35:
354:
to be held in common, as other
American Indian land titles were held. However, legislation included a provision allowing the US President to assign individual tracts to individual owners. In 1860, thirty years after the creation of the Reservation, the government moved to allot tracts to individual households, in an effort to force assimilation to European-American practices. This was the first time in the history of American acts and treaties that American Indians were allotted land in severalty.
310:, considered to have been descended from an ancestor representing an element of each moitie. Each gens had a hereditary chief from the male line. Each moitie was represented by a head chief, and the two kept balance in the tribe. The clans had specific responsibilities related to their moitie. Children belonged to their father's gens, so within this structure, there was no place for children whose father was outside the culture, unless they were officially adopted into the tribe.
867:
1702:
42:
1711:
249:
261:
341:. By 1833 approximately 200 half-breeds lived on the designated land. It was not until 1854 that Congress authorized the reservation and the government established an eligibility list of potential landowners. By 1858 the list had 445 names of people eligible to receive 320 acres (1.3 km) each. By then, however, non-Indian
353:
Since the land belonged exclusively to the Otoe prior to the exchange, the government worked to secure agreement by the Omaha, Iowa, and
Yankton and Santee bands of Sioux to pay the Otoe $ 3000 for the rights of their "half-breeds" to live on the reservation. Original plans were for land ownership
434:
The younger Deroin operated a trading post along the river's edge starting in 1840. He was killed in 1858 in a dispute over money as white settlers moved into the area and displaced Native residents. The town became predominantly
European American, with settlers moving in around Deroin's trading
349:
Owners were never required to live on their properties, and many eventually sold their lands to non-Indian settlers. One of the original survey lines is now partly marked by the Half-Breed Road which runs in a southeast direction from the
Missouri River. Some of the descendants still live in the
292:
tribes' rules of descent and membership, European-American society's discrimination, and the distance that such mixed-race families lived from most
European Americans, the children of unions between European fathers and certain Indian mothers were often left outside the social networks of both
220:
In 1861 the
Reservation was disbanded as a legal entity. The owners of plots were never required to live on the properties they had been allotted, and many eventually sold their lands to white settlers. Some white men married native women to get control of their property. One of the original
293:
societies. Generally Indian women and their French-Canadian trader husbands and children lived under the protection of the women's tribes, but their descendants were not considered members of the tribes unless they were officially adopted, as they had white fathers, so were considered "white".
321:
The United States government selected an allotment of land along the
Missouri River bluffs, an area described as "too steep and tree-covered for farming, fit only for hunting." It was described in the Treaty of Prairie du Chien of 1830, confirmed by the
435:
post. They named the town St. Deroin. Since that time, most of the town has been washed away by floods, leaving only a cemetery and the St. Deroin School on the original location. Half Breed Creek, named after the tract, still flows through the area.
345:
occupied almost half the land and the government did not evict them. When allotments were finalized on
September 10, 1860, each eligible person received 314 acres (1.27 km). Louis Neal received the first patent to own land on the reservation.
1292:
313:
At the same time, the
European-American "tribe" of the majority of the United States considered the children to be Native American, because of their mothers, although the United States society was generally patriarchal, and
1424:
1848:
466:
Because of continued individual land sales, Nebraska's Half-Breed Tract vanished as a legal entity by 1861. Today much of the former reservation land is within the boundaries of the Indian Cave State Park.
785:
221:
survey lines has been followed (and identified) by the Half-Breed Road, which runs in a southeast direction from here. The descendants of some of these multicultural families still live in the area.
2003:
391:
and interpreter, went to
Nebraska from St. Louis to settle on the newly designated land. He did not receive a patent on his 320 acres (1.3 km) of land until 1860. It was in what is today
284:. Seeking to help mixed-blood Indian descendants get settled in society, the United States government designated allotments of land in western territory for their use. These were known as the
1750:
1567:
264:
A map of the Nemaha Half-Breed reservation as defined in the Treaty of Prairie du Chien in 1830. The reservation is shown in sections 154 and 155 at the bottom right corner of the map.
1627:
1597:
1546:
1409:
1373:
1302:
330:, and other tribes and the government, which established the rules for the half-breed tract. The government identified a tract of approximately 138,000 acres (560 km).
1536:
1297:
1637:
1632:
1526:
1521:
1287:
1501:
1944:
439:
1658:
1612:
1307:
363:
2122:
1788:
1592:
782:
855:
2078:
1327:
1272:
961:
69:
427:
trapper Amable De Rouins and his Oto wife. The De Rouins had traded along the Missouri River for decades; a trading post was already operating here when
664:
495:
2142:
1642:
833:
823:
2117:
1617:
1607:
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728:
1399:
1358:
1337:
2147:
2127:
1531:
34:
2157:
848:
708:
256:
map of 1814 shows period Indian villages in SW Iowa, SE Nebraska, and NW Missouri. It also shows the Little and Great Nemaha rivers.
1881:
1755:
1843:
2162:
1998:
530:
402:
There is evidence the Underground Railroad ran through this tract up to John Brown's Cave, located 35 miles (56 km) north.
2137:
1903:
841:
289:
747:
1506:
1404:
579:
438:
Other notable residents of the tract included French-Canadian fur traders who had married Native American women, such as
652:
1779:
871:
476:
1993:
863:
1429:
1073:
906:
586:
Vol. 19, edited by Albert Watkins, Nebraska State Historical Society, 1919, p. 64, at GenNet, accessed 25 August 2011
542:
155:
268:
The Omaha and other tribes asked the government to set aside territory for their mixed-race descendants. Under the
2152:
2132:
1481:
1450:
1735:
1725:
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1511:
608:
1830:
1394:
1516:
1241:
1973:
1825:
1068:
515:
121:
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1541:
956:
820:
564:
392:
1838:
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419:
is located in the central section of the Nemaha tract. On its northern edge is the site of the town of
1740:
1730:
1205:
1154:
205:. The reservation extended west for 10 miles (16 km). The north/south borders were between the
1817:
725:
624:
2008:
1874:
1277:
1139:
1045:
280:, children of white fathers had no place in the tribes, where children belonged to their father's
1040:
946:
338:
237:
126:
55:
1988:
1921:
1602:
1582:
1562:
416:
395:. In doing so, he became the first settler of Nebraska's newly designated Half-Breed Tract. A
1891:
1869:
1419:
1195:
1050:
2059:
629:
A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875
1915:
1897:
1460:
1256:
1200:
1185:
992:
783:
Kira Gale, "Escape from Death and a Sister’s Revenge: the Daughters of Omaha Chief Big Elk"
705:
420:
411:
225:
214:
8:
1909:
1684:
1572:
813:
690:
677:
632:
1966:
1760:
1251:
1169:
1119:
1017:
987:
423:, founded by "half-breeds" to serve their reservation. Joseph Deroin was the son of a
210:
206:
194:
1961:
1622:
1587:
1577:
1353:
1035:
1030:
1025:
926:
527:
443:
792:, Kira Gale Blog at Lewis and Clark Travel, 13 April 2007, accessed 30 November 2011
1983:
1926:
1210:
1164:
1124:
1114:
1104:
396:
374:
285:
190:
159:
1699:
2044:
1455:
1246:
1220:
1190:
1099:
1089:
827:
789:
751:
732:
712:
534:
428:
424:
380:
253:
163:
2054:
2039:
1701:
744:
2029:
1710:
1677:
1389:
1109:
1002:
896:
327:
202:
1978:
2111:
2093:
2080:
2064:
1434:
1363:
1149:
941:
766:
273:
183:
179:
175:
84:
71:
2049:
240:. This was its last stop, located 35 miles (56 km) north of the Tract.
2024:
1886:
1864:
1496:
1491:
1215:
1007:
997:
931:
883:
597:
Bloodland: A Family Story of Oil, Murder and Greed on the Osage Reservation
451:
277:
233:
171:
333:
The tract was located between the Little and Great Nemaha rivers (spelled
1938:
1486:
1282:
1134:
951:
936:
399:
was established in that tract while Barada ran a fur-trading post there.
388:
315:
269:
167:
2034:
1476:
1332:
1159:
323:
109:
1797:
1144:
921:
260:
916:
901:
875:
866:
342:
198:
114:
1705:
611:
Robidoux Chronicles: Ethnohistory Of The French-American Fur Trade
513:
An Unspeakable Sadness: The Dispossession of the Nebraska Indians.
1094:
891:
455:
248:
229:
821:"The People of the MĂ©tis Nation: D-G/History through Biography
1414:
1368:
971:
966:
911:
307:
296:
The Omaha and Osage tribal structures were divided into two
302:
281:
625:"Indian Land Cessions in the United States, 1784 to 1894"
446:, an ethnic French-American trader from New Orleans, and
364:
List of place names in Nebraska of Native American origin
232:
escaped to the North, ran through the Reservation toward
735:, Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. Retrieved 8/9/08.
667:, Nebraska State Historical Society. Retrieved 1/28/08.
745:"An evolving exurban landscape: Clay County, Missouri"
584:
Publications of the Nebraska State Historical Society,
962:
Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska
41:
580:
Melvin Randolph Gilmore, "The True Logan Fontenelle"
1425:
Pawnee Mission and Burnt Village Archeological Site
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
300:representing the Earth and the Sky. Each had five
2109:
1849:Union nationale métisse Saint-Joseph du Manitoba
2123:Former American Indian reservations in Nebraska
548:
387:, an Omaha woman, and Michael Barada, a French
691:"The Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation, 1830–1860"
680:, Ioway Cultural Institute. Retrieved 1/28/08.
678:"The Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation, 1830–1860"
655:, Manitoba MĂ©tis Foundation. Retrieved 8/9/08.
1685:
1400:Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte Memorial Hospital
849:
805:Chapman, B.B. "The Nemaha Half-Breed Tract",
693:, Ioway Cultural Institute. Retrieved 8/9/08.
715:, University of Nebraska. Retrieved 1/28/08.
575:
573:
1692:
1678:
856:
842:
762:
760:
754:, University of Kansas. Retrieved 8/9/08.
701:
699:
500:Encyclopedia of the Great Plains Indians.
458:(1770–1846/1853), also had a plot there.
228:, a route staffed by volunteers' helping
2143:Multiracial affairs in the United States
1756:Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians
589:
570:
442:. Henry Fontenelle, a mixed-race son of
259:
247:
2118:1830 establishments in Indian Territory
2004:Metis Child and Family Services Society
1659:Native American place names in Nebraska
2110:
757:
696:
567:, Brown University. Retrieved 1/28/08.
162:for the mixed-ancestry descendants of
1844:Vancouver MĂ©tis Community Association
1673:
837:
318:in terms of inheritance and descent.
201:, the tract's eastern border was the
2148:Native American history of Nebraska
2128:French-American culture in Nebraska
1904:The National Committee of the MĂ©tis
1623:Fontenelle Forest Historic District
1507:Champe-Fremont 1 Archeological Site
502:University of Nebraska Press. p 77.
13:
1780:Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia
477:Native American tribes in Nebraska
14:
2174:
2158:Pre-statehood history of Nebraska
1761:MĂ©tis Settlements General Council
1430:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
1074:Nebraska Indian Community College
907:Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska
543:Nebraska State Historical Society
156:Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien
1751:Northwest Territory MĂ©tis Nation
1709:
1700:
865:
40:
33:
16:Place in Nebraska, United States
1994:MĂ©tis Population Betterment Act
1628:Wolfe and Grey (Schuyler) Sites
1512:Frank Parker Archeological Site
814:"Great Nemaha Half Breed Tract"
799:
776:
738:
718:
683:
670:
658:
2163:Underground Railroad locations
1999:List of settlements in Alberta
1831:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples
1598:Farwell Archeological District
1395:Genoa Indian Industrial School
807:The Otoes and the Missiourias.
646:
617:
602:
539:Walk Through Nebraska History.
521:
505:
489:
1:
1932:Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation
1726:MĂ©tis Nation British Columbia
1603:Blue Springs, aka Wonder Site
1547:Table Rock Archeological Site
1517:Sweetwater Archeological Site
1410:Susan LaFlesche Picotte House
1374:Cunningham Archeological Site
1242:Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
1237:Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation
1170:Moses J. "Chief" Yellow Horse
614:, Trafford Publishing, p 184.
482:
405:
152:Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation
48:Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation
23:Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation
1303:Fullerton Archeological Site
1069:Little Priest Tribal College
516:University of Nebraska Press
7:
1542:Humphrey Archeological Site
1537:Schrader Archeological Site
1298:Schrader Archeological Site
957:Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
884:Historic and present tribes
470:
393:Richardson County, Nebraska
337:on the map) in what became
158:of 1830, which set aside a
10:
2179:
2138:MĂ©tis in the United States
1826:North Slave MĂ©tis Alliance
1638:Wiseman Archeological Site
1633:Schulte Archeological Site
1527:Ashland Archeological Site
1522:Burkett Archeological Site
1288:Horse Creek Pawnee Village
1130:Old Lady Grieves The Enemy
461:
409:
372:
361:
243:
166:trappers and women of the
2017:
1954:
1857:
1810:
1772:
1746:Manitoba MĂ©tis Federation
1736:Métis Nation—Saskatchewan
1718:
1651:
1555:
1469:
1443:
1382:
1346:
1265:
1229:
1206:Battle of Warbonnet Creek
1178:
1155:Susette LaFlesche Tibbles
1082:
1062:colleges and universities
1059:
1016:
980:
882:
368:
193:, which was later in the
140:
132:
120:
108:
100:
65:
28:
21:
2009:Gabriel Dumont Institute
1839:Alberta MĂ©tis Federation
1802:(Southbranch Settlement)
1793:(Southbranch Settlement)
1278:Pike-Pawnee Village Site
1140:Susan La Flesche Picotte
726:"Indian Cave State Park"
357:
2153:Nemaha County, Nebraska
2133:French-American history
1741:MĂ©tis Nation of Ontario
1731:MĂ©tis Nation of Alberta
1613:Kurz Omaha Village Site
1556:Other precontact places
1308:Oto Indian Village Site
947:Ponca Tribe of Nebraska
816:, Louis Riel Institute.
189:Located in part of the
154:was established by the
56:Nemaha County, Nebraska
1922:Southbranch Settlement
1818:MĂ©tis National Council
1789:Council of St. Laurent
1593:Nehawka Flint Quarries
1583:Hudson-Meng Bison Kill
1470:Precontact communities
1347:Historic sacred places
771:Catholic Encyclopedia.
431:came through in 1804.
417:Indian Cave State Park
265:
257:
252:This section from the
197:and then the state of
2094:40.24000°N 95.58000°W
1892:Pemmican Proclamation
1420:Moses Merrill Mission
1383:Other historic places
1230:Historic reservations
1196:Battle of Mud Springs
563:Sandage, S.A. (2006)
511:Wishart, D.J. (1995)
362:Further information:
263:
251:
209:to the north and the
85:40.24000°N 95.58000°W
1916:North-West Rebellion
1898:Battle of Seven Oaks
1773:Historic Governments
1283:Skidi Pawnee Village
1266:Historic communities
1201:Battle of Rush Creek
1186:Battle of Ash Hollow
1018:Present reservations
993:Omaha-Ponca language
819:Barkwell, Lawrence.
812:Barkwell, Lawrence.
689:Foster, L.M. (1999)
676:Foster, L.M. (1965)
545:. Retrieved 12/5/08.
412:St. Deroin, Nebraska
397:town named after him
226:Underground Railroad
2099:40.24000; -95.58000
2090: /
1910:Red River Rebellion
1573:Walker Gilmore site
1328:Theodore Davis Site
633:Library of Congress
609:Lewis, H.M. (2004)
599:, Times Books, 1994
207:Little Nemaha River
90:40.24000; -95.58000
81: /
2060:MĂ©tis buffalo hunt
1784:(Red River Colony)
1719:Modern Governments
1444:Precontact peoples
1120:Francis La Flesche
826:2016-03-05 at the
788:2011-11-09 at the
773:Retrieved 1/28/08.
750:2010-06-26 at the
731:2010-03-02 at the
711:2011-07-20 at the
665:"Half-Breed Tract"
595:Dennis McAuliffe,
565:"Half-Breed Creek"
533:2007-03-30 at the
528:"Half-breed tract"
450:a daughter of the
266:
258:
211:Great Nemaha River
195:Nebraska Territory
2073:
2072:
1835:
1822:
1803:
1794:
1785:
1765:
1667:
1666:
1588:Woodcliff Burials
1125:Joseph La Flesche
981:Present languages
927:Northern Cheyenne
444:Lucien Fontenelle
286:Half-Breed Tracts
178:, as well as the
148:
147:
2170:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2100:
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1927:Half-Breed Tract
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1801:
1792:
1783:
1763:
1713:
1704:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1671:
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1293:Cottonwood Creek
1273:Ton'wontongathon
1211:Grattan massacre
1165:James Young Deer
1115:Logan Fontenelle
1105:Joba Chamberlain
1083:Historic figures
872:Native Americans
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454:principal chief
375:Barada, Nebraska
191:Indian Territory
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37:
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2013:
1950:
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1806:
1768:
1714:
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1663:
1647:
1643:Durflinger Site
1551:
1465:
1439:
1405:Indian agencies
1378:
1342:
1261:
1225:
1221:Indian Congress
1191:Massacre Canyon
1179:Historic events
1174:
1100:Chief Blackbird
1090:Antonine Barada
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1055:
1012:
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878:
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862:
828:Wayback Machine
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790:Wayback Machine
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752:Wayback Machine
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713:Wayback Machine
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635:American Memory
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535:Wayback Machine
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440:Charles Rouleau
429:Lewis and Clark
425:French Canadian
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381:Antonine Barada
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290:American Indian
272:systems of the
254:Lewis and Clark
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164:French-Canadian
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2030:Chinook Jargon
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2019:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
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1962:Canadian MĂ©tis
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1945:Daniels ruling
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1618:Patterson Site
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1608:Barneston Site
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1451:Central Plains
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1402:
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1390:Blackbird Hill
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1343:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1323:Woodcliff Site
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1269:
1267:
1263:
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1260:
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1254:
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1198:
1193:
1188:
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1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1110:Larry EchoHawk
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1060:Present tribal
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1003:Sioux language
1000:
995:
990:
984:
982:
978:
977:
975:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
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831:
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795:
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756:
737:
717:
695:
682:
669:
657:
653:"MĂ©tis firsts"
645:
616:
601:
588:
569:
547:
520:
504:
487:
486:
484:
481:
480:
479:
472:
469:
463:
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410:Main article:
407:
404:
385:Ta-ing-the-hae
373:Main article:
370:
367:
359:
356:
288:. Because of
245:
242:
217:to the south.
203:Missouri River
146:
145:
142:
141:Disestablished
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
124:
118:
117:
112:
106:
105:
102:
98:
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63:
62:
53:
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39:
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32:
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26:
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22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
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2175:
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2129:
2126:
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2119:
2116:
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2066:
2065:Red River Jig
2063:
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2016:
2010:
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1939:Powley ruling
1937:
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1842:
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1834:(Canada-wide)
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1821:(Canada-wide)
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:Organizations
1809:
1799:
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1578:Site JF00-072
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1435:Ionia Volcano
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1364:Lalawakohtito
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1199:
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1168:
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1153:
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1150:Standing Bear
1148:
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1138:
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1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
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1118:
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918:
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868:
859:
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839:
836:
829:
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822:
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815:
811:
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791:
787:
784:
779:
772:
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749:
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605:
598:
592:
585:
581:
576:
574:
566:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
544:
541:Issue No. 3.
540:
536:
532:
529:
524:
517:
514:
508:
501:
497:
496:Wishart, D.J.
492:
488:
478:
475:
474:
468:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
432:
430:
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418:
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403:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
376:
365:
355:
351:
347:
344:
340:
339:Nemaha County
336:
331:
329:
325:
319:
317:
311:
309:
305:
304:
299:
294:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
262:
255:
250:
241:
239:
238:Nebraska City
235:
231:
227:
222:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
160:tract of land
157:
153:
143:
139:
135:
131:
128:
127:Nemaha County
125:
123:
119:
116:
113:
111:
107:
104:United States
103:
99:
94:
66:Coordinates:
64:
57:
36:
27:
20:
2075:
2055:MĂ©tis fiddle
2040:MĂ©tis French
1931:
1887:Pemmican War
1865:Indian trade
1791:(1873–1878)
1652:Other topics
1497:Signal Butte
1492:Schultz site
1461:Dismal River
1318:McClean Site
1313:Leshara Site
1236:
1216:Cheyenne War
1046:Santee Sioux
1008:Sac language
998:Fox language
972:Skidi Pawnee
806:
800:Bibliography
778:
770:
740:
720:
685:
672:
660:
648:
637:. Retrieved
628:
619:
610:
604:
596:
591:
583:
538:
523:
512:
507:
499:
491:
465:
447:
437:
433:
415:
401:
384:
378:
352:
348:
334:
332:
320:
312:
301:
297:
295:
267:
234:Mayhew Cabin
223:
219:
188:
184:Santee Sioux
151:
149:
54:Location in
2097: /
1984:Bois-Brûlés
1979:Anglo-MĂ©tis
1912:(1869–1870)
1906:(est. 1864)
1568:Indian Hill
1563:Indian Cave
1502:Site 25SM20
1359:Ahkawitakol
1338:Wright Site
1135:Petalesharo
1041:Sac and Fox
724:Farrar, J.
448:Me-um-bane,
389:fur trapper
316:patrilineal
270:patrilineal
88: /
2112:Categories
2085:95°34′48″W
2082:40°14′24″N
2035:Hivernants
1967:in Alberta
1532:Yutan Site
1482:Ash Hollow
1477:Leary Site
1333:Kelso Site
1160:Jim Thorpe
830:, page 10.
809:Chapter 5.
767:"Nebraska"
639:2009-05-09
483:References
421:St. Deroin
406:St. Deroin
215:Falls City
76:95°34′48″W
73:40°14′24″N
1875:Fur trade
1798:Exovedate
1764:(Alberta)
1145:Red Cloud
1051:Winnebago
922:Missouria
383:, son of
343:squatters
335:Ne-me-haw
328:Missouria
326:, Omaha,
186:tribes.
1974:US MĂ©tis
1882:Marriage
1870:Scottish
1456:Woodland
1257:Niobrara
917:Meskwaki
902:Comanche
876:Nebraska
824:Archived
786:Archived
748:Archived
729:Archived
709:Archived
706:"Barada"
531:Archived
471:See also
379:In 1856
199:Nebraska
115:Nebraska
2018:Culture
1955:Society
1858:History
1800:(1885)
1782:(1870)
1708:people
1095:Big Elk
897:Arikara
892:Arapaho
518:. p 60.
498:(2007)
462:Closure
456:Big Elk
298:moitie,
244:History
213:, near
180:Yankton
133:Founded
101:Country
2045:Michif
1989:People
1947:(2016)
1941:(2003)
1918:(1885)
1900:(1816)
1894:(1814)
1487:Coufal
1252:Pawnee
942:Pawnee
369:Barada
350:area.
303:gentes
230:slaves
174:, and
122:County
2025:Bungi
1706:MĂ©tis
1415:Nanza
1369:Pahuk
1354:Pahur
1036:Ponca
1031:Omaha
1026:Ioway
988:Hocak
967:Sioux
932:Omaha
912:Kiowa
452:Omaha
358:Towns
308:clans
278:Osage
274:Omaha
176:Omaha
110:State
2050:Flag
937:Otoe
324:Otoe
282:gens
276:and
224:The
182:and
172:Iowa
150:The
144:1860
136:1830
1247:Oto
952:Sac
874:in
306:or
236:in
168:Oto
2114::
769:,
759:^
698:^
631:.
627:.
582:,
572:^
550:^
537:,
170:,
1693:e
1686:t
1679:v
857:e
850:t
843:v
642:.
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