Newcastle, New South Wales

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renewal area known as "Honeysuckle". This renewal, to run for another 10 years, is a major part of arresting the shift of business and residents to the suburbs. Commercial renewal has been accompanied by cultural renaissance. There is a vibrant arts scene in the city including a highly regarded art gallery, and an active Hunter Writers' Centre. Recent fictional representations (for example Antoinette Eklund's 'Steel River') present a new vision of the city, using the city's historic past as a backdrop for contemporary fiction.

72: 2797: 102: 2737: 132: 5227: 3595: 4308: 3824: 5283: 2582: 9488: 5038: 4456: 2982: 3162: 5243: 4073: 2647: 715: 1178: 4803: 3099: 4979: 997: 4356: 5263: 1075: 1055: 5048: 5019: 2756:, from London, for his Sydney Soap and Candle Company, to replace a smaller factory in Wickham. Their soap products won 17 medals at International Exhibitions. At the Sydney International Exhibition they won a bronze medal "against all-comers from every part of the world", the only first prize awarded for soap and candles. Following World War I the company was sold to Messrs Lever & Kitchen (today 9347: 9302: 9257: 9212: 9167: 9122: 9077: 9032: 8987: 8942: 8897: 8852: 8807: 8762: 8717: 8672: 8627: 8582: 8537: 8492: 8447: 8402: 8357: 8312: 8267: 8222: 180: 3559:. The main branch is in the Newcastle War Memorial and Cultural Centre, and opened in 1957. There are eleven branches: Adamstown, Beresfield, The Digital Library (Newcastle West), Hamilton, Lambton, The Local History Library, Mayfield, New Lambton (with the Newcastle Toy Library), Stockton, and Wallsend. The library has a 1230:

to the east. Summers are mostly warm and humid with periods of very dry and hot weather occasionally due to hot west to north-westerly winds, which can bring temperatures in excess of 40 °C (104 °F). The highest recorded temperature was 42.5 °C (108.5 °F) on 18 January 2013 at the

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Newcastle gained a reputation as a "hellhole" as it was a place where the most dangerous convicts were sent to dig in the coal mines as harsh punishment for their crimes. By the start of the 19th century the mouth of the Hunter River was being visited by diverse groups of men, including coal diggers,

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also known as Whibayganba; Flagstaff Hill also known as Tahlbihn; Pirate Point also known as Burrabihngarn; Port Hunter also known as Yohaaba; Hunter River (South Channel) also known as Coquun; Shepherds Hill also known as Khanterin; Ironbark Creek also known as Toohrnbing and Hexham Swamp also known

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such as coal and iron ore rose significantly. This provided a large incentive for investment in the Newcastle and Hunter region due to its status as a major coal mining and export hub to Asian markets. Large projects related to the coal industry helped to propel the Newcastle unemployment rate to 20

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is a community competition also based in the region which was created from a merger in 2007 of leagues which ran under various names since the mid-20th century, and is the largest community rugby league competition anywhere in the world. It generally features smaller teams compared to the Newcastle

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is crucial to the economic life of Newcastle and the Hunter Valley region beyond. Over 90 million tonnes of coal is shipped through the facility each year—making it the largest coal exporting port in the world. The Port of Newcastle claims to be Australia's first port. Coal was first exported from

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Newcastle as a traditional area of heavy industry was not immune from the effects of economic downturns that plagued New South Wales and wider Australia since the 1970s. These downturns were particularly hard hitting for heavy industry which was particularly prevalent in Newcastle. The early 1990s

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Of people in the Newcastle metropolitan area, 83.6 per cent were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 2.3%, New Zealand 1.0%, China 0.7%, India 0.5% and Philippines 0.4%. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 3.8% of the population. 88.2% of people

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The Port of Newcastle remains the economic and trade centre for the resource-rich Hunter Valley and for much of the north and north-west of New South Wales. Newcastle is the world's largest coal export port and Australia's oldest and second-largest tonnage throughput port, with over 3,000 shipping

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is home to one of Australia's most substantial public art collections outside a major capital city, and its extensive collection of works by contemporary and historical Australian visual artists presents an overview of Australian art. Due to an ongoing space issue, the gallery is planning a major

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or the Lower Hunter Region, which includes most parts of the Newcastle, Lake Macquarie, Cessnock, Maitland and Port Stephens local government areas and, as of 30 June 2009, has an estimated population of 540,796. Despite their proximity, all of the LGAs in the region maintain their own individual

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was founded in 1988 in the former headquarters of the Great Northern Railway and stewards local history, culture, industry and science. It features permanent exhibitions relating to coal mining and steel production, Aboriginal history and the area's history, as well as a hands-on science centre.

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Newcastle is on the southern bank of the Hunter River mouth. The northern side is dominated by sand dunes, swamps and multiple river channels. A "green belt" protecting plant and wildlife flanks the city from the west (Watagan mountains) around to the north where it meets the coast just north of

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In 1999, the steelworks closed after 84 years' operation and had employed about 50,000 during its existence, many for decades. The closure of the BHP steelworks occurred at a time of strong economic expansion in Australia. At the time of the closure and since the closure Newcastle experienced a

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vanished during the 1940s. The old city centre has seen some new apartments and hotels built in recent years, but the rate of commercial and retail occupation remains low while alternate suburban centres have become more important. The CBD itself is shifting to the west, towards the major urban

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is a national festival of new media and arts held in Newcastle each year over the October long weekend. Since its humble beginnings in 1998, it has become one of the leading arts festivals in Australia dedicated to the work and ideas of communities not included in other major Australian arts

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Newcastle has several public parks including King Edward Park, which was designated in 1863. Features of the park include coastal views, a sunken garden and a Victorian rotunda. Another noteworthy park of Newcastle is Starrett Park in New Lambton, known for its playground and lush grass.

1155:, a distance of 20 km (12 mi). Much of the city is undercut by the coal measures of the Sydney sedimentary basin, and what were once numerous coal-mining villages located in the hills and valleys around the port have merged into a single urban area extending southwards to 3254:, founded in 1961, is the official festival of Newcastle with a more traditional "country fair" type program that combines a parade, rides, sporting events, band competitions and portrait and landscape painting exhibitions. Mattara means "hand of friendship" in the local 4270:

commenced his career at Newcastle Racecourse, under Keith Tinson. Maynard enjoyed his first success in the 1948–49 season there, and went on to have a career spanning 50 years, winning the Newcastle Premiership twice, along with 1,500 winning rides in four countries.

3469:(capacity 1,000) at The Junction, had advanced modern stage facilities, but was eventually sold and demolished to make way for a motel that was destroyed by the 1989 earthquake. The decline in theatres and cinemas from the 1960s onwards was blamed on television. 3614:

and which extend beyond the metropolitan area itself. Rail transport, however, is accessible to only a relatively small percentage of the population along the major rail transport routes and ferry services are restricted to those commuting between Newcastle and

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spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 0.7%, Macedonian 0.5%, Italian 0.4%, Greek 0.3% and Cantonese 0.3%. The most common responses for religion in Newcastle were No Religion 31.1%, Catholic 21.7% and Anglican 19.2%.

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opened, beginning a period of some 80 years dominating the steel works and heavy industry. As Mayfield and the suburbs surrounding the steelworks declined in popularity because of pollution, the steelworks thrived, becoming the region's largest employer.

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peninsula. There, convicts were sent to burn oyster shells for making lime. Military rule in Newcastle ended in 1823. Prisoner numbers were reduced to 100 (most of these were employed on the building of the breakwater), and the remaining 900 were sent to

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is held across three days in August, and attracts performers and audiences from all over Australia. The first festival was held in September 1988 as part the NSW Bicentenital Festival of Music which was organised by the Newcastle Jazz Action Society.

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and obtained autonomy in 1965. The university now offers over 150 undergraduate and graduate courses to a student population of more than 38,000, including 7,000 international students from more than 113 countries. The main campus is in the suburb of

666:, Newcastle is the largest coal exporting harbour in the world, exporting 143 million tonnes of coal in 2022. Beyond the city, the Hunter Region possesses large coal deposits. Geologically, the area is located in the central-eastern part of the 6588:

Uncovering and understanding Australia's First Railway, Conference Paper, Campbell, D., Brougham, J. and Caldwell, R., Australian Journal of Multi-disciplinary Engineering, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 2–3, Engineering Heritage Australia, Newcastle,

4244:. It is home to the Newcastle Jockey Club, established in 1907, which (as of 2016) races 35 times annually at the spacious 2,000-metre (6,562 ft) turf track with a 415-metre (1,362 ft) home straight. It is the venue for three 762:. In 1801, a convict camp called King's Town (named after the governor) was established to mine coal and cut timber. In the same year, the first shipment of coal was dispatched to Sydney. This settlement closed less than a year later. 694:

Based on Aboriginal-language references documented in maps, sketches and geological descriptions, eight landmarks have been officially dual-named by the NSW Geographic Names Board with their traditional Aboriginal names. They include

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movements handling cargo of 95.8 Mt per annum, of which coal exports represented 90.8 Mt in 2008–09. The volume of coal exported, and attempts to increase coal exports, are opposed by environmental groups including Newcastle-based

4782:, the Hunter Theatre (formerly 'The Star') and the majority of The Junction school at Merewether. Part of the Newcastle Workers' Club, a popular venue, was destroyed and later replaced by a new structure. The following economic 3238:

is held in the Newcastle Showground annually. There are a mixture of typical regional show elements such as woodchopping displays, showbags, rides and stalls and usually fireworks to complement the events in the main arena.

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from Newcastle carrying 60 passengers, was caught in a storm as it made its way out of the harbour. Sixty people died; coincidentally, one survivor, Frederick Hedges, was plucked from the water by the sole survivor of the

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in 30 years. This resulted in extensive flooding and nine deaths. Thousands of homes were flooded, and many were destroyed. The Hunter and Central Coast regions were declared natural disaster areas by the State Premier,

5382: 4794:, where many buildings sustained major damage, became a thriving cosmopolitan restaurant strip after the earthquake and is still going strong today. The earthquake helped to rekindle business in this suburban strip. 1226:) that is typical of the Australian east coast. Precipitation is heaviest in late autumn and early winter, while the second half of the year is slightly drier on average. The climate is generally moderated by the 4778:, which killed 13 people, injured 162 and destroyed or severely damaged a number of prominent buildings. Some had to be demolished, including the large George Hotel in Scott Street (city), the Century Theatre at 4043:

holds local club competition and has done so since the early 1900s. Touring domestic and international teams would play against Newcastle's representative team which was made up of players from this league. The

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redevelopment. The Lock Up is a multidisciplinary contemporary art space located in the inner city and hosts local, national and international artists to exhibit in the historic former Newcastle Police station.

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After removal of the last convicts in 1823, the town was freed from the infamous influence of the penal law. It began to acquire the aspect of a typical Australian pioneer settlement, and a steady flow of free

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recession caused significant job losses across Australia and the Newcastle region experienced a peak unemployment rate of 17% in February 1993, compared to 12.1% in New South Wales and 11.9% across Australia.

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style. It hosts a wide range of musicals, plays, concerts, dance and other events each year. Newcastle previously boasted several large theatres, among them the oldest purpose-built theatre in Australia, the

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On 10 December 1831, the Australian Agricultural Company officially opened Australia's first railway, at the intersection of Brown & Church Streets, Newcastle. Privately owned and operated to service the

7611: 2615:. This is misleading as the area represented extends well beyond both the City of Newcastle and the Newcastle metropolitan area. The area, officially the Newcastle Statistical District, is referred to as 6624: 2604:

What is generally labelled as the 'Greater Newcastle Area' includes the LGAs of Newcastle, Lake Macquarie, Maitland, Cessnock and Port Stephens. In 2021 this region had a total population of 682,465.

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received land grants at Newcastle plus a 31-year monopoly on that town's coal traffic. Other collieries were within a 16 km (10 mi) radius of the town. Principal coal mines were located at

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Nine airs NBN News live from their Honeysuckle studios each night at six. The bulletin is a mix of its own locally produced stories mixed in with national and international stories sourced from the

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has caused Williamtown to become Newcastle's only major airport and residents in the south of the Newcastle metropolitan area must commute up to 55 km (34 mi) by car to reach Williamtown.

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Newcastle remained a penal settlement until 1822, when the settlement was opened up to farming. As a penal colony, the military rule was harsh, especially at Limeburners' Bay, on the inner side of

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became the first European to explore the area. His discovery of the area was largely accidental; as he had been sent in search of a number of convicts who had seized a locally built vessel called

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attempt on 2 July 2007 despite earlier fears that the ship would break up. After initially entering the port for minor repairs, it departed under tow on 26 July 2007 for major repairs in Asia.

3274: 852:, commandant from 1815 to 1818, the convicts' conditions improved, and a building boom began. Captain Wallis laid out the streets of the town, built the first church of the site of the present 4948:. The Junction is a highly populated suburb of Newcastle and most of the plane wreckage landed in the shopping area of the suburb. In 2007 a memorial plaque was unveiled for the killed pilot. 3606:

Like most major cities, the Newcastle metropolitan area has an extensive system of both road links and road based public transport services (bus, taxi etc.) which cover most areas of both

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and hardcore scene, which has spawned successful local acts and national acts. Newcastle was also home to the short-lived band Velvet Underground (no relation to the famous American band

6048: 5693: 3015:; this seat is currently a marginal Labor seat that the Liberals have won previously, though it historically included more rural areas and did not include Maitland or Kurri Kurri) and 1258:

also impact Newcastle, sometimes delivering winds well above 100 km/h (62 mph) and torrential rainfall, usually lasting a couple of days. The east coast low in May 1974, the

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A settlement was again attempted in 1804, as a place of secondary punishment for unruly convicts. The settlement was named Coal River, also Kingstown and then renamed Newcastle, after

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is the main shopping street in the Newcastle CBD and, along with King Street, is one of the major links to the Pacific Highway from the CBD. King Street provides direct access to the

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The old central business district, located at Newcastle's eastern end, still has a considerable number of historic buildings, dominated by Christ Church Cathedral, seat of the

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The largest factory of its kind in the Southern Hemisphere was constructed in 1885, on an 8.9-hectare (22-acre) site between the suburbs of Tighes Hill and Port Waratah, by

7680: 6936: 2930:, suffering the worst ever defeat of a sitting government in New South Wales history and (at the time) the worst defeat of a sitting government anywhere in Australia since 7387: 3277:, first started in Newcastle in 1999. This is the film festival where film-makers come together in one place to make a short film in 24 hours. It is run annually in July. 7904: 7357: 7335: 6655: 3295:

The Newcastle Entertainment Centre, located inside the Newcastle Showground is a popular venue for regular events including wrestling, concerts and monster truck shows.

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grew up surfing at Newcastle's Merewether Beach, and is a local icon, appearing at many local functions, and supporting local charities. Nobbys Beach is a very popular

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chose the city as the site for its steelworks due to the abundance of coal. The land put aside was prime real estate, on the southern edge of the harbour. In 1915, the

7474: 3000: 3109:, which was formed by the merger of three schools, traces its lineage to a secondary school section initially founded on the grounds of Newcastle East Public School. 6905: 5527: 3266: 10858: 4339: 7641: 7724: 7603: 1017: 5841: 5746: 3992:. The Helicopter service is one of the longest running services of this type in the world. Two helicopters operate out of this base and operate 24 hours a day. 1865:

Climate data for Newcastle University – 8.5 kilometres (5 mi) WNW of Newcastle CBD, New South Wales, Australia (1998–2021 normals and extremes); 21 m AMSL

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Hunter Sports High School, a partially selective sporting high school, accepting around half its students from the local area and around half by audition

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to the mainland. The quality of these first buildings was poor, and only the (much reinforced) breakwater survives. During this period, in 1816, the

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Newcastle has an abundance of beaches and surf breaks for which the city is internationally well known. Newcastle hosts the annual surfing contest

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passed when the steel works closed in 1999. Many of the remaining manufacturing industries have located themselves well away from the city itself.

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paintings as well as owning a large collection of international art and artefacts. The Von Bertouch Galleries was a commercial gallery founded by

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was formerly home to Earp Gillam & Co, one of many early merchant companies which were founded on Newcastle's 19th-century trade industry.

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region in the north of the Newcastle metropolitan area, as well as in some beachside, middle-class suburbs near the Newcastle CBD such as

742:. He returned with reports of the deep-water port and the area's abundant coal. Over the next two years, coal mined from the area was the 10843: 8175: 6323: 5965: 5023: 4377: 3866:, but these lines have been closed. In the late-1990s there was intense debate about the future of the rail line into central Newcastle. 1269:

Climate data for Newcastle (Nobbys Signal Station AWS), New South Wales, Australia (1991–2020 normals, 1862–present extremes); 33 m AMSL

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sits opposite central Newcastle at the river mouth and is linked by ferry. Road access between Stockton and central Newcastle is via the

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on Perkins Street is the oldest purpose-built theatre in the country. The theatre district that occupied the area around what is now the

962: 412: 7449: 817:, England (its namesake) and also whence many of the 19th-century coal miners came, is still obvious in some of the place-names—such as 738:. While returning, Lt. Shortland entered what he later described as "a very fine river", which he named after New South Wales' Governor 12462: 12317: 11989: 11939: 7582: 6142: 6111: 5116: 3954:

is located 15 km (9 mi) north of the Newcastle CBD (27 km by road). The airport, which is a joint venture between

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John Montefiore lived at Lake Macquarie to the south of the city. Art collector William Bowmore resided in Newcastle and collected

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better than NSW as a whole. As of 2009, the two largest single employers are the Hunter New England Area Health Service and the

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and Newcastle with Sydney. The company had a fleet of freighters as well as several fast passenger vessels, including the PS

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The most tragic maritime accident of the 20th century in Newcastle occurred on 9 August 1934 when the Stockton-bound ferry

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is a football code that has been played in Newcastle since at least 1869, with the Newcastle Football Club formed in 1877.

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In the 1850s, a major copper smelting works was established at Burwood, near Merewether. An engraving of this appeared in

12911: 12194: 12025: 11437: 7637: 5909: 5110: 4607: 4548: 3893: 3686: 3636: 3620: 3285: 3210:. The Tighes Hill campus is the network's largest campus and offers courses in business, hospitality and various trades. 3166: 3051: 2975: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2891: 1061: 849: 452: 9491: 12861: 12584: 12086: 11687: 11515: 11354: 11212: 10827: 10717: 10362: 7633: 4045: 3951: 3753: 3719: 3586:

The Auchmuty Library at the University of Newcastle is also open to the public, though only students may borrow items.

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regions, with the Central Coast bordering in the south and the Mid North Coast bordering in the north as well as other

853: 107: 7716: 7061: 949:, referring to the nautical journey between Newcastle and Sydney. These ships continued in service until recent times. 12877: 11394: 11181: 11176: 11171: 11161: 10747: 10243: 9522: 9463: 9449: 9428: 9414: 9400: 9379: 7674: 7211: 5833: 5736: 5445: 4909:, with two suffering severely from the effects of immersion. It was later found that the ferry captain was at fault. 4673: 4403: 3975: 3781: 3106: 3043: 591: 437: 16:

This article is about the metropolitan area in Australia. For the local government area serving the city proper, see

6823: 6013: 4385: 3432:, at Wheeler Place, (seating capacity about 1,500), one of Australia's great historic theatres built during 1929 in 11580: 11540: 11379: 11299: 10689: 7959: 7873: 7500: 5626: 5470: 5074: 4214: 3847: 3140: 3020: 1156: 739: 7008: 5811: 11692: 11399: 11111: 10752: 10601: 10486: 10481: 6796: 6562: 6532: 6490: 6164: 6078: 5775: 5441: 5408: 5182: 5146: 4827: 4288: 3785: 3047: 3024: 2876: 2848: 2669: 1160: 1116: 447: 91: 7427: 7178: 5991: 3258:. Originally held at Civic Park and then moved to Newcastle foreshore in 2006 In 2017 the festival was moved to 12245: 11954: 11661: 11545: 11510: 11279: 11244: 11146: 10772: 10712: 10684: 10476: 10278: 9855: 9835: 9710: 8094: 5068: 4433: 4381: 4159: 4148: 4136: 3380: 3203: 2943: 2939: 979:, Newcastle was an important industrial centre for the Australian war effort. In 1942, the Japanese planned to 655: 462: 431: 8011: 6985: 6842: 12417: 12367: 12270: 12250: 12030: 11432: 10511: 10288: 10168: 7531: 7114: 6074: 4941: 4152: 3442: 3183: 3055: 2909: 1184: 810: 457: 9502: 4912:

These are only two events in Newcastle's very long history of shipwrecks including the 1974 beaching of the

1035:. In recent years the only major ship-construction contract awarded to the area was the construction of the 12856: 12437: 12352: 11882: 11862: 11409: 11126: 11085: 11080: 11054: 11044: 10908: 10832: 10303: 10193: 10111: 9546: 9515: 6494: 6455: 5322: 5176: 4644: 4284: 4249: 4033: 4004: 3889: 3885: 3696: 3671: 3438: 1123: 1092: 400: 206: 10873: 6558: 5348: 3242: 12342: 12275: 12235: 12174: 12004: 11994: 11867: 11520: 10466: 10446: 10431: 9538: 8080: 7817: 7746: 7408: 7267: 7144: 5170: 4966: 4821: 4443:

before a lack of sponsorship forced them to close after the 2005–06 season, with the licence sold to the

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Newcastle has an active youth music culture, as well as a Conservatorium of Music which is part of the

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An aerial view of central Newcastle and its surrounding metropolitan area, situated on the Hunter River

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on Perkins Street (built 1876, capacity 1,750), saw touring international opera companies such as the

2865:. Labor currently holds every federal and state seat that overlaps at least partially with Newcastle. 12678: 12497: 12407: 12372: 12066: 11979: 11839: 11748: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 10641: 10626: 10616: 10546: 10536: 10496: 10471: 10461: 10248: 10053: 9675: 9643: 9623: 9593: 9583: 7087: 5567: 5251: 4985: 4791: 4769: 4113: 3859: 3851: 3727: 3723: 3616: 3335:. The region also has its own youth marching band, the Marching Koalas, in which Silverchair drummer 3259: 3192: 3008: 2950:. Before the election, the Liberal Party only held one seat in the entire Hunter Region (the seat of 2689: 2673: 1255: 1219: 1148: 868: 830: 6425: 6395: 6340: 6289: 4112:. The Newcastle Jets won the A-League competition in their third season, defeating local rivals the 2999:(covering the inner-city suburbs; this seat has only ever elected Labor MPs since it was created in 12432: 12412: 12397: 12337: 12332: 12091: 11984: 11969: 11959: 11712: 11314: 11116: 10969: 10948: 10918: 10802: 10787: 10737: 10661: 10651: 10526: 10506: 9638: 9633: 9618: 8089: 7527: 4906: 4421: 4366: 4331: 4218: 4195: 3843: 3839: 3813: 3793: 3735: 3652: 3218: 2784: 1119:, the 1890s Longworth Institute (once regarded as the finest building in the colony) and the 1930s 1096: 1081: 1065: 980: 915: 895: 838: 826: 818: 769:. The name first appeared by the commission issued by Governor King on 15 March 1804 to Lieutenant 758:

from 1800, decided on a more positive approach to exploit the now obvious natural resources of the

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Newcastle is also served by five television networks, three commercial and two national services:

3912:'s Broadmeadow plant, remains active as a locomotive and rolling stock manufacturer and repairer. 3667: 3623:, but it was closed in 1950. In February 2019, trams returned to the city with the opening of the 2725:

on 11 February 1854. The English and Australian Copper Company built another substantial works at

945:, carrying coal to gas works and bunkers for shipping, and railways. These were commonly known as 12648: 12502: 12477: 12472: 12422: 12081: 11999: 11944: 11872: 11489: 11472: 11274: 11259: 10767: 10757: 10491: 10384: 10104: 9780: 9653: 9386:

Coals to Newcastle: a History of Coal Loading at the Port of Newcastle New South Wales 1977–1997

7046: 6966: 6872: 5837: 5596: 5086: 5080: 5062: 4775: 4370: 3428: 3235: 2740: 1112: 1001: 984: 842: 822: 77: 7776: 2854:

With its history as a traditionally working-class area, Newcastle has been a stronghold for the

12780: 12605: 12402: 12362: 12296: 11974: 11918: 11794: 11753: 11482: 11477: 11156: 10576: 10238: 10203: 9755: 9628: 7242: 7042: 6962: 6868: 5697: 5158: 5140: 4902: 4468: 4429: 4323: 4315: 4237: 4109: 4076: 4040: 4029: 4000: 3940: 3925: 3863: 3832: 3801: 3777: 3611: 3472:

Newcastle has also been home to noted Australian actors, comedians and entertainers, including

3324: 3122: 3078: 2862: 2858: 2816: 2651: 1147:

Stockton. Urban development is mainly restricted to the hilly southern bank. The small town of

793: 632: 620: 376: 249: 115: 8171: 6320: 5961: 3307:. It continues to support local bands and has a large underground music scene. The members of 12840: 12714: 12668: 12663: 12653: 12548: 12467: 12457: 12442: 12377: 12322: 12240: 12101: 11964: 11877: 11624: 11467: 11462: 11269: 11059: 10984: 10762: 9938: 9750: 7446: 6429: 6399: 6374: 6294: 5741: 5375:"What's in a name? Call to change Lake Macquarie raises interest in Newcastle's name as well" 5134: 5104: 5051: 4840: 4280: 4263: 4025: 3967: 3959: 3874: 3809: 3797: 3773: 3715: 3704: 3599: 3568: 3560: 3477: 3414: 3082: 3016: 2996: 2985: 2916: 2708: 2438: 1851: 1842: 1138: 1036: 885: 644: 493: 478: 391: 9350: