Nguyễn Văn Thiệu

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bring Khiêm back from Washington. The US Embassy in Saigon was privately supportive of the aim as Taylor and Khánh had become implacable enemies, but they did not fully back the move as they regarded it as poorly thought out and potentially a political embarrassment due to the need to use an American plane to transport some plotters between Saigon and Washington, and as a result, they promised asylum only for Hương if necessary. The plot continued over the next month with US encouragement, especially when evidence emerged that Khánh wanted to make a deal with the communists. Taylor told the generals that the US was "in no way propping up General Khanh or backing him in any fashion". At this stage, Taylor and his staff in Saigon thought highly of Thiệu, Có and Cang as possible replacements for Khánh. Thiệu was quoted in a

1179:, who had in fact deposed Minh and his colleagues in January or at least heavily weakened him – as he had to formally retain Minh in recognition of the United States' will – decided to increase his authority by declaring a state of emergency, increasing police powers, banning protests, tightening censorship and allowing the police arbitrary search and imprisonment powers. He drafted a new constitution, which would have augmented his personal power. However, these moves served only to weaken Khánh as large demonstrations and riots broke out in the cities, with majority Buddhists prominent, calling for an end to the state of emergency and the abandonment of the new constitution, as well as a progression back to civilian rule. 2096: 2208: 2107: 2085: 2182: 2007: 2236: 1121:. A little before 22:00, infantry started the assault, covered by tank and artillery fire, which flattened the Presidential Guard barracks. Demolition units set charges to the palace, and rebel flamethrowers sprayed buildings, as the two sides exchanged gunfire. After a lull, shortly after 3:00, the shelling resumed, and just after 5:00, Thiệu ordered the start of the final stage of the siege. By 6:37, the palace fell. He was then made a general by the junta after they took power. Diệm had been promised exile by the generals, but, after escaping from the palace, was executed on the journey back to military headquarters after having been captured. 569: 2150: 2289: 2139: 1777:

would-be evacuees. Only around 16,000 soldiers were pulled out, and of the almost two million civilians that packed Đà Nẵng, little more than 50,000 were evacuated. As a result, 70,000 troops were taken prisoner, along with around 100 fighter jets. During the fall of Đà Nẵng, no pitched battles had been fought. In quick succession, the few remaining cities along the coastline "fell like a row of porcelain vases sliding off a shelf" and half the country had fallen in two weeks. When his hometown of Phan Rang fell, retreating ARVN troops showed their disgust at Thiệu by demolishing his family's ancestral shrines and graves.

2066: 2128: 2172: 2077: 6781: 1843: 2161: 723: 2264: 2118: 924: 939:, whose goal was to gain independence for Vietnam from France. With no rifles, Thiệu's class of Việt Minh recruits trained in jungle clearings with bamboo. He rose to be district chief, but left the movement after just one year, following the return of the French to southern Vietnam in 1946 to contest Việt Minh control. Thiệu said, "By August of 1946, I knew that Việt Minh were Communists … They shot people. They overthrew the village committee. They seized the land." He defected and moved to 6875: 6843: 6100: 2251: 1731: 983:, before returning home to attend the Staff College in Hanoi. Nevertheless, Thiệu was regarded as "very much a country boy, lacking the manners of more sophisticated urban dwellers who aspired to become officers". By 1954, he was a major and led a battalion that attacked a Việt Minh unit, forcing the communists to withdraw from Phan Rang. At first the Việt Minh retreated into Thiệu's old family home, confident that he would not attack his own house, but they were mistaken. 2053: 2223: 1603:, who was in charge of the Phước Long situation, and other senior military figures. Đống presented a plan for the relief of Phước Long, but it was rejected because a lack of reserve forces of sufficient size available, a lack of airlift capability, and the belief that the besieged defenders could not hold out long enough for reinforcements. Thiệu decided to cede the entire province to the North Vietnamese, since it was considered to be less important than 6809: 6963: 6759: 1221:, on 13 September. During the coup attempt, Khiêm and Thiệu's torpor, combined with their criticism of Khánh was seen as tacit support of the rebels. US Embassy logs during the coup claimed that Thiệu and Khiêm "seem so passive that they appear to have been either tacitly supporting or associated with his move by Đức and Phát". However, after the coup faltered, the pair "issued expressions of firm support for Khánh somewhat belatedly". 2277: 1288:, introduced a series of war expansion measures, notably by widening the terms of conscription. This provoked widespread anti-Hương demonstrations and riots across the country, mainly from conscription-aged students and pro-negotiations Buddhists. Reliant on Buddhist support, Khánh did little to try to contain the protests, and then decided to have the armed forces take over the government, and he removed Hương on 27 January. 2195: 1303:, an undetected communist double agent, who launched a coup with Phát on a hardline Catholic platform without US backing. With US support against both Khánh and the plotters, Kỳ and Thi put down the coup attempt and then ousted Khánh. This left Kỳ, Thi and Thiệu as the three most prominent members in the new junta. There were claims that Thiệu ordered the military to capture and extrajudicially kill Colonel 1486: 1186:, a Catholic political apparatus covertly used to maintain the Diệm regime in power by seeking out dissenters, etc. Many senior officers, in particular the Catholics, such as Khiêm and Thiệu, decried what they viewed as a handing of power to the Buddhist leaders, They then tried to remove Khánh in favour of Minh again, and recruited many officers into their plot. Khiêm and Thiệu sought out US Ambassador 6938: 1003:. In 1956, he was appointed as head of the National Military Academy in Đà Lạt, and held the post for four years. There he formed ties with many of the younger officers and trainees and who went on to become his generals, colonels and majors when he ascended to the presidency a decade later. In 1957, and again in 1960, Thiệu was sent to the United States for military training. He studied at the 1722:

had survived, while only 25% of the estimated 180,000 civilians had escaped. Thiệu's order to evacuate, which was too late, had resulted in chaos and a bloodbath that left more than 150,000 dead. The planned operation to retake Buôn Ma Thuột never materialized because II Corps had been reduced to only 25% strength. Buoyed by their easy triumph the North Vietnamese overran the whole region.

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power struggle with Kỳ, who had been the main leader of South Vietnam in the preceding two years. The military had decided that they would support one candidate, and after both men wanted the job, Kỳ only backed down after being promised real influence behind the scenes through a military committee that would control proceedings. Thiệu was intent on concentrating power in his own hands.

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and the increasing North Vietnamese pressure caused civilians to flee, clogging the highway and hampering the withdrawal. Trưởng requested permission for a withdrawal of his forces into the three enclaves as planned; Thiệu ordered him to "hold onto any territory he could with whatever forces he now had, including the Marine Division", implying that he could retreat if and when needed.

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abandonment, stating "I never thought that such a good Secretary of State would produce a treaty that would bring us to our death". Thiệu also blamed the local media and foreign broadcasting organisations for lowering the morale of the military and the population by reporting on the corruption and setbacks of his government. Immediately following the speech, Vice President

1202:, called for the replacement of Khánh with the original junta leader Minh, but the latter refused. Feeling pressured by the strong condemnations of his colleagues, Khánh said that he would resign. However, after further deadlock, Khánh, Minh, and Khiêm were put together in a triumvirate to resolve the problem, but tensions remained as Khánh dominated the decision-making. 1683: 1862:, the CIA was involved in the flight of Thiệu, his aides, and a "planeload of suitcases containing heavy metal," though it was revealed in 2015 by Tuổi Trẻ, a Vietnamese news source, that the "heavy metal", which was 16 tons of gold, was left behind and given to the Soviet Union from 1979 onwards as debt payment. Thiệu also brought 15 tons of luggage with him. 1357:, decrying his "fascistic tendencies", and claiming that Cần Lao members were undermining Kỳ. For Quang, Thiệu was a symbol of the Diệm era of Catholic domination, when advancement was based on religion. He had desired that General Thi, known for his pro-Buddhist position, would lead the country, and denounced Thiệu for alleged past crimes against Buddhists. 1558:, the party leadership reported that the war had reached its "final stage". The army was to consolidate its gains, eliminate South Vietnamese border outposts and secure its logistical corridor, and continue its force build-up in the south. During 1976, the final general offensive would begin. The communists decided to start by attacking 1535:. In 1973–74, US funding was slashed to $ 965 million, a reduction of more than 50%. Despite Nixon's growing political difficulties and an increasingly hostile working relationship with the legislature over Vietnam, Thiệu, and most of the Saigon leadership, remained optimistic about ongoing aid. According to Vietnamese Air Force General 875:, which saw the South openly invaded by the entire North Vietnamese army. Thiệu gave contradictory orders to Trưởng to stand and fight or withdraw and consolidate, leading to mass panic and collapse in the south of the country. This allowed the communists to generate much momentum and within a month they were close to 1446:. Kỳ, who was still in the capital, stepped into the spotlight and took command, organising the military forces in Saigon in the battle. The ARVN and the Americans repelled the communist onslaught. Kỳ's overshadowing of his superior during South Vietnam's deepest crisis further strained relations between the two men. 899:

more auspicious day. His elder brothers raised money so that he could attend the elite schools run by France, who were Vietnam's colonial rulers. Although not yet a Catholic (he converted later in life after getting married), Thiệu attended Pellerin, a French-run Catholic school in Huế, the imperial seat of the

1654:. ARVN forces began to rapidly shift positions in an attempt to keep the North Vietnamese from quickly pushing eastward to the coastal lowlands along Route 21. In the face of rapid communist advances, Thiệu had sent a delegation to Washington in early March to request an increase in aid. The US Ambassador 1825:

Thiệu bemoaned the American funding cuts, which he equated to desertion, saying, "You don't fight by miracles, you need high morale and bravery. But even if you are brave, you can't just stand there and bite the enemy. And we are fighting against Russia and China. We're having to bargain for aid from

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On 21 April 1975, Thiệu, under intense political pressure, resigned as president after losing the confidence of his closest domestic allies. In his televised farewell speech during which he was close to tears, he admitted, for the first time, having ordered the evacuation of the Central Highlands and

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With no support or leadership from Đà Nẵng, the evacuation turned into a costly debacle, as the communists pounded the city with artillery, killing tens of thousands. Many drowned while jostling for room on the boats; with no logistical support, those vessels sent were far too few for the millions of

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briefed Thiệu. Thiệu laid out his plan to consolidate a smaller proportion. As Trưởng understood it, he was free to redeploy his forces south to hold Đà Nẵng, South Vietnam's second largest city, thereby abandoning Huế. Offshore oil deposits were thought to be nearby. Thiệu also decided to remove the

1551:, in what was the last major ARVN offensive. While these operations were successful, the cost in terms of manpower and resources was high. By the end of the year the military was experiencing equipment shortages as a result of decreased American aid, while communist forces continued to gain strength. 1921:

with the communist regime. Relations between the US and the communist regime in Hanoi were formally established in 1995. Thiệu said that when the communists are deposed and "democracy is recovered," he would return to his homeland, but their hold on Vietnam remained unchallenged during his lifetime.

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was the most significant engagement of the entire offensive. The South Vietnamese eventually committed 25,000 troops to the battle, almost one-third of their remaining forces. After conducting a valiant defense, the 18th Division was overwhelmed by a 6:1 numerical ratio, and the communists encircled

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Thiệu called Trưởng to Saigon on 19 March to detail his withdrawal plan. The president then stunned Trưởng by announcing that he had misinterpreted his previous orders: The old imperial capital of Huế was not to be abandoned, despite losing two divisions. In the meantime, the withdrawal preparations

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Heavy losses were incurred against the numerically dominant communists, who shelled and rocketed the soldiers and peasants alike. More bridge delays played into communist hands, and by the time the convoy reached Tuy Hòa on 27 March, it was estimated by the ARVN that only 20,000 of the 60,000 troops

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Thiệu sketched on the map those areas which he considered most important, all of the III and IV Corps Tactical Zones. He also pointed out those areas that were currently under communist control which would have to be retaken. The key to the location of these operations were concentrations of natural

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The aid cuts meant that an artillery piece could only fire four rounds a day, and each soldier had only 85 bullets per month. Due to lack of fuel and spare parts, air force transport operations shrank by up to 70%. Due to Thiệu's insistence on not surrendering any territory, the army was spread very

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Diệm remained a taboo subject until Thiệu became president. His regime first approved of public memorial services for Diệm upon the eighth anniversary of his death in 1971, and this was the third year that such services were permitted. Madame Thiệu, the First Lady, was seen weeping at a requiem mass

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In 1967, a transition to elected government was scheduled; and, after a power struggle within the military, Thiệu ran for the presidency with Kỳ as his running mate—both men had wanted the top job. To allow the two to work together, their fellow officers had agreed to have a military body controlled

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about Thiệu: "He is an individual of very considerable intellectual capacity. He made the decision in the beginning to follow the constitutional road, not to rule with a clique of generals, which many of them expected he would do. He has been acting more and more like a politician, getting out into

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thinly, defending useless terrain along a 600 mile (966 km) frontier, while the strategic reserve was occupied in static defensive roles. The situation was exacerbated by the collapse of the economy and a massive influx of refugees into the cities. Worldwide rises in fuel price due to the 1972

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on the south central coast of Vietnam, Thiệu was a son of a small, well-off landowner who earned his living by farming and fishing. Thiệu was the youngest of five children. According to some reports, Thiệu was born in November 1924, but adopted 5 April 1923, as his birthday on grounds that it was a

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In a rambling and incoherent speech, Thiệu went on to excoriate the US, attacking "our great ally, leader of the free world". "The United States has not respected its promises" he declared. "It is inhumane. It is not trustworthy. It is irresponsible." He added, "The United States did not keep its

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The large-scale retreat of hundreds of thousands of military personnel and civilians would be dangerous. However, it was poorly planned, many senior officers were not kept informed, and some units were left behind or retreated incoherently. This was exacerbated by a three-day delay when the convoy

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against him." His increasing isolation had begun to deny him "the services of competent people, adequate staff work, consultation, and coordination". Thieu's military decisions were followed faithfully by his officers who generally agreed that he "made all the decisions as to how the war should be

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As North Vietnam needed to replenish its armed forces in 1974, Thiệu decided to go on the attack. He stretched his own forces thinly by launching offensives that regained most of the territory captured by PAVN forces during the 1973 campaign, and retook 15% of the total land area controlled by the

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Khánh's action nullified a counter-plot involving Hương that had developed during the civil disorders that forced him from office. In an attempt to pre-empt his deposal, Hương had backed a plot led by some Đại Việt-oriented Catholic officers, including Thiệu and Có, who planned to remove Khánh and

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to angrily berate Thiệu, Thi, Kỳ and Cang in a private meeting and threaten to cut off aid if they did not reverse their decision. However, this galvanized the officers around Khánh for a time and they ignored Taylor's threats without repercussions as the Americans were too intent on defeating the

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Meanwhile, the North Vietnamese closed in on Đà Nẵng amid the chaos caused by Thiệu's confused leadership. Within a few days I Corps was beyond control. The South Vietnamese tried to evacuate from the other urban enclaves into Đà Nẵng, but the 1st Division collapsed after its commander, Brigadier

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Trưởng returned to Đà Nẵng to the start of a North Vietnamese offensive. Thiệu made a nationwide radio broadcast that afternoon proclaiming that Huế would be held "at all costs", contradicting the previous order. That evening Trưởng ordered a retreat to a new defense line at the Mỹ Chánh River to

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In the meantime, morale in and supplies for the ARVN continued to fade away. Desertion increased, and only 65% of registered personnel were present. Morale fell due to Thiệu's continued policy of promoting officers on the grounds of religion, loyalty and cronyism. Corruption and incompetence were

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Thiệu used the period to consolidate his personal power. His only real political rival was Vice President Kỳ. In the aftermath of Tết, Kỳ supporters in the military and the administration were quickly removed from power, arrested, or exiled. A crack-down on the South Vietnamese press followed and

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Mobilization and token anti-corruption campaigns were carried out. Three of the four ARVN corps commanders were replaced for poor performance during the offensive. Thiệu also established a National Recovery Committee to oversee food distribution, resettlement, and housing construction for the new

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Thiệu's regime estimated the civilian dead at 14,300 with 24,000 wounded. 630,000 new refugees had been generated, joining the nearly 800,000 others already displaced by the war. By the end of 1968, 8% of the populace was living in a refugee camp. More than 70,000 homes had been destroyed and the

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On 3 September 1967, Thiệu ran successfully for the presidency with Kỳ as his running mate. Thiệu took 34% of the vote and held the position until 21 April 1975. He promised democracy, social reform and vowed to "open wide the door of peace and leave it open". However, the poll was the start of a

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When Thiệu rose to become president, Minh blamed him for the assassinations. In 1971, Minh claimed that Thiệu had caused the deaths by hesitating and delaying the attack on Gia Long Palace, implying that if Diệm was captured there, junior officers could not have killed him while in a small group.

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With the help of his brother, Nguyễn Văn Hiếu, a Paris-trained lawyer who served in the upper echelons of the State of Vietnam government, Thiệu initially was enrolled in the Merchant Marine Academy. After a year, he was given his officer's commission, but he rejected a position on a ship when he

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As anarchy and looting enveloped Đà Nẵng, with a defense of the city becoming impossible, Trưởng requested permission to evacuate by sea, but Thiệu, baffled, refused to make a decision. When his communications with Saigon were sundered by communist shelling, Trưởng ordered a naval withdrawal, as

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In 1966, with Kỳ leading the way, Thi was sacked in a power struggle, provoking widespread civil unrest in his base in I Corps; Quang led Buddhist protests against Kỳ and Thiệu and many units in I Corps began disobeying orders, siding with Thi and the Buddhist movement. Eventually, Kỳ's military

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Kỳ and Thiệu's military junta decided to inaugurate their rule by holding a "no breathing week". They imposed censorship, closed many newspapers that published material deemed unacceptable, and suspended civil liberties. They then sidelined the civilian politicians to a "village of old trees" to

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Thiệu's aversion to public appearances was attributed to a fear of hostility from South Vietnamese who believed that he had failed them. He acknowledged his compatriots' low esteem of his administration in a 1992 interview, but said, "You say that you blame me for the fall of South Vietnam, you

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was required to pass the ruling, but he referred the matter to the High National Council (HNC), an appointed civilian advisory body, to get their opinion. The HNC turned down the request. This was speculated to be due to the fact that many of the HNC members were old, and did not appreciate the

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However, a worse collapse occurred in the northernmost I Corps, after a series of U-turns by Thiệu. It added to the fall of the highlands, which had already earned Thiệu much criticism. I Corps fielded three infantry divisions, the elite Airborne and Marine Divisions, four Ranger Groups and an

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of the Việt Minh. Thiệu started as the commander of an infantry platoon fighting against the Việt Minh. He quickly rose up the ranks, and was known as a good strategist, albeit cautious, with an aversion to attacking unless victory appeared almost assured. He was sent to France to train at the

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He criticised the American policy, saying, "You Americans with your 500,000 soldiers in Vietnam! You were not defeated...you ran away!" He lambasted US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger for signing the Paris Peace Accords, which the communists violated, and which he regarded as an American

1053:, but after surrounding the palace, they stopped attacking and decided to negotiate a power-sharing agreement. Diệm falsely promised reform, allowing time for loyalists to come to the rescue. The rebels had also failed to seal the highways into the capital to block loyalist reinforcements. 1190:

and sought a private endorsement for a coup, but, as this would have been the third coup in a few months, Taylor did not want any more changes in leadership, fearing a corrosive effect on the already unstable government. This deterred Khiêm's group from following through on their plans.

1662:. However, the US Congress, increasingly reluctant to invest in what was seen as a lost cause, slashed a proposed $ 1.45 billion military aid package for 1975 to $ 700 million. The Ford administration, however, continued to encourage Thiệu to believe that money would eventually come. 1646:

and that Buôn Ma Thuột was a diversion. The town was therefore lightly defended and communists outnumbered defenders by more than 8:1. The battle for Buôn Ma Thuột began on 10 March and ended only eight days later. Reinforcements were flown in, but were dismantled and fled in chaos.

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With respect to the I and II Corps Zones, he drew a series of phase lines on the map indicating that South Vietnamese forces should hold what they could, but that they could redeploy southward if needed. Thiệu declared this new strategy as "Light at the top, heavy on the bottom."

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of 1968, the communists launched a massive attack on the cities of Vietnam in an attempt to topple Thiệu and reunify the country under their rule. At the time of the attack on Saigon, Thiệu was out of town, having travelled to celebrate the new year at his wife's family's home at

1895:, where he lived reclusively. He never produced an autobiography, rarely assented to interviews and shunned visitors. Neighbours had little contact with him or knowledge of him, aside from seeing him walking his dog. He did, however, give an interview to the West German magazine 1714:, which he considered more important. Phú then decided that the only possible means of doing this was to retreat to the coast along Interprovincial Route 7B, a dilapidated, rough track with several downed bridges, before recuperating and counterattacking back into the highlands. 1524:(PRG), which went against the deal. Thiệu believed the American promise to reintroduce air power against the communists if they made any serious violations of the agreement, and he and his government also assumed that US aid would continue to be forthcoming at previous levels. 1519:

Thiệu expressed his stance on the ceasefire by publicly proclaiming the "Four Nos": no negotiations with the communists; no communist political activities south of the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ); no coalition government; and no surrender of territory to the North Vietnamese or

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to send more troops—and do it quickly because after taking the palace you will be made a general." Thiệu stridently denied responsibility and issued a statement that Minh did not dispute: "Dương Văn Minh has to assume entire responsibility for the death of Ngô Đình Diệm."

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discovered that the French owners were going to pay him less than his French colleagues. This incident was said to have made him suspicious of foreigners. Thiệu later became known for his paranoia and distrust of his American allies when he rose to the top of politics.

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went to Congress to request a US $ 722 million supplemental military aid package for South Vietnam plus $ 250 million in economic and refugee aid but Congress was not impressed. On 17 April the discussion ended—there would be no further military funding for Thiệu.

1250:. They and Khánh wanted to forcibly retire officers with more than 25 years of service, as they thought them to be lethargic, out of touch, and ineffective, but most importantly, as rivals for power. Specific targets of this proposed policy were Generals Minh, 2373:

2012 Page 243 " This idea would soon find fertile ground in revolutionary historiography and in DRV criticisms of RVN regimes led by the Catholics Ngô Đình Diệm and Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, and it remains a powerful trope in Church-state relations and an important

1743:, regarded as the nation's finest general. Until mid-March, the North Vietnamese had only tried to cut the highways, despite having five divisions and 27 further regiments. At a meeting on 13 March, Trưởng and the new III Corps commander, Lieutenant General 1068:'s men approached the palace grounds. Some of the rebels switched sides as the power balance changed. After a brief but violent battle that killed around 400 people, the coup attempt was crushed. On 21 October 1961, Thiệu was transferred to command the 1998:. He was cremated and the location of his ashes is unknown. According to Mai Anh, before his death, Thiệu expressed his wish to be buried in his hometown of Phan Rang, otherwise his ashes will be scattered half into the sea and half on the mountain. 1768:

The overland march, pummelled by communist artillery the entire way, degenerated into chaos as it moved toward Đà Nẵng. The remainder of the force deserted or began looting. Only a minority survived and some disillusioned officers committed suicide.

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in Boston, had certain psychological effects on Thiệu and also affected his health. Because much of the air travel was affected by the attacks, the couple was stuck in Hawaii for more than a week. When they got home, Thiệu's condition had worsened.

1307:, who died in 1965 after a series of coup attempts between various ARVN officers. Other sources blame Kỳ. During this period, Thiệu became more prominent as other generals fought and defeated one another in coups, which forced several into exile. 1622:

declared that "Never have we had military and political conditions so perfect or a strategic advantage so great as we have now." The communists thus decided to initiate a full-scale offensive against the central highlands, which had been named

4885: 1512:, which called for "strategic raids" against South Vietnam to gain territory and to gauge the reaction of Thiệu and the American government. This started between March and November 1974, when the communists attacked Quang Duc Province and 7184: 1477:

there was a return of some of Diệm's Cần Lao members to positions of power. Within six months, the populace began to call him "the little dictator". Over the next few years, Kỳ became increasingly sidelined to the point of irrelevance.

2026:, and Thiệu converted to Catholicism in 1958. Critics claimed that he did so in order to improve his prospects of rising up the military ranks, because Diệm was known to favor Catholics. The couple had two sons and one daughter. 1449:

Although the communists were repelled and suffered heavy losses, South Vietnam suffered heavily as the conflict reached the cities for the first time in a substantial way. As ARVN troops were pulled back to defend the towns, the

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occurred frequently. Thiệu gradually moved up the ranks of the junta by adopting a cautious approach while other officers around him defeated and sidelined one another. In 1965, stability came to South Vietnam when he became the

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by Kỳ shape policy behind the scenes. Leadership tensions became evident, and Thiệu prevailed, sidelining Kỳ supporters from key military and cabinet posts. Thiệu then passed legislation to restrict candidacy eligibility for

1465:, and in June, the National Assembly approved his request for a general mobilization of the population and the induction of 200,000 draftees into the armed forces by the end of the year; the bill had been blocked before the 1785:

By this time, the North Vietnamese Politburo no longer felt it necessary to wait until 1976 for the final offensive, and they sought to secure victory within two months, before the monsoon season began. On 7 April 1975,

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word. Is an American's word reliable these days?", and "The United States did not keep its promise to help us fight for freedom and it was in the same fight that the United States lost 50,000 of its young men."

844:, banning almost all would-be opponents, while the rest withdrew as it was obvious that the poll would be a sham; Thiệu won 100% of the vote and the election was uncontested, while Kỳ retired from politics. 724: 784:. He gradually rose up the ranks and, in 1954, led a battalion in expelling the communists from his native village. Following the withdrawal of France, the VNA became the ARVN and Thiệu was the head of the 1941:

suggests that Thiệu "was arguably a more honest and decent man than Lyndon Johnson, and – given the differences in their respective circumstances – quite likely a more effective president of his country."

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and seized control. Ninh Thuận was taken over by the Japanese in 1942, but the reaction from the locals was muted, and Thiệu continued to work the ricelands alongside his father for another three years.

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forces forced the dissidents to back down and defeated those who did not. Thi was exiled and Quang put under house arrest, ending Buddhist opposition and any effective threat to Kỳ and Thiệu's regime.

1346:"conduct seminars and draw up plans and programs in support of government policy". They decided to ignore religious and other opposition groups "with the stipulation that troublemakers will be shot". 1198:. Prominent officers associated with the Đại Việt included Thiệu and Khiêm. Khiêm blamed Khánh's concessions to Buddhist activists as the reason for the trouble. Thiệu and another Catholic General, 1497:

In 1971, Thiệu ran for re-election, but his reputation for corruption made his political opponents believe the poll would be rigged, and they declined to run. As the only candidate, Thiệu was thus

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Thiệu turned against Diệm late, and led his 5th Division in the revolt. Late on the night of 1 November, as light drizzle fell, Thiệu's tanks, artillery, and troops advanced towards the grounds of

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resources such as rice, rubber and industries. The necessary territory included coastal areas where oil had been discovered on the continental shelf. These areas were to become, in Thiệu's words:

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Fearing that he could be toppled by the intensifying protests, Khánh made concessions, repealing the new constitution and police measures, and promising to reinstate civilian rule and remove the

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The division among the generals came to a head at a meeting of the MRC on 26/27 August. Khánh claimed the instability was due to troublemaking by members and supporters of the Catholic-aligned

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arrived at General Văn Tiến Dũng's headquarters near Loc Ninh to oversee the final battles. General Dũng prepared a three-pronged attack, which would seize the vital highway intersection at

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Thiệu was rewarded with membership in the 12-man Military Revolutionary Council led by General Minh, and served as the secretary general; the leading figures in the MRC were Generals Minh,

1891:. Thiệu kept a low profile, and in 1990 even the British Foreign Office claimed to have no information on his personal life or whereabouts. In the early 1990s, Thiệu took up residence in 1133:, another plotter, was reported to have pressured Thiệu during the night of the siege, asking him on the phone, "Why are you so slow in doing it? Do you need more troops? If you do, ask 1270:

generals' negativity towards seniors. On 19 December, the generals dissolved the HNC and arrested some of the members as well as other civilian politicians. This prompted US Ambassador

2212: 1505:

in January 1973 failed to end the fighting in South Vietnam, as North Vietnam immediately violated the cease-fire and attempted to make territorial gains, resulting in large battles.

1315: 1349:

Kỳ and Thiệu were more concerned with attacking the communists than their predecessors. The generals began to mobilize the populace into paramilitary organizations. After one month,

847:

During his rule, Thiệu was accused of turning a blind eye to and indulging in corruption, and appointing loyalists rather than competent officers to lead ARVN units. During the 1971

4620: 7164: 1756:

defend Huế, thereby ceding all of Quảng Trị Province. He was confident that his forces could hold Huế, but was then astounded by a late afternoon message from Thiệu that ordered

1834:

took the presidency. However, the Communist tide could not be stopped. They overran what was left of the ARVN within nine days and took Saigon on 30 April 1975, ending the war.

1690:

By 11 March, Thiệu concluded that there was no hope of receiving the $ 300 million supplemental aid package from the US. On that basis he called a meeting attended by Generals

1592:

By the end of 1974, around 370,000 communist troops were in South Vietnam, augmented by ever increasing influxes of military hardware. In mid-December, the communists attacked

1473:

refugees. The government perceived a new determination among the ordinary citizens, especially among previously apathetic urbanites who were angered by the communist attacks.

1710:

The critical decision was made on 14 March when Thiệu met with Phú. Thiệu had decided to abandon Pleiku and Kon Tum so that the II Corps forces could concentrate on retaking

1296:(CIA) report as being described by an unnamed American official as "intelligent, highly ambitious, and likely to remain a coup plotter with the aim of personal advancement". 2558: 1342:

as the prime minister. After a series of short-lived juntas, their pairing put an end to a series of leadership changes that had occurred since the assassination of Diệm.

7134: 4680: 1758:"that because of inability to simultaneously defend all three enclaves, the I Corps commander was free ... to redeploy his forces for the defense of Đà Nẵng only." 745:

in 1965, and then president after winning a rigged election in 1967. He established rule over South Vietnam until he resigned and left the nation and relocated to

1691: 1409: 1638:

Major General Phạm Văn Phú, the II Corps commander, was given adequate warnings of the impending attacks, but was not worried. He thought the true objective was

5728: 1826:

the United States like haggling for fish in the market and I am not going to continue this bargaining for a few million dollars when your lives are at stake."

1865:

Thiệu initially lived in Taiwan at the house of his brother Nguyen Van Kieu, the Ambassador of South Vietnam to Taiwan before moving to a rented property in

1818:

the north that had led to debacle. He then stated that it had been the inevitable course of action considering the situation, but still blamed the generals.

804:; Diệm was thought to give preferential treatment to his co-religionists and Thiệu was accused of being one of many who converted for political advancement. 70: 6066: 1694:

and Viên. After reviewing the situation, Thiệu pulled out a small-scale map of South Vietnam and discussed the possible redeployment of the armed forces to

1618:

On 6 January 1975, Phước Long City became the first provincial capital permanently seized by the communists. Less than a sixth of the ARVN forces survived.

1112: 7179: 7174: 7159: 4706: 6747: 5560: 7129: 5825: 5573: 2690: 2436: 7144: 6379: 5815: 1536: 1454:

gained in the countryside. The violence and destruction witnessed damaged public confidence in Thiệu, who apparently couldn't protect the citizens.

1369: 1539:, "Our leaders continued to believe in U.S. air intervention even after the U.S. Congress had expressly forbidden it ... hey deluded themselves." 5785: 1917:] like to see you do better than I." Thiệu continually predicted the demise of the Vietnamese Communist Party's grip on power and warned the 4911: 6290: 4766: 568: 6725: 5272:

McAllister, James (November 2004). ""A Fiasco of Noble Proportions": The Johnson Administration and the South Vietnamese Elections of 1967".

5241: 4972: 4949: 1567: 2385: 1125:, the junta and coup leader, was generally blamed for having ordered Diệm's assassination, but there has been debate about the culpability. 7114: 6716: 6394: 5609: 1458:

nation's infrastructure was severely damaged. 1968 became the deadliest year of the war to date for South Vietnam, with 27,915 men killed.

1388: 1170: 247: 4624: 1498: 1384: 1378: 841: 1760:

The people of Quảng Trị and Huế began to leave their homes by the hundreds of thousands, joining an ever-growing exodus toward Đà Nẵng.

1096: 7169: 1879:

report, Thiệu suffered from depression at this time as a result of going into exile. After a brief spell in Taiwan, he then settled in

976: 1665:

During this time, Thiệu was feeling the increased pressure and became increasingly paranoid. According to one of his closest advisors

5734: 5676: 1922:

He futilely offered to represent the refugee community in reconciliation talks with Hanoi so exiles could be allowed to return home.

1230:

Thiệu was part of a group of younger officers called the Young Turks—the most prominent apart from himself included commander of the

820: 7154: 6244: 7139: 6740: 6384: 5724: 6587: 2142: 1734:

Thiệu addresses the 514 men graduating class during dedication ceremonies at the new national police academy near Saigon (1971)

7032: 1593: 871:—which Thiệu opposed—and the US withdrawal, South Vietnam resisted the communists for another two years until the communists' 7149: 6218: 6096: 4747: 2110: 2099: 2088: 1925:

Thiệu was criticized by many opponents and historians, but he was appreciated by others. The US ambassador to South Vietnam,

801: 503: 5699: 5709: 1979: 1718:

encountered a broken bridge and had to rebuild it. The communist forces caught up, surrounded the convoy, and attacked it.

1195: 785: 648: 7124: 7119: 6399: 6213: 6150: 6104: 2175: 1225: 738: 497: 4127: 1566:

endemic, with some officers "raising it almost to an art form". Under heavy criticism, Thiệu reluctantly sacked General

1527:

On 1 July 1973, however, the US Congress passed legislation that all but prohibited any US combat activities over or in

6733: 6622: 6389: 6374: 6269: 5585: 5447: 4794: 4602: 1967: 1930: 1744: 1036: 789: 689: 1501:

on 2 October, receiving 94% of the vote on an 87% turn-out, a figure widely held to be fraudulent. The signing of the

6763: 5511: 5262: 5226: 5198: 5152: 5114: 5042: 4957: 2328: 1903: 1554:

By the end of October, the North Vietnamese had formulated their strategy for 1975 and 1976. In what became known as

1004: 2095: 1320: 482: 17: 5461:

Decent Interval: An Insider's Account of Saigon's Indecent End Told by the CIA's Chief Strategy Analyst in Vietnam

999:) was founded and officially gained full sovereignty after the withdrawal of French forces in 1955, following the 958:. In 1949, upon graduation, he was commissioned a 2nd Lieutenant from the first officer candidates' course of the 6780: 6259: 6239: 2164: 1918: 613: 6557: 5602: 2207: 282: 6799: 6254: 6088: 5875: 5530: 5492: 5470: 5415: 5389: 5335: 5176: 5133: 5095: 5074: 5016: 4993: 2121: 971: 7008: 6755: 4101: 2106: 2084: 2006: 1213:

region of the country, and three divisions. This came after the Buddhists had lobbied Khánh to remove General

1076:, the former imperial capital in central Vietnam. He remained in the post until 8 December 1962, when General 6954: 6592: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 5760: 5669: 2698: 1937:

the country, following up on pacification, talking to people, seeing what they want." The military historian

1231: 5750: 2606: 2181: 1516:. The US failed to respond to the communist violations and the ARVN lost a lot of supplies in the fighting. 1088:. Diệm did not trust Thiệu's predecessor, Nguyễn Đức Thắng, but Thiệu's appointment proved to be a mistake. 6562: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 5795: 2131: 1461:

In the wake of the offensive, however, Thiệu's regime became more energetic. On 1 February, Thiệu declared

1081: 1069: 1057: 895: 761: 666: 660: 654: 439: 5547: 2509: 6652: 6572: 6457: 5765: 1971: 1959: 1293: 1214: 447: 46:

in English-language text. In accordance with Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the

7062: 7050: 7038: 6682: 5998: 5900: 5399: 1666: 1651: 1065: 1042: 128: 6992: 6982: 6976: 6970: 6945: 6825: 6642: 6404: 5983: 1963: 1304: 1300: 1279: 1143: 1108: 808: 694: 525: 509: 86: 6915: 6607: 6602: 5870: 5719: 5646: 4719: 2235: 2149: 1831: 1559: 1285: 1064:, a town just north of Saigon, to help rescue Diệm. As the false promises of reform were being aired, 186: 7044: 7014: 6820: 6632: 6597: 6542: 6452: 6133: 6128: 2295: 2138: 2069: 1991: 1892: 1740: 1600: 864: 328: 7056: 7026: 6672: 5988: 5865: 5629: 1802: 1163: 1134: 1050: 793: 119: 7020: 6249: 6140: 6123: 6055: 5714: 5704: 5662: 5636: 2240: 2153: 1247: 1206: 1000: 777: 734: 672: 608: 387: 333: 323: 304: 193: 6687: 6647: 6567: 6003: 5963: 5850: 5619: 2288: 2065: 1251: 1199: 1155: 1130: 405: 294: 134: 6437: 6274: 6234: 6118: 4859: 2127: 2015: 1866: 1787: 1235: 856: 443: 338: 6637: 6552: 5973: 2171: 2076: 1239: 1046: 5993: 2185: 1628: 6920: 6900: 6887: 6874: 6842: 6697: 6667: 6612: 6472: 6462: 5943: 2318: 1122: 860: 6905: 6657: 6547: 6507: 6351: 6341: 5835: 5162: 2421:

See It Through with Nguyen Van Thieu: The Nixon Administration Embraces a Dictator, 1969-1974

1995: 1532: 1339: 1323: 1266: 959: 848: 833: 788:

for four years before becoming a division commander and colonel. In November 1960, he helped

301: 226: 153: 1696:"hold and defend only those populous and flourishing areas which were really most important" 1531:, Cambodia, and Vietnam. On 7 November, the legislative branch overrode Nixon's veto of the 7109: 7104: 6677: 6662: 6502: 6497: 5890: 4943: 4740:

A Better War: The unexamined victories and final tragedy of America's last years in Vietnam

1955: 1888: 1587: 1544: 1350: 872: 823:

and Thiệu made a general. Following Diệm's death, there were several short-lived juntas as

6627: 6492: 6477: 5948: 5860: 1711: 1632: 1218: 8: 7002: 6866: 6582: 6522: 6442: 5933: 5910: 5805: 5218: 2030: 1502: 1077: 868: 765: 717: 6996: 6986: 6892: 6808: 6692: 6577: 6532: 6512: 5968: 1299:

Thiệu took a cautious approach, as did Có and Cang, and they were pre-empted by Colonel

1259: 1176: 6487: 6467: 6432: 6336: 6331: 6316: 6295: 6081: 6034: 5365: 5314: 5251: 5145:

Death of a Generation: how the assassinations of Diem and JFK prolonged the Vietnam War

5107:

Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963

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The fall of South Vietnam : statements by Vietnamese military and civilian leaders

5063: 4700: 1243: 1024: 992: 923: 900: 634: 6851: 6789: 6527: 2263: 1842: 1284:

Thiệu was again plotting the following month when the junta-appointed Prime Minister,

963: 936: 773: 6772: 6427: 6409: 6311: 5905: 5895: 5885: 5845: 5800: 5552: 5526: 5507: 5488: 5466: 5459: 5443: 5427: 5411: 5385: 5369: 5331: 5318: 5258: 5222: 5194: 5172: 5148: 5129: 5110: 5091: 5070: 5038: 5012: 5005: 4989: 4953: 4743: 2444: 2393: 2324: 2160: 1794:, the capital of Long Khánh Province and "the gateway to Saigon", before heading for 1466: 1451: 1327: 1271: 1183: 1101: 6447: 5938: 1850:

In his farewell speech, Thiệu said, "I resign, but I do not desert," but he fled to

824: 382: 6834: 6702: 6356: 6326: 6029: 5830: 5357: 5306: 5281: 2419: 2034: 1926: 1490: 1217:

from command of IV Corps; Đức had responded with a failed coup attempt, along with

1008: 967: 944: 911: 852: 781: 587: 451: 6962: 6482: 5953: 5348:(2004). "Political Monks: The Militant Buddhist Movement during the Vietnam War". 4982: 1353:

began to call for the removal of Thiệu because he was a member of Diệm's Catholic

1338:

In mid-1965, Thiệu became the figurehead chief of state of a military junta, with

270: 6517: 6346: 5958: 5840: 5820: 5790: 5685: 5578: 5480: 5404: 5212: 5166: 4798: 2267: 2038: 2023: 2019: 1575: 1255: 1159: 1118: 1023:, as well as at the Joint and Combined Planning School of the Pacific Command in 955: 816: 812: 797: 31: 5060: 4791: 4767:"Phụ lục 2: Bà Mai Anh sau ngày ông Nguyễn Văn Thiệu mất đã nói gì với báo chí?" 2117: 1791: 863:, whose incompetence led to heavy defeats until Thiệu finally replaced him with 6024: 5565: 5208: 5186: 1875: 1187: 907: 750: 742: 5361: 5310: 5285: 4833: 4811: 4658: 1619: 879:, prompting Thiệu to resign and leave the country. He eventually settled near 7098: 6882: 6856: 6321: 6099: 6074: 5928: 5855: 5810: 5433:. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. 2448: 2397: 2256: 2058: 1795: 1655: 1513: 1422: 1404: 1354: 1061: 996: 932: 769: 754: 730: 592: 471: 980: 6039: 6019: 5034: 5026: 4939: 1938: 1933: 1884: 1859: 1766:"We've been betrayed ... t is now "sauve qui peu" ... See you in Đà Nẵng." 1764:

General Nguyễn Văn Diệm, angered by Thiệu's abandonment, told his men that

1730: 1443: 1210: 7068: 6815: 5330:. trans. Pribbenow, Merle. Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press. 2228: 1897: 1810: 1659: 1462: 1426: 1418: 1414: 5328:

Victory in Vietnam: A History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975

5295:"'Only Religions Count in Vietnam': Thich Tri Quang and the Vietnam War" 1950:

Thiệu and his wife Mai Anh celebrated their 50th wedding anniversary in

1604: 1548: 7185:

Recipients of the Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures

6937: 6264: 5880: 5377: 5345: 1543:

communists at the time of the cease-fire. In April, Thiệu launched the

1439: 1085: 1016: 883:, Massachusetts, preferring not to talk to the media. He died in 2001. 829: 47: 5755: 5325: 6537: 5398: 5280:(4). Berkeley, California: University of California Press: 619–651. 1901:

in 1979 and appeared in the 1980 documentary television mini-series

1635:, using 75,000–80,000 men to surround the city before capturing it. 1469:. This increased South Vietnam's military to more than 900,000 men. 859:

in the north of the country was under the command of his confidant,

5504:

Abandoning Vietnam: How America Left and South Vietnam Lost Its War

5294: 1331: 1080:

took over. Twelve days later, Thiệu was appointed commander of the

886:

Thiệu has been described as dictatorial, similar to Ngô Đình Diệm.

5654: 2276: 1669:, he became "suspicious ... secretive ... and ever watchful for a 1489:

Thiệu joins mourners for the multi-faith rites for victims of the

2559:"Nguyen Van Thieu Is Dead at 76; Last President of South Vietnam" 2386:"Nguyen Van Thieu Is Dead at 76; Last President of South Vietnam" 2282: 1704:"Our untouchable heartland, the irreducible national stronghold." 1643: 1612: 1434: 1073: 35: 1599:

On 2 January 1975, Thiệu held an emergency meeting with General

5561:

Nguyen Van Thieu Is Dead at 76; Last President of South Vietnam

2200: 1987: 1983: 1951: 1883:, having obtained a visa there because his son was studying at 1880: 1870: 1851: 1639: 1608: 1485: 1012: 940: 880: 876: 746: 467: 1919:

United States government not to establish diplomatic relations

1383:

Under US insistence on constitutional rule, elections for the

1364: 5248: 5061:

Hosmer, Stephen T.; Konrad Kellen; Jenkins, Brian M. (1980).

4660:

Vietnam War | The 20th century | World history | Khan Academy

4342: 4340: 1855: 1658:

also traveled to Washington to present the case to President

1020: 4834:"Announcement: US Troops To Be Replaced By South Vietnamese" 1084:, which was based in Biên Hòa, the 7th having been moved to 4979: 2995: 1528: 5168:

Intervention : how America became involved in Vietnam

4337: 2010:

Marriage of Nguyễn Văn Thiệu and Nguyễn Thị Mai Anh (1951)

1986:, after he collapsed and was put on a respirator due to a 1913: 1911:

criticize me, everything. I let you do that. I [

1596:, and quickly gained the upper hand, besieging the city. 918: 4687:. 3 June 1975. Archived from the original on 31 May 2021 1780: 1682: 7165:

Recipients of the Distinguished Service Order (Vietnam)

5090:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. 4742:. New York: Harcourt Brace & Co. pp. 185–186. 3232: 1677: 1547:

against communist strongholds in eastern Cambodia near

1030: 1480: 954:

Thiệu transferred to the National Military Academy in

836:

became prime minister, although the men were rivals.

2213:

Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures

1907:, discussing his time as president of South Vietnam. 5356:(4). New York: Cambridge University Press: 749–784. 5305:(4). New York: Cambridge University Press: 751–782. 5257:. Boston, Massachusetts: Boston Publishing Company. 5011:. Boston, Massachusetts: Boston Publishing Company. 5002: 4912:"Clichés 41923-4263921MA/2/31Archives diplomatiques" 2632: 2630: 2628: 1650:

On 18 March the communists took complete control of

1578:, and poor rice harvests throughout Asia, hit hard. 1205:

On 15 September 1964, Thiệu became the commander of

5501: 5424: 5003:Dougan, Clark; Weiss, Stephen; et al. (1983). 4980:Dougan, Clark; Fulghum, David; et al. (1985). 4648:, Morley Safer, St Martins Press/Random House, 1991 4099: 2424:(Doctor of Philosophy thesis). McMaster University. 5458: 5426: 5403: 5250: 5161: 5062: 5004: 4981: 4125: 4102:"'The Most Brilliant Commander': Ngo Quang Truong" 1615:— economically, politically, and demographically. 986: 176:(as Chairman of the National Leadership Committee) 7135:Personalist Labor Revolutionary Party politicians 5292: 5271: 5056:. McLean, Virginia: General Research Corporation. 4128:"Ngo Quang Truong; South Vietnamese Army General" 3319: 3317: 3315: 3287: 3285: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 2625: 1994:home. His funeral was held on 6 October 2001, in 768:of Vietnam, Thieu joined the communist-dominated 7096: 5506:. Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press. 5235: 5123: 4705:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2556: 2371:Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation 1175:In August 1964, the current junta head, General 903:. He returned to his hometown after graduating. 5479: 5437: 5207: 5051: 4966: 3873: 3871: 1801:The week-long fighting that erupted on 8 April 1748:Airborne and Marines, leaving I Corps exposed. 1421:, President Thiệu, Ambassador to South Vietnam 1373:Thiệu takes the oath of office, 31 October 1967 966:who had agreed to be the Chief of State of the 5326:Military History Institute of Vietnam (2002). 5109:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 3312: 3282: 3250: 3223: 3207: 2510:"Nguyen Van Thieu, 78; S. Vietnam's President" 2022:practitioner from the Mekong Delta. She was a 1858:transport plane five days later. According to 6741: 6082: 5670: 5610:Minister of National Defense of South Vietnam 5242:United States Army Center of Military History 5087:Without Honor: Defeat in Vietnam and Cambodia 5031:A Death in November: America in Vietnam, 1963 4973:United States Army Center of Military History 4950:United States Army Center of Military History 776:in 1945 but quit after a year and joined the 248:Minister of National Defense of South Vietnam 194:Chairman of the National Leadership Committee 6717:South Vietnamese military ranks and insignia 5548:Nguyen Van Thieu, 78; S. Vietnam's President 5456: 5382:Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965 4938: 3868: 2993:"South Viet Nam: The U.S. v. the Generals". 2287: 2275: 1773:Thiệu was not making a decision either way. 1310: 1171:September 1964 South Vietnamese coup attempt 733:military officer and politician who was the 27:President of South Vietnam from 1967 to 1975 7180:Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam) 7175:Recipients of the National Order of Vietnam 7160:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Buddhism 5344: 2688: 2507: 2383: 2345:Historical Dictionary of the War in Vietnam 1379:1967 South Vietnamese presidential election 1365:1967 South Vietnamese Presidential election 962:, which had been created by former Emperor 943:and joined the forces of the French-backed 809:coup against Ngô Đình Diệm in November 1963 737:from 1967 to 1975. He was a general in the 6748: 6734: 6089: 6075: 5677: 5663: 4639: 3264: 3200: 3198: 1978:He died on 29 September 2001, aged 78, at 1417:, House Minority Leader (later President) 1234:, Air Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ, commander of 1049:launched a coup attempt against President 931:When World War II ended, Thiệu joined the 729:; 5 April 1923 – 29 September 2001) was a 69: 7130:Vietnamese emigrants to the United States 5735:Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem 5586:"1975: Vietnam's President Thieu resigns" 4681:"Thieu Moves Into Rented House in Taipei" 4603:"1975: Vietnam's President Thieu resigns" 4312: 4310: 4308: 2655:"South Viet Nam: A Vote for the Future". 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2044: 1113:Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm 796:. During this time, he also converted to 7145:Army of the Republic of Vietnam generals 6245:Civilian Irregular Defense Group program 5384:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 5249:Lipsman, Samuel; Weiss, Stephen (1985). 4916:archivesdiplomatiques.diplomatie.gouv.fr 4785: 4579: 4577: 4271: 4269: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4086: 4084: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4049: 4047: 4019: 4017: 4007: 4005: 3905: 3903: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3843: 3841: 3822: 3820: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3760: 3758: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3623: 3621: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3079: 3077: 3058: 3056: 2979: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2896: 2894: 2875: 2873: 2854: 2852: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2005: 1841: 1729: 1681: 1570:, a loyalist notorious for corruption. 1484: 1408: 1368: 1314: 1095: 922: 260:16 February 1965 – 20 June 1965 99:31 October 1967 – 21 April 1975 5520: 4854: 4852: 4850: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3489: 3487: 3414: 3412: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3388: 3386: 3376: 3374: 3195: 3028: 3026: 3024: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2824: 2822: 2812: 2810: 2782: 2780: 2727: 2725: 2601: 2599: 2434: 807:Despite this, Thiệu agreed to join the 540: 1951; died 2001) 317:18 January 1965 – 12 June 1965 206:19 June 1965 – 31 October 1967 14: 7097: 5185: 5104: 5083: 5025: 4831: 4809: 4761: 4759: 4737: 4733: 4731: 4586: 4556: 4466: 4448: 4439: 4305: 4126:Sullivan, Patricia (25 January 2007). 2986: 2639: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2552: 2550: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2417: 1739:armored brigade, under the command of 1562:, around 140 km north of Saigon. 927:Thiệu as an infantry lieutenant (1951) 919:Việt Minh and Vietnamese National Army 6729: 6070: 5658: 5376: 5147:. New York: Oxford University Press. 5142: 4988:. Boston: Boston Publishing Company. 4860:"19 June 1966, Saigon, South Vietnam" 4574: 4493: 4484: 4457: 4430: 4421: 4358: 4319: 4278: 4266: 4234: 4218: 4177: 4145: 4081: 4065: 4044: 4014: 4002: 3984: 3975: 3966: 3930: 3900: 3880: 3838: 3829: 3817: 3803: 3785: 3755: 3746: 3721: 3712: 3682: 3673: 3648: 3630: 3618: 3600: 3168: 3152: 3145: 3143: 3122: 3113: 3086: 3074: 3053: 3044: 2974: 2962: 2944: 2926: 2891: 2870: 2861: 2849: 2840: 2798: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2663: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2356:Bruce M. Lockhart, William J. Duiker 2100:Air Force Distinguished Service Order 2080:National Order of Vietnam (Commander) 1958:happened. The fact that both planes ( 1781:Communists close in and Thiệu resigns 716: 5126:The War for South Vietnam, 1954–1975 4847: 4595: 4544:Dougan and Fulghum, pp. 100, 138–41. 3591: 3568: 3550: 3532: 3523: 3514: 3505: 3484: 3457: 3448: 3409: 3395: 3383: 3371: 3362: 3344: 3021: 3003: 2935: 2903: 2819: 2807: 2777: 2734: 2722: 1980:Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center 1678:Abandonment of the Central Highlands 1522:Provisional Revolutionary Government 1508:In late 1973, the communists issued 1429:posing for a picture on 5 April 1973 1196:Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam 1091: 1031:Role in stopping 1960 anti-Diệm coup 786:Vietnamese National Military Academy 649:Vietnamese National Military Academy 5684: 4756: 4728: 4508:Hosmer, Kellen and Jenkins, p. 133. 4293:Hosmer, Kellen and Jenkins, p. 109. 4119: 4093: 3131: 2576: 2557:Butterfield, Fox (1 October 2001). 2435:Pearson, Richard (1 October 2001). 2384:Butterfield, Fox (1 October 2001). 2316: 1725: 1481:Re-elected unopposed and stagnation 1226:December 1964 South Vietnamese coup 24: 6961: 6936: 6873: 6841: 6807: 6779: 5710:Self-immolation of Thích Quảng Đức 5442:. Lund, Scania: Historiska Media. 4041:Hosmer, Kellen and Jenkins, p. 96. 3140: 3104: 2761: 2527: 2462: 1037:1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt 25: 7196: 7170:Commanders of the Legion of Merit 5725:1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état 5540: 5054:The General Offensives of 1968–69 4721:Vietnam: The Ten Thousand Day War 2743: 2360:, 2010, p.283. "Nguyễn Văn Thiệu" 1904:Vietnam: The Ten Thousand Day War 1005:Command and General Staff College 832:head of state, while Air Marshal 6897:Provisional Leadership Committee 6757: 6098: 4904: 4878: 4825: 4803: 4713: 4673: 4651: 4613: 4565: 4547: 4538: 4529: 4520: 4511: 4502: 4475: 4412: 4403: 4394: 4385: 4376: 4367: 4349: 4328: 4296: 4287: 4257: 4248: 4209: 4200: 4191: 4168: 4159: 4056: 4035: 4026: 3993: 3957: 3948: 3939: 3921: 3912: 3859: 3850: 3794: 3776: 3767: 3737: 3700: 3691: 3664: 3639: 2418:Lovell, Josh K. (October 2013). 2262: 2249: 2234: 2221: 2206: 2193: 2180: 2170: 2159: 2148: 2137: 2126: 2116: 2111:Navy Distinguished Service Order 2105: 2094: 2089:Army Distinguished Service Order 2083: 2075: 2064: 2051: 2001: 1837: 1398: 1265:The signature of Chief of State 739:Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces 567: 483:National Social Democratic Front 7155:Heads of state of South Vietnam 7115:People from Ninh Thuận province 5402:; Schecter, Jerrold L. (1986). 5238:From Cease-Fire to Capitulation 5214:Our Vietnam: the war, 1954–1975 4621:"Thương vụ đặc biệt: bán vàng!" 3582: 3559: 3541: 3496: 3475: 3466: 3439: 3430: 3421: 3353: 3335: 3326: 3303: 3294: 3273: 3241: 3186: 3177: 3095: 3065: 3035: 3012: 2953: 2917: 2882: 2831: 2789: 2752: 2713: 2347:, 2011 p.331 "Nguyễn Văn Thiệu" 1413:(Left to right) Vice President 1149: 987:Army of the Republic of Vietnam 800:and joined the regime's secret 614:Army of the Republic of Vietnam 537: 305:Prime Minister of South Vietnam 7140:Leaders who took power by coup 6800:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 5700:Huế Phật Đản (Vesak) shootings 5410:. New York: Harper & Row. 4890:Dong Ilbo (Naver News Library) 4391:Dougan and Fulghum, pp. 74–80. 4334:Dougan and Fulghum, pp. 80–81. 4215:Dougan and Fulghum, pp. 69–70. 4174:Dougan and Fulghum, pp. 68–69. 3963:Dougan and Fulghum, pp. 54–59. 3954:Dougan and Fulghum, pp. 54–58. 3800:Dougan and Fulghum, pp. 50–51. 3743:Dougan and Fulghum, pp. 48–50. 2689:Stowe, Judy (2 October 2001). 2508:Lamb, David (1 October 2001). 2428: 2411: 2377: 2363: 2350: 2337: 2310: 2176:Army Meritorious Service Medal 1686:President Thiệu's briefing map 1041:On 11 November 1960, Colonels 995:when the Republic of Vietnam ( 972:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 889: 13: 1: 6955:Socialist Republic of Vietnam 5274:The Pacific Historical Review 4792:"Former President Thiệu Died" 3300:Dougan and Weiss, pp. 124–25. 3247:Dougan and Weiss, pp. 118–19. 2304: 1232:Republic of Vietnam Air Force 1056:Thiệu sent infantry from his 1015:, and in weapons training at 42:, but is often simplified to 7150:South Vietnamese politicians 5525:. New York: William Morrow. 5502:Willbanks, James H. (2004). 5425:Penniman, Howard R. (1972). 4100:Willbanks, James H. (2007). 3149:Karnow, pp. 396–401, 694–95. 2018:, the daughter of a wealthy 1326:(left) meeting US President 7: 5236:Le Gro; William E. (1981). 5193:. New York: Penguin Books. 5069:. New York: Crane, Russak. 4592:Dougan and Fulghum, p. 139. 4562:Dougan and Fulghum, p. 138. 4472:Dougan and Fulghum, p. 142. 4454:Dougan and Fulghum, p. 116. 4445:Dougan and Fulghum, p. 112. 1972:Logan International Airport 1960:American Airlines Flight 11 1581: 1294:Central Intelligence Agency 1275:communists to cut funding. 867:. After the signing of the 780:(VNA) of the French-backed 559:Army officer and politician 10: 7201: 7125:Vietnamese Roman Catholics 7120:Vietnamese anti-communists 5637:President of South Vietnam 5465:. New York: Random House. 5429:Elections in South Vietnam 5293:McAllister, James (2008). 5084:Isaacs, Arnold R. (1983). 4932: 4812:"Le président Thieu parle" 4526:Dougan and Fulghum, p. 127 4346:Dougan and Fulghum, p. 83. 4325:Dougan and Fulghum, p. 79. 4284:Dougan and Fulghum, p. 74. 4275:Dougan and Fulghum, p. 73. 4231:Dougan and Fulghum, p. 70. 4165:Dougan and Fulghum, p. 68. 4090:Dougan and Fulghum, p. 69. 4078:Dougan and Fulghum, p. 66. 4011:Dougan and Fulghum, p. 60. 3990:Dougan and Fulghum, p. 58. 3936:Dougan and Fulghum, p. 54. 3909:Dougan and Fulghum, p. 53. 3847:Dougan and Fulghum, p. 63. 3814:Dougan and Fulghum, p. 51. 3764:Dougan and Fulghum, p. 49. 3752:Dougan and Fulghum, p. 48. 3688:Dougan and Fulghum, p. 20. 3565:Dougan and Fulghum, p. 26. 3547:Lipsman and Weiss, p. 149. 3529:Dougan and Fulghum, p. 17. 3511:Dougan and Fulghum, p. 11. 3174:McAllister (2008), p. 777. 2239:Honorary Recipient of the 2165:Vietnamese Gallantry Cross 1964:United Airlines Flight 175 1809:On 10 April, US President 1585: 1402: 1376: 1280:1965 South Vietnamese coup 1277: 1223: 1168: 1144:Saigon Notre-Dame Basilica 1109:1963 South Vietnamese coup 1106: 1034: 741:(RVNAF), became head of a 735:president of South Vietnam 510:Communist Party of Vietnam 159:Trần Văn Hương (1971–1975) 125:Trần Văn Hương (1968–1969) 87:President of South Vietnam 29: 7077: 6953: 6930:Republic of South Vietnam 6928: 6865: 6833: 6798: 6771: 6764:Heads of state of Vietnam 6711: 6418: 6365: 6304: 6283: 6227: 6149: 6111: 6105:Military of South Vietnam 6048: 6012: 5919: 5774: 5761:Krulak–Mendenhall mission 5743: 5692: 5643: 5634: 5626: 5616: 5607: 5599: 5594: 5362:10.1017/S0026749X04001295 5311:10.1017/s0026749x07002855 5286:10.1525/phr.2004.73.4.619 5124:Joes, Anthony J. (1990). 3323:Dougan and Weiss, p. 126. 3291:Dougan and Weiss, p. 120. 3261:Dougan and Weiss, p. 119. 3229:Dougan and Weiss, p. 118. 3220:Dougan and Weiss, p. 116. 3165:Moyar (2004), pp. 781–82. 3041:Moyar (2004), pp. 774–75. 2959:Moyar (2006), pp. 316–19. 2932:Moyar (2006), pp. 326–27. 2888:Moyar (2004), pp. 762–63. 2296:Order of Ouissam Alaouite 2070:National Order of Vietnam 1990:which he suffered at his 1893:Foxborough, Massachusetts 1425:and Speaker of the House 1330:(with back to camera) in 1311:Figurehead chief of state 718:[ŋʷǐənˀvāntʰîəwˀ] 714:Vietnamese pronunciation: 703: 682: 641: 630: 622: 601: 580: 575: 563: 555: 547: 519: 488: 478: 457: 426: 421: 417: 396: 373: 348: 310: 300: 288: 276: 264: 253: 246: 234: 220: 210: 199: 192: 180: 166: 144: 103: 92: 84: 80: 68: 61: 6056:Persecution of Buddhists 5715:Double Seven Day scuffle 5521:Zaffiri, Samuel (1994). 5440:Vietnamkrigen: 1880–1980 5438:Smedberg, Marco (2008). 5253:The False Peace: 1972–74 5052:Hoang Ngoc Lung (1978). 4967:Dong Van Khuyen (1979). 4864:Sài Gòn: Bettmann/CORBIS 3782:Willbanks, pp. 234, 238. 3597:Dougan and Weiss, p. 66. 2320:世界諸国の制度・組織・人事: 1840-2000 2241:Grand Order of Mugunghwa 2154:Armed Forces Honor Medal 1966:) that crashed into the 1945: 1887:and lived in a house in 1248:Republic of Vietnam Navy 778:Vietnamese National Army 609:Vietnamese National Army 444:Ninh Thuận province 6995:(1987–1992) (Chairman: 6985:(1981–1987) (Chairman: 6275:Combined Action Program 5766:McNamara–Taylor mission 4797:1 February 2009 at the 4409:Willbanks, pp. 254–255. 3436:Willbanks, pp. 195–196. 3341:Willbanks, pp. 188–191. 2437:"Nguyen Van Thieu Dies" 2014:In 1951, Thiệu married 1100:Thiệu and US President 815:, leading the siege on 790:put down a coup attempt 75:Official portrait, 1969 6967: 6942: 6879: 6847: 6813: 6785: 5143:Jones, Howard (2003). 4738:Sorley, Lewis (1999). 4553:Willbanks, pp. 268–69. 4535:Willbanks, pp. 267–68. 4481:Willbanks, pp. 265–67. 4316:Willbanks, pp. 252–53. 4302:Willbanks, pp. 250–51. 4263:Willbanks, pp. 247–50. 4197:Willbanks, pp. 247–48. 4062:Willbanks, pp. 252–55. 4032:Willbanks, pp. 244–45. 3999:Willbanks, pp. 242–43. 3645:Willbanks, pp. 222–25. 3502:Willbanks, pp. 220–21. 3481:Willbanks, pp. 202–08. 3472:Willbanks, pp. 200–01. 3359:Willbanks, pp. 210–12. 2343:Ronald B. Frankum Jr. 2292: 2280: 2186:Vietnam Campaign Medal 2143:Military Service Medal 2045:Awards and decorations 2011: 1847: 1803:in and around Xuân Lộc 1735: 1687: 1494: 1430: 1374: 1335: 1104: 928: 873:final push for victory 749:a few days before the 551:3 (2 sons, 1 daughter) 7086:collective leadership 6965: 6940: 6877: 6845: 6811: 6783: 6588:Nguyễn Phước Vĩnh Lộc 5836:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. 5485:Journal of a Vietcong 5457:Snepp, Frank (1977). 5128:. New York: Praeger. 5105:Jacobs, Seth (2006). 4984:The Fall of the South 3332:Penniman, pp. 126–46. 3128:Langguth, pp. 346–47. 3050:Moyar (2006), p. 775. 3009:Moyar (2006), p. 344. 2983:Moyar (2004), p. 769. 2941:Moyar (2006), p. 326. 2914:Moyar (2006), p. 318. 2900:Moyar (2004), p. 763. 2879:Moyar (2004), p. 761. 2858:Moyar (2004), p. 757. 2749:Langguth, pp. 105–10. 2740:Moyar (2006), p. 113. 2358:The A to Z of Vietnam 2317:秦郁彥 (December 2001). 2294:Grand Officer of the 2291: 2279: 2009: 1996:Newton, Massachusetts 1845: 1733: 1685: 1488: 1412: 1372: 1318: 1099: 1001:1954 Geneva Agreement 970:to fight against the 960:Vietnam National Army 926: 906:During World War II, 849:Operation Lam Sơn 719 821:captured and executed 623:Years of service 319:Serving with 5705:Hue chemical attacks 5582:(UK), 2 October 2001 5350:Modern Asian Studies 5299:Modern Asian Studies 5240:. Washington, D.C.: 5219:Simon & Schuster 5007:Nineteen Sixty-Eight 4971:. Washington, D.C.: 4948:. Washington, D.C.: 4843:– via YouTube. 4821:– via YouTube. 3110:Shaplen, pp. 310–12. 2697:. UK. Archived from 2659:. 15 September 1967. 2613:. UK. 1 October 2001 2122:Military Merit Medal 1956:September 11 attacks 1931:Secretary of Defense 1889:Kingston upon Thames 1588:Ho Chi Minh Campaign 1209:, which oversaw the 851:and the communists' 811:in the midst of the 7033:Đặng Thị Ngọc Thịnh 6867:Republic of Vietnam 5806:W. Averell Harriman 5720:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids 5171:. New York: Knopf. 4132:The Washington Post 3204:Karnow, pp. 465–67. 3183:Karnow, pp. 460–65. 3101:Kahin, pp. 299–301. 3018:Karnow, pp. 398–99. 2867:McAllister, p. 762. 2774:Tucker, pp. 526–33. 2758:Jacobs, pp. 117–20. 2719:Jacobs, pp. 115–18. 2611:The Daily Telegraph 1560:Phước Long Province 1545:Svay Rieng Campaign 1503:Paris Peace Accords 869:Paris Peace Accords 766:south central coast 230:(as Chief of State) 6968: 6943: 6880: 6848: 6814: 6786: 6712:Ranks and insignia 6270:Presidential Guard 6035:Marguerite Higgins 5595:Political offices 5191:Vietnam: A history 5163:Kahin, George McT. 4945:The Final Collapse 4685:The New York Times 4627:on 18 January 2017 4583:Willbanks, p. 270. 4499:Willbanks, p. 267. 4490:Willbanks, p. 266. 4463:Willbanks, p. 264. 4436:Willbanks, p. 265. 4427:Willbanks, p. 256. 4418:Willbanks, p. 268. 4382:Willbanks, p. 251. 4364:Willbanks, p. 255. 4355:Willbanks, p. 253. 4245:Willbanks, p. 250. 4188:Willbanks, p. 248. 4156:Willbanks, p. 247. 4053:Willbanks, p. 245. 4023:Willbanks, p. 243. 3981:Willbanks, p. 242. 3972:Willbanks, p. 239. 3897:Willbanks, p. 235. 3835:Willbanks, p. 240. 3826:Willbanks, p. 238. 3791:Willbanks, p. 237. 3734:Willbanks, p. 233. 3718:Willbanks, p. 228. 3707:Victory in Vietnam 3679:Willbanks, p. 226. 3661:Willbanks, p. 225. 3636:Willbanks, p. 209. 3627:Willbanks, p. 232. 3615:Willbanks, p. 246. 3588:Le Gro, pp. 80–87. 3579:Willbanks, p. 203. 3556:Willbanks, p. 205. 3538:Willbanks, p. 222. 3520:Willbanks, p. 221. 3493:Willbanks, p. 206. 3463:Willbanks, p. 199. 3454:Willbanks, p. 217. 3418:Willbanks, p. 195. 3406:Willbanks, p. 202. 3392:Willbanks, p. 193. 3380:Willbanks, p. 213. 3368:Willbanks, p. 197. 3350:Willbanks, p. 210. 3279:Hoang, pp. 135–36. 3192:Kahin, pp. 428–32. 3071:Kahin, pp. 294–95. 3032:Kahin, pp. 267–69. 2923:Kahin, pp. 229–30. 2795:Jones, pp. 412–15. 2701:on 5 November 2009 2691:"Nguyen Van Thieu" 2636:Willbanks, p. 229. 2607:"Nguyen Van Thieu" 2563:The New York Times 2390:The New York Times 2293: 2281: 2132:Good Conduct Medal 2016:Nguyễn Thị Mai Anh 2012: 1970:had departed from 1968:World Trade Center 1848: 1736: 1688: 1556:Resolution of 1975 1495: 1431: 1375: 1336: 1246:, the head of the 1105: 993:lieutenant colonel 929: 792:against President 635:Lieutenant general 526:Nguyễn Thị Mai Anh 241:Position abolished 7092: 7091: 7015:Nguyễn Minh Triết 6784:Empire of Vietnam 6773:Empire of Vietnam 6723: 6722: 6633:Nguyễn Viết Thanh 6593:Nguyễn Trọng Luật 6284:ARVN Sub-branches 6064: 6063: 5906:William Trueheart 5896:Maxwell D. Taylor 5886:Frederick Nolting 5876:Nguyễn Đình Thuận 5846:Joseph Mendenhall 5801:Michael Forrestal 5653: 5652: 5644:Succeeded by 5617:Succeeded by 5553:Los Angeles Times 4773:. 21 January 2015 4749:978-0-15-601309-3 2999:. 1 January 1965. 2514:Los Angeles Times 1873:. According to a 1499:easily re-elected 1355:Cần Lao apparatus 1328:Lyndon B. Johnson 1272:Maxwell D. Taylor 1102:Lyndon B. Johnson 1092:Coup against Diệm 842:the 1971 election 753:and the ultimate 707: 706: 690:1960 coup attempt 461:29 September 2001 360:Nguyễn Xuân Oánh 16:(Redirected from 7192: 7045:Nguyễn Xuân Phúc 7039:Nguyễn Phú Trọng 6993:Council of State 6983:Council of State 6911:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 6835:State of Vietnam 6821:Huỳnh Thúc Kháng 6762: 6761: 6760: 6750: 6743: 6736: 6727: 6726: 6683:Trần Thiện Khiêm 6678:Trần Thanh Phong 6663:Phan Trọng Chinh 6638:Nguyễn Vĩnh Nghi 6618:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 6598:Nguyễn Văn Chuân 6558:Nguyễn Đức Thắng 6553:Nguyễn Chánh Thi 6543:Ngô Quang Trưởng 6103: 6102: 6091: 6084: 6077: 6068: 6067: 6030:David Halberstam 5999:Trần Thiện Khiêm 5979:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 5974:Nguyễn Văn Nhung 5831:Victor H. Krulak 5826:Thich Tinh Khiet 5751:Joint Communiqué 5679: 5672: 5665: 5656: 5655: 5627:Preceded by 5600:Preceded by 5592: 5591: 5574:Nguyen Van Thieu 5569:, 1 October 2001 5556:, 1 October 2001 5536: 5517: 5498: 5476: 5464: 5453: 5434: 5432: 5421: 5409: 5400:Nguyen Tien Hung 5395: 5373: 5341: 5322: 5289: 5268: 5256: 5245: 5232: 5204: 5182: 5158: 5139: 5120: 5101: 5080: 5068: 5057: 5048: 5027:Hammer, Ellen J. 5022: 5010: 4999: 4987: 4976: 4963: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4856: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4807: 4801: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4763: 4754: 4753: 4735: 4726: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4704: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4623:. Archived from 4617: 4611: 4610: 4609:. 21 April 1975. 4599: 4593: 4590: 4584: 4581: 4572: 4569: 4563: 4560: 4554: 4551: 4545: 4542: 4536: 4533: 4527: 4524: 4518: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4500: 4497: 4491: 4488: 4482: 4479: 4473: 4470: 4464: 4461: 4455: 4452: 4446: 4443: 4437: 4434: 4428: 4425: 4419: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4401: 4398: 4392: 4389: 4383: 4380: 4374: 4371: 4365: 4362: 4356: 4353: 4347: 4344: 4335: 4332: 4326: 4323: 4317: 4314: 4303: 4300: 4294: 4291: 4285: 4282: 4276: 4273: 4264: 4261: 4255: 4252: 4246: 4243: 4232: 4229: 4216: 4213: 4207: 4204: 4198: 4195: 4189: 4186: 4175: 4172: 4166: 4163: 4157: 4154: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4097: 4091: 4088: 4079: 4076: 4063: 4060: 4054: 4051: 4042: 4039: 4033: 4030: 4024: 4021: 4012: 4009: 4000: 3997: 3991: 3988: 3982: 3979: 3973: 3970: 3964: 3961: 3955: 3952: 3946: 3943: 3937: 3934: 3928: 3925: 3919: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3898: 3895: 3878: 3875: 3866: 3863: 3857: 3854: 3848: 3845: 3836: 3833: 3827: 3824: 3815: 3812: 3801: 3798: 3792: 3789: 3783: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3765: 3762: 3753: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3719: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3671: 3670:Vien, pp. 63–64. 3668: 3662: 3659: 3646: 3643: 3637: 3634: 3628: 3625: 3616: 3613: 3598: 3595: 3589: 3586: 3580: 3577: 3566: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3548: 3545: 3539: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3521: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3503: 3500: 3494: 3491: 3482: 3479: 3473: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3455: 3452: 3446: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3407: 3404: 3393: 3390: 3381: 3378: 3369: 3366: 3360: 3357: 3351: 3348: 3342: 3339: 3333: 3330: 3324: 3321: 3310: 3307: 3301: 3298: 3292: 3289: 3280: 3277: 3271: 3270:Zaffiri, p. 293. 3268: 3262: 3259: 3248: 3245: 3239: 3238:Smedberg, p. 196 3236: 3230: 3227: 3221: 3218: 3205: 3202: 3193: 3190: 3184: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3166: 3163: 3150: 3147: 3138: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3120: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3102: 3099: 3093: 3090: 3084: 3081: 3072: 3069: 3063: 3060: 3051: 3048: 3042: 3039: 3033: 3030: 3019: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2990: 2984: 2981: 2972: 2969: 2960: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2933: 2930: 2924: 2921: 2915: 2912: 2901: 2898: 2889: 2886: 2880: 2877: 2868: 2865: 2859: 2856: 2847: 2844: 2838: 2835: 2829: 2826: 2817: 2814: 2805: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2787: 2784: 2775: 2772: 2759: 2756: 2750: 2747: 2741: 2738: 2732: 2729: 2720: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2686: 2661: 2660: 2652: 2637: 2634: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2603: 2574: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2554: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2505: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2381: 2375: 2367: 2361: 2354: 2348: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2314: 2266: 2255: 2253: 2252: 2238: 2227: 2225: 2224: 2210: 2199: 2197: 2196: 2184: 2174: 2163: 2152: 2141: 2130: 2120: 2109: 2098: 2087: 2079: 2068: 2057: 2055: 2054: 1927:Ellsworth Bunker 1741:Ngô Quang Trưởng 1726:Thiệu's collapse 1667:Nguyễn Tiến Hưng 1652:Đắk Lắk Province 1631:planned to take 1576:Arab oil embargo 1391:were scheduled. 1240:Nguyễn Chánh Thi 1142:for Diệm at the 1066:Trần Thiện Khiêm 1047:Nguyễn Chánh Thi 1009:Fort Leavenworth 968:State of Vietnam 945:State of Vietnam 912:French Indochina 865:Ngô Quang Trưởng 853:Easter Offensive 782:State of Vietnam 755:North Vietnamese 731:South Vietnamese 728: 727: 726: 720: 715: 710:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 588:State of Vietnam 576:Military service 571: 541: 539: 464: 452:French Indochina 436: 434: 422:Personal details 399: 376: 363: 351: 329:Nguyễn Xuân Oánh 315: 291: 279: 267: 258: 237: 223: 213: 204: 183: 169: 147: 131:(1969–Apr. 1975) 129:Trần Thiện Khiêm 106: 97: 73: 63:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 59: 58: 21: 18:Nguyen Van Thieu 7200: 7199: 7195: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7190: 7189: 7095: 7094: 7093: 7088: 7073: 7063:Võ Thị Ánh Xuân 7051:Võ Thị Ánh Xuân 7021:Trương Tấn Sang 6949: 6924: 6861: 6829: 6794: 6767: 6758: 6756: 6754: 6724: 6719: 6707: 6698:Trần Quang Khôi 6668:Phan Xuân Nhuận 6653:Phạm Quốc Thuần 6623:Nguyễn Văn Toàn 6613:Nguyễn Văn Minh 6608:Nguyễn Văn Mạnh 6603:Nguyễn Văn Hiếu 6583:Nguyễn Khoa Nam 6573:Nguyễn Hữu Hạnh 6563:Nguyễn Hợp Đoàn 6503:Lê Nguyên Khang 6420: 6414: 6367: 6361: 6300: 6279: 6260:Regional Forces 6223: 6145: 6107: 6097: 6095: 6065: 6060: 6044: 6008: 5921: 5915: 5901:Trần Văn Chương 5891:Thích Trí Quang 5871:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ 5841:Robert McNamara 5821:John F. Kennedy 5816:Thich Thien Hoa 5796:Thích Quảng Đức 5778: 5776: 5770: 5739: 5688: 5686:Buddhist crisis 5683: 5649: 5640: 5632: 5622: 5613: 5605: 5579:The Independent 5543: 5533: 5514: 5495: 5481:Truong Nhu Tang 5473: 5450: 5418: 5406:The Palace File 5392: 5338: 5265: 5229: 5209:Langguth, A. J. 5201: 5187:Karnow, Stanley 5179: 5155: 5136: 5117: 5098: 5077: 5045: 5019: 4996: 4960: 4935: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4895: 4893: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4869: 4867: 4858: 4857: 4848: 4838: 4836: 4830: 4826: 4816: 4814: 4808: 4804: 4799:Wayback Machine 4790: 4786: 4776: 4774: 4765: 4764: 4757: 4750: 4736: 4729: 4718: 4714: 4698: 4697: 4690: 4688: 4679: 4678: 4674: 4665: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4652: 4644: 4640: 4630: 4628: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4587: 4582: 4575: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4517:Isaacs, p. 408. 4516: 4512: 4507: 4503: 4498: 4494: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4453: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4400:Isaacs, p. 380. 4399: 4395: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4345: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4306: 4301: 4297: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4267: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4235: 4230: 4219: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4146: 4136: 4134: 4124: 4120: 4110: 4108: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4082: 4077: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4015: 4010: 4003: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3901: 3896: 3881: 3876: 3869: 3865:Isaacs, p. 320. 3864: 3860: 3856:Isaacs, p. 314. 3855: 3851: 3846: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3818: 3813: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3697:Le Gro, p. 137. 3696: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3619: 3614: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3410: 3405: 3396: 3391: 3384: 3379: 3372: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3283: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3208: 3203: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3153: 3148: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3004: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2975: 2970: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2904: 2899: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2871: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2837:Hammer, p. 317. 2836: 2832: 2828:Hammer, p. 299. 2827: 2820: 2815: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2778: 2773: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2735: 2731:Jacobs, p. 118. 2730: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2704: 2702: 2695:The Independent 2687: 2664: 2654: 2653: 2640: 2635: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2605: 2604: 2577: 2567: 2565: 2555: 2528: 2518: 2516: 2506: 2463: 2453: 2451: 2441:Washington Post 2433: 2429: 2416: 2412: 2402: 2400: 2382: 2378: 2368: 2364: 2355: 2351: 2342: 2338: 2331: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2268:Legion of Merit 2250: 2248: 2222: 2220: 2194: 2192: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2020:herbal medicine 2004: 1948: 1846:President Thiệu 1840: 1783: 1745:Nguyễn Văn Toàn 1728: 1680: 1590: 1584: 1568:Nguyễn Văn Toàn 1537:Đổng Văn Khuyên 1483: 1407: 1401: 1381: 1367: 1351:Thích Trí Quang 1313: 1282: 1228: 1173: 1152: 1119:Gia Long Palace 1115: 1107:Main articles: 1094: 1039: 1033: 989: 977:Infantry School 921: 892: 817:Gia Long Palace 813:Buddhist crisis 722: 721: 713: 699: 678: 618: 597: 543: 535: 531: 528: 515: 490: 489:Other political 479:Political party 466: 462: 438: 432: 430: 413: 410:Nguyễn Lưu Viên 397: 392: 388:Nguyễn Tôn Hoàn 374: 369: 361: 349: 344: 343: 324:Nguyễn Lưu Viên 316: 311: 289: 277: 265: 259: 254: 235: 229: 221: 211: 205: 200: 181: 175: 167: 162: 145: 140: 116: 115: 104: 98: 93: 76: 64: 55: 32:Vietnamese name 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7198: 7188: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7081: 7078: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7071:(2024-present) 7066: 7060: 7054: 7048: 7042: 7036: 7030: 7027:Trần Đại Quang 7024: 7018: 7012: 7009:Trần Đức Lương 7006: 7000: 6990: 6980: 6977:Nguyễn Hữu Thọ 6974: 6960: 6958: 6957:(1976–present) 6951: 6950: 6948: 6946:Nguyễn Hữu Thọ 6935: 6933: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6921:Dương Văn Minh 6918: 6916:Trần Văn Hương 6913: 6908: 6903: 6901:Dương Văn Minh 6898: 6895: 6890: 6888:Dương Văn Minh 6885: 6872: 6870: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6859: 6854: 6840: 6838: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6805: 6803: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6792: 6778: 6776: 6769: 6768: 6753: 6752: 6745: 6738: 6730: 6721: 6720: 6715: 6713: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6643:Phạm Ngọc Thảo 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6473:Hoàng Xuân Lãm 6470: 6465: 6463:Dương Văn Minh 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6438:Đặng Văn Quang 6435: 6433:Chung Tấn Cang 6430: 6424: 6422: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6395:September 1964 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6371: 6369: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6308: 6306: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6298: 6293: 6291:Special Forces 6287: 6285: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6255:Popular Forces 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6231: 6229: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6155: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6138: 6137: 6136: 6126: 6121: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6108: 6094: 6093: 6086: 6079: 6071: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6058: 6052: 6050: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6025:Malcolm Browne 6022: 6016: 6014: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5994:Trần Kim Tuyến 5991: 5986: 5984:Phạm Ngọc Thảo 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5944:Dương Văn Minh 5941: 5936: 5931: 5925: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5782: 5780: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5737: 5732: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5689: 5682: 5681: 5674: 5667: 5659: 5651: 5650: 5647:Trần Văn Hương 5645: 5642: 5633: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5618: 5615: 5606: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5583: 5570: 5566:New York Times 5557: 5542: 5541:External links 5539: 5538: 5537: 5531: 5518: 5512: 5499: 5493: 5477: 5471: 5454: 5449:978-9185507887 5448: 5435: 5422: 5416: 5396: 5390: 5374: 5342: 5336: 5323: 5290: 5269: 5263: 5246: 5233: 5227: 5205: 5199: 5183: 5177: 5159: 5153: 5140: 5134: 5121: 5115: 5102: 5096: 5081: 5075: 5058: 5049: 5043: 5023: 5017: 5000: 4994: 4977: 4964: 4958: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4903: 4877: 4866:. 19 June 1966 4846: 4824: 4802: 4784: 4755: 4748: 4727: 4712: 4672: 4650: 4638: 4612: 4594: 4585: 4573: 4564: 4555: 4546: 4537: 4528: 4519: 4510: 4501: 4492: 4483: 4474: 4465: 4456: 4447: 4438: 4429: 4420: 4411: 4402: 4393: 4384: 4375: 4373:Momyer, p. 76. 4366: 4357: 4348: 4336: 4327: 4318: 4304: 4295: 4286: 4277: 4265: 4256: 4247: 4233: 4217: 4208: 4206:Vien, p. 102. 4199: 4190: 4176: 4167: 4158: 4144: 4118: 4092: 4080: 4064: 4055: 4043: 4034: 4025: 4013: 4001: 3992: 3983: 3974: 3965: 3956: 3947: 3945:Dawson, p. 58. 3938: 3929: 3920: 3911: 3899: 3879: 3867: 3858: 3849: 3837: 3828: 3816: 3802: 3793: 3784: 3775: 3766: 3754: 3745: 3736: 3720: 3711: 3699: 3690: 3681: 3672: 3663: 3647: 3638: 3629: 3617: 3599: 3590: 3581: 3567: 3558: 3549: 3540: 3531: 3522: 3513: 3504: 3495: 3483: 3474: 3465: 3456: 3447: 3445:Khuyen, p. 387 3438: 3429: 3420: 3408: 3394: 3382: 3370: 3361: 3352: 3343: 3334: 3325: 3311: 3309:Hoang, p. 142. 3302: 3293: 3281: 3272: 3263: 3249: 3240: 3231: 3222: 3206: 3194: 3185: 3176: 3167: 3151: 3139: 3130: 3121: 3119:Kahin, p. 303. 3112: 3103: 3094: 3092:Kahin, p. 512. 3085: 3083:Kahin, p. 298. 3073: 3064: 3062:Kahin, p. 297. 3052: 3043: 3034: 3020: 3011: 3002: 2985: 2973: 2971:Kahin, p. 498. 2961: 2952: 2950:Kahin, p. 231. 2943: 2934: 2925: 2916: 2902: 2890: 2881: 2869: 2860: 2848: 2846:Kahin, p. 182. 2839: 2830: 2818: 2816:Jones, p. 435. 2806: 2804:Kahin, p. 180. 2797: 2788: 2786:Jones, p. 414. 2776: 2760: 2751: 2742: 2733: 2721: 2712: 2662: 2638: 2624: 2575: 2526: 2461: 2427: 2410: 2376: 2369:Charles Keith 2362: 2349: 2336: 2329: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2299: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2246: 2245: 2244: 2218: 2217: 2216: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2178: 2168: 2157: 2146: 2135: 2124: 2114: 2103: 2092: 2081: 2073: 2046: 2043: 2024:Roman Catholic 2003: 2000: 1947: 1944: 1929:, told former 1876:New York Times 1839: 1836: 1832:Trần Văn Hương 1782: 1779: 1727: 1724: 1679: 1676: 1586:Main article: 1583: 1580: 1533:War Powers Act 1482: 1479: 1435:Lunar New Year 1419:Gerald R. Ford 1415:Spiro T. Agnew 1403:Main article: 1400: 1397: 1377:Main article: 1366: 1363: 1321:Vice President 1312: 1309: 1305:Phạm Ngọc Thảo 1301:Phạm Ngọc Thảo 1286:Trần Văn Hương 1278:Main article: 1244:Chung Tấn Cang 1224:Main article: 1188:Maxwell Taylor 1169:Main article: 1151: 1148: 1123:Dương Văn Minh 1093: 1090: 1043:Vương Văn Đông 1035:Main article: 1032: 1029: 988: 985: 920: 917: 908:Imperial Japan 901:Nguyễn dynasty 891: 888: 861:Hoàng Xuân Lãm 751:fall of Saigon 743:military junta 705: 704: 701: 700: 698: 697: 692: 686: 684: 680: 679: 677: 676: 670: 664: 658: 652: 645: 643: 639: 638: 632: 628: 627: 624: 620: 619: 617: 616: 611: 605: 603: 602:Branch/service 599: 598: 596: 595: 590: 584: 582: 578: 577: 573: 572: 565: 561: 560: 557: 553: 552: 549: 545: 544: 533: 529: 524: 523: 521: 517: 516: 514: 513: 507: 501: 494: 492: 486: 485: 480: 476: 475: 465:(aged 78) 459: 455: 454: 428: 424: 423: 419: 418: 415: 414: 412: 411: 408: 402: 400: 394: 393: 391: 390: 385: 379: 377: 371: 370: 368: 367: 364: 358: 357:Trần Văn Hương 354: 352: 350:Prime Minister 346: 345: 342: 341: 339:Trần Văn Tuyên 336: 331: 326: 320: 318: 308: 307: 298: 297: 292: 286: 285: 280: 274: 273: 268: 266:Prime Minister 262: 261: 251: 250: 244: 243: 238: 232: 231: 224: 218: 217: 214: 212:Prime Minister 208: 207: 197: 196: 190: 189: 187:Trần Văn Hương 184: 178: 177: 170: 164: 163: 161: 160: 157: 150: 148: 146:Vice President 142: 141: 139: 138: 132: 126: 123: 120:Nguyễn Văn Lộc 111: 110: 109: 107: 105:Prime Minister 101: 100: 90: 89: 82: 81: 78: 77: 74: 66: 65: 62: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7197: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7085: 7082: 7079: 7076: 7070: 7067: 7064: 7061: 7058: 7057:Võ Văn Thưởng 7055: 7052: 7049: 7046: 7043: 7040: 7037: 7034: 7031: 7028: 7025: 7022: 7019: 7016: 7013: 7010: 7007: 7004: 7001: 6998: 6994: 6991: 6988: 6984: 6981: 6978: 6975: 6972: 6971:Tôn Đức Thắng 6969: 6964: 6959: 6956: 6952: 6947: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6931: 6927: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6906:Phan Khắc Sửu 6904: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6883:Ngô Đình Diệm 6881: 6878:South Vietnam 6876: 6871: 6868: 6864: 6858: 6857:Ngô Đình Diệm 6855: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6846:South Vietnam 6844: 6839: 6836: 6832: 6827: 6826:Tôn Đức Thắng 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6812:North Vietnam 6810: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6797: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6774: 6770: 6765: 6751: 6746: 6744: 6739: 6737: 6732: 6731: 6728: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6673:Tôn Thất Đính 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6648:Phạm Phú Quốc 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6628:Nguyễn Văn Vy 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6568:Nguyễn Hữu Có 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6548:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6488:Lâm Quang Thơ 6486: 6484: 6483:Lâm Quang Thi 6481: 6479: 6478:Huỳnh Văn Cao 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6468:Hoàng Cơ Minh 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6458:Dương Văn Đức 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6417: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6400:December 1964 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6366:Coup attempts 6364: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6282: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6226: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6142: 6139: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6101: 6092: 6087: 6085: 6080: 6078: 6073: 6072: 6069: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6047: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6011: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5989:Tôn Thất Đính 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5964:Nguyễn Hữu Có 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5954:Lê Quang Tung 5952: 5950: 5949:Huỳnh Văn Cao 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5929:Lucien Conein 5927: 5926: 5924: 5918: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5866:Ngô Đình Thục 5864: 5862: 5861:Ngô Đình Nhu 5859: 5857: 5856:Ngô Đình Diệm 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5811:Roger Hilsman 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5786:Bui Van Luong 5784: 5783: 5781: 5773: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5742: 5736: 5733: 5730: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5680: 5675: 5673: 5668: 5666: 5661: 5660: 5657: 5648: 5639: 5638: 5631: 5630:Ngô Đình Diệm 5625: 5621: 5620:Nguyễn Hữu Có 5612: 5611: 5604: 5603:Trần Văn Minh 5598: 5593: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5534: 5528: 5524: 5519: 5515: 5513:0-7006-1331-5 5509: 5505: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5463: 5462: 5455: 5451: 5445: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5430: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5408: 5407: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5333: 5329: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5266: 5264:0-939526-15-8 5260: 5255: 5254: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5234: 5230: 5228:0-684-81202-9 5224: 5220: 5216: 5215: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5200:0-670-84218-4 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5154:0-19-505286-2 5150: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5131: 5127: 5122: 5118: 5116:0-7425-4447-8 5112: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5093: 5089: 5088: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5067: 5066: 5059: 5055: 5050: 5046: 5044:0-525-24210-4 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5014: 5009: 5008: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4986: 4985: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4961: 4959:9781410219558 4955: 4951: 4947: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4936: 4917: 4913: 4907: 4892:. 28 May 1969 4891: 4887: 4881: 4865: 4861: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4835: 4828: 4813: 4806: 4800: 4796: 4793: 4788: 4772: 4768: 4762: 4760: 4751: 4745: 4741: 4734: 4732: 4724: 4722: 4716: 4708: 4702: 4686: 4682: 4676: 4662: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4642: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4589: 4580: 4578: 4571:Vien, p. 142. 4568: 4559: 4550: 4541: 4532: 4523: 4514: 4505: 4496: 4487: 4478: 4469: 4460: 4451: 4442: 4433: 4424: 4415: 4406: 4397: 4388: 4379: 4370: 4361: 4352: 4343: 4341: 4331: 4322: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4299: 4290: 4281: 4272: 4270: 4260: 4254:Vien, p. 104. 4251: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4212: 4203: 4194: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4171: 4162: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4133: 4129: 4122: 4107: 4103: 4096: 4087: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4059: 4050: 4048: 4038: 4029: 4020: 4018: 4008: 4006: 3996: 3987: 3978: 3969: 3960: 3951: 3942: 3933: 3924: 3915: 3906: 3904: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3874: 3872: 3862: 3853: 3844: 3842: 3832: 3823: 3821: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3797: 3788: 3779: 3770: 3761: 3759: 3749: 3740: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3715: 3708: 3703: 3694: 3685: 3676: 3667: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3642: 3633: 3624: 3622: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3594: 3585: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3562: 3553: 3544: 3535: 3526: 3517: 3508: 3499: 3490: 3488: 3478: 3469: 3460: 3451: 3442: 3433: 3427:Joes, p. 125. 3424: 3415: 3413: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3389: 3387: 3377: 3375: 3365: 3356: 3347: 3338: 3329: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3306: 3297: 3288: 3286: 3276: 3267: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3244: 3235: 3226: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3201: 3199: 3189: 3180: 3171: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3146: 3144: 3134: 3125: 3116: 3107: 3098: 3089: 3080: 3078: 3068: 3059: 3057: 3047: 3038: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3015: 3006: 2998: 2997: 2989: 2980: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2956: 2947: 2938: 2929: 2920: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2897: 2895: 2885: 2876: 2874: 2864: 2855: 2853: 2843: 2834: 2825: 2823: 2813: 2811: 2801: 2792: 2783: 2781: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2755: 2746: 2737: 2728: 2726: 2716: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2658: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2612: 2608: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2564: 2560: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2515: 2511: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2431: 2423: 2422: 2414: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2380: 2372: 2366: 2359: 2353: 2346: 2340: 2332: 2330:9784130301220 2326: 2322: 2321: 2313: 2309: 2297: 2290: 2286: 2285: 2284: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2257:United States 2247: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2219: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2072:(Grand Cross) 2071: 2067: 2063: 2062: 2060: 2059:South Vietnam 2049: 2048: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2008: 2002:Personal life 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1943: 1940: 1935: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1915: 1908: 1906: 1905: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1844: 1838:Life in exile 1835: 1833: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1812: 1807: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1761: 1759: 1753: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1732: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1713: 1712:Buôn Ma Thuột 1708: 1705: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1684: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1656:Graham Martin 1653: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1634: 1633:Buôn Ma Thuột 1630: 1629:Văn Tiến Dũng 1626: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1589: 1579: 1577: 1571: 1569: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1510:Resolution 21 1506: 1504: 1500: 1492: 1487: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1468: 1467:Tết Offensive 1464: 1459: 1455: 1453: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1428: 1424: 1423:Graham Martin 1420: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1405:Tet Offensive 1399:Tet Offensive 1396: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1380: 1371: 1362: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1341: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1324:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ 1322: 1317: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1289: 1287: 1281: 1276: 1273: 1268: 1267:Phan Khắc Sửu 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1215:Dương Văn Đức 1212: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1200:Nguyễn Hữu Có 1197: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1172: 1167: 1165: 1164:Tôn Thất Đính 1161: 1157: 1147: 1145: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1114: 1110: 1103: 1098: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1051:Ngô Đình Diệm 1048: 1044: 1038: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 997:South Vietnam 994: 984: 982: 978: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 952: 948: 946: 942: 938: 934: 925: 916: 913: 909: 904: 902: 897: 887: 884: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 845: 843: 837: 835: 834:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ 831: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 805: 803: 802:Cần Lao Party 799: 795: 794:Ngô Đình Diệm 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 725: 719: 711: 702: 696: 693: 691: 688: 687: 685: 681: 674: 671: 668: 665: 662: 659: 656: 653: 650: 647: 646: 644: 640: 637:(Trung Tướng) 636: 633: 629: 625: 621: 615: 612: 610: 607: 606: 604: 600: 594: 593:South Vietnam 591: 589: 586: 585: 583: 579: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 527: 522: 518: 511: 508: 505: 502: 499: 496: 495: 493: 487: 484: 481: 477: 473: 472:Massachusetts 469: 460: 456: 453: 449: 445: 441: 429: 425: 420: 416: 409: 407: 406:Nguyễn Hữu Có 404: 403: 401: 395: 389: 386: 384: 381: 380: 378: 372: 366:Phan Huy Quát 365: 359: 356: 355: 353: 347: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 321: 314: 309: 306: 303: 299: 296: 295:Nguyễn Hữu Có 293: 287: 284: 283:Trần Văn Minh 281: 275: 272: 271:Phan Huy Quát 269: 263: 257: 252: 249: 245: 242: 239: 233: 228: 227:Phan Khắc Sửu 225: 219: 216:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ 215: 209: 203: 198: 195: 191: 188: 185: 179: 174: 171: 165: 158: 155: 154:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ 152: 151: 149: 143: 136: 135:Nguyễn Bá Cẩn 133: 130: 127: 124: 121: 118: 117: 114: 108: 102: 96: 91: 88: 83: 79: 72: 67: 60: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 6987:Trường Chinh 6910: 6893:Nguyễn Khánh 6693:Trần Văn Hai 6688:Trần Văn Đôn 6658:Phạm Văn Phú 6617: 6578:Nguyễn Khánh 6533:Mai Hữu Xuân 6508:Lê Nguyên Vỹ 6493:Lâm Văn Phát 6453:Dư Quốc Đống 6428:Cao Văn Viên 6390:January 1964 6368:and mutinies 6352:Tan Son Nhut 6040:Neil Sheehan 6020:Peter Arnett 6004:Trần Văn Đôn 5978: 5969:Nguyễn Khánh 5851:Ngô Đình Cẩn 5775:Political or 5635: 5608: 5577: 5564: 5551: 5523:Westmoreland 5522: 5503: 5484: 5460: 5439: 5428: 5405: 5381: 5353: 5349: 5327: 5302: 5298: 5277: 5273: 5252: 5237: 5217:. New York: 5213: 5190: 5167: 5144: 5125: 5106: 5086: 5064: 5053: 5035:E. P. Dutton 5033:. New York: 5030: 5006: 4983: 4968: 4944: 4940:Cao Van Vien 4919:. Retrieved 4915: 4906: 4894:. Retrieved 4889: 4886:"양국 원수 최고훈장" 4880: 4868:. Retrieved 4863: 4837:. Retrieved 4832:AP Archive. 4827: 4815:. Retrieved 4810:Minh Quang. 4805: 4787: 4777:19 September 4775:. Retrieved 4771:Một Thế Giới 4770: 4739: 4720: 4715: 4689:. Retrieved 4684: 4675: 4664:, retrieved 4659: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4629:. Retrieved 4625:the original 4615: 4606: 4597: 4588: 4567: 4558: 4549: 4540: 4531: 4522: 4513: 4504: 4495: 4486: 4477: 4468: 4459: 4450: 4441: 4432: 4423: 4414: 4405: 4396: 4387: 4378: 4369: 4360: 4351: 4330: 4321: 4298: 4289: 4280: 4259: 4250: 4211: 4202: 4193: 4170: 4161: 4135:. Retrieved 4131: 4121: 4109:. Retrieved 4105: 4095: 4058: 4037: 4028: 3995: 3986: 3977: 3968: 3959: 3950: 3941: 3932: 3927:Vien, p. 77. 3923: 3918:Vien, p. 76. 3914: 3877:Vien, p. 78. 3861: 3852: 3831: 3796: 3787: 3778: 3773:Vien, p. 69. 3769: 3748: 3739: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3693: 3684: 3675: 3666: 3641: 3632: 3593: 3584: 3561: 3552: 3543: 3534: 3525: 3516: 3507: 3498: 3477: 3468: 3459: 3450: 3441: 3432: 3423: 3364: 3355: 3346: 3337: 3328: 3305: 3296: 3275: 3266: 3243: 3234: 3225: 3188: 3179: 3170: 3137:Tang, p. 61. 3133: 3124: 3115: 3106: 3097: 3088: 3067: 3046: 3037: 3014: 3005: 2994: 2988: 2955: 2946: 2937: 2928: 2919: 2884: 2863: 2842: 2833: 2800: 2791: 2754: 2745: 2736: 2715: 2703:. Retrieved 2699:the original 2694: 2656: 2615:. Retrieved 2610: 2566:. Retrieved 2562: 2517:. Retrieved 2513: 2452:. Retrieved 2440: 2430: 2420: 2413: 2401:. 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