately educated at
547:
125:Chief Secretary to the Treasury
2199:in mortgage interest payments.
1674:. Publications.parliament.uk.
1507:
1476:
1414:
1402:
1376:
1346:
1316:
1307:
1010:
864:(EMU); this would lead to the
675:Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
586:Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
21:Sir Norman Lamont, 2nd Baronet
1:
2529:. 30 July 1998. p. 8287.
2127:Institute of Economic Affairs
1301:
1144:Conservative Philosophy Group
636:
494:Norman Stewart Hughson Lamont
3077:Chancellors of the Exchequer
1142:At a private meeting of the
901:Exchange Rate Mechanism exit
395:Member of the House of Lords
25:Norman Lamont (MP for Wells)
7:
2998:Second Lord of the Treasury
2979:Chancellor of the Exchequer
2464:Manchester University Press
1616:– via Newspapers.com.
1196:Harrogate and Knaresborough
862:Economic and monetary union
806:Chancellor of the Exchequer
619:Chancellor of the Exchequer
71:Chancellor of the Exchequer
10:
4993:
4947:Rothschild & Co people
2775:publications.parliament.uk
1754:. Conservative-party.net.
1485:"Mr Lamont's dark history"
844:, then chief economist at
41:The Lord Lamont of Lerwick
18:
4818:
4807:
4606:
4555:
4263:
4212:
4006:
3946:
3547:
3351:
3083:
3034:
3021:
3013:
3006:
2995:
2985:
2976:
2966:
2957:
2949:
2939:
2930:
2922:
2917:
2891:
2883:
2876:
2349:. London. 26 April 2009.
1605:Grimsby Evening Telegraph
1409:Grimsby Evening Telegraph
1283:Economic Research Council
1210:, but the following year
1125:
1090:and also cut the rate of
975:Monetary Policy Committee
967:Treasury Select Committee
938:Monetary Policy Committee
825:Treasury Select Committee
699:N M Rothschild & Sons
591:
579:
569:
561:
530:
520:
489:
484:
480:
466:
454:
443:
431:
415:
404:
393:
381:
369:
357:
346:
339:
327:
315:
303:
292:
285:
273:
261:
249:
238:
231:
219:
207:
195:
184:
177:
165:
153:
141:
130:
123:
111:
99:
87:
76:
69:
65:
53:
34:
4887:Members of the Bow Group
2652:. Springer. p. 85.
2431:Lea, Ruth (2 May 2005).
2220:See for example p. 3 of
1645:The Downing Street Years
1600:"Victory for Mr. Lamont"
1249:, but was unsuccessful.
733:, who went on to become
3029:Baron Lamont of Lerwick
2912:Constituency abolished
2830:Lamont, Norman (1999).
1608:. 5 May 1972. p. 1
1220:Baron Lamont of Lerwick
957:Post-ERM chancellorship
727:Kingston upon Hull East
687:Cambridge Union Society
60:Official portrait, 2019
4819:Also attended meetings
4539:Lord Young of Graffham
2095:Cited in Edmund Dell,
1164:European Economic Area
1074:MP. He is the current
850:Gross Domestic Product
834:Institute of Directors
716:Early political career
663:Scartho Road Infirmary
474:Constituency abolished
4504:Norman St John-Stevas
3093:Eustace of Fauconberg
2603:Paul Foot writing in
2030:Deutsche Bundesbank.
1427:The Grimsby Telegraph
1188:Kingston and Surbiton
1176:1997 general election
926:Robin Leigh-Pemberton
800:1992 general election
739:Deputy Prime Minister
729:. He was defeated by
4962:British Eurosceptics
4902:People from Shetland
2898:Kingston-upon-Thames
2894:Member of Parliament
2633:10 July 2021 at the
2611:10 July 2021 at the
2549:. 11 December 2006.
1778:The View from No. 11
1230:In 1998, the former
1078:of the euro-sceptic
747:Kingston-upon-Thames
721:Member of Parliament
615:Kingston-upon-Thames
550: 1971;
438:Kingston-upon-Thames
433:Member of Parliament
37:The Right Honourable
2887:John Boyd-Carpenter
2437:The Daily Telegraph
1643:Margaret Thatcher,
1208:resignation honours
1100:which dubbed him a
1054:Post-chancellorship
1025:Je ne regrette rien
971:inflation targeting
461:John Boyd-Carpenter
4796:William Waldegrave
4639:Viscount Cranborne
4624:Virginia Bottomley
4524:William Waldegrave
3953:Lord Chief Justice
2918:Political offices
2815:Adults in the Room
2813:Yanis Varoufakis,
2575:. Remember Chile.
2526:The London Gazette
2235:on 1 December 2008
1914:. 14 January 2009.
1390:on 24 October 2017
1324:"Mr Norman Lamont"
1234:of Chile, General
946:Access credit card
796:Retail Price Index
280:The Lord Trefgarne
16:British politician
4844:
4843:
4674:Michael Heseltine
4566:
4565:
4374:Sir Geoffrey Howe
4364:Michael Heseltine
4267:Margaret Thatcher
4223:
4222:
3959:
3958:
3044:
3043:
2986:Succeeded by
2967:Succeeded by
2940:Succeeded by
2659:978-0-230-55439-9
2625:Isabel Hilton in
2084:The Autobiography
2071:The Autobiography
1519:theregister.co.uk
1265:10 Downing Street
1232:military dictator
1204:Liberal Democrats
1134:, the journalist
1064:Sovereign Britain
866:Maastricht Treaty
787:Michael Heseltine
759:Margaret Thatcher
745:to become MP for
631:Leave Means Leave
595:
594:
364:Margaret Thatcher
310:Margaret Thatcher
256:Margaret Thatcher
202:Margaret Thatcher
148:Margaret Thatcher
4984:
4977:Scottish bankers
4942:UK MPs 1992–1997
4937:UK MPs 1987–1992
4932:UK MPs 1983–1987
4927:UK MPs 1979–1983
4922:UK MPs 1974–1979
4912:UK MPs 1970–1974
4831:Alastair Goodlad
4813:
4781:Gillian Shephard
4766:Michael Portillo
4593:
4586:
4579:
4570:
4569:
4561:
4534:William Whitelaw
4514:David Waddington
4404:Sir Keith Joseph
4329:Nicholas Edwards
4257:Thatcher Cabinet
4250:
4243:
4236:
4227:
4226:
4218:
3998:
3997:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3963:
3962:
3353:of Great Britain
3070:
3063:
3056:
3047:
3046:
3038:The Lord Haskins
3035:Followed by
3014:Preceded by
2950:Preceded by
2923:Preceded by
2884:Preceded by
2874:
2873:
2845:
2834:. Little Brown.
2818:
2811:
2805:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2643:
2637:
2621:
2615:
2599:Salvador Allende
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2573:"Remember Chile"
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2403:
2397:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2278:
2272:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2252:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2234:
2228:. Archived from
2227:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2193:
2187:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2153:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2130:
2129:, (2005), p. 15.
2119:
2113:
2106:
2100:
2093:
2087:
2080:
2074:
2067:
2061:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2001:
1995:
1988:
1982:
1975:
1969:
1962:
1953:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1902:
1895:
1889:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1856:
1849:
1841:
1830:
1829:
1823:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1806:on 19 April 2009
1805:
1799:. Archived from
1798:
1790:
1781:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1695:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1667:
1661:
1654:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1292:Yanis Varoufakis
1236:Augusto Pinochet
1226:After Parliament
1136:Matthew d'Ancona
693:Corporate career
647:Shetland Islands
605:
555:
553:
549:
507:
503:
501:
485:Personal details
469:
457:
448:
420:
384:
372:
360:
351:
330:
318:
306:
297:
276:
264:
252:
243:
222:
210:
198:
189:
168:
156:
144:
135:
114:
102:
90:
81:
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3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
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3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
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3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
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3679:
3676:
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3669:
3666:
3664:
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3649:
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3641:
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3609:
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3582:
3579:
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3500:
3498:
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3468:
3465:
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3460:
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3455:
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3452:
3448:
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3441:
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3430:
3426:
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3421:
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3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3066:
3064:
3059:
3057:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3039:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2962:
2961:
2954:
2948:
2944:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2921:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2843:
2841:0-7515-3058-1
2837:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2796:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2642:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2620:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2536:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2507:
2505:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2465:
2458:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2415:
2408:
2402:
2395:
2389:
2382:
2377:
2368:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2331:
2326:
2319:
2314:
2307:
2302:
2295:
2290:
2283:
2277:
2270:
2264:
2256:
2250:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2198:
2192:
2185:
2179:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2152:
2144:
2135:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2111:
2105:
2098:
2092:
2085:
2079:
2072:
2066:
2059:
2053:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1993:
1987:
1980:
1974:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1926:
1921:
1913:
1907:
1900:
1894:
1887:
1881:
1872:
1853:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1827:
1821:
1802:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1779:
1773:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1738:
1731:
1725:
1716:
1707:
1699:
1693:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1653:
1646:
1640:
1633:
1632:Geoffrey Howe
1629:
1626:Edmund Dell,
1623:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1595:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1405:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1363:
1359:
1358:UK Parliament
1355:
1349:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1272:David Cameron
1268:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1212:William Hague
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:Richmond Park
1177:
1170:1997 election
1167:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1149:Selsdon Group
1145:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1111:wrote in the
1110:
1105:
1103:
1102:Nimble Novice
1099:
1098:
1097:The Economist
1093:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1048:
1047:Norman Fowler
1042:
1040:
1036:
1035:Woodrow Wyatt
1032:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1008:
1006:
1002:
997:
991:
988:
982:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
954:
952:
947:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
918:
916:
911:
909:
898:
896:
892:
886:
884:
878:
875:
871:
867:
863:
853:
851:
847:
846:Goldman Sachs
843:
839:
835:
831:
826:
821:
815:Fiscal policy
812:
803:
801:
797:
791:
788:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
750:
748:
744:
743:a by-election
740:
736:
732:
731:John Prescott
728:
713:
711:
707:
702:
700:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
634:
632:
629:organisation
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
609:
604:
599:
590:
587:
584:
582:
578:
575:
572:
568:
564:
560:
533:
529:
526:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:(age 82)
492:
488:
483:
479:
476:
475:
471:
465:
462:
459:
453:
447:
442:
439:
434:
430:
427:
419:
414:
410:
409:
403:
400:
399:Lord Temporal
396:
392:
389:
386:
380:
377:
374:
368:
365:
362:
356:
350:
345:
342:
338:
335:
332:
326:
323:
322:Norman Tebbit
320:
314:
311:
308:
302:
296:
291:
288:
284:
281:
278:
272:
269:
266:
260:
257:
254:
248:
242:
237:
234:
230:
227:
224:
218:
215:
212:
206:
203:
200:
194:
188:
183:
180:
176:
173:
170:
164:
161:
158:
152:
149:
146:
140:
134:
129:
126:
122:
119:
116:
110:
107:
104:
98:
95:
92:
86:
80:
75:
72:
68:
64:
57:
52:
47:
38:
33:
30:
26:
22:
4801:George Young
4791:Lord Wakeham
4771:John Redwood
4756:Chris Patten
4746:David Mellor
4728:
4714:Peter Lilley
4703:
4694:Douglas Hurd
4679:Douglas Hogg
4629:Peter Brooke
4529:Peter Walker
4519:John Wakeham
4469:Chris Patten
4434:James Mackay
4424:Peter Lilley
4419:Nigel Lawson
4413:
4389:Douglas Hurd
4379:David Howell
4314:Paul Channon
4299:Peter Brooke
4294:Leon Brittan
4265:
4070:
3948:
3887:
3828:Thorneycroft
3773:W. Churchill
3733:Lloyd George
3698:R. Churchill
3595:
3573:
3523:Ellenborough
3521:
3457:Bilson-Legge
3449:
3445:Bilson-Legge
3435:Bilson-Legge
3427:
3405:
3031:
3028:
3022:
2996:
2977:
2970:David Mellor
2958:
2943:Peter Lilley
2931:
2911:
2892:
2856:
2831:
2824:Bibliography
2814:
2809:
2795:
2783:. Retrieved
2774:
2765:
2753:. Retrieved
2748:
2738:
2726:. Retrieved
2722:The Guardian
2721:
2711:
2699:. Retrieved
2691:The Guardian
2690:
2680:
2668:. Retrieved
2648:
2641:
2627:The Guardian
2626:
2619:
2605:The Guardian
2604:
2593:
2581:. Retrieved
2567:
2555:. Retrieved
2544:
2535:
2524:
2515:
2491:. Retrieved
2483:The Guardian
2482:
2472:
2463:
2457:
2445:. Retrieved
2436:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2401:
2393:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2367:
2355:. Retrieved
2346:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2276:
2268:
2263:
2237:. Retrieved
2230:the original
2216:
2204:
2196:
2191:
2183:
2178:
2166:. Retrieved
2155:
2143:
2134:
2122:
2117:
2109:
2104:
2096:
2091:
2083:
2082:John Major,
2078:
2070:
2069:John Major,
2065:
2057:
2052:
2040:. Retrieved
2036:the original
2025:
2013:. Retrieved
1999:
1991:
1986:
1978:
1973:
1965:
1949:
1944:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1906:
1898:
1893:
1885:
1880:
1871:
1859:. Retrieved
1808:. Retrieved
1801:the original
1777:
1772:
1760:. Retrieved
1746:
1737:
1729:
1724:
1715:
1706:
1680:. Retrieved
1665:
1657:
1652:
1644:
1639:
1627:
1622:
1610:. Retrieved
1603:
1594:
1582:. Retrieved
1565:
1555:16 September
1553:. Retrieved
1539:
1527:. Retrieved
1518:
1509:
1497:. Retrieved
1489:The Guardian
1488:
1478:
1466:. Retrieved
1457:
1447:
1435:. Retrieved
1426:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1392:. Retrieved
1388:the original
1378:
1366:. Retrieved
1357:
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1327:
1318:
1309:
1290:
1287:
1276:
1269:
1253:
1251:
1244:
1240:human rights
1229:
1219:
1173:
1157:
1153:Douglas Hurd
1141:
1129:
1112:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1084:
1080:Bruges Group
1068:John Redwood
1063:
1060:euro-sceptic
1057:
1043:
1028:
1014:
1005:Alan Walters
996:Sunday Times
995:
992:
983:
979:
960:
942:
934:Gordon Brown
919:
912:
904:
887:
883:Douglas Hurd
879:
859:
842:Gavyn Davies
838:Green shoots
822:
818:
809:
792:
783:
775:Nigel Lawson
756:
724:
706:working peer
703:
696:
659:Lincolnshire
640:
608:Conservative
597:
596:
525:Conservative
473:
468:Succeeded by
445:
426:Life peerage
417:
406:
388:David Mellor
383:Succeeded by
348:
329:Succeeded by
294:
275:Succeeded by
240:
226:Peter Lilley
221:Succeeded by
186:
172:David Mellor
167:Succeeded by
132:
113:Succeeded by
78:
29:
4917:UK MPs 1974
4857:1942 births
4761:John Patten
4751:Tony Newton
4724:Lord Mackay
4659:John Gummer
4499:Lord Soames
4479:Francis Pym
4454:Tony Newton
4444:Angus Maude
4354:Lord Havers
4349:John Gummer
4344:Lord Gowrie
4289:John Biffen
3713:Hicks Beach
3688:Hicks Beach
3608:Spring Rice
3108:Westminster
2861:1803–2005:
2521:"No. 55210"
1394:14 December
1200:Phil Willis
1072:David Evans
1015:During the
1011:Resignation
874:Werner Plan
671:Musselburgh
627:Eurosceptic
456:Preceded by
371:Preceded by
317:Preceded by
268:Adam Butler
263:Preceded by
209:Preceded by
155:Preceded by
101:Preceded by
4851:Categories
4730:John Major
4689:David Hunt
4484:Peter Rees
4449:John Moore
4439:John Major
4384:David Hunt
4091:Waldegrave
3559:Vansittart
3539:Vansittart
3477:Dowdeswell
3462:Barrington
3293:Cottington
3163:Harvington
3138:Willoughby
3133:de la Leye
3123:G. Giffard
3118:W. Giffard
3085:of England
3002:1990–1993
2983:1990–1993
2964:1989–1990
2953:John Major
2937:1986–1989
2926:John Moore
2785:2 November
2693:. London.
2670:21 October
2439:. London.
1491:. London.
1437:29 January
1302:References
1088:income tax
1021:Edith Piaf
1001:Tony Blair
908:Bundesbank
895:Maastricht
763:John Major
735:Tony Blair
637:Early life
581:Alma mater
516:, Scotland
504:8 May 1942
500:1942-05-08
376:Alex Eadie
214:John Moore
160:John Major
106:John Major
94:John Major
4474:Jim Prior
4459:John Nott
4151:Alexander
4061:MacGregor
4026:Macmillan
3848:Callaghan
3823:Macmillan
3813:Gaitskell
3678:Gladstone
3673:Northcote
3668:Gladstone
3648:Gladstone
3633:Gladstone
3575:Tenterden
3512:Addington
3502:Cavendish
3492:Cavendish
3482:Townshend
3472:Grenville
3451:Mansfield
3440:Lyttelton
3298:Colepeper
3263:Fortescue
3253:Sackville
3173:Stratford
3168:Wodehouse
3103:Leicester
3024:Gentlemen
2832:In Office
2749:The Times
2407:In Office
2394:In Office
2381:The Times
2347:The Times
2184:In Office
2110:In Office
2058:In Office
1992:In Office
1979:In Office
1966:In Office
1950:In Office
1899:In Office
1886:In Office
1730:In Office
1672:"Hansard"
1658:In Office
1529:10 August
1279:Le Cercle
1255:The Times
1216:life peer
1039:Scops owl
1030:Newsnight
944:personal
930:Alan Budd
870:Ted Heath
689:in 1964.
683:President
645:, in the
623:life peer
570:Education
446:In office
408:Incumbent
349:In office
295:In office
241:In office
187:In office
133:In office
79:In office
4709:Ian Lang
4699:Tom King
4409:Tom King
4081:Portillo
4036:Boardman
3933:Kwarteng
3843:Maudling
3798:Anderson
3708:Harcourt
3693:Harcourt
3683:Childers
3653:Disraeli
3643:Disraeli
3628:Disraeli
3618:Goulburn
3586:Goulburn
3564:Robinson
3534:Perceval
3467:Dashwood
3401:Aislabie
3396:Stanhope
3313:Duncombe
3283:Portland
3278:Greville
3243:Cromwell
3213:Thwaites
3198:Somerset
3143:Benstead
3128:Chishull
3113:Chishull
3098:Maunsell
2779:Archived
2751:. London
2724:. London
2695:Archived
2664:Archived
2631:Archived
2609:Archived
2577:Archived
2557:10 April
2551:Archived
2546:BBC News
2493:16 March
2487:Archived
2441:Archived
2351:Archived
2249:cite web
2239:27 April
2197:increase
2162:Archived
2009:Archived
1852:Archived
1820:cite web
1810:23 April
1756:Archived
1692:cite web
1676:Archived
1578:Archived
1549:Archived
1523:Archived
1493:Archived
1462:Archived
1431:Archived
1362:Archived
1332:Archived
1186:to form
1184:Surbiton
1120:Ruth Lea
562:Children
514:Shetland
4176:Barclay
4131:Burnham
4116:Boateng
4106:Milburn
4096:Darling
4051:Brittan
4041:Barnett
4021:Diamond
3949:Italic:
3913:Hammond
3908:Osborne
3903:Darling
3858:Macleod
3853:Jenkins
3778:Snowden
3768:Snowden
3758:Baldwin
3738:McKenna
3728:Asquith
3718:Ritchie
3703:Goschen
3591:Althorp
3581:Herries
3569:Canning
3549:of the
3413:Walpole
3391:Walpole
3381:Wyndham
3333:Montagu
3328:Hampden
3323:Delamer
3288:Barrett
3258:Mildmay
3238:Berners
3228:Catesby
3188:Barnham
3158:Stanton
3148:Sandale
2858:Hansard
1328:Hansard
1017:Newbury
951:Raffles
936:to the
891:Wim Kok
769:, then
685:of the
655:Grimsby
651:surgeon
643:Lerwick
556:
544:
540:
510:Lerwick
4181:Clarke
4136:Cooper
4121:Browne
4086:Aitken
4076:Mellor
4071:Lamont
4046:Biffen
4031:Jenkin
4011:Brooke
3928:Zahawi
3893:Clarke
3888:Lamont
3878:Lawson
3868:Healey
3863:Barber
3818:Butler
3808:Cripps
3803:Dalton
3613:Baring
3597:Denman
3423:Pelham
3418:Sandys
3386:Onslow
3376:Benson
3371:Harley
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