848:
negroes.... The head of this college...was a clergyman of liberal views, who became a stout advocate of intermarriage between whites and negroes: a development, by the way. which is regarded in the South to this day with holy horror, and militated against by severe penalties. But there were no statutes against miscegenation in New York in those days, so that a burly, ambitious negro, heartily in accord with the matrimonial views of the august parent, proceeded to elope one day with his daughter. This unexpected denouement quickly illustrated in a very prosaic way the disparity between theory and practice. Seizing his gun, and taking
Immediate transportation in the most available vehicle, the irate parent pursued the bi-colored couple with all the impetuosity of Pharoah chasing the flying Israelites down into the Red Sea. And then the "New York Central College" for the education of negro youths experienced the sad fate of Pharoah at the hiatus of the purple waters.
396:
and of every hue, which admits of "no rights exclusive", which holds out the cup of knowledge in its crystal brightness for all to quaff; and if this is fanaticism, I will glory in the name "fanatic." Let me live, let me die a fanatic. I will not seal up in my heart the fountain of love that gushes forth for all the human race. And I am glad I am here because there are none here to say, "thus far thou mayst ascend the hill of
Science and no farther," when I have just learned how sweet are the fruits of knowledge, and when I can see them hanging in such rich clusters, far up the heights, looking so bright and golden, as if they were inviting me to partake. And all the while I can see my brother gathering those golden fruits, and I mark how his eye brightens.... No, there are none here to whisper, "that is beyond thy sphere, thou couldst never scale those dizzy heights"; but, on the contrary, here are kind voices cheering me onward.
38:
236:
732:, said in an editorial that no such discussions had taken place, even privately. He suggested that instead of the College relocating to Syracuse, Syracuse should relocate to McGrawville, once "it has done with theatres and their appendages, and her other and numerous sources of corruption.... The moral atmosphere of a city is not congenial to the habits of students, nor the growth of an institution founded on the manusl labor principle, and on equality of sex and condition, as is this college."
761:
scorn, shut out of most, if not all, of the medical colleges in the land. The faculty are physicians of
Syracuse, in high standing and repute." Nothing came of this, although there is a reference to a Professor of Anatomy at the college. The medical college was established in New York City. Similarly, in 1850 there was an unsuccessful attempt to get the legislature to fund an "Agricultural Professorship".
295:; valorous in their onset upon cologne bottles; and prodigies of prowess among spices of Rosemary..... this MODEL COLLEGE, based on the republican rock of changeless truth, and canopied by the star-jeweled firmament of philosophy, which is in truth, designed to rebuke the withering spirit of caste, and make all forms of useful industry respectable, and furnish community with practical men and women.
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process nor documents required. Personal contacts and correspondence played a big role. The difference between the courses and teachers for the large preparatory or high school division, and the smaller college division, was not rigid. Two faculty (Caldwell, Smith) began as students and joined the faculty upon their graduation; one (Stickney) was teaching in advance of her graduation.
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trouble. "Everything that an able faculty could do to advance the interests of the
Institution has been done, and yet the College has not prospered. Its friends are discouraged, and the Board of Directors disheartened. Present appearances indicate that the College will either pass into the hands of its colored friends, or be purchased by the citizens of M'Grawville [
227:", informed the legislature than an outsider (a legislator) had misled the students, who "disclaim all sympathy with abolition societies". The anti-slavery petition was unauthorized by the faculty, and "at variance with the principles of the college government, and with the judgment and feeling of every officer of the institution". The appropriation was immediately restored.
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211:, over the issue of slavery, more specifically whether slaveowners could be members, missionaries, or donors to the society. From the beginning, the College was to be open to all, whatever the "race" or gender. At the presentation to the citizens of McGrawville, its description begins by atatinflg it will differ from the
283:, including farmwork, was to be part of students' daily activities. This was not just for finances, although it brought in a little money, nor to prepare students for careers, to which the labor was usually unrelated, but was seen as psychologically and spiritually beneficial. At the time, this was an innovative view.
875:. They married—the first black male–white female marriage in the country's history—and immediately left for England, never to return. This event exacerbated already lingering social and political opposition to the school. Marlene Parks has published a collection of press clippings, which show the hostility.
395:
he world will frown upon me, because I am a student of this unpopular institution, and I expect to get the name that I have heard applied to all who come here, "fanatic". I am glad that I am here because I love this institution. I love the spirit that welcomes all to its halls, those of every tongue,
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According to the New York State
Department of Education, New York Central Academy, organized by citizens of McGrawville, was chartered May 4, 1864. It operated from 1864 to 1867. It purchased the buildings and land for $ 6,500 (~$ 103,081 in 2023) from Gerrit Smith in 1864. In 1868 it became part of
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and others. A proposed appropriation to New York
Central College in 1851 was the topic of much comment, the subject "the center of attractions ...for some hours". A New York legislator said that rather than giving a state appropriation to that "vile sink of pollution", it would be better given to "a
798:
Because of its equalitarian treatment of Black students and its Black professors, the "nigger college at McGrawville", as it was called by racists, as well as the "McGrawville
African College", received a lot of public vituperation. "It would be bad enough, in our estimation, to bring together girls
667:
was "under the supervision of Luther
Wellington, a Practical Farmer, a kind and benevolent man, on a farm of 187 acres (76 ha)." Under the "careful training" of the President students took a Rhetorical Class "with daily exercises in Extemporaneous Speaking", "not to be overlooked in this day of
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Speaking at the laying of the cornerstone, Grosvenor "vindicated the character of Women, repelled the idea of her inferiority to man, and maintained the necessity of giving to our daughters an education equal to that given to our sons." Of the students whose gender can be determined, 35% were women.
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The college was primarily a large preparatory school, and lasted about 10 years. Students at the college level were never more than a small minority of the student body. At the first commencement in 1855, there were five graduates among a student body of well over 100, including some enrolled at the
450:
The student body was relatively poor, required to pay its own tuition, room and board, and transportation. With a student body composed half of
Negroes, and most of whom were at the high school level, and 30% female, could neither make the school financially prosperous nor even self-sufficient. The
760:
In 1852, according to
Professor William G. Allen, "There is now a project on foot to attach a medical department to New York Central College. — A glorious idea this, as, if it should be successful, it will afford an opening for study to the very many colored young men who are now, by prejudice and
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Tuition was set low to accommodate the students it attracted, inadequate to cover expenses. In the college division it was first $ 24, then $ 30 per year (equivalent to $ 1,099 in 2023), and in the preparatory (high school) division, $ 15. The vast majority of students were in the preparatory
709:
Shortly after its opening, the College and McGrawville were hit by a smallpox outbreak. An 1851 student resolution gives the names of two, Homer Haskell and Erskine Spring. Four students died and the College had to close briefly. Another source says six students died. At that time, there were 150
366:
tribe.... A runaway slave sat near her, while her father, husband, and brother were in view. After supper, the stewardess with some of the female students, sang: "Be kind to each other" . The Onondagas then gave one in their own tongue, Mahomah chanted one in Arabic. Miss Havens sang in Latin and
215:(now Colgate University) in only one feature: "it lays down as a broad platform, the rights and privileges of all classes of citizens as of paramount importance. It will be an Institution of Learning from which no individual will be rejected." Hamilton had a reputation for not opposing slavery;
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called it a "treasonable college", an "obnoxious edifice" where, "if things are suffered to go on at this rate, this whole region will become infected with Abolitionism; the contagion of Free Speech will spread til the Fugitive Slave law will become a nullity and the Union will collapse!" Others
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The affairs of the college were conducted with a high degree of informality and lack of rules relative to today's standards. There was no "mission statement", no academic ranks, no specific degree requirements (that would have been difficult to maintain with an ever-changing, variably qualified
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delivered an inaugural address, on the topic "Harmony of the Principles of the College with Man's True Destiny and the Tendencies of the Present Age." It was described in the press as "full of clear comprehensive, philosophical thought, clothed in a neat and classical dress." President Grosvenor
883:
In a circular of 1854 we find that "this Institution is now in prosperous condition. It has struggled through darkness, and mounted difficulties, until its permanency and success are placed entirely beyond doubt." However, only a few years later it became clear that the College was in financial
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There is a pretentious wooden structure, of a semi-classic exterior, standing in the little village of McGrawville, Cortland County, N.Y., which was formerly the seat of what was known, in the anti-slavery days, as the "New York Central College." This institution was devoted to the education of
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It is said that manual labor connected with colleges and literary institutions will have a tendency to fill our learned professions with a race of slovens. Let it be so. Let the sacramental host be led on to victory, and the portals of the scientific arcana, be opened and lit up by the blazing
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There were no written criteria for selecting faculty; some came with a college degree, but many did not. Apparently the President, Grosvenor and then Calkins, decided himself whom to hire and what they would teach. There was no public announcement of vacancies, neither was there an application
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The student body has been well studied by Marlene Parks. There are 1,062 known students; most were in the preparatory (high school) program. Of them, 64% were men, 35% female, 1% unknown. As no records were kept of it, the skin color ("race") of the students is not known; however, there were
911:, became the proprietor of the insolvent college. He assumed its debts, which exceeded its assets; as a newspaper put it, "he became the owner of the property when the college was abandoned." A modern scholar has suggested that Smith's breakdown and hospitalization after public discovery of
583:
George Lester Brockett (1827–1880), graduate of Hamilton College in 1851, was described in an obituary as professor of Elocution and German. However, he also taught Greek, German, and Physiology. "In 1852, he was also a tutor and the Librarian." His father had been a warm personal friend of
185:
It was chartered by New York State in April 1848, laid the cornerstone of its main building on July 4, and opened in September 1849. The school was further distinguished by both being radically anti-slavery and committed to the equality of the sexes. It has been called a predecessor of
743:(Colgate). A few weeks later, another report says that the college received an appropriation of $ 25,000 (equivalent to $ 915,600 in 2023), but a college solicitation in 1855 said the College had received no appropriations from the state. A Baptist report of 1851 states that its
223:"in behalf of the oppressed free colored citizens of the state", this made them "guilty of the awful crime of abolitionism", and the Legislature almost immediately withdrew the College's $ 5,000 appropriation. The President and five professors, with the support of "citizens of
432:, it had no wealthy donors, and over its short history and few college-level graduates no meaningful alumni pool to draw upon. The American Baptist Free Mission Society gave what support it could, especially at the beginning, but it was a small group with limited resources.
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What a sight at the tables! The interview will remain in our memory as one of the most happy events in our life! ...Professor Reason sat at the head of one table, Rev. Dr. Bush on his left, and on his right President Grosvenor, ourself, still flanked by Benedict of the
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Lydia A. Caldwell, enrolled as a student when the College opened in 1849. The year in which she graduated and became a teacher, if she did in fact graduate, is unknown, but she remained until 1855 as "Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature". She died in 1857 of
953:, was from McGraw, and studied as a child at the Central Academy, "the successor of a queer institution, known as the New York Central College, established by Gerrit Smith and other abolitionists, for the education of boys and girls without regard to color."
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Funds available to pay faculty, therefore, were very limited, and doubtless contributed to the high faculty turnover. Except for Grosvenor, whose children were grown, faculty were unmarried and did not have families, as their salaries would not permit it.
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With emotions of irresistible joy, I hail the dawning of the day in which, by the influence of the system of CENTRAL COLLEGE all aristocratic distinctions in societry, created by wealth, sect, party or learning, shall be brought down to a REPUBLICAN LEVEL.
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program. An estimated 100 preparatory students per year, at $ 15 each, is $ 1,500. An estimated 20 college students at $ 30 each would bring in $ 600, for a total of $ 2,100 (equivalent to $ 76,910 in 2023). By comparison, 15 years previously the
4247:. Part 1. Newspaper Articles concerning the College, November 1847—December, 1849. Part 2. Alphabetical Biographical Sketches Abbott—Lyons. Part 3. Newspaper Articles concerning the College, March, 1850—December, 1850. McGraw Historical Society.
4266:. Part 1. Newspaper Articles concerning the College, January, 1851—December, 1853. Part 2. Alphabetical Biographical Sketches Lyons—Young. Part 3. Newspaper Articles concerning the College, March, 1854—August, 1861. McGraw Historical Society.
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epidemic struck McGrawville in 1860. The effects of the outbreak, coupled with the lingering social and political opposition and financial difficulties, caused the college to close that same year. Another source says it closed in 1859.
703:. Reason was the first black college professor in the country. Allen was Professor of Rhetoric and Greek; in 1850, when he was appointed, he was "well known as a lecturer upon the origin, literature, and destiny of the African race."
1139:, founded in 1868 by another branch of Free Baptists, was the second college in the United States open to all, regardless of skin color and gender. Like New York Central, most of its instruction was at the secondary school level.
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that "o where is the state of things more favorable to the colored man's progress than in McGrawville, and no where would he receive a warmer welcome." At the time—1852—Allen was the only Black college professor in the country.
354:, we believe—a noble looking man, urbane and polished in his manners, and his countenance the undisguised index of goodness and truth. To the left of Dr. Bush, were two negro students. still further down was Mahomah [
182:. The first college in the United States founded on the principle that all qualified students were welcome, it was sponsored by the American Baptist Free Mission Society, of which Grosvenor was a vice-president.
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Most of the faculty's time was spent in contact with students, teaching formally or informally. McGrawville was a small town, most attended the same church, and all interested heard the same visiting lecturers.
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In 1851 it was one of 11 colleges to receive New York State legislative funding; it received $ 1,500 (equivalent to $ 54,936 in 2023), the same amount as New York University, Fordham University,
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There were no financial plans or budgets at the college, and little fundraising. As a result, the school's financial affairs were disorganized and difficult. In contrast with its predecessor the
3809:"Col. Daniel Lamont—The Youngest Member of Mr. [Grover] Cleveland's Cabinet—A Young Man who Has Enjoyed the Friendship of Democratic Leaders from Samuel J. Tilden Down to the Present Day"
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of Utica, who spoke at the meeting, as President. Its location not yet determined, it was referred to as the "Baptist Free Mission Institution". Construction commenced on June 26, 1848, and the
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The local hostility to the college was a factor in its demise. As it was put in a typically inaccurate newspaper column, which mistakenly puts Mary King's father at the head of the college:
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French. The President made some remarks in Hebrew by way of carrying out the idea, and with hearts warmer with kindly feelings, the interview terminated. May we all meet again as happily.
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253:, had offered $ 10,000. The initial community meeting in McGrawville to discuss the proposed college was held on November 22, 1847. It already had a board of trustees, with Reverend
520:). He resigned at the end of 1851. He was replaced by Leonard G. Calkins, "a finished scholar, an accomplished orator, and a true gentleman, a deep thinker, of active temperament".
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Central was the first college to hire African-American faculty. There were three very well qualified African-American professors, who successively occupied the same position:
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The subjects taught varied depending on available personnel. There was, therefore, not a faculty in the sense of a body of full-time employees, and turnover was frequent.
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was laid on July 4. In the cornerstone was a box with 20 items, many of them abolitionist newspapers or pamphlets. By then it was referred to as the Free Central College.
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had accepted African-American students, and Oberlin female students, New York Central College was the first institution in the country founded to accept all students.
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and boys, young men and women, of the same race and color, under the same roof, in the same halls, and at the same table. But to mix together the descendants of
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Grosvenor "proposed a 'free institution,' for the 'literary, scientific, moral, and physical education of both sexes and of all classes of youth.'" The school's
2527:
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Boys and men were in the dormitory occupying one floor of the main building; girls (no adult female students are recorded) were in a separate residence, with a
570:(literature). After the departure of Grosvenor, who taught Hebrew, Allen was listed as teaching it. After Allen's departure in 1853, his position was filled by
123:
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who wished to move the College to their city, but nothing came of it. The Corresponding Secretary of the Trustees, A. H. Benedict, who was also editor of the
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In 1856 there were 226 students and 9 faculty, and approximately 50% were African-American. Most were in the college's preparatory (high school) program.
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30% of the students who were female were also anything but prosperous. Some money was brought in through the manual labor department, but not enough.
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resigned from their Board of Trustees "on the grounds that the school was insufficiently anti-slavery". When Hamilton students sent a petition to the
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A Woman of the Century: Fourteen Hundred-seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in All Walks of Life
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President Calkins left for a position at "an eminent law school in Albany"; the trustees persuaded Grosvenor to take up the leadership again.
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John Quincy Cowee (1830–1921), Kansan farmer, described as "a scholar and a gentleman", with "an enviable reputation for truth and sobriety".
790:. There is no reference to any housing specifically for colored students. However, there was a separate cemetery for Black college students.
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American Baptist Free Mission Society (1847). "Fourth Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the American Baptist Free Mission Society".
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In 1857 Howard W. Gilbert was hired as Professor of Modern Languages. A news article refers to his mastery of French, German, and Italian.
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1972:
778:), an Academic Department preparing high school students for college, and a Collegiate Department. There was a class in public speaking.
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976:. Graduated in 1855 with the first class. During her last year she also taught; among her students was her eventual husband, astronomer
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In May 1850 there were over a hundred students enrolled, and college housing being full, students had to take rooms in private houses.
425:, no one went calling on possible donors, and the college did not publicize itself, either to raise its esteem or attract applicants.
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faculty). Only board of trustees minutes and financial records were kept, supplemented by correspondence and many newspaper articles.
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618:("consumption"). Effusive prose pieces and poetry by Caldwell appeared in several newspapers; the references here are only examples.
969:
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Miss Sophia M. Lathrop (1828–1913), "Prof. English Literature, &c." Nothing is known about her education. She first taught in
592:. In 1857 his wife Caroline A. Campbell, "the former accomplished teacher in the department of Drawing and Painting", was rehired.
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The College was founded in McGrawville, "a quiet and healthy place" according to the college's advertisement in the abolitionist
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was in 1855, with 5 graduates. One of the graduates, Azariah Smith, was immediately hired to teach Greek, remaining until 1858.
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students were all welcome. It was also the first to have African-American professors, in a position filled by three men: first
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primary level. Nonetheless, it was not an academy, whose studies ended at the high school level, but offered education beyond.
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988:, is named for her. In the biography written by her son Angelo Hall there are two chapters on her experiences at the College.
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695:, another short-lived school which was a predecessor of the college. After Allen's departure (see below) he was replaced by
890:], and be renovated and reorganised into a seminary or academic institution , or finally cease to exist as a College."
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Also in 1857, the college had a Teachers' Department, training, at the high school level, teachers for the primary grades (
675:, which in 1835 began admitting blacks and in 1837 women. However, New York Central College was the first American college
474:) were quickly destroyed by white mob violence. New York Central College avoided such difficulty during its brief tenure.
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genius of sturdy clowns in homespun, with master intellects, and daring spirits, rather than be offered by Knights of the
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At that time, there not being any public colleges in the state, the New York State Legislature would appropriate funds to
358:], a native from the interior of Africa, now a student here, after many vicissitudes. Across from our table...sat a
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663:. The Rev. Grosvenor served as the school's first president, 1849–1851. In a newspaper advertisement we find that the
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A. J. Warner, school principal. attorney, member of Congress from Ohio, President of the American Bimetallic League.
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249:, because of a pledge by the village of $ 12,000 (equivalent to $ 392,400 in 2023) towards construction costs;
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Pioneer history; or, Cortland County and the border wars of New York, from the earliest period to the present time
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840:, "very strange and dangerous notions". However, the appropriation passed comfortably, and was increased in size.
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The Bible was "to be introduced as a text-book and test-book from beginning to end of the course of instruction."
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the McGrawville Union School, and remained in use as a high school until a new building was constructed in 1885.
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New York Central College, 1849-1860, McGrawville, N.Y.: the first college in the U.S. to employ black professors
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Anti-slavery missions: review of the operations of the American Baptist Free Mission Society, for the past year
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Anti-slavery missions: review of the operations of the American Baptist Free Mission Society, for the past year
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objected, with less outrage, to "the amalgamation of sexes, as well as of races." These were, according to the
754:
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In 1850 the trustees and then the students of the college published resolutions they had passed in support of
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also spoke. There was a "congregation" of more than 2,000 at the induction of the faculty, the following day.
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544:. She only taught at Central for one year; afterwards she was Preceptress at the Hamilton Female Seminary in
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As part of an unsuccessful attempt to have a medical school open to all students established in McGrawville,
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mob that will raze it to the ground", because it "was at war with every principle of American liberty". The
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on the principle that all are created equal: black and white, male and female. Qualified Black, female, and
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There are two known lists of the faculty (in newspaper announcements). The original faculty, in 1849, were:
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Alcohol was prohibited even to faculty, and (even more more unusual) tobacco also forbidden in the college.
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Catalogue of the officers and students of New York Central College, for the year 1852–3, McGrawville, NY
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The school was later denied funding by the New York State Legislature, and it was bankrupt by 1858.
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G. L. Brockett, A. B., tutor. She was still employed in 1858, when she spoke "forcibly" against the
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Crouch, Henry G. (March 12, 1850). "Promiscuous—Central College, at McGrawville". Reprinted in the
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1035:, graduated in 1852, possibly the first black woman to graduate with a four year college degree
867:, became engaged to a white student, Mary King. To escape violent repercussions, Allen fled to
1958:
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Some opposition from those with means of the labor requirement was met with a stinging reply:
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American Baptist Free Mission Society report on the New York Central College, McGrawville, NY
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548:. Her sister Maria E. Lathrop (1833–1908) studied at Central and also taught painting there.
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Marlene Parks has published an exhaustive collection of information about Central's alumni.
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Pre-Cornell and Early Cornell VIII. Cornell's Three Precursors. I. New York Central College
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Pre-Cornell and Early Cornell VIII. Cornell's Three Precursors. I. New York Central College
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The American prejudice against color: William G. Allen, Mary King, and Louisa May Alcott
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charged $ 75 for tuition, meaning the tuition paid by its 24 students totalled $ 1,800.
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687:. An unexplained disagreement with Grosvenor led to his departure. His replacement was
545:
531:(science). Reason was the first African-American faculty member in an American college.
528:
447:, and others routinely received. If there was legislative support, it was not ongoing.
428:
Inadequately funded from beginning to end, the college ended in bankruptcy. Except for
303:
New York Central College was the name decided on, and the College was chartered by the
292:
212:
187:
1399:
4304:
4267:
4248:
4216:
3985:
3950:
3920:
3914:
3535:
3486:
3446:
2153:
2065:
1849:
1839:
1608:
1437:
1409:
1233:
1208:
1200:
Early Negro American writers: selections with biographical and critical introductions
1116:
981:
965:
800:
684:
524:
490:
388:
311:
4026:
3592:
3344:
3159:
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3055:
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2461:
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2045:
2027:
1641:
1194:
1068:
1038:
950:
946:
864:
830:
825:
736:
692:
688:
637:
559:
552:
By 1852, three years later, the faculty were completely different (100% turnover):
509:
494:
422:
328:
315:
spoke on "Education: Physical, Mental, and Moral." The abolitionist philanthropist
269:
244:
168:
100:
2002:. Reproduced in Parks, vol. I, part 1, . New York. September 27, 1849. p. 59.
4341:
4169:
4134:
3873:
3824:
3287:
1667:
1078:
Emma Grosvenor (ca. 1852–1853), daughter of founder Cyrus Grosvenor, died aged 21
1072:
1020:
700:
672:
537:
Mrs. Eliza M. Haven, "Matron, and Prof. French Language, Music, Drawing, &c."
372:
363:
350:, his mouth watering for the baked beans and Graham bread. Professor Reason is a
265:
250:
104:
44:
The first two floors held classrooms and the third a dormitory for male students.
2907:. Included in Parks, vol. II, part 2, under John Metcalf Smith. October 9, 1855.
1123:
who studied in Germany, became a philosopher, and taught in German universities.
4173:
4155:
4080:
4042:
4002:
3966:
3890:
3794:
3463:
3361:
3325:
3164:
3111:
2995:
2952:
2887:
2863:
2779:
2743:
2615:
2539:
2406:
2169:
1984:
1646:
1617:
1589:
1515:
1453:
1401:
Abolition's axe: Beriah Green, Oneida Institute, and the Black freedom struggle
1338:
1286:
1132:
1032:
567:
1853:
4388:
4306:
New York Central College: An Experiment in Education in McGrawville 1848-1860
4194:
3819:
3413:
3320:
2903:
1963:
1001:
995:
985:
973:
868:
836:
821:
775:
750:
633:
467:
440:
138:
125:
1944:. Letter is dated December 22, 1848. (Reproduced in Parks, vol. I, part 1, .
4021:
2975:
2558:
2426:
904:
615:
589:
585:
513:
429:
332:
316:
216:
207:
The American Baptist Free Mission Society broke away from its parent, the
4380:
McGraw Historical Society collection of New York Central College material
3482:
1126:
808:
747:
raised $ 30,000 (equivalent to $ 1,098,720 in 2023) for the college.
258:
4213:
New York Central College, Volume 3. Condensed Version of Volumes 1 and 2
1810:(August 5, 1848), "Letter to the Trustees of the Free Central College",
1685:
of November and December, 1847. (Reproduced in Parks, vol. I, part 1, ).
811:, and the ruddy-cheeked boy with the Ethiopian maid, is stilt [
339:
3682:
2826:
Benedict, A.H. (March 21, 1850). "About the college—Removel , &c".
2057:
1081:
Sarah Grosvenor, her sister, married a Baptist minister and died at 92.
1054:
991:
977:
912:
900:
765:
652:
527:, Professors of Greek, Latin and French Languages, and Mathematics and
436:
872:
2689:
1659:
1227:
2049:
1207:
in 1935. Freeport, New York: Books for Libraries Press. p. 13.
4445:
Antebellum educational institutions that admitted African Americans
3749:
Gardner, Cecile (August 28, 1953). "McGrawville Academu Building".
3129:. Included in Parks, vol. II, part 2. January 18, 1902. p. 59.
1090:, D.D. (1837–1906), Congregational minister, professor at Oberlin,
923:
903:, and discontinued operations. The philanthropist and abolitionist
629:
563:
355:
310:
The College began activities on September 4, 1849. Black professor
175:
2662:. Included in Parks, vol. II, part 2, under Spring. June 20, 1850.
4193:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1096:
Truman J. Ellinwood, for 35 years stenographer of the sermons of
351:
4264:
New York Central College, 1849–1860, McGrawville, N.Y.: Volume 2
4245:
New York Central College, 1849–1860, McGrawville, N.Y.: Volume 1
2083:. Reproduced by Parks, Vol. 1, Part 3, . First published in the
580:
A. B. Campbell, A. M, professor of Latin language and Literature
2886:. Boston, Massachusetts. 15 August 1851. p. 4 – via
1514:. Boston, Massachusetts. April 21, 1837. p. 1 – via
804:
787:
517:
384:
4232:"McGraw producers to screen film on interracial college to DC"
2339:
The Paynes of Hamilton, a genealogical and biographical record
1882:
Heath, S.B., M.D. (November 2, 1848). "Letter to the editor".
863:
A scandal arose when, in 1853, an African-American professor,
508:
C. P. Grosvenor, President, and Professor of Intellectual and
322:
4400:
Defunct private universities and colleges in New York (state)
1120:
596:
359:
1911:
Heath, S.B., M.D. (April 12, 1849). "Letter to the editor".
562:, African-American professor of Greek and German Languages,
197:
4440:
Agricultural universities and colleges in the United States
2120:. Reproduced in Parks, Vol. I, part 1, . November 13, 1849.
1838:. 2 volumes. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
934:, with which there is no known connection, began in 1853.
807:, the ebony sons of Africa with the fair daughters of the
466:
Previously schools with "racially" integrated bodies (the
1940:
Potter, S. H. (January 4, 1849). "Letter to the editor".
886:
813:
753:
in 1851 spoke at the college on the English abolitionist
307:
on April 12, 1848. The Board of Trustees had 24 members.
3190:. Included in Parks, volume II, part 3, . June 29, 1854.
1273:. Boston, Massachusetts. November 20, 1857o. p. 3.
577:
E. R. Akin, A. M., D. M., professor of natural sciences
375:
Native Americans enrolled in the Preparatory Division.
4405:
Baptist universities and colleges in the United States
2766:. Boston, Massachusetts. October 11, 1850. p. 1.
2633:. Reprinted by Parks, volume I, part 3, . May 2, 1850.
1784:. (Reproduced in Parks, vol. I, part 1, ). p. 1.
1645:. Washington, D.C. 23 Jul 1857. p. 4 – via
1129:, a black college professor in sixteenth-century Spain
919:, of late 1859, contributed to the college's closure.
4455:
Buildings and structures in Cortland County, New York
4162:
3515:. August 17, 1855 – via accessiblearchives.com.
2730:. Boston, Massachusetts. October 4, 1850. p. 1.
2187:. Reproduced in Parks, vol. I, part 1, . August 1849.
2034:(ed.). "Letters from Negro Leaders to Gerrit Smith".
1013:
Eldridge Eugene Fish, scientist and school principal.
340:
A description of the people at a college dinner, 1850
4100:. Vol. 3, no. 1. October 1906. p. 53.
2526:. Boston, Massachusetts. March 24, 1854. p. 3.
1576:. Boston, Massachusetts. April 21, 1837. p. 1.
1340:
An Astronomer's Wife: The Biography of Angeline Hall
3637:. Included in Parks, vol. II, part 2, under Smith.
3591:. Included in Parks, vol. II, part 2, under Smith.
3245:. Boston, Massachusetts. July 18, 1851. p. 1.
1729:
of June and July, 1848. (Reproduced in Parks, I, ).
1045:, after serving in the Civil War as surgeon in the
4365:Commencement exercises of New York Central College
1867:Benedict, A.H. (July 6, 1848). "The Celebration".
1776:"Education—Moral, Intellectual and Physical—Woman"
1373:, ISBN 1548505757, Volume 1, ). November 25, 1847.
3324:. New York. June 28, 1851. p. 2 – via
3102:"College Commencements. New York Central College"
2044:(4). Letter to Gerrit Smith: 432–453, at p. 439.
1773:
610:A. J. Chamberlain, teacher of French and drawing.
439:(s) from the New York State Legislature, such as
4386:
4302:
4168:
400:
4415:Educational institutions disestablished in 1860
3096:
3094:
556:Wm. Tillinghast, A.M., professor of mathematics
239:New York Central College at its opening in 1849
213:Hamilton Literary & Theological Institution
3155:"New York Central College Academic Exhibition"
3127:Publishers' Weekly American Book-Trade Journal
2690:American Baptist Free Mission Society (1851).
1228:American Baptist Free Mission Society (1851).
949:(1851–1905), Secretary of War under President
4410:Universities and colleges established in 1849
3683:New York Constitutional Convention, 1867–68.
3678:
3676:
3014:"[Letter to the editor, May 6, 1852]"
2685:
2683:
2562:. Washington, D.C. April 8, 1854. p. 3.
994:, astronomer, known for his discovery of the
859:William G. Allen § Marriage to Mary King
3091:
2353:"Obituary—Death of Prof. Geo. L. Brockett".
1925:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1896:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
383:This is how the college was described by an
27:Liberal arts college in New York state, U.S.
3731:The academy system of the State of New York
3710:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3526:Elbert, Sarah, ed. (2002). "Introduction".
3227:
3225:
2243:
2241:
1860:
1365:"The Institution, Public Meeting, &c".
937:
793:
323:Overviews of the Central College experience
4430:1860 disestablishments in New York (state)
4354:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4118:. Vol. 3, no. 2. pp. 57–60.
3673:
3379:. Included in Parks, volume II, part 1, .
3286:. Included in Parks, volume II, part 1, .
3068:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2706:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2680:
1915:. (Reproduced in Parks, vol. I, part 1, ).
1886:. (Reproduced in Parks, vol. I, part 1, ).
1358:
1246:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
230:
36:
4435:Liberal arts colleges in New York (state)
3723:
3721:
2422:"The Story of Conservative [sic]"
2342:. New York: Tobias A. Wright. p. 77.
1953:
1951:
1814:, (Reproduced in Parks, vol. I, part 1, )
1806:
1434:Buffalo Patriot and Commercial Advertiser
1259:
1257:
917:John Brown's failed raid on Harpers Ferry
717:, in jail for helping two slaves escape.
699:, the first African-American graduate of
646:
198:The American Baptist Free Mission Society
3753:. Included in Parks, vol. II, part 3, .
3559:. Included in Parks, vol. II, part 3, .
3222:
3163:. March 20, 1857. p. 7 – via
2825:
2484:
2482:
2452:Caldwell, Lydia A. (September 6, 1855).
2451:
2419:
2238:
2216:. Included in Parks, vol. II, part 1, .
1866:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1616:. April 27, 1837. p. 2 – via
1369:. (Reproduced In Marlene K. Parks, ed.,
378:
234:
4425:1849 establishments in New York (state)
4303:Kimberly, Carl; Kimberly, Mary (2018).
3831:from the original on September 27, 2020
3748:
3421:from the original on September 27, 2020
3352:from the original on September 27, 2020
3249:from the original on September 27, 2020
3030:from the original on September 27, 2020
2854:from the original on September 27, 2020
2566:from the original on September 27, 2020
2336:White, Augusta Francelia Payne (1912).
2313:from the original on September 27, 2020
2247:
2160:from the original on September 27, 2020
1975:from the original on September 27, 2020
1788:from the original on September 27, 2020
1580:from the original on September 27, 2020
1568:"Legislature of New York. Abolitionism"
1544:from the original on September 27, 2020
1482:from the original on September 27, 2020
1444:from the original on September 27, 2020
1397:
1193:
1051:South Carolina House of Representatives
852:
167:, was a short-lived college founded in
14:
4420:Education in Cortland County, New York
4387:
4309:. Cortland County Historical Society.
4280:
4229:
4110:
3881:from the original on 27 September 2020
3727:
3718:
3525:
3519:
3439:
3177:Parks, vol. I, part 2, under Baquaqua.
3087:. Included in Parks, vol. I, part 3, .
3082:
2943:from the original on 27 September 2020
2830:. Included in Parks, vol. I, part 3, .
2499:from the original on December 25, 2018
2397:from the original on 27 September 2020
1948:
1939:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1299:
1254:
1175:from the original on November 19, 2010
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1119:(c. 1703 – c. 1759), a black man from
878:
435:There are contradictory reports about
4261:
4242:
4210:
4176:(1893). "O'DONNELL, Mrs. Martha B.".
3912:
3481:. McGraw Historical Society, through
3476:
3008:
2479:
2357:. Included in Parks, vol. I, part 2.
2335:
2269:. Included in Parks, vol. I, part 2.
2026:
1910:
1881:
1833:
1818:
534:Victor M. Kingsley (1821–1897), Tutor
209:American Baptist Home Mission Society
161:New York Central College, McGrawville
18:New-York Central College, McGrawville
4230:McAdam, Todd R. (January 16, 2017).
3110:. 6 Aug 1855. p. 3 – via
2420:Caldwell, Lydia A. (June 15, 1854).
1336:
1277:from the original on October 9, 2020
984:, the largest crater on Mars's moon
3440:Benham, George A. (19 March 1899).
3051:Ten lectures on medical electricity
3038:– via accessiblearchives.com.
1836:New York Central College, 1849–1860
1762:
1624:
1371:New York Central College, 1849–1860
1325:
1221:
1150:
416:
24:
4318:
4204:
4111:Tenney, Henry M. (November 1906).
3785:from the original on July 25, 2019
2734:from the original on June 24, 2021
2530:from the original on July 25, 2019
1534:Vermont Watchman and State Journal
1472:Vermont Watchman and State Journal
1391:
1205:University of North Carolina Press
103:(at the time called McGrawville),
25:
4466:
4373:
4146:from the original on 26 July 2020
4071:from the original on 26 July 2020
4033:from the original on 26 July 2020
4017:"Noted civil and criminal lawyer"
3993:from the original on July 6, 2020
3957:from the original on July 4, 2020
3728:Miller, George Frederick (1922).
3485:Independent Publishing Platform.
3454:from the original on 26 July 2020
2986:from the original on July 4, 2020
2770:from the original on July 4, 2020
2606:from the original on July 3, 2019
2488:
1343:. Baltimore: Nunn & Company.
1067:George B. Davis, Esq., attorney,
472:Canterbury Female Boarding School
457:Canterbury Female Boarding School
4313:from the original on 2021-12-12.
4188:
4067:. 22 September 1921. p. 1.
2901:"The New York Central College".
2758:"Resolutions of Central College"
2602:. December 16, 1850. p. 2.
1998:"The New York Central College".
1106:(1836-1925), temperance activist
601:National Dress Reform Convention
4122:
4104:
4087:
4049:
4009:
3973:
3933:
3906:
3897:
3861:
3801:
3761:
3742:
3693:from the original on 2020-09-27
3641:. September 6, 1929. p. 2.
3627:
3581:
3548:
3499:
3470:
3433:
3401:
3368:
3332:
3316:"Literature in the Legislature"
3308:
3275:
3180:
3171:
3147:
3118:
3076:
3042:
3002:
2959:
2939:. 2 September 1851. p. 2.
2925:
2894:
2870:
2834:
2819:
2808:from the original on 2020-09-27
2786:
2750:
2714:
2651:
2622:
2582:
2546:
2510:
2468:from the original on 2020-10-09
2445:
2434:from the original on 2020-10-09
2413:
2379:
2346:
2329:
2291:
2258:
2205:
2176:
2138:
2105:
2072:
2020:
1991:
1933:
1904:
1875:
1800:
1718:
1674:
1653:
1596:
1560:
1522:
1498:
1460:
1347:from the original on 2016-07-30
1314:from the original on 2020-11-14
202:
4287:. Studies in History, no. 23.
3953:. October 1, 1885. p. 2.
2978:. August 16, 1851. pp. 1–
2430:. Washington, D.C. p. 1.
1422:
1293:
1203:. Originally published by the
1187:
1171:. October 1, 1995. p. 7.
755:George Thompson (abolitionist)
671:The college was modeled after
13:
1:
4450:American manual labor schools
4281:Wright, Albert Hazen (1960).
4215:. McGraw Historical Society.
3913:Smith, Jessie Carney (1996).
3827:. March 29, 1893. p. 6.
3781:. March 14, 1893. p. 6.
3532:Northeastern University Press
3375:"Extraordinary Legislation".
3340:"Central College Anniversary"
2804:. March 14, 1850. p. 2.
2309:. April 10, 1856. p. 4.
1871:. (Reproduced in Parks, I, ).
1540:. April 25, 1837. p. 2.
1300:Wright, Albert Hazen (1960).
1143:
871:, where he was joined by his
781:
401:Faculty, students, curriculum
4029:. 15 April 1899. p. 2.
3916:Notable Black American women
3417:. July 14, 1851. p. 1.
3348:. July 29, 1856. p. 6.
2850:. June 18, 1851. p. 3.
2454:"Shadows from an Old Church"
2156:. July 24, 1851. p. 3.
1478:. April 4, 1837. p. 2.
1440:. April 5, 1837. p. 1.
1137:Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
1049:. Served three terms in the
55:Central College, McGrawville
7:
4174:Livermore, Mary Ashton Rice
4142:. 30 June 1906. p. 5.
3989:. May 25, 1895. p. 8.
3919:. New York: Gale Research.
1398:Sernett, Milton C. (1986).
1110:
622:
10:
4471:
4262:Parks, Marlene K. (2017).
4243:Parks, Marlene K. (2017).
4211:Parks, Marlene K. (2018).
4170:Willard, Frances Elizabeth
3877:. 18 Mar 1894. p. 9.
3686:New York Convention Manual
3507:"New York Central College"
3477:Parks, Marlene K. (2017).
3233:"New York Central College"
3125:"Obituary—Azariah Smith".
2794:"New York Central College"
2554:"New York Central College"
2518:"New York Central College"
2387:"New York Central College"
2299:"Hamilton Female Seminary"
2254:. New York: A. B. Burdick.
1834:Parks, Marlene K. (2017).
1774:R, G G. (August 2, 1848).
1637:"New York Central College"
1265:"New York Central College"
1059:President Ulysses S. Grant
1043:Charleston, South Carolina
1010:, former slave, missionary
856:
477:
305:New York State Legislature
3512:Frederick Douglass' Paper
3019:Frederick Douglass' Paper
2393:. 6 May 1853. p. 2.
2212:"Central College, N.Y.".
2116:. First published in the
1406:Syracuse University Press
956:
932:New York Central Railroad
95:
87:
77:
67:
59:
49:
35:
4395:New York Central College
4296:
3823:, March 27, 1893, p. 6.
3555:"Green's Local Column".
2967:"George Thompson, M. P."
2658:"N.Y. Central College".
2303:Greene Chenango American
2079:"Cayuga Chief's Visit".
2037:Journal of Negro History
1073:George Breckenrith Davis
1027:U.S. Patent Commissioner
938:New York Central Academy
794:Hostility to the college
157:New York Central College
31:New York Central College
4116:Oberlin Alumni Magazine
4098:Oberlin Alumni Magazine
3903:Parks, vol. II, part 2.
3817:. Also appeared in the
3442:"One woman's influence"
3085:Cortland County Express
2828:Cortland County Express
2660:Cortland County Express
2631:Cortland County Express
2185:Cortland County Express
2081:Cortland County Express
1604:"Income of the surplus"
1430:"In Assembly, March 23"
1008:Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua
907:, who lived nearby, in
730:Cortland County Express
665:Manual Labor Department
628:relatively few Blacks:
231:Founding of its college
4095:"Judson Smith, O.T.S."
4061:Enterprise-Chronicle (
4057:"Death of J. Q. Cowee"
3869:"Eldridge Eugene Fish"
3853:: CS1 maint: others (
3734:. Ph.D. dissertation,
3573:: CS1 maint: others (
3409:"Amalgamation college"
3393:: CS1 maint: others (
3300:: CS1 maint: others (
3267:: CS1 maint: others (
3139:: CS1 maint: others (
2971:The Anti-Slavery Bugle
2937:Buffalo Daily Republic
2917:: CS1 maint: others (
2842:"New York Legislature"
2696:. Bristol . p. 8.
2672:: CS1 maint: others (
2643:: CS1 maint: others (
2492:Personal recollections
2391:Buffalo Daily Republic
2371:: CS1 maint: others (
2283:: CS1 maint: others (
2271:Fayetteville, New York
2265:"Victor M. Kingsley".
2248:Goodwin, H. C (1859).
2230:: CS1 maint: others (
2197:: CS1 maint: others (
2130:: CS1 maint: others (
2097:: CS1 maint: others (
2012:: CS1 maint: others (
1781:New York Daily Tribune
1383:: CS1 maint: others (
1165:"Cyrus Pitt Grosvenor"
850:
647:Curriculum and faculty
398:
369:
301:
240:
4184:Charles Wells Moulton
3689:. State of New York.
3241:. Reprinted from the
2600:Newport, Rhode Island
1808:Grosvenor, Cyrus Pitt
1725:. Clippings from the
1681:. Clippings from the
1663:Fourth Annual Meeting
1337:Hall, Angelo (1908).
845:
393:
379:Summary by a graduate
343:
288:
238:
79:Religious affiliation
4113:"Judson Smith, D.D."
3841:newspaperarchive.com
3769:"Col. Daniel Lamont"
3595:. September 4, 1858.
3563:. September 5, 1860.
2847:Brooklyn Daily Eagle
2576:newspaperarchive.com
2323:newspaperarchive.com
1971:. November 2, 1849.
1554:newspaperarchive.com
1492:newspaperarchive.com
1017:Herman Ossian Armour
853:William Allen affair
764:The college's first
745:Free Mission Society
720:There were those in
691:, a graduate of the
668:'public speaking'".
661:agricultural science
542:Friendship, New York
255:Cyrus Pitt Grosvenor
221:New York Legislature
180:Cyrus Pitt Grosvenor
72:Cyrus Pitt Grosvenor
42:Main building, 1850.
4140:Birmingham, Alabama
4130:"Judson Smith dead"
3814:Wichita Daily Eagle
3779:South Bend, Indiana
3736:Columbia University
3665:CS1 maint: others (
3619:CS1 maint: others (
3214:CS1 maint: others (
3058:. 1862. p. 14.
3024:Rochester, New York
2798:McGrawville Express
2183:"Central College".
2112:"Indian Students".
1969:Baltimore, Maryland
1959:"Colored Professor"
1942:McGrawville Express
1913:McGrawville Express
1884:McGrawville Express
1869:McGrawville Express
1812:McGrawville Express
1753:CS1 maint: others (
1727:McGrawville Express
1709:CS1 maint: others (
1683:McGrawville Express
1538:Montpelier, Vermont
1476:Montpelier, Vermont
1367:McGrawville Express
1104:Martha B. O'Donnell
1047:U.S. Colored Troops
879:Decline and closure
697:George Boyer Vashon
657:Classical education
605:Bloomers (clothing)
572:George Boyer Vashon
499:George Boyer Vashon
139:42.5961°N 76.0931°W
135: /
32:
4289:Cornell University
4063:Burlingame, Kansas
3774:South Bend Tribune
3755:Cortland, New York
3639:Cortland, New York
3561:Cortland, New York
3377:Orleans Republican
2878:"Hunker Eloquence"
2629:"As We Expected".
2595:Newport Daily News
2359:Lockport, New York
2220:. January 1, 1852.
2218:Syracuse, New York
2214:Religious Recorder
1614:New York, New York
1308:Cornell University
1098:Henry Ward Beecher
899:The College faced
741:Madison University
715:William L. Chaplin
546:Hamilton, New York
529:Natural Philosophy
241:
188:Cornell University
159:, commonly called
30:
4236:Cortland Standard
3986:Salt Lake Tribune
3951:Concordia, Kansas
3926:978-0-8103-9177-2
3751:Cortland Standard
3654:Missing or empty
3635:Cortland Standard
3608:Missing or empty
3557:Republican Banner
3447:Los Angeles Times
3203:Missing or empty
2154:Buffalo, New York
2087:. March 12, 1850.
2032:Quarles, Benjamin
1742:Missing or empty
1698:Missing or empty
1438:Buffalo, New York
1234:Bristol, New York
1195:Brawley, Benjamin
1117:Anton Wilhelm Amo
1057:of Charleston by
1025:Edgar M. Marble,
966:Angeline Stickney
685:Charles L. Reason
525:Charles L. Reason
523:L. H. Waters and
497:(1852–1853), and
491:Charles L. Reason
389:Angeline Stickney
312:Charles L. Reason
154:
153:
144:42.5961; -76.0931
16:(Redirected from
4462:
4369:
4368:. July 11, 1855.
4359:
4353:
4345:
4331:
4314:
4292:
4277:
4258:
4239:
4226:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4153:
4151:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4078:
4076:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4040:
4038:
4027:Elmira, New York
4013:
4007:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3981:"General Warner"
3977:
3971:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3946:Concordia Empire
3937:
3931:
3930:
3910:
3904:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3888:
3886:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3852:
3844:
3838:
3836:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3725:
3716:
3715:
3709:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3680:
3671:
3670:
3663:
3657:
3652:
3650:
3642:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3617:
3611:
3606:
3604:
3596:
3593:Oneida, New York
3585:
3579:
3578:
3572:
3564:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3392:
3384:
3381:Albion, New York
3372:
3366:
3365:
3359:
3357:
3345:New York Tribune
3336:
3330:
3329:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3299:
3291:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3266:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3229:
3220:
3219:
3212:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3191:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3160:New York Tribune
3151:
3145:
3144:
3138:
3130:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3107:New York Tribune
3098:
3089:
3088:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3067:
3059:
3056:Auburn, New York
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3012:(May 20, 1852).
3006:
3000:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2916:
2908:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2802:McGraw, New York
2790:
2784:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2722:"Wm. L. Chaplin"
2718:
2712:
2711:
2705:
2697:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2671:
2663:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2642:
2634:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2462:Houma, Louisiana
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2370:
2362:
2361:. April 5, 1880.
2350:
2344:
2343:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2307:Greene, New York
2295:
2289:
2288:
2282:
2274:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2221:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2129:
2121:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2088:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2003:
2000:Sabbath Recorder
1995:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1955:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1924:
1916:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1831:
1816:
1815:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1771:
1760:
1758:
1751:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1730:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1707:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1686:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1642:The National Era
1633:
1622:
1621:
1609:The Evening Post
1600:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1585:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1489:
1487:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1382:
1374:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1334:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1282:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1245:
1237:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1161:
1069:Ithaca, New York
1039:Benjamin Boseman
1021:Armour & Co.
1019:, co-founder of
951:Grover Cleveland
947:Daniel S. Lamont
865:William G. Allen
831:New York Tribune
826:Hamilton College
737:Hamilton College
693:Oneida Institute
689:William G. Allen
638:Benjamin Boseman
560:William G. Allen
510:Moral Philosophy
495:William G. Allen
445:Columbia College
423:Oneida Institute
417:College finances
387:and instructor,
329:William G. Allen
169:McGraw, New York
150:
149:
147:
146:
145:
140:
136:
133:
132:
131:
128:
40:
33:
29:
21:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4385:
4384:
4376:
4362:
4347:
4346:
4342:Homer, New York
4334:
4324:
4321:
4319:Primary sources
4299:
4274:
4255:
4223:
4207:
4205:Further reading
4202:
4201:
4189:
4167:
4163:
4149:
4147:
4135:Birmingham News
4128:
4127:
4123:
4109:
4105:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4074:
4072:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4036:
4034:
4015:
4014:
4010:
3996:
3994:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3960:
3958:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3927:
3911:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3884:
3882:
3874:Buffalo Courier
3867:
3866:
3862:
3846:
3845:
3834:
3832:
3825:Wichita, Kansas
3807:
3806:
3802:
3788:
3786:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3747:
3743:
3726:
3719:
3703:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3681:
3674:
3664:
3655:
3653:
3644:
3643:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3618:
3609:
3607:
3598:
3597:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3566:
3565:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3542:
3524:
3520:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3475:
3471:
3457:
3455:
3438:
3434:
3424:
3422:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3386:
3385:
3383:. July 9, 1851.
3374:
3373:
3369:
3355:
3353:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3293:
3292:
3290:. July 3, 1851.
3288:Homer, New York
3281:
3280:
3276:
3260:
3259:
3252:
3250:
3243:Albany Register
3231:
3230:
3223:
3213:
3204:
3202:
3193:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3132:
3131:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3081:
3077:
3061:
3060:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3007:
3003:
2989:
2987:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2946:
2944:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2910:
2909:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2857:
2855:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2824:
2820:
2811:
2809:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2773:
2771:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2737:
2735:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2699:
2698:
2688:
2681:
2665:
2664:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2609:
2607:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2569:
2567:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2533:
2531:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2502:
2500:
2487:
2480:
2471:
2469:
2450:
2446:
2437:
2435:
2418:
2414:
2400:
2398:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2364:
2363:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2334:
2330:
2316:
2314:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2276:
2275:
2267:Weekly Recorder
2264:
2263:
2259:
2246:
2239:
2223:
2222:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2190:
2189:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2163:
2161:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2123:
2122:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2090:
2089:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2050:10.2307/2715186
2025:
2021:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1978:
1976:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1938:
1934:
1918:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1889:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1865:
1861:
1846:
1832:
1819:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1772:
1763:
1752:
1743:
1741:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1708:
1699:
1697:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1668:Utica, New York
1658:
1654:
1635:
1634:
1625:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1583:
1581:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1547:
1545:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1485:
1483:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1447:
1445:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1396:
1392:
1376:
1375:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1350:
1348:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1315:
1298:
1294:
1280:
1278:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1239:
1238:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1176:
1163:
1162:
1151:
1146:
1113:
1041:, physician in
959:
940:
881:
861:
855:
796:
784:
681:Native American
649:
625:
480:
419:
403:
381:
342:
325:
297:
296:
251:Perry, New York
233:
205:
200:
165:Central College
143:
141:
137:
134:
129:
126:
124:
122:
121:
120:
119:
115:
111:
107:
105:Cortland County
80:
52:
45:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4468:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4383:
4382:
4375:
4374:External links
4372:
4371:
4370:
4360:
4332:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4278:
4272:
4259:
4253:
4240:
4227:
4221:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4186:. p. 544.
4161:
4156:newspapers.com
4121:
4103:
4086:
4081:newspapers.com
4048:
4043:newspapers.com
4008:
4003:newspapers.com
3972:
3967:newspapers.com
3941:"A. J. Warner"
3932:
3925:
3905:
3896:
3891:newspapers.com
3860:
3800:
3795:newspapers.com
3760:
3741:
3717:
3672:
3626:
3580:
3547:
3540:
3518:
3498:
3491:
3469:
3464:newspapers.com
3450:. p. 41.
3432:
3400:
3367:
3362:newspapers.com
3331:
3326:newspapers.com
3307:
3282:"(Untitled)".
3274:
3221:
3179:
3170:
3165:newspapers.com
3146:
3117:
3112:newspapers.com
3090:
3075:
3041:
3001:
2996:newspapers.com
2958:
2953:newspapers.com
2924:
2893:
2888:newspapers.com
2869:
2864:newspapers.com
2833:
2818:
2785:
2780:newspapers.com
2749:
2744:newspapers.com
2713:
2679:
2650:
2621:
2616:newspapers.com
2590:"By Telegraph"
2581:
2545:
2540:newspapers.com
2509:
2489:Place, Frank,
2478:
2444:
2412:
2407:newspapers.com
2378:
2345:
2328:
2290:
2257:
2237:
2204:
2175:
2170:newspapers.com
2137:
2104:
2071:
2019:
1990:
1985:newspapers.com
1947:
1932:
1903:
1874:
1859:
1845:978-1548505752
1844:
1817:
1799:
1761:
1717:
1673:
1652:
1647:newspapers.com
1623:
1618:newspapers.com
1595:
1590:newspapers.com
1559:
1521:
1516:newspapers.com
1497:
1459:
1454:newspapers.com
1421:
1414:
1390:
1357:
1324:
1292:
1287:newspapers.com
1253:
1220:
1213:
1186:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1133:Storer College
1130:
1124:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1094:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1065:
1062:
1036:
1033:Grace A. Mapps
1030:
1023:
1014:
1011:
1005:
999:
989:
958:
955:
939:
936:
913:his connection
880:
877:
857:Main article:
854:
851:
817:] worse."
795:
792:
783:
780:
648:
645:
624:
621:
620:
619:
611:
608:
593:
584:abolitionists
581:
578:
575:
568:belles lettres
557:
550:
549:
538:
535:
532:
521:
479:
476:
418:
415:
402:
399:
380:
377:
341:
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324:
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61:
57:
56:
53:
50:
47:
46:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4467:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4322:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4279:
4275:
4273:9781548505752
4269:
4265:
4260:
4256:
4254:9781517478124
4250:
4246:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4224:
4222:9781729614884
4218:
4214:
4209:
4208:
4196:
4195:public domain
4185:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4171:
4165:
4157:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4125:
4117:
4114:
4107:
4099:
4096:
4090:
4082:
4070:
4066:
4064:
4058:
4052:
4044:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4012:
4004:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3976:
3968:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3936:
3928:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3909:
3900:
3892:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3864:
3856:
3850:
3842:
3835:September 25,
3830:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3820:Roanoke Times
3816:
3815:
3810:
3804:
3796:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3764:
3757:. p. 12.
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3589:Oneida Sachem
3584:
3576:
3570:
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3558:
3551:
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3541:9781555535452
3537:
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3253:September 27,
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3015:
3011:
3010:Allen, Wm. G.
3005:
2997:
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2968:
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2570:September 14,
2565:
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2529:
2525:
2524:
2523:The Liberator
2519:
2513:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2485:
2483:
2467:
2464:. p. 1.
2463:
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2433:
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2423:
2416:
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2355:Daily Journal
2349:
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2324:
2317:September 25,
2312:
2308:
2304:
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2294:
2286:
2280:
2273:. March 1897.
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2118:Auburn Wigwam
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2033:
2030:(Oct 1942) .
2029:
2028:Allen, Wm. G.
2023:
2015:
2009:
2001:
1994:
1986:
1979:September 23,
1974:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1964:Baltimore Sun
1960:
1954:
1952:
1943:
1936:
1928:
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1792:September 13,
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1670:. p. 18.
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1579:
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1573:The Liberator
1569:
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1555:
1548:September 13,
1543:
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1511:The Liberator
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1276:
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1270:The Liberator
1266:
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1000:
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993:
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869:New York City
866:
860:
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837:Baltimore Sun
832:
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822:Union College
818:
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789:
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500:
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492:
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468:Noyes Academy
464:
460:
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441:Union College
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222:
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191:
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170:
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163:, and simply
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4022:Star-Gazette
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3944:
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3772:
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3242:
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3188:Albany Argus
3187:
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2976:Lisbon, Ohio
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2936:
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2559:National Era
2557:
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2538:– via
2532:. Retrieved
2521:
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2503:December 24,
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2491:
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2457:
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2427:National Era
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2302:
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2150:The Advocate
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2085:Cayuga Chief
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1993:
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1962:
1941:
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1433:
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1370:
1366:
1360:
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1339:
1316:. Retrieved
1302:
1295:
1285:– via
1279:. Retrieved
1268:
1236:. p. 3.
1229:
1223:
1199:
1189:
1179:November 28,
1177:. Retrieved
1169:Morning Star
1168:
1088:Judson Smith
1053:. Appointed
960:
945:
941:
929:
921:
905:Gerrit Smith
898:
895:
892:
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616:tuberculosis
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586:Beriah Green
551:
514:epistemology
503:
488:
485:
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430:Gerrit Smith
427:
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326:
317:Gerrit Smith
309:
302:
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285:
281:Manual labor
278:
274:
263:
246:National Era
245:
242:
217:Gerrit Smith
206:
203:Abolitionism
192:
184:
173:abolitionist
164:
160:
156:
155:
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2458:Houma Ceres
1127:Juan Latino
968:, teacher,
809:Anglo-Saxon
659:as well as
259:cornerstone
142: /
4389:Categories
3697:2020-07-30
3530:. Boston:
2812:2020-09-21
2472:2021-01-05
2438:2020-10-05
1854:1035557718
1351:2020-05-15
1318:2020-07-30
1214:0836902467
1144:References
1092:missionary
1055:postmaster
1004:, sculptor
992:Asaph Hall
978:Asaph Hall
970:suffragist
901:bankruptcy
782:Facilities
710:students.
653:curriculum
640:, others.
437:subvention
130:76°05′35″W
127:42°35′46″N
51:Other name
4350:cite book
3849:cite news
3706:cite book
3647:cite news
3601:cite news
3569:cite news
3389:cite news
3296:cite news
3263:cite news
3196:cite news
3135:cite news
3064:cite book
2913:cite news
2702:cite book
2668:cite news
2639:cite news
2367:cite news
2279:cite news
2226:cite news
2193:cite news
2126:cite news
2093:cite news
2066:150293241
2008:cite news
1921:cite news
1892:cite news
1735:cite news
1691:cite news
1379:cite news
1242:cite book
1029:, 1880–83
909:Peterboro
726:Rochester
655:included
331:wrote to
63:1849–1860
4311:Archived
4144:Archived
4069:Archived
4031:Archived
3991:Archived
3955:Archived
3879:Archived
3829:Archived
3789:July 25,
3783:Archived
3691:Archived
3452:Archived
3419:Archived
3356:June 11,
3350:Archived
3247:Archived
3028:Archived
2984:Archived
2947:23 April
2941:Archived
2858:June 10,
2852:Archived
2806:Archived
2768:Archived
2738:June 20,
2732:Archived
2604:Archived
2564:Archived
2534:July 25,
2528:Archived
2497:archived
2466:Archived
2432:Archived
2395:Archived
2311:Archived
2164:June 11,
2158:Archived
1973:Archived
1786:Archived
1578:Archived
1542:Archived
1480:Archived
1442:Archived
1345:Archived
1312:Archived
1275:Archived
1197:(1976).
1173:Archived
1111:See also
982:Stickney
924:smallpox
722:Syracuse
630:Baquaqua
623:Students
564:rhetoric
470:and the
373:Onondaga
364:Onondaga
356:Baquaqua
293:reticule
176:Baptists
110:New York
96:Location
88:Students
4344:. 1853.
4330:. 1850.
4150:26 July
4075:26 July
4037:26 July
3997:July 4,
3961:July 4,
3458:26 July
3034:May 16,
2990:July 4,
2774:July 4,
2610:July 3,
2058:2715186
873:fiancée
701:Oberlin
677:founded
673:Oberlin
478:Faculty
362:of the
352:mulatto
348:Express
266:Oberlin
178:led by
91:100–200
83:Baptist
68:Founder
4270:
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3885:16 May
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2401:16 May
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972:, and
957:Alumni
805:Japeth
788:matron
739:, and
566:, and
518:ethics
385:alumna
270:Oneida
264:While
101:McGraw
60:Active
4297:Video
2062:S2CID
2054:JSTOR
1135:, in
1121:Ghana
1071:(not
915:with
603:(see
599:at a
597:skirt
360:squaw
114:13101
4356:link
4268:ISBN
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4217:ISBN
4152:2020
4077:2020
4039:2020
3999:2020
3963:2020
3921:ISBN
3887:2020
3855:link
3837:2020
3791:2019
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3667:link
3660:help
3621:link
3614:help
3575:link
3536:ISBN
3487:ISBN
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3209:help
3141:link
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2992:2020
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2776:2020
2740:2021
2708:link
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2536:2019
2505:2018
2403:2020
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1981:2020
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1850:OCLC
1840:ISBN
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1209:ISBN
1181:2010
930:The
803:and
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