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column clearly visible, and is the cheapest and simplest tube to make. Traditional neon glasses in
America over 20 years old are lead glass that are easy to soften in gas fires, but recent environmental and health concerns of the workers has prompted manufacturers to seek more environmentally safe special soft glass formulas. One of the vexing problems avoided this way is lead glass' tendency to burn into a black spot emitting lead fumes in a bending flame too rich in the fuel/oxygen mixture. Another traditional line of glasses was colored soda lime glasses coming in a myriad of glass color choices, which produce the highest quality, most hypnotically vibrant and saturated hues. Still more color choices are afforded in either coating, or not coating, these colored glasses with the various available exotic phosphors.
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the 150 mA to 1,500 mA range, starting low and increasing towards the end of the process to ensure that the electrodes are adequately heated without melting the glass tube. The bombarding current is provided by a large transformer with an open-circuit voltage of roughly 15,000VAC to 23,000VAC. The bombarding transformer acts as an adjustable constant current source, and the actual voltage during operation depends on the length and pressure of the tube. Typically the operator will maintain the pressure as high as the bombarder will allow to ensure maximum power dissipation and heating. Bombarding transformers may be specially made for this use, or may be repurposed electrical utility distribution transformers (the type seen mounted on utility poles) operated backwards to produce a high voltage output.
220:
They had been invented, or at least put in common use, while I was up in the mountains and in that short time the whole aspect of the world had changed. In place of dumpy little bulbs sputteringly spelling out Café or
Theatre, there were long swooping spirals of pure brilliant colour. A waiter outlined in bright red with a blazing white napkin over his arm flashed on and off over a large Café. Puget Sound Power and Light Company cut through the rain and darkness, bright blue and cheery. Cafês, theatres, cigar stores, stationery stores, real estate offices with their names spelled out in molten colour, welcomed me to the city.
424:, as well as some cooler or softer shades of pink) produced by filling with another inert gas, argon, and a drop of mercury (Hg) which is added to the tube immediately after purification. When the tube is ionized by electrification, the mercury evaporates into mercury vapor, which fills the tube and produces strong ultraviolet light. The ultraviolet light thus produced excites the various phosphor coatings designed to produce different colors. Even though this class of neon tubes use no neon at all, they are still denoted as "neon." Mercury-bearing lamps are a type of cold-cathode
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1035:(RFIH) coil. While this is less productive, it creates a cleaner custom tube with significantly less cathode damage, longer life and brilliance, and can produce tubes of very small sizes and diameters, down to 6 mm OD. The tube is heated thoroughly under high vacuum without external electrical application, until the outgassed gases can be seen to have been totally depleted and the pressure drops to a high vacuum again. Then the tube is filled, sealed and the mercury dropped and shaken.
683:, carefully following a pattern. They use a blow hose to keep the tube's shape and avoid overheating sections. Bends are tricky, requiring quick work before the glass hardens. Mistakes are a pain, potentially forcing a restart. Tubes are welded together, pumped clean, and filled with mercury. Any mistake after filling means scrapping the whole thing, as mercury fumes are dangerous. Completed tubes are connected in series, with proper insulation to prevent damage.
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874:, or a mixture of them, and sometimes a small amount of mercury. This gas fill pressure represents roughly 1/100th of the pressure of the atmosphere. The required pressure depends on the gas used and the diameter of the tube, with optimal values ranging from 6 Torr (0.8 kPa) (for a long 20 mm tube filled with argon/mercury) to 27 Torr (3.6 kPa) (for a short 8 mm diameter tube filled with pure neon).
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841:, mainly oxygen, carbon dioxide, and especially water vapor. The current also heats the electrode metal to over 600 °C, producing a bright orange incandescent color. The cathodes are prefabricated hollow metal shells with a small opening (sometimes a ceramic donut aperture) which contains in the interior surface of the shell a light dusting of a cold cathode low work function powder (usually a powder ceramic molar
557:. This longevity is crucial to their economic viability, given the labor-intensive creation process. Interestingly, smaller diameter tubes produce brighter neon light, but also have higher resistance. The primary reason for eventual neon tube failure is the slow absorption of neon gas into the glass walls, but even this process can take over 50 years. This extended lifespan makes neon lights ideal for
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of using a hot wire thermoelectric cathode such as is used in conventional fluorescent lamps. And for that reason, neon tubes are extremely long lived when properly processed, in contrast to fluorescent tubing, because there is no wire filament as there is in a fluorescent tube to burn out like a common light bulb. The principal purpose of doing this is to purify the interior of the tube
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produced inexpensively from a single glowing tube. Over time, elevated temperatures, thermal cycling, or exposure to weather may cause the colored coating to flake off the glass or change its hue. A more expensive alternative is to use high-quality colored glass tubing, which retains a more stable appearance as it ages.
1153:, usually running at voltages ranging between 2–15 kV and currents between 18 and 30 mA (higher currents available on special order.) These power supplies operate as constant-current sources (a high voltage supply with a very high internal impedance), since the tube has a negative characteristic
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The standard traditional neon transformer, a magnetic shunt transformer, is a special non-linear type designed to keep the voltage across the tube raised to whatever level is necessary to produce the fixed current needed. The voltage drop of a tube is proportional to length and so the maximum voltage
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is forced through the low-pressure air in the tube via the electrodes (in a process known as "bombarding"). This current and voltage is far above the level that occurs in final operation of the tube. The current depends on the specific electrodes used and the diameter of the tube but is typically in
219:
Suddenly we were in down-town
Seattle and lights were exploding around me like skyrockets on the Fourth of July. Red lights, blue lights, yellow lights, green, purple, white, orange, punctured the night in a million places and tore the black satin pavement to shreds. I hadn’t seen neon lights before.
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results. Geissler tubes were popular in the late 19th century, and the different colors they emitted were characteristics of the gases within. They were unsuitable for general lighting, as the pressure of the gas inside typically declined with use. The direct predecessor of neon tube lighting was the
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are used by artists for special purposes but are not used alone in normal signs. A premixed combination of argon and helium is often used in lieu of pure argon when a tube is to be installed in a cold climate, since the helium increases voltage drop (and thus power dissipation), warming the tube to
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the tube is sealed off so that when it is operated, these gases and impurities are not driven off and released by the plasma and the heat generated into the sealed tube, which would quickly burn the metal cathodes and mercury droplets (if pumped with argon/mercury) and oxidize the interior gases and
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Each type of neon tubing produces two different possible colors, one with neon gas and the other with argon/mercury. Some "neon" tubes are made without phosphor coatings for some of the colors. Clear tubing filled with neon gas produces the ubiquitous yellowish orange color with the interior plasma
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included the observation of a brilliant red glow in
Geissler tubes. Travers wrote, "the blaze of crimson light from the tube told its own story and was a sight to dwell upon and never forget." Following neon's discovery, neon tubes were used as scientific instruments and novelties. A sign created by
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The most common current rating is 30 mA for general use, with 60 mA used for high-brightness applications like channel letters or architectural lighting. 120 mA sources are occasionally seen in illuminating applications, but are uncommon since special electrodes are required to withstand
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of the electrode for cathodic emission. Barium Oxide has a work function of roughly 2 eV whereas tungsten at room temperature has a work of 4.0 eV. This represents the cathode drop or electron energy required to remove electrons from the surface of the cathode. This avoids the necessity
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Tubing in external diameters ranging from about 8–15 mm with a 1 mm wall thickness is most commonly used, although 6 mm tubing is now commercially available in colored glass tubes. The tube is heated in sections using several types of burners that are selected according to the amount
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This very high power dissipation in the tube heats the glass walls to a temperature of several hundred degrees
Celsius, and any dirt and impurities within are drawn off in the gasified form by the vacuum pump. The greatest impurities that are driven off this way are the gases that coat the inside
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The interior of the tubes may be coated with a thin phosphorescent powder coating, affixed to the interior wall of the tube by a binding material. The tube is filled with a purified gas mixture, and the gas ionized by a high voltage applied between the ends of the sealed tube through cold cathodes
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tubing into shapes. A worker skilled in this craft is known as a glass bender, neon bender or tube bender. The neon tube is made out of 4 or 5-foot long straight sticks of hollow glass sold by sign suppliers to neon shops worldwide, where they are manually assembled into individual custom designed
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purchased the two signs reading "Packard" for $ 1,250 apiece. Neon lighting quickly became a popular fixture in outdoor advertising. The signs – dubbed "liquid fire" – were visible in daylight; people would stop and stare. What may be the oldest surviving neon sign in
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A highly opaque special black or gray glass paint can be used to "black out" parts of a tube, as between letters of a word. In most mass-produced low-priced signs today, clear glass tubing is coated with translucent paint to produce colored light. In this way, several different colors can be
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An alternative way of processing finished neon tubes has also been used. Because the only purpose of bombardment by electrical means is to purify the interior of tubes, it is also possible to produce a tube by heating the tube externally either with a torch or with an oven, while heating the
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cause immediate tube failure. The more thorough the purification of the tube is, the longer lasting and stable the tube will be in actual operation. Once these gases and impurities are liberated under pre-filling bombardment into the tube interior they are quickly evacuated by the pump.
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1168:(RFI) is needed, such as in locations near high-fidelity sound equipment. At the typical frequency of these solid state transformers, the plasma electron-ion recombination time is too long to extinguish and reignite the plasma at each cycle, unlike the case at
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Pages 221–223 describe Moore tubes. Pages 369–374 describe neon tube lighting. Page 385 discusses Risler's contributions to fluorescent coatings in the 1920s. Pages 388–391 discuss the development of the commercial fluorescent at
General Electric in the
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was adorned with neon tube lighting. Over the next several years, patents were granted to Claude for two innovations still used today: a "bombardment" technique to remove impurities from the working gas of a sealed sign, and a design for the internal
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layer. Different phosphor-coated tubing sections may be butt welded together using glass working torches to form a single tube of varying colors, for effects such as a sign where each letter displays a different color letter within a single word.
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The next major technological innovation in neon lighting and signs was the development of fluorescent tube coatings. Jacques Risler received a French patent in 1926 for these. Neon signs that use an argon/mercury gas mixture emit a good deal of
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are also traditionally lead glass and contain a small metal shell with two wires protruding through the glass to which the sign wiring will later be attached. All welds and seals must be leak-proof at high vacuum before proceeding further.
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of glass to be heated for each bend. These burners include ribbon, cannon, or crossfires, as well as a variety of gas torches. Ribbon burners are strips of fire that make the gradual bends, while crossfires are used to make sharp bends.
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392:"Neon" is used to denote the general type of lamp, but neon gas is only one of the types of tube gases principally used in commercial application. Pure neon gas is used to produce only about one-third of the colors (mostly shades of
211:. When this light is absorbed by a fluorescent coating, preferably inside the tube, the coating (called a "phosphor") glows with its own color. While only a few colors were initially available to sign designers, after the
152:, began producing industrial quantities of neon, essentially as a byproduct of their air liquefaction business. From December 3–18, 1910, Claude demonstrated two 12-metre (39 ft) long bright red neon tubes at the
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These anecdotes and the phrase "liquid fire" are often used in references discussing the first neon tube lights in Los
Angeles, but the primary source is not provided. One example of a typical, tertiary reference is
1157:. Standard tube tables established in the early days of neon are still used that specify the gas fill pressures, in either Ne or Hg/Ar, as a function of tube length in feet, tube diameter and transformer voltage.
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light upon electrification. This ultraviolet emission allows finished argon/mercury tubes to glow with a variety of bright colors when the tube has been coated on the interior with ultraviolet-sensitive
215:, phosphor materials were researched intensively for use in color televisions. About two dozen colors were available to neon sign designers by the 1960s, and today there are nearly 100 available colors.
124:, which used nitrogen or carbon dioxide as the luminous gas and a patented mechanism for maintaining pressure. Moore tubes were sold for commercial lighting for a number of years in the early 1900s.
1354:, given the steady advance in LED luminosity and decreasing cost of high-brightness LEDs. However, proponents of neon technology maintain that they still have significant advantages over LEDs.
1187:, while fluorescents produce 50 to 100 lumens. Neon light efficiency ranges from 10 lumens per watt for red, up to 60 lumens for green and blue when these colors result from internal
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and length of tubing fed from a given transformer is limited. Generally, the loaded voltage drops to about 800 VAC at full current. The short-circuit current is about the same.
166:(a large exhibition hall). Claude's associate, Jacques Fonsèque, realized the possibilities for a business based on signage and advertising. By 1913 a large sign for the vermouth
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While still attached to the manifold, the tube is allowed to cool while pumping down to the lowest pressure the system can achieve. It is then filled to a low pressure of a few
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in Paris; this webpage includes a contemporary photograph that gives an impression of it. It is part of an extensive selection of images of neon lighting; see
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of 1904, although this claim has been disputed; in any event, the scarcity of neon would have precluded the development of a lighting product. After 1902,
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is added. Argon by itself is very dim pale lavender when lit, but the droplet of mercury fills the tube with mercury vapor when sealed, which then emits
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RRB JE ME CBT-1 : Mechanical & Allied
Engineering Exam Book 2023 (English Edition) | Computer Based Test | 15 Practice Tests (1500 Solved MCQs)
85:. The signage industry has declined in the past several decades, and cities are now concerned with preserving and restoring their antique neon signs.
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73:, were famed, and there were nearly 2,000 small shops producing neon signs by 1940. In addition to signage, neon lighting is used frequently by
33:, as rebuilt in 2006. The large letters on the tower are illuminated in a timed sequence that repeats, "S", "ST", "STA", "STAT", "STATE", off.
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Light-emitting tubes form colored lines with which a text can be written or a picture drawn, including various decorations, especially in
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the current, and an accidental shock from a 120 mA transformer is much more likely to be fatal than from the lower current supplies.
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1955:"The Propagation of Electric Waves along Spiral Wires, and on an Appliance for Measuring the Length of Waves Used in Wireless Telegraphy"
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65:. While they are used worldwide, neon signs were popular in the United States from about the 1920s to 1950s. The installations in
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In 1923, Georges Claude and his French company Claude Neon introduced neon gas signs to the United States by selling two to a
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by examining the intensity of the tube's light emission. He had obtained his neon directly from its discoverer, Ramsey.
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An enormous number of colors can be created by combinations of different gases and fluorescent coatings in the tube.
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Compact high frequency inverter-converter transformers developed in the early 1990s are used, especially when low
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Kercher, Eric M.; Zhang, Kai; Waguespack, Matt; Lang, Ryan T.; Olmos, Alejandro; Spring, Bryan Q. (2020-06-01).
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faster. Neon glows bright red or reddish orange when lit. When argon or argon/helium is used, a tiny droplet of
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in marketing and in the historic restoration of architectural landmarks from the neon era. Architecture in the
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are exceptionally long-lasting due to their vibrant colors and the ability to craft tubes that function for
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built into the façade of a 1930s or 1940s structure; many of these buildings now qualify for inclusion on
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1762:"High-power light-emitting diode array design and assembly for practical photodynamic therapy research"
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Inventing the 20th century: 100 inventions that shaped the world : from the airplane to the zipper
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Electronic
Inventions and Discoveries: Electronics from Its Earliest Beginnings to the Present Day
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arrays can be formed and covered with a light diffuser to simulate the appearance of neon lamps.
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The efficiency of neon lighting ranges between that of ordinary incandescent lights and that of
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2559:– industry standard reference on practices, methods, and technologies used by neon fabricators
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the United States, still in use for its original purpose, is the sign "Theatre" (1929) at the
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in homes, where they can be shaped to fit tight spaces and provide years of illumination.
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115:). When a voltage is applied to electrodes inserted through the glass, an electrical
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pump. The tube is then evacuated of air until it reaches a vacuum level of a few
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emitted by the tube may be just that coming from the gas, or the light from the
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Website of an organization devoted to preserving Polish neon signs; in
English.
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Fleming used a tube of neon, without electrodes, to explore the amplitudes of
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Neon Techniques: Handbook of Neon Sign and Cold-Cathode Lighting, 4th edition
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Neon Techniques: Handbook of Neon Sign and Cold-Cathode Lighting, 4th edition
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The tube is attached to a manifold which is then attached to a high-quality
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2238:"The Luminous Tube: An illuminating description of how neon signs operate"
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Article about neon signage's flowering and decline in Warsaw and Poland.
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271: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Claude's 1910 demonstration of neon lighting lit the peristyle of the
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The first commercial use was at a motor show in Paris in December 1910
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A neon "OPEN" sign, popular among U.S. businesses since the mid-1980s.
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In some applications, neon tubes are increasingly being replaced with
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illuminated the night sky in Paris, and by 1919 the entrance to the
57:, which was first demonstrated in a modern form in December 1910 by
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849:), combined with other alkaline earth oxides, which reduces to BaO
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Collection of photographs of Swedish neon signs; text in Swedish.
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2189:. ST Media Group International. January 18, 2012. Archived from
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Fading Neon Lights: An Archive of Hong Kong's Visual Culture
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Plasma displays are closely related to the simple neon lamp.
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of the sign that prevented their degradation by sputtering.
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2113:"The History of Neon Signs: Georges Claude and Liquid Fire"
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Neon illumination is valuable to invoke the 1940s or 1950s
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404:). The greatest number of colors (including all shades of
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and displaying the word "neon" may have been shown at the
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Neon, Claude, 1905; Neon Signs, Miller & Fink, 1935.
2420:"Enlightened businessman saw a niche in neon industry"
2395:"Sign o' the Times: The origins of the neon OPEN sign"
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if their historic integrity is faithfully maintained.
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The finished glass pieces are illuminated by either a
1716:(April 2006). "History of the plasma display panel".
359:
Neon tube signs are produced by the craft of bending
127:
The discovery of neon in 1898 by British scientists
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when heated to about 500 degrees F, and reduces the
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Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology
1926:Discovery of the Elements: Third Edition (reprint)
3168:Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays
2275:"Neon and Fluorescents: A Circus of Similarities"
812:) to each end of the tube as it is finished. The
53:or other gases. They are the most common use for
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2298:"How Much Electricity Do LED Neon Signs Consume"
2367:
2050:"Reportage – Il était une fois le néon No. 402"
2214:. ST Media Group International. Archived from
1686:Display interfaces: fundamentals and standards
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2183:"ST Media Group International | Publications"
1962:Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science
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1513:. EduGorilla Community Pvt. Ltd. p. 99.
107:The neon sign is an evolution of the earlier
2487:"Neon Museum saving Las Vegas' iconic signs"
2450:. Heritage Vancouver Society. Archived from
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400:, and some warmer or more intense shades of
355:A neon sample display case in a glass studio
45:are electric signs lighted by long luminous
2822:Surface-conduction electron-emitter display
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1233:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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954:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
725:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
603:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
474:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2733:Active-Matrix Organic light-emitting diode
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2136:. City University of HK Press. p. 2.
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1545:. New York University Press. p. 42.
1297:Learn how and when to remove this message
1133:Learn how and when to remove this message
1018:Learn how and when to remove this message
870:(millimeters of mercury) with one of the
789:Learn how and when to remove this message
667:Learn how and when to remove this message
538:Learn how and when to remove this message
331:Learn how and when to remove this message
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29:1936 neon marquee sign for a theater in
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2069:"Reportage – Il était une fois le néon"
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1689:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 69–71.
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1507:Experts, EduGorilla Prep (2023-09-12).
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1318:Club Prima Donna animated neon sign in
828:. The evacuation is paused, and a high
380:welded onto the ends. The color of the
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2468:"Where Did All the Hong Kong Neon Go?"
1991:
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1880:"Lamp Inventors 1880–1940: Moore Lamp"
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1929:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 287.
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83:plasma display panels and televisions
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2370:"The Preservation of Historic Signs"
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2021:The dates of the show are listed at
1706:
1676:
1576:
1375:National Register of Historic Places
1231:adding citations to reliable sources
1198:
1071:adding citations to reliable sources
1042:
1038:
952:adding citations to reliable sources
919:
723:adding citations to reliable sources
690:
601:adding citations to reliable sources
568:
472:adding citations to reliable sources
439:
269:adding citations to reliable sources
240:
2943:Light-emitting electrochemical cell
2130:KWOK, Brian Sze-hang (2023-03-10).
1985:
1718:IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science
13:
3142:Large-screen television technology
2440:
2254:
2110:
2088:. Arcadia Publishing. p. 51.
2015:
1910:
1872:
1365:era often deployed neon to accent
14:
3219:
2816:Organic light-emitting transistor
2563:
2506:Crowley, David (September 2007).
1992:Howard, John K. (February 2009).
1898:Claude, Georges (November 1913).
1031:electrode with a radio frequency
16:Electrified, luminous tube lights
3179:Comparison of display technology
2547:. ST Media Group International.
2368:Michael J. Auer (October 1991).
2161:. ST Media Group International.
1592:. H. N. Abrams. pp. 16–33.
1444:
1425:
1413:
1401:
1387:
1203:
1047:
924:
882:are the most common gases used;
695:
573:
444:
435:
245:
2810:Electroluminescent Quantum Dots
2485:Bass, Shermakaye (2007-06-06).
2448:"2010 Top Ten Endangered Sites"
2411:
2386:
2361:
2289:
2123:
2102:
2075:
2026:. Mercedes Benz. Archived from
1943:
1900:"The Development of Neon Tubes"
1845:
1825:Dummer, G. W. A. (2013-10-22).
1818:
1753:
1660:Thielen, Marcus (August 2005).
1483:Timeline of lighting technology
1330:
1058:needs additional citations for
564:
371:Blue neon sign in a pastry shop
256:needs additional citations for
2881:Laser-powered phosphor display
2528:Keen, Judy (October 6, 2008).
2082:Manheim, Steven (2023-02-01).
1882:. The Smithsonian Institution.
1616:Bright, Arthur A. Jr. (1949).
1562:
1500:
686:
236:
81:, and (in a modified form) in
69:, many originally designed by
1:
3147:Optimum HDTV viewing distance
3137:History of display technology
3025:Computer-generated holography
2418:Winston, Chris (2003-05-25).
2393:Dolan, Michael (1998-03-05).
1994:"OSA's First Four Presidents"
1493:
912:after being bent into shape.
679:Neon sign makers bend heated
142:Louisiana Purchase Exposition
2727:Organic light-emitting diode
2721:Light-emitting diode display
2530:"Save neon signs, fans urge"
2466:Beech, Hannah (2023-12-09).
1766:Journal of Biomedical Optics
1539:van Dulken, Stephen (2001).
1166:Radio Frequency Interference
7:
2325:. Media Group International
1998:Optics & Photonics News
1852:Hirsh, Merle (2012-12-02).
1456:
156:. This demonstration lit a
10:
3224:
2937:Vacuum fluorescent display
2661:Electroluminescent display
2424:Spartanburg Herald-Journal
2296:NeonGrand (January 2022).
1646:. Oxford University Press.
1618:The Electric-Lamp Industry
1380:
1367:structural pigmented glass
1151:switched-mode power supply
94:
18:
3176:
3124:
3086:
3045:
2990:
2894:
2793:
2784:Liquid crystal on silicon
2688:
2635:
2626:
2543:Strattman, Wayne (1997).
2236:Strattman, Wayne (1997).
2157:Strattman, Wayne (1997).
1974:10.1080/14786440409463212
1786:10.1117/1.JBO.25.6.063811
1683:Myers, Robert L. (2002).
1590:The New Let There Be Neon
916:Heat processed neon tubes
201:Lake Worth Beach, Florida
2975:Fourteen-segment display
2778:Digital Light Processing
2024:"Chronik 1901 – 1910/en"
1904:The Engineering Magazine
1831:. Elsevier. p. 59.
1570:"The Golden Age of Neon"
1420:Promotional signage neon
1195:Blocking out and coating
2981:Sixteen-segment display
2667:Rear-projection display
1858:. Elsevier. p. 3.
1738:10.1109/TPS.2006.872440
1408:Neon bowling alley sign
230:Anybody Can Do Anything
2828:Field-emission display
2743:Liquid-crystal display
2508:"Life in the Darkness"
1662:"Happy Birthday Neon!"
1323:
845:mixture including BaCO
837:wall of the tubing by
559:architectural lighting
372:
364:and fabricated lamps.
356:
348:
234:
148:'s company in France,
104:
49:that contain rarefied
34:
2965:Eight-segment display
2959:Seven-segment display
2572:"Svenska Neonskyltar"
2374:National Park Service
1317:
1147:neon sign transformer
897:operating temperature
370:
354:
346:
217:
102:
28:
3087:Display capabilities
2970:Nine-segment display
2672:Plasma display panel
2319:"Lighting & LED"
1588:Stern, Rudi (1988).
1227:improve this section
1170:power line frequency
1155:electrical impedance
1067:improve this article
948:improve this section
719:improve this section
597:improve this section
468:improve this section
265:improve this article
197:Lake Worth Playhouse
113:atmospheric pressure
89:Light emitting diode
3116:See-through display
3020:Holographic display
2698:Quantum dot display
1855:Gaseous Electronics
1778:2020JBO....25f3811K
1730:2006ITPS...34..268W
1488:Neon Museum, Warsaw
47:gas-discharge tubes
3208:1910 introductions
3158:Color Light Output
3152:High Dynamic Range
2954:Dot-matrix display
2949:Lightguide display
2620:Display technology
2570:Johansson, Feddy.
2472:The New York Times
2344:"Knowledge Center"
2277:. SignIndustry.com
2242:Signs of the Times
2187:Signs of the Times
2048:Testelin, Xavier.
1921:Weeks, Mary Elvira
1666:Signs of the Times
1371:historic registers
1363:streamline moderne
1341:commercial signage
1324:
373:
357:
349:
228:, recalling 1931,
186:car dealership in
105:
35:
31:Auburn, California
3185:
3184:
3111:Always-on display
2902:Electromechanical
2890:
2889:
2583:. NeonMuzeum.com.
2554:978-0-944094-27-3
2492:Los Angeles Times
2348:Brighter Thinking
2273:Caba, Randall L.
2212:"SignWeb website"
2168:978-0-944094-27-3
2143:978-962-937-592-8
2095:978-1-4671-0929-1
2085:Mississippi Signs
1936:978-0-7661-3872-8
1865:978-0-323-14095-9
1838:978-1-4831-4521-1
1696:978-0-471-49946-6
1599:978-0-8109-1299-1
1552:978-0-8147-8812-7
1520:978-93-90332-73-1
1478:Westinghouse Sign
1373:such as the U.S.
1315:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1281:
1181:fluorescent lamps
1143:
1142:
1135:
1117:
1039:Electrical wiring
1033:induction heating
1028:
1027:
1020:
1002:
814:hollow electrodes
799:
798:
791:
773:
677:
676:
669:
651:
548:
547:
540:
522:
426:fluorescent lamps
341:
340:
333:
315:
209:ultraviolet light
138:Perley G. Nutting
133:Morris W. Travers
3215:
3163:Flexible display
3125:Related articles
3005:Autostereoscopic
2704:Electronic paper
2650:Cathode-ray tube
2633:
2632:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2575:
2558:
2539:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2350:. The Neon Group
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2293:
2287:
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2249:
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2201:
2199:
2198:
2179:
2173:
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2154:
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2147:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2000:. Archived from
1989:
1983:
1977:
1964:. Sixth Series.
1959:
1953:(October 1904).
1947:
1941:
1940:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1895:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1805:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1668:. Archived from
1657:
1648:
1647:
1643:Grove Art Online
1630:
1624:
1621:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1585:
1574:
1573:
1572:. 30 March 2021.
1566:
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609:
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569:
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529:
523:
521:
480:
448:
440:
336:
329:
325:
322:
316:
314:
273:
249:
241:
232:
213:Second World War
192:Earle C. Anthony
154:Paris Motor Show
63:Paris Motor Show
3223:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3172:
3120:
3082:
3068:Slide projector
3058:Movie projector
3041:
2986:
2886:
2796:
2789:
2690:
2684:
2637:
2622:
2617:
2579:
2566:
2555:
2518:
2516:
2513:Creative Review
2497:
2495:
2476:
2474:
2457:
2455:
2446:
2443:
2441:Further reading
2438:
2437:
2428:
2426:
2416:
2412:
2403:
2401:
2391:
2387:
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2366:
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2271:
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2255:
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2244:
2234:
2230:
2221:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2196:
2194:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2128:
2124:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2080:
2076:
2067:
2054:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2033:
2031:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2007:
2005:
1990:
1986:
1957:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1918:
1911:
1896:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1823:
1819:
1758:
1754:
1714:Weber, Larry F.
1711:
1707:
1697:
1681:
1677:
1658:
1651:
1631:
1627:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1537:
1528:
1521:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1459:
1452:
1449:
1440:
1432:Neon sign of a
1430:
1421:
1418:
1409:
1406:
1397:
1392:
1383:
1345:animated images
1333:
1309:
1303:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1240:
1238:
1224:
1208:
1197:
1139:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1076:
1074:
1064:
1052:
1041:
1024:
1013:
1007:
1004:
961:
959:
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929:
918:
852:
848:
795:
784:
778:
775:
732:
730:
716:
700:
689:
673:
662:
656:
653:
610:
608:
594:
578:
567:
544:
533:
527:
524:
481:
479:
465:
449:
438:
337:
326:
320:
317:
274:
272:
262:
250:
239:
233:
226:Betty MacDonald
224:
97:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3221:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2909:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2844:Liquid crystal
2841:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2701:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2630:
2628:Video displays
2624:
2623:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2577:
2565:
2564:External links
2562:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2540:
2525:
2503:
2482:
2463:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2410:
2385:
2360:
2335:
2310:
2288:
2265:
2253:
2228:
2203:
2174:
2167:
2149:
2142:
2122:
2111:Bellis, Mary.
2101:
2094:
2074:
2040:
2014:
1984:
1951:Fleming, J. A.
1942:
1935:
1909:
1885:
1871:
1864:
1844:
1837:
1817:
1752:
1724:(2): 268–278.
1705:
1695:
1675:
1672:on 2012-03-03.
1649:
1625:
1605:
1598:
1575:
1561:
1551:
1526:
1519:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
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1454:
1453:
1450:
1443:
1441:
1431:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1332:
1329:
1305:
1304:
1211:
1209:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1141:
1140:
1055:
1053:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1026:
1025:
932:
930:
923:
917:
914:
850:
846:
843:eutectic point
808:is melted (or
797:
796:
703:
701:
694:
688:
685:
675:
674:
581:
579:
572:
566:
563:
546:
545:
452:
450:
443:
437:
434:
339:
338:
253:
251:
244:
238:
235:
222:
146:Georges Claude
129:William Ramsay
117:glow discharge
96:
93:
59:Georges Claude
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3220:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3198:Neon lighting
3196:
3195:
3193:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
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3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2812:(ELQD/QD-LED)
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2792:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2687:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2582:
2581:"Neon Muzeum"
2578:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2556:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2454:on 2011-07-24
2453:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2299:
2292:
2276:
2269:
2260:
2258:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2218:on 2011-02-02
2217:
2213:
2207:
2193:on 2012-01-19
2192:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2170:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2145:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2105:
2097:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2051:
2044:
2030:on 2011-08-15
2029:
2025:
2018:
2004:on 2011-07-28
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1938:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1916:
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1901:
1894:
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1687:
1679:
1671:
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1663:
1656:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1634:Popper, Frank
1629:
1619:
1612:
1610:
1601:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1571:
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1328:
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1301:
1298:
1290:
1287:November 2018
1279:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1248: –
1247:
1243:
1242:Find sources:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1212:This section
1210:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1171:
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1123:November 2018
1115:
1112:
1108:
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1101:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1084: –
1083:
1079:
1078:Find sources:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1056:This section
1054:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1036:
1034:
1022:
1019:
1011:
1008:November 2018
1000:
997:
993:
990:
986:
983:
979:
976:
972:
969: –
968:
964:
963:Find sources:
957:
953:
949:
943:
942:
938:
933:This section
931:
927:
922:
921:
913:
911:
906:
902:
898:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
864:
861:
856:
855:work function
844:
840:
834:
831:
827:
823:
818:
815:
811:
807:
804:
793:
790:
782:
779:November 2018
771:
768:
764:
761:
757:
754:
750:
747:
743:
740: –
739:
735:
734:Find sources:
728:
724:
720:
714:
713:
709:
704:This section
702:
698:
693:
692:
684:
682:
671:
668:
660:
657:November 2018
649:
646:
642:
639:
635:
632:
628:
625:
621:
618: –
617:
613:
612:Find sources:
606:
602:
598:
592:
591:
587:
582:This section
580:
576:
571:
570:
562:
560:
556:
552:
542:
539:
531:
528:November 2018
520:
517:
513:
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503:
499:
496:
492:
489: –
488:
484:
483:Find sources:
477:
473:
469:
463:
462:
458:
453:This section
451:
447:
442:
441:
436:Long lifetime
433:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
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369:
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324:
321:November 2018
313:
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303:
299:
296:
292:
289:
285:
282: –
281:
277:
276:Find sources:
270:
266:
260:
259:
254:This section
252:
248:
243:
242:
231:
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221:
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214:
210:
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159:
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147:
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139:
134:
130:
125:
123:
118:
114:
110:
109:Geissler tube
101:
92:
90:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
71:Douglas Leigh
68:
64:
60:
56:
55:neon lighting
52:
48:
44:
40:
32:
27:
22:
21:Neon lighting
3073:Transparency
3062:
3046:Static media
3000:Stereoscopic
2544:
2533:
2517:. Retrieved
2511:
2496:. Retrieved
2490:
2475:. Retrieved
2471:
2456:. Retrieved
2452:the original
2427:. Retrieved
2423:
2413:
2402:. Retrieved
2398:
2388:
2377:. Retrieved
2363:
2352:. Retrieved
2347:
2338:
2327:. Retrieved
2322:
2313:
2302:. Retrieved
2291:
2279:. Retrieved
2268:
2245:. Retrieved
2241:
2231:
2220:. Retrieved
2216:the original
2206:
2195:. Retrieved
2191:the original
2186:
2177:
2158:
2152:
2132:
2125:
2116:
2104:
2084:
2077:
2063:Grand Palais
2061:
2053:. Retrieved
2043:
2032:. Retrieved
2028:the original
2017:
2006:. Retrieved
2002:the original
1997:
1987:
1965:
1961:
1945:
1925:
1903:
1874:
1854:
1847:
1827:
1820:
1769:
1765:
1755:
1750:Paid access.
1721:
1717:
1708:
1700:
1685:
1678:
1670:the original
1665:
1641:
1628:
1620:. MacMillan.
1617:
1589:
1564:
1556:
1541:
1509:
1502:
1473:Pundit Light
1468:Plasma globe
1463:Crackle tube
1434:public sauna
1356:
1349:
1334:
1331:Applications
1325:
1320:Reno, Nevada
1293:
1284:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1241:
1225:Please help
1213:
1178:
1174:
1163:
1159:
1144:
1129:
1120:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1077:
1065:Please help
1060:verification
1057:
1029:
1014:
1005:
995:
988:
981:
974:
962:
946:Please help
934:
865:
859:
835:
819:
803:cold cathode
800:
785:
776:
766:
759:
752:
745:
733:
717:Please help
705:
678:
663:
654:
644:
637:
630:
623:
611:
595:Please help
583:
565:Tube bending
549:
534:
525:
515:
508:
501:
494:
482:
466:Please help
454:
430:
391:
378:
374:
358:
327:
318:
308:
301:
294:
287:
275:
263:Please help
258:verification
255:
229:
218:
205:
181:
163:Grand Palais
161:
126:
106:
87:
67:Times Square
42:
36:
3037:Fog display
3010:Multiscopic
2927:Fiber-optic
2839:Quantum dot
2300:. NeonGrand
1980:radio waves
1968:(46): 417.
1772:(6): 1–13.
1337:advertising
1246:"Neon sign"
1082:"Neon sign"
967:"Neon sign"
905:ultraviolet
872:noble gases
738:"Neon sign"
687:Bombardment
681:glass tubes
616:"Neon sign"
551:Neon lights
487:"Neon sign"
280:"Neon sign"
237:Fabrication
188:Los Angeles
172:Paris Opera
150:Air Liquide
3192:Categories
3078:Laser beam
3032:Volumetric
2992:3D display
2932:Nixie tube
2912:Split-flap
2797:generation
2771:Blue Phase
2691:generation
2638:generation
2519:2021-10-11
2498:2009-09-12
2477:2023-12-09
2458:2010-12-05
2429:2024-06-29
2404:2024-06-29
2379:2021-10-11
2354:2012-03-06
2329:2012-03-06
2304:2022-11-12
2247:2010-12-10
2222:2011-03-08
2197:2010-03-08
2055:2010-12-06
2034:2010-11-25
2008:2009-02-21
1906:: 271–274.
1494:References
1257:newspapers
1191:coatings.
1093:newspapers
978:newspapers
839:adsorption
749:newspapers
627:newspapers
498:newspapers
291:newspapers
177:electrodes
122:Moore tube
79:architects
43:neon signs
41:industry,
19:See also:
3132:Scan line
3106:DisplayID
3063:Neon sign
3053:Monoscope
2895:Non-video
2656:Jumbotron
2535:USA Today
2117:ThoughtCo
1794:1083-3668
1359:nostalgia
1214:does not
935:does not
910:phosphors
806:electrode
706:does not
584:does not
455:does not
158:peristyle
103:Neon sign
3015:Hologram
2922:Eggcrate
2907:Flip-dot
2853:display
2834:Laser TV
2805:microLED
2735:(AMOLED)
2689:Current
2645:Eidophor
1923:(2003).
1812:32297489
1746:20290119
1636:(2009).
1457:See also
1438:Helsinki
1189:phosphor
386:phosphor
223:—
3203:Signage
3099:CEA-861
2729:(OLED)
2714:Gyricon
2323:SignWeb
2281:4 March
1803:7156854
1774:Bibcode
1726:Bibcode
1381:Gallery
1271:scholar
1235:removed
1220:sources
1107:scholar
992:scholar
956:removed
941:sources
901:mercury
884:krypton
830:current
763:scholar
727:removed
712:sources
641:scholar
605:removed
590:sources
555:decades
512:scholar
476:removed
461:sources
305:scholar
184:Packard
168:Cinzano
160:of the
95:History
75:artists
61:at the
39:signage
37:In the
2983:(SISD)
2877:(TDEL)
2871:(FLCD)
2818:(OLET)
2786:(LCoS)
2745:(LCD)
2723:(LED)
2700:(QLED)
2674:(PDP)
2551:
2165:
2140:
2092:
1933:
1862:
1835:
1810:
1800:
1792:
1744:
1693:
1638:"Neon"
1623:1930s.
1596:
1549:
1517:
1322:, 1955
1273:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1244:
1185:lumens
1109:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1080:
994:
987:
980:
973:
965:
892:helium
890:, and
860:before
822:vacuum
810:welded
765:
758:
751:
744:
736:
643:
636:
629:
622:
614:
514:
507:
500:
493:
485:
420:, and
418:violet
410:yellow
398:orange
307:
300:
293:
286:
278:
3154:(HDR)
2977:(FSD)
2961:(SSD)
2945:(LEC)
2939:(VFD)
2883:(LPD)
2830:(FED)
2824:(SED)
2795:Next
2780:(DLP)
2709:E Ink
2663:(ELD)
2652:(CRT)
2399:Slate
2372:. US
1958:(PDF)
1742:S2CID
1278:JSTOR
1264:books
1149:or a
1114:JSTOR
1100:books
999:JSTOR
985:books
888:xenon
880:argon
868:torrs
770:JSTOR
756:books
648:JSTOR
634:books
519:JSTOR
505:books
422:white
414:green
382:light
361:glass
312:JSTOR
298:books
3094:EDID
2916:Vane
2862:TMOS
2857:IMoD
2851:MEMS
2678:ALiS
2636:Past
2549:ISBN
2283:2011
2163:ISBN
2138:ISBN
2090:ISBN
1931:ISBN
1860:ISBN
1833:ISBN
1808:PMID
1790:ISSN
1691:ISBN
1594:ISBN
1547:ISBN
1515:ISBN
1395:Neon
1352:LEDs
1339:and
1250:news
1218:any
1216:cite
1086:news
971:news
939:any
937:cite
876:Neon
826:torr
742:news
710:any
708:cite
620:news
588:any
586:cite
491:news
459:any
457:cite
406:blue
402:pink
396:and
284:news
131:and
77:and
51:neon
2766:LED
2759:IPS
2749:TFT
1970:doi
1798:PMC
1782:doi
1734:doi
1436:in
1229:by
1069:by
950:by
878:or
721:by
599:by
470:by
394:red
267:by
199:in
3194::
2754:TN
2532:.
2510:.
2489:.
2470:.
2422:.
2397:.
2346:.
2321:.
2256:^
2240:.
2185:.
2115:.
1996:.
1960:.
1912:^
1902:.
1888:^
1806:.
1796:.
1788:.
1780:.
1770:25
1768:.
1764:.
1740:.
1732:.
1722:34
1720:.
1699:.
1664:.
1652:^
1640:.
1608:^
1578:^
1555:.
1529:^
1347:.
886:,
801:A
428:.
416:,
412:,
408:,
203:.
190:.
2612:e
2605:t
2598:v
2574:.
2557:.
2538:.
2522:.
2501:.
2480:.
2461:.
2432:.
2407:.
2382:.
2357:.
2332:.
2307:.
2285:.
2250:.
2225:.
2200:.
2171:.
2146:.
2119:.
2098:.
2071:.
2058:.
2037:.
2011:.
1976:.
1972::
1966:8
1939:.
1868:.
1841:.
1814:.
1784::
1776::
1748:.
1736::
1728::
1602:.
1523:.
1300:)
1294:(
1289:)
1285:(
1275:·
1268:·
1261:·
1254:·
1237:.
1223:.
1136:)
1130:(
1125:)
1121:(
1111:·
1104:·
1097:·
1090:·
1063:.
1021:)
1015:(
1010:)
1006:(
996:·
989:·
982:·
975:·
958:.
944:.
851:2
847:2
792:)
786:(
781:)
777:(
767:·
760:·
753:·
746:·
729:.
715:.
670:)
664:(
659:)
655:(
645:·
638:·
631:·
624:·
607:.
593:.
541:)
535:(
530:)
526:(
516:·
509:·
502:·
495:·
478:.
464:.
334:)
328:(
323:)
319:(
309:·
302:·
295:·
288:·
261:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
