New York Central College

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negroes.... The head of this college...was a clergyman of liberal views, who became a stout advocate of intermarriage between whites and negroes: a development, by the way. which is regarded in the South to this day with holy horror, and militated against by severe penalties. But there were no statutes against miscegenation in New York in those days, so that a burly, ambitious negro, heartily in accord with the matrimonial views of the august parent, proceeded to elope one day with his daughter. This unexpected denouement quickly illustrated in a very prosaic way the disparity between theory and practice. Seizing his gun, and taking Immediate transportation in the most available vehicle, the irate parent pursued the bi-colored couple with all the impetuosity of Pharoah chasing the flying Israelites down into the Red Sea. And then the "New York Central College" for the education of negro youths experienced the sad fate of Pharoah at the hiatus of the purple waters.

396:

and of every hue, which admits of "no rights exclusive", which holds out the cup of knowledge in its crystal brightness for all to quaff; and if this is fanaticism, I will glory in the name "fanatic." Let me live, let me die a fanatic. I will not seal up in my heart the fountain of love that gushes forth for all the human race. And I am glad I am here because there are none here to say, "thus far thou mayst ascend the hill of Science and no farther," when I have just learned how sweet are the fruits of knowledge, and when I can see them hanging in such rich clusters, far up the heights, looking so bright and golden, as if they were inviting me to partake. And all the while I can see my brother gathering those golden fruits, and I mark how his eye brightens.... No, there are none here to whisper, "that is beyond thy sphere, thou couldst never scale those dizzy heights"; but, on the contrary, here are kind voices cheering me onward.

38: 236: 732:, said in an editorial that no such discussions had taken place, even privately. He suggested that instead of the College relocating to Syracuse, Syracuse should relocate to McGrawville, once "it has done with theatres and their appendages, and her other and numerous sources of corruption.... The moral atmosphere of a city is not congenial to the habits of students, nor the growth of an institution founded on the manusl labor principle, and on equality of sex and condition, as is this college." 761:

scorn, shut out of most, if not all, of the medical colleges in the land. The faculty are physicians of Syracuse, in high standing and repute." Nothing came of this, although there is a reference to a Professor of Anatomy at the college. The medical college was established in New York City. Similarly, in 1850 there was an unsuccessful attempt to get the legislature to fund an "Agricultural Professorship".

295:; valorous in their onset upon cologne bottles; and prodigies of prowess among spices of Rosemary..... this MODEL COLLEGE, based on the republican rock of changeless truth, and canopied by the star-jeweled firmament of philosophy, which is in truth, designed to rebuke the withering spirit of caste, and make all forms of useful industry respectable, and furnish community with practical men and women. 4190: 483:

process nor documents required. Personal contacts and correspondence played a big role. The difference between the courses and teachers for the large preparatory or high school division, and the smaller college division, was not rigid. Two faculty (Caldwell, Smith) began as students and joined the faculty upon their graduation; one (Stickney) was teaching in advance of her graduation.

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trouble. "Everything that an able faculty could do to advance the interests of the Institution has been done, and yet the College has not prospered. Its friends are discouraged, and the Board of Directors disheartened. Present appearances indicate that the College will either pass into the hands of its colored friends, or be purchased by the citizens of M'Grawville [

227:", informed the legislature than an outsider (a legislator) had misled the students, who "disclaim all sympathy with abolition societies". The anti-slavery petition was unauthorized by the faculty, and "at variance with the principles of the college government, and with the judgment and feeling of every officer of the institution". The appropriation was immediately restored. 2421: 211:, over the issue of slavery, more specifically whether slaveowners could be members, missionaries, or donors to the society. From the beginning, the College was to be open to all, whatever the "race" or gender. At the presentation to the citizens of McGrawville, its description begins by atatinflg it will differ from the 283:, including farmwork, was to be part of students' daily activities. This was not just for finances, although it brought in a little money, nor to prepare students for careers, to which the labor was usually unrelated, but was seen as psychologically and spiritually beneficial. At the time, this was an innovative view. 875:. They married—the first black male–white female marriage in the country's history—and immediately left for England, never to return. This event exacerbated already lingering social and political opposition to the school. Marlene Parks has published a collection of press clippings, which show the hostility. 395:

he world will frown upon me, because I am a student of this unpopular institution, and I expect to get the name that I have heard applied to all who come here, "fanatic". I am glad that I am here because I love this institution. I love the spirit that welcomes all to its halls, those of every tongue,

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According to the New York State Department of Education, New York Central Academy, organized by citizens of McGrawville, was chartered May 4, 1864. It operated from 1864 to 1867. It purchased the buildings and land for $ 6,500 (~$ 103,081 in 2023) from Gerrit Smith in 1864. In 1868 it became part of

828:

and others. A proposed appropriation to New York Central College in 1851 was the topic of much comment, the subject "the center of attractions ...for some hours". A New York legislator said that rather than giving a state appropriation to that "vile sink of pollution", it would be better given to "a

798:

Because of its equalitarian treatment of Black students and its Black professors, the "nigger college at McGrawville", as it was called by racists, as well as the "McGrawville African College", received a lot of public vituperation. "It would be bad enough, in our estimation, to bring together girls

667:

was "under the supervision of Luther Wellington, a Practical Farmer, a kind and benevolent man, on a farm of 187 acres (76 ha)." Under the "careful training" of the President students took a Rhetorical Class "with daily exercises in Extemporaneous Speaking", "not to be overlooked in this day of

275:

Speaking at the laying of the cornerstone, Grosvenor "vindicated the character of Women, repelled the idea of her inferiority to man, and maintained the necessity of giving to our daughters an education equal to that given to our sons." Of the students whose gender can be determined, 35% were women.

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The college was primarily a large preparatory school, and lasted about 10 years. Students at the college level were never more than a small minority of the student body. At the first commencement in 1855, there were five graduates among a student body of well over 100, including some enrolled at the

450:

The student body was relatively poor, required to pay its own tuition, room and board, and transportation. With a student body composed half of Negroes, and most of whom were at the high school level, and 30% female, could neither make the school financially prosperous nor even self-sufficient. The

760:

In 1852, according to Professor William G. Allen, "There is now a project on foot to attach a medical department to New York Central College. — A glorious idea this, as, if it should be successful, it will afford an opening for study to the very many colored young men who are now, by prejudice and

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Tuition was set low to accommodate the students it attracted, inadequate to cover expenses. In the college division it was first $ 24, then $ 30 per year (equivalent to $ 1,099 in 2023), and in the preparatory (high school) division, $ 15. The vast majority of students were in the preparatory

709:

Shortly after its opening, the College and McGrawville were hit by a smallpox outbreak. An 1851 student resolution gives the names of two, Homer Haskell and Erskine Spring. Four students died and the College had to close briefly. Another source says six students died. At that time, there were 150

366:

tribe.... A runaway slave sat near her, while her father, husband, and brother were in view. After supper, the stewardess with some of the female students, sang: "Be kind to each other" . The Onondagas then gave one in their own tongue, Mahomah chanted one in Arabic. Miss Havens sang in Latin and

215:(now Colgate University) in only one feature: "it lays down as a broad platform, the rights and privileges of all classes of citizens as of paramount importance. It will be an Institution of Learning from which no individual will be rejected." Hamilton had a reputation for not opposing slavery; 833:

called it a "treasonable college", an "obnoxious edifice" where, "if things are suffered to go on at this rate, this whole region will become infected with Abolitionism; the contagion of Free Speech will spread til the Fugitive Slave law will become a nullity and the Union will collapse!" Others

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The affairs of the college were conducted with a high degree of informality and lack of rules relative to today's standards. There was no "mission statement", no academic ranks, no specific degree requirements (that would have been difficult to maintain with an ever-changing, variably qualified

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delivered an inaugural address, on the topic "Harmony of the Principles of the College with Man's True Destiny and the Tendencies of the Present Age." It was described in the press as "full of clear comprehensive, philosophical thought, clothed in a neat and classical dress." President Grosvenor

883:

In a circular of 1854 we find that "this Institution is now in prosperous condition. It has struggled through darkness, and mounted difficulties, until its permanency and success are placed entirely beyond doubt." However, only a few years later it became clear that the College was in financial

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There is a pretentious wooden structure, of a semi-classic exterior, standing in the little village of McGrawville, Cortland County, N.Y., which was formerly the seat of what was known, in the anti-slavery days, as the "New York Central College." This institution was devoted to the education of

290:

It is said that manual labor connected with colleges and literary institutions will have a tendency to fill our learned professions with a race of slovens. Let it be so. Let the sacramental host be led on to victory, and the portals of the scientific arcana, be opened and lit up by the blazing

482:

There were no written criteria for selecting faculty; some came with a college degree, but many did not. Apparently the President, Grosvenor and then Calkins, decided himself whom to hire and what they would teach. There was no public announcement of vacancies, neither was there an application

627:

The student body has been well studied by Marlene Parks. There are 1,062 known students; most were in the preparatory (high school) program. Of them, 64% were men, 35% female, 1% unknown. As no records were kept of it, the skin color ("race") of the students is not known; however, there were

911:, became the proprietor of the insolvent college. He assumed its debts, which exceeded its assets; as a newspaper put it, "he became the owner of the property when the college was abandoned." A modern scholar has suggested that Smith's breakdown and hospitalization after public discovery of 583:

George Lester Brockett (1827–1880), graduate of Hamilton College in 1851, was described in an obituary as professor of Elocution and German. However, he also taught Greek, German, and Physiology. "In 1852, he was also a tutor and the Librarian." His father had been a warm personal friend of

185:

It was chartered by New York State in April 1848, laid the cornerstone of its main building on July 4, and opened in September 1849. The school was further distinguished by both being radically anti-slavery and committed to the equality of the sexes. It has been called a predecessor of

743:(Colgate). A few weeks later, another report says that the college received an appropriation of $ 25,000 (equivalent to $ 915,600 in 2023), but a college solicitation in 1855 said the College had received no appropriations from the state. A Baptist report of 1851 states that its 223:"in behalf of the oppressed free colored citizens of the state", this made them "guilty of the awful crime of abolitionism", and the Legislature almost immediately withdrew the College's $ 5,000 appropriation. The President and five professors, with the support of "citizens of 432:, it had no wealthy donors, and over its short history and few college-level graduates no meaningful alumni pool to draw upon. The American Baptist Free Mission Society gave what support it could, especially at the beginning, but it was a small group with limited resources. 345:

What a sight at the tables! The interview will remain in our memory as one of the most happy events in our life! ...Professor Reason sat at the head of one table, Rev. Dr. Bush on his left, and on his right President Grosvenor, ourself, still flanked by Benedict of the

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Lydia A. Caldwell, enrolled as a student when the College opened in 1849. The year in which she graduated and became a teacher, if she did in fact graduate, is unknown, but she remained until 1855 as "Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature". She died in 1857 of

953:, was from McGraw, and studied as a child at the Central Academy, "the successor of a queer institution, known as the New York Central College, established by Gerrit Smith and other abolitionists, for the education of boys and girls without regard to color." 462:

Funds available to pay faculty, therefore, were very limited, and doubtless contributed to the high faculty turnover. Except for Grosvenor, whose children were grown, faculty were unmarried and did not have families, as their salaries would not permit it.

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With emotions of irresistible joy, I hail the dawning of the day in which, by the influence of the system of CENTRAL COLLEGE all aristocratic distinctions in societry, created by wealth, sect, party or learning, shall be brought down to a REPUBLICAN LEVEL.

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program. An estimated 100 preparatory students per year, at $ 15 each, is $ 1,500. An estimated 20 college students at $ 30 each would bring in $ 600, for a total of $ 2,100 (equivalent to $ 76,910 in 2023). By comparison, 15 years previously the

4247:. Part 1. Newspaper Articles concerning the College, November 1847—December, 1849. Part 2. Alphabetical Biographical Sketches Abbott—Lyons. Part 3. Newspaper Articles concerning the College, March, 1850—December, 1850. McGraw Historical Society. 4266:. Part 1. Newspaper Articles concerning the College, January, 1851—December, 1853. Part 2. Alphabetical Biographical Sketches Lyons—Young. Part 3. Newspaper Articles concerning the College, March, 1854—August, 1861. McGraw Historical Society. 3690: 926:

epidemic struck McGrawville in 1860. The effects of the outbreak, coupled with the lingering social and political opposition and financial difficulties, caused the college to close that same year. Another source says it closed in 1859.

703:. Reason was the first black college professor in the country. Allen was Professor of Rhetoric and Greek; in 1850, when he was appointed, he was "well known as a lecturer upon the origin, literature, and destiny of the African race." 1139:, founded in 1868 by another branch of Free Baptists, was the second college in the United States open to all, regardless of skin color and gender. Like New York Central, most of its instruction was at the secondary school level. 335:

that "o where is the state of things more favorable to the colored man's progress than in McGrawville, and no where would he receive a warmer welcome." At the time—1852—Allen was the only Black college professor in the country.

354:, we believe—a noble looking man, urbane and polished in his manners, and his countenance the undisguised index of goodness and truth. To the left of Dr. Bush, were two negro students. still further down was Mahomah [ 182:. The first college in the United States founded on the principle that all qualified students were welcome, it was sponsored by the American Baptist Free Mission Society, of which Grosvenor was a vice-president. 409:

Most of the faculty's time was spent in contact with students, teaching formally or informally. McGrawville was a small town, most attended the same church, and all interested heard the same visiting lecturers.

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In 1851 it was one of 11 colleges to receive New York State legislative funding; it received $ 1,500 (equivalent to $ 54,936 in 2023), the same amount as New York University, Fordham University,

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There were no financial plans or budgets at the college, and little fundraising. As a result, the school's financial affairs were disorganized and difficult. In contrast with its predecessor the

3809:"Col. Daniel Lamont—The Youngest Member of Mr. [Grover] Cleveland's Cabinet—A Young Man who Has Enjoyed the Friendship of Democratic Leaders from Samuel J. Tilden Down to the Present Day" 257:

of Utica, who spoke at the meeting, as President. Its location not yet determined, it was referred to as the "Baptist Free Mission Institution". Construction commenced on June 26, 1848, and the

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The local hostility to the college was a factor in its demise. As it was put in a typically inaccurate newspaper column, which mistakenly puts Mary King's father at the head of the college:

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French. The President made some remarks in Hebrew by way of carrying out the idea, and with hearts warmer with kindly feelings, the interview terminated. May we all meet again as happily.

4439: 3684: 253:, had offered $ 10,000. The initial community meeting in McGrawville to discuss the proposed college was held on November 22, 1847. It already had a board of trustees, with Reverend 520:). He resigned at the end of 1851. He was replaced by Leonard G. Calkins, "a finished scholar, an accomplished orator, and a true gentleman, a deep thinker, of active temperament". 4404: 4454: 1026: 489:

Central was the first college to hire African-American faculty. There were three very well qualified African-American professors, who successively occupied the same position:

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The subjects taught varied depending on available personnel. There was, therefore, not a faculty in the sense of a body of full-time employees, and turnover was frequent.

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was laid on July 4. In the cornerstone was a box with 20 items, many of them abolitionist newspapers or pamphlets. By then it was referred to as the Free Central College.

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had accepted African-American students, and Oberlin female students, New York Central College was the first institution in the country founded to accept all students.

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and boys, young men and women, of the same race and color, under the same roof, in the same halls, and at the same table. But to mix together the descendants of

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Grosvenor "proposed a 'free institution,' for the 'literary, scientific, moral, and physical education of both sexes and of all classes of youth.'" The school's

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Boys and men were in the dormitory occupying one floor of the main building; girls (no adult female students are recorded) were in a separate residence, with a

570:(literature). After the departure of Grosvenor, who taught Hebrew, Allen was listed as teaching it. After Allen's departure in 1853, his position was filled by 123: 4409: 2767: 1785: 728:

who wished to move the College to their city, but nothing came of it. The Corresponding Secretary of the Trustees, A. H. Benedict, who was also editor of the

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In 1856 there were 226 students and 9 faculty, and approximately 50% were African-American. Most were in the college's preparatory (high school) program.

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30% of the students who were female were also anything but prosperous. Some money was brought in through the manual labor department, but not enough.

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resigned from their Board of Trustees "on the grounds that the school was insufficiently anti-slavery". When Hamilton students sent a petition to the

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A Woman of the Century: Fourteen Hundred-seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in All Walks of Life

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President Calkins left for a position at "an eminent law school in Albany"; the trustees persuaded Grosvenor to take up the leadership again.

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John Quincy Cowee (1830–1921), Kansan farmer, described as "a scholar and a gentleman", with "an enviable reputation for truth and sobriety".

790:. There is no reference to any housing specifically for colored students. However, there was a separate cemetery for Black college students. 3878: 1660:

American Baptist Free Mission Society (1847). "Fourth Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the American Baptist Free Mission Society".

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In 1857 Howard W. Gilbert was hired as Professor of Modern Languages. A news article refers to his mastery of French, German, and Italian.

4068: 3729: 1972: 778:), an Academic Department preparing high school students for college, and a Collegiate Department. There was a class in public speaking. 1172: 976:. Graduated in 1855 with the first class. During her last year she also taught; among her students was her eventual husband, astronomer 4231: 3049: 1311: 706:

In May 1850 there were over a hundred students enrolled, and college housing being full, students had to take rooms in private houses.

425:, no one went calling on possible donors, and the college did not publicize itself, either to raise its esteem or attract applicants. 406:

faculty). Only board of trustees minutes and financial records were kept, supplemented by correspondence and many newspaper articles.

4143: 618:("consumption"). Effusive prose pieces and poetry by Caldwell appeared in several newspapers; the references here are only examples. 969: 540:

Miss Sophia M. Lathrop (1828–1913), "Prof. English Literature, &c." Nothing is known about her education. She first taught in

592:. In 1857 his wife Caroline A. Campbell, "the former accomplished teacher in the department of Drawing and Painting", was rehired. 1091: 1050: 243:

The College was founded in McGrawville, "a quiet and healthy place" according to the college's advertisement in the abolitionist

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was in 1855, with 5 graduates. One of the graduates, Azariah Smith, was immediately hired to teach Greek, remaining until 1858.

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students were all welcome. It was also the first to have African-American professors, in a position filled by three men: first

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primary level. Nonetheless, it was not an academy, whose studies ended at the high school level, but offered education beyond.

3924: 1661: 988:, is named for her. In the biography written by her son Angelo Hall there are two chapters on her experiences at the College. 916: 744: 680: 208: 695:, another short-lived school which was a predecessor of the college. After Allen's departure (see below) he was replaced by 890:], and be renovated and reorganised into a seminary or academic institution , or finally cease to exist as a College." 774:

Also in 1857, the college had a Teachers' Department, training, at the high school level, teachers for the primary grades (

675:, which in 1835 began admitting blacks and in 1837 women. However, New York Central College was the first American college 474:) were quickly destroyed by white mob violence. New York Central College avoided such difficulty during its brief tenure. 291:

genius of sturdy clowns in homespun, with master intellects, and daring spirits, rather than be offered by Knights of the

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At that time, there not being any public colleges in the state, the New York State Legislature would appropriate funds to

358:], a native from the interior of Africa, now a student here, after many vicissitudes. Across from our table...sat a 1843: 1204: 663:. The Rev. Grosvenor served as the school's first president, 1849–1851. In a newspaper advertisement we find that the 4394: 4271: 4252: 4220: 3539: 3490: 2517: 1413: 600: 471: 456: 172: 2877: 2757: 1064:

A. J. Warner, school principal. attorney, member of Congress from Ohio, President of the American Bimetallic League.

3101: 1775: 249:, because of a pledge by the village of $ 12,000 (equivalent to $ 392,400 in 2023) towards construction costs; 3980: 2251:

Pioneer history; or, Cortland County and the border wars of New York, from the earliest period to the present time

1603: 840:, "very strange and dangerous notions". However, the appropriation passed comfortably, and was increased in size. 279:

The Bible was "to be introduced as a text-book and test-book from beginning to end of the course of instruction."

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the McGrawville Union School, and remained in use as a high school until a new building was constructed in 1885.

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New York Central College, 1849-1860, McGrawville, N.Y.: the first college in the U.S. to employ black professors

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Anti-slavery missions: review of the operations of the American Baptist Free Mission Society, for the past year

1230:

Anti-slavery missions: review of the operations of the American Baptist Free Mission Society, for the past year

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objected, with less outrage, to "the amalgamation of sexes, as well as of races." These were, according to the

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In 1850 the trustees and then the students of the college published resolutions they had passed in support of

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also spoke. There was a "congregation" of more than 2,000 at the induction of the faculty, the following day.

3531: 2490: 544:. She only taught at Central for one year; afterwards she was Preceptress at the Hamilton Female Seminary in 327:

As part of an unsuccessful attempt to have a medical school open to all students established in McGrawville,

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mob that will raze it to the ground", because it "was at war with every principle of American liberty". The

679:

on the principle that all are created equal: black and white, male and female. Qualified Black, female, and

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There are two known lists of the faculty (in newspaper announcements). The original faculty, in 1849, were:

413:

Alcohol was prohibited even to faculty, and (even more more unusual) tobacco also forbidden in the college.

3511: 3018: 2553: 2249: 1136: 656: 1567: 1505: 858: 444: 4337:

Catalogue of the officers and students of New York Central College, for the year 1852–3, McGrawville, NY

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The school was later denied funding by the New York State Legislature, and it was bankrupt by 1858.

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G. L. Brockett, A. B., tutor. She was still employed in 1858, when she spoke "forcibly" against the

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Crouch, Henry G. (March 12, 1850). "Promiscuous—Central College, at McGrawville". Reprinted in the

2036: 3441: 4310: 3868: 2337: 2031: 1164: 1007: 224: 4056: 3945: 2970: 2270: 1780: 1103: 1035:, graduated in 1852, possibly the first black woman to graduate with a four year college degree 867:, became engaged to a white student, Mary King. To escape violent repercussions, Allen fled to 1958: 286:

Some opposition from those with means of the labor requirement was met with a stinging reply:

4327:

American Baptist Free Mission Society report on the New York Central College, McGrawville, NY

4183: 2599: 548:. Her sister Maria E. Lathrop (1833–1908) studied at Central and also taught painting there. 4282: 1301: 961:

Marlene Parks has published an exhaustive collection of information about Central's alumni.

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Pre-Cornell and Early Cornell VIII. Cornell's Three Precursors. I. New York Central College

3840: 2846: 2575: 2322: 1807: 1553: 1491: 1303:

Pre-Cornell and Early Cornell VIII. Cornell's Three Precursors. I. New York Central College

1016: 660: 541: 280: 254: 220: 179: 71: 37: 8: 4139: 4129: 3813: 3778: 3735: 3023: 1968: 1537: 1475: 1046: 908: 725: 696: 664: 604: 571: 498: 4177: 3528:

The American prejudice against color: William G. Allen, Mary King, and Louisa May Alcott

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charged $ 75 for tuition, meaning the tuition paid by its 24 students totalled $ 1,800.

235: 4349: 4288: 4062: 3848: 3773: 3754: 3705: 3646: 3638: 3600: 3568: 3560: 3388: 3295: 3262: 3195: 3134: 3063: 2912: 2701: 2667: 2638: 2594: 2366: 2358: 2278: 2225: 2217: 2192: 2125: 2092: 2061: 2053: 2007: 1920: 1891: 1734: 1690: 1613: 1378: 1307: 1241: 1097: 740: 721: 714: 687:. An unexplained disagreement with Grosvenor led to his departure. His replacement was 545: 531:(science). Reason was the first African-American faculty member in an American college. 528: 447:, and others routinely received. If there was legislative support, it was not ongoing. 428:

Inadequately funded from beginning to end, the college ended in bankruptcy. Except for

303:

New York Central College was the name decided on, and the College was chartered by the

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Early Negro American writers: selections with biographical and critical introductions

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By 1852, three years later, the faculty were completely different (100% turnover):

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spoke on "Education: Physical, Mental, and Moral." The abolitionist philanthropist

269: 244: 168: 100: 2002:. Reproduced in Parks, vol. I, part 1, . New York. September 27, 1849. p. 59. 4341: 4169: 4134: 3873: 3824: 3287: 1667: 1078:

Emma Grosvenor (ca. 1852–1853), daughter of founder Cyrus Grosvenor, died aged 21

1072: 1020: 700: 672: 537:

Mrs. Eliza M. Haven, "Matron, and Prof. French Language, Music, Drawing, &c."

372: 363: 350:, his mouth watering for the baked beans and Graham bread. Professor Reason is a 265: 250: 104: 44:

The first two floors held classrooms and the third a dormitory for male students.

2907:. Included in Parks, vol. II, part 2, under John Metcalf Smith. October 9, 1855. 1123:

who studied in Germany, became a philosopher, and taught in German universities.

4173: 4155: 4080: 4042: 4002: 3966: 3890: 3794: 3463: 3361: 3325: 3164: 3111: 2995: 2952: 2887: 2863: 2779: 2743: 2615: 2539: 2406: 2169: 1984: 1646: 1617: 1589: 1515: 1453: 1401:

Abolition's axe: Beriah Green, Oneida Institute, and the Black freedom struggle

1338: 1286: 1132: 1032: 567: 1853: 4388: 4306:

New York Central College: An Experiment in Education in McGrawville 1848-1860

4194: 3819: 3413: 3320: 2903: 1963: 1001: 995: 985: 973: 868: 836: 821: 775: 750: 633: 467: 440: 138: 125: 1944:. Letter is dated December 22, 1848. (Reproduced in Parks, vol. I, part 1, . 4021: 2975: 2558: 2426: 904: 615: 589: 585: 513: 429: 332: 316: 216: 207:

The American Baptist Free Mission Society broke away from its parent, the

4380:

McGraw Historical Society collection of New York Central College material

3482: 1126: 808: 747:

raised $ 30,000 (equivalent to $ 1,098,720 in 2023) for the college.

258: 4213:

New York Central College, Volume 3. Condensed Version of Volumes 1 and 2

1810:(August 5, 1848), "Letter to the Trustees of the Free Central College", 1685:

of November and December, 1847. (Reproduced in Parks, vol. I, part 1, ).

811:, and the ruddy-cheeked boy with the Ethiopian maid, is stilt [ 339: 3682: 2826:

Benedict, A.H. (March 21, 1850). "About the college—Removel , &c".

2057: 1081:

Sarah Grosvenor, her sister, married a Baptist minister and died at 92.

1054: 991: 977: 912: 900: 765: 652: 527:, Professors of Greek, Latin and French Languages, and Mathematics and 436: 872: 2689: 1659: 1227: 2049: 1207:

in 1935. Freeport, New York: Books for Libraries Press. p. 13.

4445:

Antebellum educational institutions that admitted African Americans

3749:

Gardner, Cecile (August 28, 1953). "McGrawville Academu Building".

3129:. Included in Parks, vol. II, part 2. January 18, 1902. p. 59. 1090:, D.D. (1837–1906), Congregational minister, professor at Oberlin, 923: 903:, and discontinued operations. The philanthropist and abolitionist 629: 563: 355: 310:

The College began activities on September 4, 1849. Black professor

175: 2662:. Included in Parks, vol. II, part 2, under Spring. June 20, 1850. 4193:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

1096:

Truman J. Ellinwood, for 35 years stenographer of the sermons of

351: 4264:

New York Central College, 1849–1860, McGrawville, N.Y.: Volume 2

4245:

New York Central College, 1849–1860, McGrawville, N.Y.: Volume 1

2083:. Reproduced by Parks, Vol. 1, Part 3, . First published in the 580:

A. B. Campbell, A. M, professor of Latin language and Literature

2886:. Boston, Massachusetts. 15 August 1851. p. 4 – via 1514:. Boston, Massachusetts. April 21, 1837. p. 1 – via 804: 787: 517: 384: 4232:"McGraw producers to screen film on interracial college to DC" 2339:

The Paynes of Hamilton, a genealogical and biographical record

1882:

Heath, S.B., M.D. (November 2, 1848). "Letter to the editor".

863:

A scandal arose when, in 1853, an African-American professor,

508:

C. P. Grosvenor, President, and Professor of Intellectual and

322: 4400:

Defunct private universities and colleges in New York (state)

1120: 596: 359: 1911:

Heath, S.B., M.D. (April 12, 1849). "Letter to the editor".

562:, African-American professor of Greek and German Languages, 197: 4440:

Agricultural universities and colleges in the United States

2120:. Reproduced in Parks, Vol. I, part 1, . November 13, 1849. 1838:. 2 volumes. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. 934:, with which there is no known connection, began in 1853. 807:, the ebony sons of Africa with the fair daughters of the 466:

Previously schools with "racially" integrated bodies (the

1940:

Potter, S. H. (January 4, 1849). "Letter to the editor".

886: 813: 753:

in 1851 spoke at the college on the English abolitionist

307:

on April 12, 1848. The Board of Trustees had 24 members.

3190:. Included in Parks, volume II, part 3, . June 29, 1854. 1273:. Boston, Massachusetts. November 20, 1857o. p. 3. 577:

E. R. Akin, A. M., D. M., professor of natural sciences

375:

Native Americans enrolled in the Preparatory Division.

4405:

Baptist universities and colleges in the United States

2766:. Boston, Massachusetts. October 11, 1850. p. 1. 2633:. Reprinted by Parks, volume I, part 3, . May 2, 1850. 1784:. (Reproduced in Parks, vol. I, part 1, ). p. 1. 1645:. Washington, D.C. 23 Jul 1857. p. 4 – via 1129:, a black college professor in sixteenth-century Spain 919:, of late 1859, contributed to the college's closure. 4455:

Buildings and structures in Cortland County, New York

4162: 3515:. August 17, 1855 – via accessiblearchives.com. 2730:. Boston, Massachusetts. October 4, 1850. p. 1. 2187:. Reproduced in Parks, vol. I, part 1, . August 1849. 2034:(ed.). "Letters from Negro Leaders to Gerrit Smith". 1013:

Eldridge Eugene Fish, scientist and school principal.

340:

A description of the people at a college dinner, 1850

4100:. Vol. 3, no. 1. October 1906. p. 53. 2526:. Boston, Massachusetts. March 24, 1854. p. 3. 1576:. Boston, Massachusetts. April 21, 1837. p. 1. 1340:

An Astronomer's Wife: The Biography of Angeline Hall

3637:. Included in Parks, vol. II, part 2, under Smith. 3591:. Included in Parks, vol. II, part 2, under Smith. 3245:. Boston, Massachusetts. July 18, 1851. p. 1. 1729:

of June and July, 1848. (Reproduced in Parks, I, ).

1045:, after serving in the Civil War as surgeon in the 4365:Commencement exercises of New York Central College 1867:Benedict, A.H. (July 6, 1848). "The Celebration". 1776:"Education—Moral, Intellectual and Physical—Woman" 1373:, ISBN 1548505757, Volume 1, ). November 25, 1847. 3324:. New York. June 28, 1851. p. 2 – via 3102:"College Commencements. New York Central College" 2044:(4). Letter to Gerrit Smith: 432–453, at p. 439. 1773: 610:A. J. Chamberlain, teacher of French and drawing. 439:(s) from the New York State Legislature, such as 4386: 4302: 4168: 400: 4415:Educational institutions disestablished in 1860 3096: 3094: 556:Wm. Tillinghast, A.M., professor of mathematics 239:New York Central College at its opening in 1849 213:Hamilton Literary & Theological Institution 3155:"New York Central College Academic Exhibition" 3127:Publishers' Weekly American Book-Trade Journal 2690:American Baptist Free Mission Society (1851). 1228:American Baptist Free Mission Society (1851). 949:(1851–1905), Secretary of War under President 4410:Universities and colleges established in 1849 3683:New York Constitutional Convention, 1867–68. 3678: 3676: 3014:"[Letter to the editor, May 6, 1852]" 2685: 2683: 2562:. Washington, D.C. April 8, 1854. p. 3. 994:, astronomer, known for his discovery of the 859:William G. Allen § Marriage to Mary King 3091: 2353:"Obituary—Death of Prof. Geo. L. Brockett". 1925:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1896:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 383:This is how the college was described by an 27:Liberal arts college in New York state, U.S. 3731:The academy system of the State of New York 3710:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3526:Elbert, Sarah, ed. (2002). "Introduction". 3227: 3225: 2243: 2241: 1860: 1365:"The Institution, Public Meeting, &c". 937: 793: 323:Overviews of the Central College experience 4430:1860 disestablishments in New York (state) 4354:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4118:. Vol. 3, no. 2. pp. 57–60. 3673: 3379:. Included in Parks, volume II, part 1, . 3286:. Included in Parks, volume II, part 1, . 3068:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2706:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2680: 1915:. (Reproduced in Parks, vol. I, part 1, ). 1886:. (Reproduced in Parks, vol. I, part 1, ). 1358: 1246:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 230: 36: 4435:Liberal arts colleges in New York (state) 3723: 3721: 2422:"The Story of Conservative [sic]" 2342:. New York: Tobias A. Wright. p. 77. 1953: 1951: 1814:, (Reproduced in Parks, vol. I, part 1, ) 1806: 1434:Buffalo Patriot and Commercial Advertiser 1259: 1257: 917:John Brown's failed raid on Harpers Ferry 717:, in jail for helping two slaves escape. 699:, the first African-American graduate of 646: 198:The American Baptist Free Mission Society 3753:. Included in Parks, vol. II, part 3, . 3559:. Included in Parks, vol. II, part 3, . 3222: 3163:. March 20, 1857. p. 7 – via 2825: 2484: 2482: 2452:Caldwell, Lydia A. (September 6, 1855). 2451: 2419: 2238: 2216:. Included in Parks, vol. II, part 1, . 1866: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1616:. April 27, 1837. p. 2 – via 1369:. (Reproduced In Marlene K. Parks, ed., 378: 234: 4425:1849 establishments in New York (state) 4303:Kimberly, Carl; Kimberly, Mary (2018). 3831:from the original on September 27, 2020 3748: 3421:from the original on September 27, 2020 3352:from the original on September 27, 2020 3249:from the original on September 27, 2020 3030:from the original on September 27, 2020 2854:from the original on September 27, 2020 2566:from the original on September 27, 2020 2336:White, Augusta Francelia Payne (1912). 2313:from the original on September 27, 2020 2247: 2160:from the original on September 27, 2020 1975:from the original on September 27, 2020 1788:from the original on September 27, 2020 1580:from the original on September 27, 2020 1568:"Legislature of New York. Abolitionism" 1544:from the original on September 27, 2020 1482:from the original on September 27, 2020 1444:from the original on September 27, 2020 1397: 1193: 1051:South Carolina House of Representatives 852: 167:, was a short-lived college founded in 14: 4420:Education in Cortland County, New York 4387: 4309:. Cortland County Historical Society. 4280: 4229: 4110: 3881:from the original on 27 September 2020 3727: 3718: 3525: 3519: 3439: 3177:Parks, vol. I, part 2, under Baquaqua. 3087:. Included in Parks, vol. I, part 3, . 3082: 2943:from the original on 27 September 2020 2830:. Included in Parks, vol. I, part 3, . 2499:from the original on December 25, 2018 2397:from the original on 27 September 2020 1948: 1939: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1299: 1254: 1175:from the original on November 19, 2010 1159: 1157: 1155: 1153: 1119:(c. 1703 – c. 1759), a black man from 878: 435:There are contradictory reports about 4261: 4242: 4210: 4176:(1893). "O'DONNELL, Mrs. Martha B.". 3912: 3481:. McGraw Historical Society, through 3476: 3008: 2479: 2357:. Included in Parks, vol. I, part 2. 2335: 2269:. Included in Parks, vol. I, part 2. 2026: 1910: 1881: 1833: 1818: 534:Victor M. Kingsley (1821–1897), Tutor 209:American Baptist Home Mission Society 161:New York Central College, McGrawville 18:New York Central College, McGrawville 4230:McAdam, Todd R. (January 16, 2017). 3110:. 6 Aug 1855. p. 3 – via 2420:Caldwell, Lydia A. (June 15, 1854). 1336: 1277:from the original on October 9, 2020 984:, the largest crater on Mars's moon 3440:Benham, George A. (19 March 1899). 3051:Ten lectures on medical electricity 3038:– via accessiblearchives.com. 1836:New York Central College, 1849–1860 1762: 1624: 1371:New York Central College, 1849–1860 1325: 1221: 1150: 416: 24: 4318: 4204: 4111:Tenney, Henry M. (November 1906). 3785:from the original on July 25, 2019 2734:from the original on June 24, 2021 2530:from the original on July 25, 2019 1534:Vermont Watchman and State Journal 1472:Vermont Watchman and State Journal 1391: 1205:University of North Carolina Press 103:(at the time called McGrawville), 25: 4466: 4373: 4146:from the original on 26 July 2020 4071:from the original on 26 July 2020 4033:from the original on 26 July 2020 4017:"Noted civil and criminal lawyer" 3993:from the original on July 6, 2020 3957:from the original on July 4, 2020 3728:Miller, George Frederick (1922). 3485:Independent Publishing Platform. 3454:from the original on 26 July 2020 2986:from the original on July 4, 2020 2770:from the original on July 4, 2020 2606:from the original on July 3, 2019 2488: 1343:. Baltimore: Nunn & Company. 1067:George B. Davis, Esq., attorney, 472:Canterbury Female Boarding School 457:Canterbury Female Boarding School 4313:from the original on 2021-12-12. 4188: 4067:. 22 September 1921. p. 1. 2901:"The New York Central College". 2758:"Resolutions of Central College" 2602:. December 16, 1850. p. 2. 1998:"The New York Central College". 1106:(1836-1925), temperance activist 601:National Dress Reform Convention 4122: 4104: 4087: 4049: 4009: 3973: 3933: 3906: 3897: 3861: 3801: 3761: 3742: 3693:from the original on 2020-09-27 3641:. September 6, 1929. p. 2. 3627: 3581: 3548: 3499: 3470: 3433: 3401: 3368: 3332: 3316:"Literature in the Legislature" 3308: 3275: 3180: 3171: 3147: 3118: 3076: 3042: 3002: 2959: 2939:. 2 September 1851. p. 2. 2925: 2894: 2870: 2834: 2819: 2808:from the original on 2020-09-27 2786: 2750: 2714: 2651: 2622: 2582: 2546: 2510: 2468:from the original on 2020-10-09 2445: 2434:from the original on 2020-10-09 2413: 2379: 2346: 2329: 2291: 2258: 2205: 2176: 2138: 2105: 2072: 2020: 1991: 1933: 1904: 1875: 1800: 1718: 1674: 1653: 1596: 1560: 1522: 1498: 1460: 1347:from the original on 2016-07-30 1314:from the original on 2020-11-14 202: 4287:. Studies in History, no. 23. 3953:. October 1, 1885. p. 2. 2978:. August 16, 1851. pp. 1– 2430:. Washington, D.C. p. 1. 1422: 1293: 1203:. Originally published by the 1187: 1171:. October 1, 1995. p. 7. 755:George Thompson (abolitionist) 671:The college was modeled after 13: 1: 4450:American manual labor schools 4281:Wright, Albert Hazen (1960). 4215:. McGraw Historical Society. 3913:Smith, Jessie Carney (1996). 3827:. March 29, 1893. p. 6. 3781:. March 14, 1893. p. 6. 3532:Northeastern University Press 3375:"Extraordinary Legislation". 3340:"Central College Anniversary" 2804:. March 14, 1850. p. 2. 2309:. April 10, 1856. p. 4. 1871:. (Reproduced in Parks, I, ). 1540:. April 25, 1837. p. 2. 1300:Wright, Albert Hazen (1960). 1143: 871:, where he was joined by his 781: 401:Faculty, students, curriculum 4029:. 15 April 1899. p. 2. 3916:Notable Black American women 3417:. July 14, 1851. p. 1. 3348:. July 29, 1856. p. 6. 2850:. June 18, 1851. p. 3. 2454:"Shadows from an Old Church" 2156:. July 24, 1851. p. 3. 1478:. April 4, 1837. p. 2. 1440:. April 5, 1837. p. 1. 1137:Harpers Ferry, West Virginia 1049:. Served three terms in the 55:Central College, McGrawville 7: 4174:Livermore, Mary Ashton Rice 4142:. 30 June 1906. p. 5. 3989:. May 25, 1895. p. 8. 3919:. New York: Gale Research. 1398:Sernett, Milton C. (1986). 1110: 622: 10: 4471: 4262:Parks, Marlene K. (2017). 4243:Parks, Marlene K. (2017). 4211:Parks, Marlene K. (2018). 4170:Willard, Frances Elizabeth 3877:. 18 Mar 1894. p. 9. 3686:New York Convention Manual 3507:"New York Central College" 3477:Parks, Marlene K. (2017). 3233:"New York Central College" 3125:"Obituary—Azariah Smith". 2794:"New York Central College" 2554:"New York Central College" 2518:"New York Central College" 2387:"New York Central College" 2299:"Hamilton Female Seminary" 2254:. New York: A. B. Burdick. 1834:Parks, Marlene K. (2017). 1774:R, G G. (August 2, 1848). 1637:"New York Central College" 1265:"New York Central College" 1059:President Ulysses S. Grant 1043:Charleston, South Carolina 1010:, former slave, missionary 856: 477: 305:New York State Legislature 3512:Frederick Douglass' Paper 3019:Frederick Douglass' Paper 2393:. 6 May 1853. p. 2. 2212:"Central College, N.Y.". 2116:. First published in the 1406:Syracuse University Press 956: 932:New York Central Railroad 95: 87: 77: 67: 59: 49: 35: 4395:New York Central College 4296: 3823:, March 27, 1893, p. 6. 3555:"Green's Local Column". 2967:"George Thompson, M. P." 2658:"N.Y. Central College". 2303:Greene Chenango American 2079:"Cayuga Chief's Visit". 2037:Journal of Negro History 1073:George Breckenrith Davis 1027:U.S. Patent Commissioner 938:New York Central Academy 794:Hostility to the college 157:New York Central College 31:New York Central College 4116:Oberlin Alumni Magazine 4098:Oberlin Alumni Magazine 3903:Parks, vol. II, part 2. 3817:. Also appeared in the 3442:"One woman's influence" 3085:Cortland County Express 2828:Cortland County Express 2660:Cortland County Express 2631:Cortland County Express 2185:Cortland County Express 2081:Cortland County Express 1604:"Income of the surplus" 1430:"In Assembly, March 23" 1008:Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua 907:, who lived nearby, in 730:Cortland County Express 665:Manual Labor Department 628:relatively few Blacks: 231:Founding of its college 4095:"Judson Smith, O.T.S." 4061:Enterprise-Chronicle ( 4057:"Death of J. Q. Cowee" 3869:"Eldridge Eugene Fish" 3853:: CS1 maint: others ( 3734:. Ph.D. dissertation, 3573:: CS1 maint: others ( 3409:"Amalgamation college" 3393:: CS1 maint: others ( 3300:: CS1 maint: others ( 3267:: CS1 maint: others ( 3139:: CS1 maint: others ( 2971:The Anti-Slavery Bugle 2937:Buffalo Daily Republic 2917:: CS1 maint: others ( 2842:"New York Legislature" 2696:. Bristol . p. 8. 2672:: CS1 maint: others ( 2643:: CS1 maint: others ( 2492:Personal recollections 2391:Buffalo Daily Republic 2371:: CS1 maint: others ( 2283:: CS1 maint: others ( 2271:Fayetteville, New York 2265:"Victor M. Kingsley". 2248:Goodwin, H. C (1859). 2230:: CS1 maint: others ( 2197:: CS1 maint: others ( 2130:: CS1 maint: others ( 2097:: CS1 maint: others ( 2012:: CS1 maint: others ( 1781:New York Daily Tribune 1383:: CS1 maint: others ( 1165:"Cyrus Pitt Grosvenor" 850: 647:Curriculum and faculty 398: 369: 301: 240: 4184:Charles Wells Moulton 3689:. State of New York. 3241:. Reprinted from the 2600:Newport, Rhode Island 1808:Grosvenor, Cyrus Pitt 1725:. Clippings from the 1681:. Clippings from the 1663:Fourth Annual Meeting 1337:Hall, Angelo (1908). 845: 393: 379:Summary by a graduate 343: 288: 238: 79:Religious affiliation 4113:"Judson Smith, D.D." 3841:newspaperarchive.com 3769:"Col. Daniel Lamont" 3595:. September 4, 1858. 3563:. September 5, 1860. 2847:Brooklyn Daily Eagle 2576:newspaperarchive.com 2323:newspaperarchive.com 1971:. November 2, 1849. 1554:newspaperarchive.com 1492:newspaperarchive.com 1017:Herman Ossian Armour 853:William Allen affair 764:The college's first 745:Free Mission Society 720:There were those in 691:, a graduate of the 668:'public speaking'". 661:agricultural science 542:Friendship, New York 255:Cyrus Pitt Grosvenor 221:New York Legislature 180:Cyrus Pitt Grosvenor 72:Cyrus Pitt Grosvenor 42:Main building, 1850. 4140:Birmingham, Alabama 4130:"Judson Smith dead" 3814:Wichita Daily Eagle 3779:South Bend, Indiana 3736:Columbia University 3665:CS1 maint: others ( 3619:CS1 maint: others ( 3214:CS1 maint: others ( 3058:. 1862. p. 14. 3024:Rochester, New York 2798:McGrawville Express 2183:"Central College". 2112:"Indian Students". 1969:Baltimore, Maryland 1959:"Colored Professor" 1942:McGrawville Express 1913:McGrawville Express 1884:McGrawville Express 1869:McGrawville Express 1812:McGrawville Express 1753:CS1 maint: others ( 1727:McGrawville Express 1709:CS1 maint: others ( 1683:McGrawville Express 1538:Montpelier, Vermont 1476:Montpelier, Vermont 1367:McGrawville Express 1104:Martha B. O'Donnell 1047:U.S. Colored Troops 879:Decline and closure 697:George Boyer Vashon 657:Classical education 605:Bloomers (clothing) 572:George Boyer Vashon 499:George Boyer Vashon 139:42.5961°N 76.0931°W 135: / 32: 4289:Cornell University 4063:Burlingame, Kansas 3774:South Bend Tribune 3755:Cortland, New York 3639:Cortland, New York 3561:Cortland, New York 3377:Orleans Republican 2878:"Hunker Eloquence" 2629:"As We Expected". 2595:Newport Daily News 2359:Lockport, New York 2220:. January 1, 1852. 2218:Syracuse, New York 2214:Religious Recorder 1614:New York, New York 1308:Cornell University 1098:Henry Ward Beecher 899:The College faced 741:Madison University 715:William L. Chaplin 546:Hamilton, New York 529:Natural Philosophy 241: 188:Cornell University 159:, commonly called 30: 4236:Cortland Standard 3986:Salt Lake Tribune 3951:Concordia, Kansas 3926:978-0-8103-9177-2 3751:Cortland Standard 3654:Missing or empty 3635:Cortland Standard 3608:Missing or empty 3557:Republican Banner 3447:Los Angeles Times 3203:Missing or empty 2154:Buffalo, New York 2087:. March 12, 1850. 2032:Quarles, Benjamin 1742:Missing or empty 1698:Missing or empty 1438:Buffalo, New York 1234:Bristol, New York 1195:Brawley, Benjamin 1117:Anton Wilhelm Amo 1057:of Charleston by 1025:Edgar M. Marble, 966:Angeline Stickney 685:Charles L. Reason 525:Charles L. Reason 523:L. H. Waters and 497:(1852–1853), and 491:Charles L. Reason 389:Angeline Stickney 312:Charles L. Reason 154: 153: 144:42.5961; -76.0931 16:(Redirected from 4462: 4369: 4368:. 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L. Chaplin" 2718: 2712: 2711: 2705: 2697: 2687: 2678: 2677: 2671: 2663: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2642: 2634: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2613: 2611: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2573: 2571: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2537: 2535: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2486: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2473: 2462:Houma, Louisiana 2449: 2443: 2442: 2440: 2439: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2404: 2402: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2370: 2362: 2361:. April 5, 1880. 2350: 2344: 2343: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2320: 2318: 2307:Greene, New York 2295: 2289: 2288: 2282: 2274: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2245: 2236: 2235: 2229: 2221: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2196: 2188: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2167: 2165: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2129: 2121: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2096: 2088: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2024: 2018: 2017: 2011: 2003: 2000:Sabbath Recorder 1995: 1989: 1988: 1982: 1980: 1955: 1946: 1945: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1924: 1916: 1908: 1902: 1901: 1895: 1887: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1831: 1816: 1815: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1771: 1760: 1758: 1751: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1730: 1722: 1716: 1714: 1707: 1701: 1696: 1694: 1686: 1678: 1672: 1671: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1642:The National Era 1633: 1622: 1621: 1609:The Evening Post 1600: 1594: 1593: 1587: 1585: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1551: 1549: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1502: 1496: 1495: 1489: 1487: 1464: 1458: 1457: 1451: 1449: 1426: 1420: 1419: 1395: 1389: 1388: 1382: 1374: 1362: 1356: 1355: 1353: 1352: 1334: 1323: 1322: 1320: 1319: 1297: 1291: 1290: 1284: 1282: 1261: 1252: 1251: 1245: 1237: 1225: 1219: 1218: 1191: 1185: 1184: 1182: 1180: 1161: 1069:Ithaca, New York 1039:Benjamin Boseman 1021:Armour & Co. 1019:, co-founder of 951:Grover Cleveland 947:Daniel S. Lamont 865:William G. Allen 831:New York Tribune 826:Hamilton College 737:Hamilton College 693:Oneida Institute 689:William G. Allen 638:Benjamin Boseman 560:William G. Allen 510:Moral Philosophy 495:William G. Allen 445:Columbia College 423:Oneida Institute 417:College finances 387:and instructor, 329:William G. Allen 169:McGraw, New York 150: 149: 147: 146: 145: 140: 136: 133: 132: 131: 128: 40: 33: 29: 21: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4460: 4459: 4385: 4384: 4376: 4362: 4347: 4346: 4342:Homer, New York 4334: 4324: 4321: 4319:Primary sources 4299: 4274: 4255: 4223: 4207: 4205:Further reading 4202: 4201: 4189: 4167: 4163: 4149: 4147: 4135:Birmingham News 4128: 4127: 4123: 4109: 4105: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4074: 4072: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4036: 4034: 4015: 4014: 4010: 3996: 3994: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3960: 3958: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3911: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3884: 3882: 3874:Buffalo Courier 3867: 3866: 3862: 3846: 3845: 3834: 3832: 3825:Wichita, Kansas 3807: 3806: 3802: 3788: 3786: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3747: 3743: 3726: 3719: 3703: 3702: 3696: 3694: 3681: 3674: 3664: 3655: 3653: 3644: 3643: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3618: 3609: 3607: 3598: 3597: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3566: 3565: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3524: 3520: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3493: 3475: 3471: 3457: 3455: 3438: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3386: 3385: 3383:. 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July 3, 1851. 3288:Homer, New York 3281: 3280: 3276: 3260: 3259: 3252: 3250: 3243:Albany Register 3231: 3230: 3223: 3213: 3204: 3202: 3193: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3132: 3131: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3100: 3099: 3092: 3081: 3077: 3061: 3060: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3033: 3031: 3007: 3003: 2989: 2987: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2946: 2944: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2910: 2909: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2857: 2855: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2824: 2820: 2811: 2809: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2773: 2771: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2737: 2735: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2699: 2698: 2688: 2681: 2665: 2664: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2636: 2635: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2609: 2607: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2569: 2567: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2533: 2531: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2502: 2500: 2487: 2480: 2471: 2469: 2450: 2446: 2437: 2435: 2418: 2414: 2400: 2398: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2364: 2363: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2334: 2330: 2316: 2314: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2276: 2275: 2267:Weekly Recorder 2264: 2263: 2259: 2246: 2239: 2223: 2222: 2211: 2210: 2206: 2190: 2189: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2163: 2161: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2123: 2122: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2090: 2089: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2050:10.2307/2715186 2025: 2021: 2005: 2004: 1997: 1996: 1992: 1978: 1976: 1957: 1956: 1949: 1938: 1934: 1918: 1917: 1909: 1905: 1889: 1888: 1880: 1876: 1865: 1861: 1846: 1832: 1819: 1805: 1801: 1791: 1789: 1772: 1763: 1752: 1743: 1741: 1732: 1731: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1708: 1699: 1697: 1688: 1687: 1680: 1679: 1675: 1668:Utica, New York 1658: 1654: 1635: 1634: 1625: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1583: 1581: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1547: 1545: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1485: 1483: 1466: 1465: 1461: 1447: 1445: 1428: 1427: 1423: 1416: 1396: 1392: 1376: 1375: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1350: 1348: 1335: 1326: 1317: 1315: 1298: 1294: 1280: 1278: 1263: 1262: 1255: 1239: 1238: 1226: 1222: 1215: 1192: 1188: 1178: 1176: 1163: 1162: 1151: 1146: 1113: 1041:, physician in 959: 940: 881: 861: 855: 796: 784: 681:Native American 649: 625: 480: 419: 403: 381: 342: 325: 297: 296: 251:Perry, New York 233: 205: 200: 165:Central College 143: 141: 137: 134: 129: 126: 124: 122: 121: 120: 119: 115: 111: 107: 105:Cortland County 80: 52: 45: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4468: 4458: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4383: 4382: 4375: 4374:External links 4372: 4371: 4370: 4360: 4332: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4315: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4278: 4272: 4259: 4253: 4240: 4227: 4221: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4186:. p. 544. 4161: 4156:newspapers.com 4121: 4103: 4086: 4081:newspapers.com 4048: 4043:newspapers.com 4008: 4003:newspapers.com 3972: 3967:newspapers.com 3941:"A. 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Warner" 3932: 3925: 3905: 3896: 3891:newspapers.com 3860: 3800: 3795:newspapers.com 3760: 3741: 3717: 3672: 3626: 3580: 3547: 3540: 3518: 3498: 3491: 3469: 3464:newspapers.com 3450:. p. 41. 3432: 3400: 3367: 3362:newspapers.com 3331: 3326:newspapers.com 3307: 3282:"(Untitled)". 3274: 3221: 3179: 3170: 3165:newspapers.com 3146: 3117: 3112:newspapers.com 3090: 3075: 3041: 3001: 2996:newspapers.com 2958: 2953:newspapers.com 2924: 2893: 2888:newspapers.com 2869: 2864:newspapers.com 2833: 2818: 2785: 2780:newspapers.com 2749: 2744:newspapers.com 2713: 2679: 2650: 2621: 2616:newspapers.com 2590:"By Telegraph" 2581: 2545: 2540:newspapers.com 2509: 2489:Place, Frank, 2478: 2444: 2412: 2407:newspapers.com 2378: 2345: 2328: 2290: 2257: 2237: 2204: 2175: 2170:newspapers.com 2137: 2104: 2071: 2019: 1990: 1985:newspapers.com 1947: 1932: 1903: 1874: 1859: 1845:978-1548505752 1844: 1817: 1799: 1761: 1717: 1673: 1652: 1647:newspapers.com 1623: 1618:newspapers.com 1595: 1590:newspapers.com 1559: 1521: 1516:newspapers.com 1497: 1459: 1454:newspapers.com 1421: 1414: 1390: 1357: 1324: 1292: 1287:newspapers.com 1253: 1220: 1213: 1186: 1148: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1133:Storer College 1130: 1124: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1101: 1094: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1065: 1062: 1036: 1033:Grace A. Mapps 1030: 1023: 1014: 1011: 1005: 999: 989: 958: 955: 939: 936: 913:his connection 880: 877: 857:Main article: 854: 851: 817:] worse." 795: 792: 783: 780: 648: 645: 624: 621: 620: 619: 611: 608: 593: 584:abolitionists 581: 578: 575: 568:belles lettres 557: 550: 549: 538: 535: 532: 521: 479: 476: 418: 415: 402: 399: 380: 377: 341: 338: 324: 321: 232: 229: 204: 201: 199: 196: 152: 151: 117: 113: 109: 99: 97: 93: 92: 89: 85: 84: 81: 78: 75: 74: 69: 65: 64: 61: 57: 56: 53: 50: 47: 46: 41: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4467: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4367: 4366: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4343: 4339: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4328: 4323: 4322: 4312: 4308: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4290: 4286: 4285: 4279: 4275: 4273:9781548505752 4269: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4254:9781517478124 4250: 4246: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4224: 4222:9781729614884 4218: 4214: 4209: 4208: 4196: 4195:public domain 4185: 4181: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4157: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4136: 4131: 4125: 4117: 4114: 4107: 4099: 4096: 4090: 4082: 4070: 4066: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4044: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4012: 4004: 3992: 3988: 3987: 3982: 3976: 3968: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3947: 3942: 3936: 3928: 3922: 3918: 3917: 3909: 3900: 3892: 3880: 3876: 3875: 3870: 3864: 3856: 3850: 3842: 3835:September 25, 3830: 3826: 3822: 3821: 3820:Roanoke Times 3816: 3815: 3810: 3804: 3796: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3775: 3770: 3764: 3757:. p. 12. 3756: 3752: 3745: 3737: 3733: 3732: 3724: 3722: 3713: 3707: 3692: 3688: 3687: 3679: 3677: 3668: 3661: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3622: 3615: 3602: 3594: 3590: 3589:Oneida Sachem 3584: 3576: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3543: 3541:9781555535452 3537: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3514: 3513: 3508: 3502: 3494: 3492:9781517478124 3488: 3484: 3480: 3473: 3465: 3453: 3449: 3448: 3443: 3436: 3425:September 27, 3420: 3416: 3415: 3414:Baltimore Sun 3410: 3404: 3396: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3363: 3351: 3347: 3346: 3341: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3322: 3317: 3311: 3303: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3284:Cortland Whig 3278: 3270: 3264: 3253:September 27, 3248: 3244: 3240: 3239: 3238:The Liberator 3234: 3228: 3226: 3217: 3210: 3197: 3189: 3183: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3161: 3156: 3150: 3142: 3136: 3128: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3103: 3097: 3095: 3086: 3079: 3071: 3065: 3057: 3053: 3052: 3045: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3020: 3015: 3011: 3010:Allen, Wm. G. 3005: 2997: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2962: 2954: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2928: 2920: 2914: 2906: 2905: 2904:New York Post 2897: 2889: 2885: 2884: 2883:The Liberator 2879: 2873: 2865: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2843: 2837: 2829: 2822: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2789: 2781: 2769: 2765: 2764: 2763:The Liberator 2759: 2753: 2745: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2727:The Liberator 2723: 2717: 2709: 2703: 2695: 2694: 2686: 2684: 2675: 2669: 2661: 2654: 2646: 2640: 2632: 2625: 2617: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2591: 2585: 2577: 2570:September 14, 2565: 2561: 2560: 2555: 2549: 2541: 2529: 2525: 2524: 2523:The Liberator 2519: 2513: 2498: 2494: 2493: 2485: 2483: 2467: 2464:. p. 1. 2463: 2459: 2455: 2448: 2433: 2429: 2428: 2423: 2416: 2408: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2374: 2368: 2360: 2356: 2355:Daily Journal 2349: 2341: 2340: 2332: 2324: 2317:September 25, 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2294: 2286: 2280: 2273:. March 1897. 2272: 2268: 2261: 2253: 2252: 2244: 2242: 2233: 2227: 2219: 2215: 2208: 2200: 2194: 2186: 2179: 2171: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2141: 2133: 2127: 2119: 2118:Auburn Wigwam 2115: 2108: 2100: 2094: 2086: 2082: 2075: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2030:(Oct 1942) . 2029: 2028:Allen, Wm. G. 2023: 2015: 2009: 2001: 1994: 1986: 1979:September 23, 1974: 1970: 1966: 1965: 1964:Baltimore Sun 1960: 1954: 1952: 1943: 1936: 1928: 1922: 1914: 1907: 1899: 1893: 1885: 1878: 1870: 1863: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1841: 1837: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1792:September 13, 1787: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1756: 1749: 1736: 1728: 1721: 1712: 1705: 1692: 1684: 1677: 1670:. p. 18. 1669: 1665: 1664: 1656: 1648: 1644: 1643: 1638: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1599: 1591: 1584:September 21, 1579: 1575: 1574: 1573:The Liberator 1569: 1563: 1555: 1548:September 13, 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1525: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1511:The Liberator 1507: 1501: 1493: 1486:September 13, 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1463: 1455: 1448:September 20, 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1425: 1417: 1415:9780815623700 1411: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1394: 1386: 1380: 1372: 1368: 1361: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1296: 1288: 1281:September 27, 1276: 1272: 1271: 1270:The Liberator 1266: 1260: 1258: 1249: 1243: 1235: 1231: 1224: 1216: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1201: 1196: 1190: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1160: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1149: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1002:Edmonia Lewis 1000: 997: 996:moons of Mars 993: 990: 987: 983: 979: 975: 974:mathematician 971: 967: 964: 963: 962: 954: 952: 948: 944: 935: 933: 928: 925: 920: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 897: 894: 891: 889: 888: 876: 874: 870: 869:New York City 866: 860: 849: 844: 841: 839: 838: 837:Baltimore Sun 832: 827: 823: 822:Union College 818: 816: 815: 810: 806: 802: 791: 789: 779: 777: 776:normal school 772: 769: 767: 762: 758: 756: 752: 751:Samuel J. May 748: 746: 742: 738: 733: 731: 727: 723: 718: 716: 711: 707: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 669: 666: 662: 658: 654: 644: 641: 639: 635: 634:Edmonia Lewis 631: 617: 612: 609: 606: 602: 598: 594: 591: 587: 582: 579: 576: 573: 569: 565: 561: 558: 555: 554: 553: 547: 543: 539: 536: 533: 530: 526: 522: 519: 515: 511: 507: 506: 505: 502: 501:(1853–1859). 500: 496: 493:(1849-1852), 492: 487: 484: 475: 473: 469: 468:Noyes Academy 464: 460: 458: 452: 448: 446: 442: 441:Union College 438: 433: 431: 426: 424: 414: 411: 407: 397: 392: 390: 386: 376: 374: 368: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 337: 334: 330: 320: 318: 313: 308: 306: 300: 294: 287: 284: 282: 277: 273: 271: 267: 262: 260: 256: 252: 248: 247: 237: 228: 226: 225:Oneida County 222: 218: 214: 210: 195: 191: 189: 183: 181: 177: 174: 171:, in 1848 by 170: 166: 163:, and simply 162: 158: 148: 118:United States 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 76: 73: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 48: 39: 34: 19: 4364: 4336: 4326: 4305: 4283: 4263: 4244: 4235: 4212: 4178: 4164: 4154:– via 4148:. 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