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blinded by the quick changes in light, while nocturnal migratory birds may be disoriented, causing them to lose direction, tire out, or be captured by predators. Sea turtles are particularly affected by this, adding to a number of threats to the different endangered species. Adults are likely to stay away from artificially lit beaches that they might prefer to lay eggs on, as there is less cover against predators. Additionally, baby sea turtles that hatch from eggs on artificially lit beaches often get lost, heading towards the light sources as opposed to the ocean.
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their habitat. Carnivorous predators however are less timid of the disturbance, feeding on human waste and keeping a relatively similar spatial habitat as they did before. In comparison, herbivorous prey tend to stay in areas where human disturbance is low, limiting both resources and their spatial habitat. This leads to an imbalance in favor of predators, who increase in population and come out more often at night.
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399:- nocturnal pollinators such as moths, beetles, thrips, and bats have a lower risk of being seen by predators, and the plants evolved temporal scent production and ambient heat to attract nocturnal pollination. Like with predators hunting the same prey, some plants such as apples can be pollinated both during the day and at night.
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Rhythmic behaviors are affected by light pollution both seasonally and daily patterns. Migrating birds or mammals might have issues with the timing of their movement for example. On a day-to-day basis, species can see significant changes in their internal temperatures, their general movement, feeding
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Light pollution is a major issue for nocturnal species, and the impact continues to increase as electricity reaches parts of the world that previously had no access. Species in the tropics are generally more affected by this due to the change in their relatively constant light patterns, but temperate
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The increasing amount of habitat destruction worldwide as a result of human expansion has given both advantages and disadvantages to different nocturnal animals. As a result of peak human activity in the daytime, more species are likely to be active at night in order to avoid the new disturbance in
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Climate-change and the change in global temperatures has led to an increasing amount of diurnal species to push their activity patterns closer towards crepuscular or fully nocturnal behavior. This adaptive measure allows species to avoid the heat of the day, without having to leave that particular
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only gather at breeding sites or colonies at night to reduce the risk of predation to themselves and/or their offspring. Nocturnal species take advantage of the night time to prey on species that are used to avoiding diurnal predators. Some nocturnal fish species will use the moonlight to prey on
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evolved nocturnal characteristics in order to avoid contact with the numerous diurnal predators. A recent study attempts to answer the question as to why so many modern day mammals retain these nocturnal characteristics even though they are not active at night. The leading answer is that the high
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Some nocturnal predator-prey relationships are interrupted by artificial lighting. Bats that are fast-moving are often at an advantage with insects being drawn to light; they are fast enough to escape any predators also attracted to the light, leaving slow-moving bats at a disadvantage. Another
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Light pollution can disorient species that are used to darkness, as their adaptive eyes are not as used to the artificial lighting. Insects are the most obvious example, who are attracted by the lighting and are usually killed by either the heat or electrical current. Some species of frogs are
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that moved down a river lit by nearby artificial lighting. Once the lights were turned off, predation levels decreased. Many diurnal prey species forced into being nocturnal are susceptible to nocturnal predators and those species with poor nocturnal eyesight often bear the brunt of the cost.
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and body mass. These small scale changes can eventually lead to a population decline, as well as hurting local trophic levels and interconnecting species. Some typically diurnal species have even become crepuscular or nocturnal as a result of light pollution and general human disturbance.
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species relying on day-night triggers for behavioral patterns are also affected as well. Many diurnal species see the benefit of a "longer day", allowing for a longer hunting period which is detrimental to their nocturnal prey trying to avoid them.
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can hunt the same field or meadow for the same rodents without conflict because hawks are diurnal and owls are nocturnal. This means they are not in competition for each other's prey. Another niche that being nocturnal lessens competition within is
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The exponential increase in human expansion and technological advances in the last few centuries has had a major effect on nocturnal animals, as well as diurnal species. The causes of these can be traced to distinct, sometimes overlapping areas:
345:, who appeared to have the most divergence from nocturnality of all organisms examined. While most mammals did not exhibit the morphological characteristics expected of a nocturnal creature, reptiles and birds fit in perfectly. A larger
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that comes with diurnal characteristics is not needed anymore due to the evolution of compensatory sensory systems, such as a heightened sense of smell and more astute auditory systems. In a recent study, recently extinct
503:, found on Stephens and Maud islands, stays hidden for the majority of the day when temperatures are warmer and are mainly active at night. They will only come out during the day if there are humid and cool conditions.
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Many plant species native to arid biomes have adapted so that their flowers only open at night when the sun's intense heat cannot wither and destroy their moist, delicate blossoms. These flowers are
341:, indicating they both have a common ancestor who evolved to function as a nocturnal species, decreasing their eyesight in favor of a better sense of smell. The anomaly to this theory were
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665:) pets. Cats have adapted to domestication so that each individual, whether stray alley cat or pampered housecat, can change their activity level at will, becoming nocturnal or
759:"Studies of the neural basis of evasive flight behavior in response to acoustic stimulation in Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): organization of the tympanic nerves"
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zooplankton species that come to the surface at night. Some species have developed unique adaptations that allow them to hunt in the dark. Bats are famous for using
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have large eyes in comparison with their body size to compensate for the lower light levels at night. More specifically, they have been found to have a larger
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Baker, B.J.; Richardson, J.M.L. (October 2006). "The effect of artificial light on male breeding-season behaviour in green frogs, Rana clamitans melanota".
578:, artificial light causes a decrease in mate calls and continued to move around instead of waiting for a potential mate to arrive. This hurts the overall
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Witherington, B.E. (1997). "The problem of photopollution for sea turtles and other nocturnal animals". In
Clemmons, J.R.; Buchholz, R. (eds.).
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902:"Nocturnal giants: evolution of the sensory ecology in elephant birds and other palaeognaths inferred from digital brain reconstructions"
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There have been documented effects of light pollution on reproductive cycles and factors in different species. It can affect
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1156:"Time and ecological resilience: can diurnal animals compensate for climate change by shifting to nocturnal activity?"
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that hunt them are diurnal. There are many diurnal species that exhibit some nocturnal behaviors. For example, many
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Gerkema, Menno P.; Davies, Wayne I. L.; Foster, Russell G.; Menaker, Michael; Hut, Roelof A. (2013-08-22).
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Robertson, Stephen; Dowling, Ashley; Wiedenmann, Robert; Joshi, Neelendra; Westerman, Erica (2021-07-02).
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1197:"REVIEW: Reducing the ecological consequences of night-time light pollution: options and developments"
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characterized by being active during the night and sleeping during the day. The common adjective is "
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Gaynor, Kaitlyn M.; Hojnowski, Cheryl E.; Carter, Neil H.; Brashares, Justin S. (2018-06-15).
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behavior, bordering nocturnal, being most active in hunting and exploration at dusk and dawn.
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skulls were examined to recreate their likely brain and skull formation. They indicated that
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Another reason for nocturnality is avoiding the heat of the day. This is especially true in
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984:"Nocturnal pollination: an overlooked ecosystem service vulnerable to environmental change"
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in response to their environment or the routine of their owners. Cats normally demonstrate
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While it is difficult to say which came first, nocturnality or diurnality, a hypothesis in
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adjust their vocalization to catch insects against a changing environmental background.
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Gaston, Kevin J.; Davies, Thomas W.; Bennie, Jonathan; Hopkins, John (2012-11-02).
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correlated well with whether these two classes of organisms were nocturnal or not.
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and to keep them active during the hours when visitors will be there to see them.
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1402:"Arms race of temporal partitioning between carnivorous and herbivorous mammals"
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Levy, Ofir; Dayan, Tamar; Porter, Warren P.; Kronfeld-Schor, Noga (2018-11-12).
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Light pollution on a ski slope in
Finland gives the area a hazy, brightened sky.
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This article is about the animal behavior of nocturnality. For other uses, see
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Behavior characterized by activity during the night and sleeping during the day
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Longcore, Travis; Rich, Catherine (May 2004). "Ecological light pollution".
842:"The nocturnal bottleneck and the evolution of activity patterns in mammals"
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are well known for being nocturnal, but some owls are active during the day.
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37:"Nocturnal animals" redirects here. For the film directed by Tom Ford, see
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to hunt down their prey, using sonar sounds to capture them in the dark.
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of the species, which is concerning considering the overall decrease in
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Wu, Yonghua; Wang, Haifeng; Wang, Haitao; Feng, Jiang (2018-01-29).
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1039:"Nocturnal Pollinators Significantly Contribute to Apple Production"
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relative to their eye size than diurnal creatures to increase their
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Nocturnal creatures generally have highly developed senses of
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Macgregor, Callum J.; Scott-Brown, Alison S. (2020-06-01).
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1271:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–328.
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10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0191:elp]2.0.co;2
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Torres, Christopher R.; Clarke, Julia A. (2018-11-07).
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Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
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Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
499:) lions prefer to hunt at night is to conserve water.
451:, are active at night because most of the dozen or so
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is a family of nocturnal birds endemic to New
Zealand.
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are just two of the many nocturnal species kept as (
793:"Eye shape and the nocturnal bottleneck of mammals"
74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
958:"Are All Owls Nocturnal? All the Best FACTS Here!"
271:, are often erroneously referred to as nocturnal.
223:: in the low-light conditions. Nocturnality helps
1269:Behavioral Approaches to Conservation in the Wild
791:Hall, M. I.; Kamilar, J. M.; Kirk, E. C. (2012).
3424:
630:, nocturnal animals are usually kept in special
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790:
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763:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
251:and songbirds, are active during the daytime.
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447:. Many species of small rodents, such as the
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283:, are active both in the day and at night.
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2684:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
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1137:(4th edition) Benjamin Cummings New York.
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3310:Coloration evidence for natural selection
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134:Learn how and when to remove this message
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2582:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
2221:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
1093:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
645:
534:
510:by bats, another creature of the night.
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365:
337:were much larger in comparison to their
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145:
2614:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
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361:
14:
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2422:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
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233:, avoid hunting in intense sunlight.
2437:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
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895:
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423:, an adaptation to avoid or enhance
72:adding citations to reliable sources
43:
2887:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
378:Being active at night is a form of
24:
2640:Ecological effects of biodiversity
1388:
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1275:
1253:
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162:behavior in some non-human animals
25:
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1976:Generalist and specialist species
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2699:Occupancy–abundance relationship
1562:
1221:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02212.x
1133:N. A. Campbell (1996)
988:Emerging Topics in Life Sciences
48:
2719:Relative abundance distribution
2432:Plant defense against herbivory
2299:Competitive exclusion principle
2011:Mesopredator release hypothesis
1465:Debra Horwitz; Gary Landsberg.
1458:
1188:
1147:
757:Agee, H. R.; Orona, E. (1988).
693:Competitive exclusion principle
650:Hedgehogs are mostly nocturnal.
616:
565:
315:, many ancestors of modern-day
311:theory, postulates that in the
59:needs additional citations for
2304:Consumer–resource interactions
1127:
1043:Journal of Economic Entomology
1030:
975:
950:
833:
750:
547:
13:
1:
3150:Biological data visualization
2977:Environmental niche modelling
2704:Population viability analysis
743:
632:night-illumination enclosures
356:
2635:Density-dependent inhibition
1469:. VCA Antech. Archived from
1467:"Nocturnal Activity in Cats"
402:
7:
3104:Liebig's law of the minimum
2939:Resource selection function
1830:Metabolic theory of ecology
1362:Canadian Journal of Zoology
676:
495:. One of the reasons that (
10:
3489:
3004:Niche apportionment models
2724:Relative species abundance
1928:Primary nutritional groups
1825:List of feeding behaviours
1426:10.1038/s41598-018-20098-6
1201:Journal of Applied Ecology
449:Large Japanese Field Mouse
419:Nocturnality is a form of
286:
36:
32:Nocturnal (disambiguation)
29:
3350:
3302:
3253:
3185:Ecosystem based fisheries
3127:
3027:
2952:
2825:
2797:Interspecific competition
2762:
2689:Minimum viable population
2622:
2547:Maximum sustainable yield
2532:Intraspecific competition
2527:Effective population size
2490:
2407:Anti-predator adaptations
2392:
2271:
2198:
2155:
2077:
2044:
1941:
1918:Photosynthetic efficiency
1853:
1747:
1662:
1636:
1571:
1560:
1526:
713:List of nocturnal animals
527:and spatial disturbance.
329:and modern day nocturnal
3433:Antipredator adaptations
3363:Anti-predator adaptation
3175:Ecological stoichiometry
3140:Alternative stable state
187:. Some animals, such as
183:, and specially adapted
3443:Biological interactions
3337:Paradox of the plankton
3019:Ontogenetic niche shift
2882:Ideal free distribution
2792:Ecological facilitation
2542:Malthusian growth model
2512:Consumer-resource model
2369:Paradox of the plankton
2334:Energy systems language
2054:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
2021:Optimal foraging theory
1996:Heterotrophic nutrition
1675:Diel vertical migration
1319:10.1126/science.aar7121
718:List of nocturnal birds
688:Antipredator adaptation
641:
634:to invert their normal
621:
3165:Ecological forecasting
3109:Marginal value theorem
2907:Landscape epidemiology
2842:Cross-boundary subsidy
2777:Biological interaction
2127:Microbial intelligence
1815:Green world hypothesis
918:10.1098/rspb.2018.1540
858:10.1098/rspb.2013.0508
809:10.1098/rspb.2012.2258
651:
540:
416:
375:
300:
172:meaning the opposite.
154:
3303:Patterns of evolution
3170:Ecological humanities
3069:Ecological energetics
3014:Niche differentiation
2877:Habitat fragmentation
2645:Ecological extinction
2592:Small population size
2344:Feed conversion ratio
2324:Ecological succession
2256:San Francisco Estuary
2170:Ecological efficiency
2112:Microbial cooperation
1160:Ecological Monographs
775:10.1093/aesa/81.6.977
728:Niche differentiation
649:
538:
427:. Although lions are
410:
380:niche differentiation
374:, a nocturnal animal.
369:
294:
149:
3315:Convergent evolution
3296:Evolutionary ecology
3195:Evolutionary ecology
3160:Ecological footprint
3155:Ecological economics
3079:Ecological threshold
3074:Ecological indicator
2944:Source–sink dynamics
2897:Land change modeling
2892:Insular biogeography
2744:Species distribution
2483:Modelling ecosystems
2142:Microbial metabolism
1981:Intraguild predation
1770:Biogeochemical cycle
1736:Modelling ecosystems
1000:10.1042/ETLS20190134
962:Birds At First Sight
362:Resource competition
309:nocturnal bottleneck
305:evolutionary biology
68:improve this article
3388:Distraction display
3332:Divergent evolution
3245:Theoretical ecology
3220:Natural environment
3084:Ecosystem diversity
3054:Ecological collapse
3044:Bateman's principle
2999:Limiting similarity
2912:Landscape limnology
2734:Species homogeneity
2572:Population modeling
2567:Population dynamics
2384:Trophic state index
1644:Behavioural ecology
1418:2018NatSR...8.1713W
1310:2018Sci...360.1232G
1304:(6394): 1232–1235.
1213:2012JApEc..49.1256G
1056:10.1093/jee/toab145
803:(1749): 4962–4968.
608:Spatial disturbance
239:animals, including
199:). Others, such as
3438:Behavioral ecology
3383:Deimatic behaviour
3342:Predator satiation
3327:Parallel evolution
3256:Outline of ecology
3205:Industrial ecology
3200:Functional ecology
3064:Ecological deficit
3009:Niche construction
2972:Ecosystem engineer
2749:Species–area curve
2670:Introduced species
2485:: Other components
2417:Deimatic behaviour
2319:Ecological network
2251:North Pacific Gyre
2236:hydrothermal vents
2175:Ecological pyramid
2122:Microbial food web
1933:Primary production
1878:Foundation species
1520:Biological rhythms
1406:Scientific Reports
912:(1890): 20181540.
852:(1765): 20130508.
733:Night owl (person)
652:
557:Rhythmic behaviors
541:
518:Human disturbances
472:Water conservation
443:, etc.) have poor
417:
376:
301:
221:visual sensitivity
155:
3463:Nocturnal animals
3420:
3419:
3358:Signalling theory
3262:
3261:
3145:Balance of nature
2902:Landscape ecology
2787:Community ecology
2729:Species diversity
2665:Indicator species
2660:Gradient analysis
2537:Logistic function
2445:
2444:
2402:Animal coloration
2379:Trophic mutualism
2117:Microbial ecology
1908:Photoheterotrophs
1893:Myco-heterotrophy
1805:Ecosystem ecology
1790:Carrying capacity
1755:Abiotic component
1698:
1697:
1368:(10): 1528–1532.
275:species, such as
255:species, such as
230:Apoica flavissima
144:
143:
136:
118:
39:Nocturnal Animals
18:Nocturnal animals
16:(Redirected from
3480:
3453:Circadian rhythm
3289:
3282:
3275:
3266:
3265:
2962:Ecological niche
2934:selection theory
2754:Umbrella species
2739:Species richness
2675:Invasive species
2655:Flagship species
2562:Population cycle
2557:Overexploitation
2522:Ecological yield
2472:
2465:
2458:
2449:
2448:
2354:Mesotrophic soil
2294:Climax community
2226:Marine food webs
2165:Biomagnification
1966:Chemoorganotroph
1820:Keystone species
1780:Biotic component
1725:
1718:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1566:
1544:Ultradian rhythm
1539:Infradian rhythm
1534:Circadian rhythm
1527:Internal rhythms
1513:
1506:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1445:
1397:
1386:
1385:
1357:
1348:
1347:
1321:
1295:
1286:
1273:
1272:
1264:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1207:(6): 1256–1266.
1192:
1186:
1185:
1175:
1173:10.1002/ecm.1334
1151:
1145:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1088:
1069:
1068:
1058:
1049:(5): 2155–2161.
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1011:
979:
973:
972:
970:
969:
954:
948:
947:
937:
897:
888:
887:
877:
837:
831:
830:
820:
788:
779:
778:
754:
636:sleep-wake cycle
599:eating juvenile
384:ecological niche
139:
132:
128:
125:
119:
117:
76:
52:
44:
21:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3346:
3298:
3293:
3263:
3258:
3249:
3235:Systems ecology
3123:
3094:Extinction debt
3059:Ecological debt
3049:Bioluminescence
3030:
3023:
2992:marine habitats
2967:Ecological trap
2948:
2828:
2821:
2764:
2758:
2714:Rapoport's rule
2709:Priority effect
2650:Endemic species
2618:
2577:Population size
2493:
2486:
2476:
2446:
2441:
2394:
2388:
2374:Trophic cascade
2284:Bioaccumulation
2267:
2194:
2151:
2073:
2040:
1937:
1849:
1810:Ecosystem model
1743:
1729:
1699:
1694:
1680:Light pollution
1658:
1632:
1572:External cycles
1567:
1558:
1522:
1517:
1487:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1463:
1459:
1398:
1389:
1374:10.1139/z06-142
1358:
1351:
1293:
1287:
1276:
1265:
1254:
1193:
1189:
1152:
1148:
1132:
1128:
1089:
1072:
1035:
1031:
1022:
1020:
980:
976:
967:
965:
956:
955:
951:
906:Proc. R. Soc. B
898:
891:
838:
834:
789:
782:
755:
751:
746:
738:Tapetum lucidum
723:Niche (ecology)
679:
644:
624:
619:
610:
568:
559:
550:
533:
531:Light pollution
525:light pollution
520:
474:
405:
364:
359:
335:olfactory bulbs
289:
140:
129:
123:
120:
77:
75:
65:
53:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3486:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3378:Apparent death
3375:
3370:
3360:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3312:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3292:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3215:Microecosystem
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3114:Thorson's rule
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3039:Assembly rules
3035:
3033:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2924:
2922:Patch dynamics
2919:
2917:Metapopulation
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2812:Storage effect
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2694:Neutral theory
2691:
2686:
2681:
2679:Native species
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2552:Overpopulation
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2488:
2487:
2475:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2452:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2359:Nutrient cycle
2356:
2351:
2349:Feeding frenzy
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2329:Energy quality
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2289:Cascade effect
2286:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2132:Microbial loop
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2097:Lithoautotroph
2094:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2079:Microorganisms
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2036:Prey switching
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1913:Photosynthesis
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1868:Chemosynthesis
1865:
1859:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1760:Abiotic stress
1757:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1705:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1690:Parts of a day
1687:
1685:Solunar theory
1682:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1623:Photoperiodism
1620:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1493:
1485:
1484:
1457:
1387:
1349:
1274:
1252:
1187:
1146:
1126:
1099:(4): 191–198.
1070:
1029:
974:
949:
889:
832:
780:
769:(6): 977–985.
748:
747:
745:
742:
741:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
678:
675:
643:
640:
623:
620:
618:
615:
609:
606:
567:
564:
558:
555:
549:
546:
532:
529:
519:
516:
501:Hamiltons Frog
493:osmoregulation
491:that enhances
473:
470:
404:
401:
363:
360:
358:
355:
327:elephant birds
288:
285:
142:
141:
83:"Nocturnality"
56:
54:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3485:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3448:Chronobiology
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3285:
3283:
3278:
3276:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3240:Urban ecology
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3099:Kleiber's law
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2872:Foster's rule
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2190:Trophic level
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2147:Phage ecology
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2137:Microbial mat
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2092:Bacteriophage
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2059:Decomposition
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2006:Mesopredators
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1951:Apex predator
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1785:Biotic stress
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1649:Chronobiology
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1628:Vernalization
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1612:
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1599:
1597:
1596:Cathemerality
1594:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1584:Diurnal cycle
1582:
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1554:Annual rhythm
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1473:on 1 May 2013
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659:sugar gliders
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586:populations.
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453:birds of prey
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411:Echolocating
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85: –
84:
80:
79:Find sources:
73:
69:
63:
62:
57:This article
55:
51:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
3368:Alarm signal
3225:Regime shift
3210:Macroecology
2931:
2927:
2867:Edge effects
2837:Biogeography
2782:Commensalism
2630:Biodiversity
2507:Allee effect
2246:kelp forests
2199:Example webs
2064:Detritivores
1903:Organotrophs
1883:Kinetotrophs
1835:Productivity
1591:Nocturnality
1590:
1549:Lunar rhythm
1475:. Retrieved
1471:the original
1460:
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1301:
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1021:. Retrieved
994:(1): 19–32.
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966:. Retrieved
964:. 2023-08-19
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625:
617:In captivity
611:
597:harbor seals
593:
589:
588:
569:
566:Reproduction
560:
551:
542:
521:
512:
505:
475:
466:echolocation
445:night vision
418:
377:
372:honey badger
302:
243:(except for
235:
228:
174:
165:
158:Nocturnality
157:
156:
130:
121:
111:
104:
97:
90:
78:
66:Please help
61:verification
58:
3412:Unkenreflex
3373:Aposematism
2862:Disturbance
2765:interaction
2587:Recruitment
2517:Depensation
2309:Copiotrophs
2180:Energy flow
2102:Lithotrophy
2046:Decomposers
2026:Planktivore
2001:Insectivore
1991:Heterotroph
1956:Bacterivore
1923:Phototrophs
1873:Chemotrophs
1845:Restoration
1795:Competition
1618:Seasonality
1601:Crepuscular
1412:(1): 1713.
698:Crepuscular
671:crepuscular
595:example is
576:green frogs
572:mate choice
548:Orientation
461:sea turtles
397:pollination
343:anthropoids
339:optic lobes
253:Crepuscular
203:and (some)
3427:Categories
3402:Camouflage
3230:Sexecology
2807:Parasitism
2772:Antibiosis
2607:Resistance
2602:Resilience
2492:Population
2412:Camouflage
2364:Oligotroph
2279:Ascendency
2241:intertidal
2231:cold seeps
2185:Food chain
1986:Herbivores
1961:Carnivores
1888:Mixotrophs
1863:Autotrophs
1742:components
1670:Chronotype
1611:Vespertine
1579:Diurnality
1166:: e01334.
1023:2021-08-28
968:2023-09-14
744:References
708:Diurnality
683:Adaptation
508:pollinated
497:cathemeral
489:adaptation
441:wildebeest
439:, impala,
429:cathemeral
357:Advantages
273:Cathemeral
245:night owls
227:, such as
201:bushbabies
197:metaturnal
168:", versus
94:newspapers
3468:Predation
3135:Allometry
3089:Emergence
2817:Symbiosis
2802:Mutualism
2597:Stability
2502:Abundance
2314:Dominance
2272:Processes
2261:tide pool
2157:Food webs
2031:Predation
2016:Omnivores
1943:Consumers
1898:Mycotroph
1855:Producers
1800:Ecosystem
1765:Behaviour
1606:Matutinal
1477:7 October
1434:2045-2322
1382:0008-4301
1328:0036-8075
1229:0021-8901
1182:0012-9615
1113:1540-9295
926:0962-8452
866:0962-8452
655:Hedgehogs
590:Predation
584:amphibian
514:habitat.
425:predation
403:Predation
331:kiwi bird
249:squirrels
211:and some
166:nocturnal
3458:Ethology
3320:examples
3190:Endolith
3119:Xerosere
3031:networks
2847:Ecocline
2393:Defense,
2069:Detritus
1971:Foraging
1840:Resource
1663:See also
1654:Ethology
1452:29379083
1344:49212187
1336:29903973
1247:23335816
1121:33259398
1065:34293132
1018:32478390
944:30381378
884:23825205
827:23097513
677:See also
457:seabirds
437:antelope
313:Mesozoic
209:tarsiers
185:eyesight
124:May 2012
3407:Mimicry
3397:Crypsis
3351:Signals
3180:Ecopath
2987:Habitat
2857:Ecotype
2852:Ecotone
2829:ecology
2827:Spatial
2763:Species
2623:Species
2494:ecology
2479:Ecology
2427:Mimicry
2395:counter
2339:f-ratio
2087:Archaea
1775:Biomass
1748:General
1740:Trophic
1732:Ecology
1443:5789060
1414:Bibcode
1306:Bibcode
1298:Science
1238:3546378
1209:Bibcode
1135:Biology
1009:7326339
935:6235046
875:3712437
818:3497252
703:Crypsis
667:diurnal
580:fitness
485:deserts
421:crypsis
317:mammals
287:Origins
257:rabbits
237:Diurnal
193:ferrets
177:hearing
170:diurnal
108:scholar
2211:Rivers
2107:Marine
1637:Fields
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924:
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815:
663:exotic
601:salmon
481:biomes
347:cornea
307:, the
277:fossas
269:hyenas
265:tigers
261:skunks
241:humans
217:cornea
110:
103:
96:
89:
81:
3473:Sleep
3128:Other
3029:Other
2982:Guild
2954:Niche
2206:Lakes
1340:S2CID
1294:(PDF)
1117:S2CID
483:like
433:zebra
388:Hawks
351:pupil
281:lions
225:wasps
181:smell
160:is a
115:JSTOR
101:books
2216:Soil
1479:2012
1448:PMID
1430:ISSN
1378:ISSN
1332:PMID
1324:ISSN
1243:PMID
1225:ISSN
1178:ISSN
1139:ISBN
1109:ISSN
1061:PMID
1014:PMID
940:PMID
922:ISSN
880:PMID
862:ISSN
823:PMID
657:and
642:Pets
628:zoos
622:Zoos
478:arid
459:and
413:bats
392:owls
390:and
370:The
349:and
297:kiwi
295:The
279:and
267:and
213:owls
205:bats
191:and
189:cats
151:Owls
87:news
1438:PMC
1422:doi
1370:doi
1314:doi
1302:360
1233:PMC
1217:doi
1168:doi
1101:doi
1051:doi
1047:114
1004:PMC
996:doi
930:PMC
914:doi
910:285
870:PMC
854:doi
850:280
813:PMC
805:doi
801:279
771:doi
626:In
386:).
247:),
70:by
3429::
2677:/
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1738::
1734::
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1408:.
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1390:^
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1366:84
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1215:.
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1073:^
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