Negro league baseball

2488: 2957: 8984: 8935: 2206: 2557: 2402: 3036:. Eight cities were included in the new league: "Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, Detroit, Baltimore, Cleveland, Newark, New York, and Washington, D.C.". By May 1932, the Detroit Wolves were about to collapse, and instead of letting the team go, Posey kept pumping money into it. By June the Wolves had disintegrated and all the rest of the teams, except for the Grays, were beyond help, so Posey had to terminate the league. 5181: 3312:. Greenlee started the league in 1945 as a way to get back at the owners of the Negro National League teams for throwing him out. Rickey saw the opportunity as a way to convince people that he was interested in cleaning up blackball, not integrating it. In midsummer 1945, Rickey, almost ready with his Robinson plan, pulled out of the league. The league folded after the end of the 1946 season. 6464: 2945:. The National League was having trouble maintaining continuity among its franchises: three teams folded and had to be replaced after the 1921 season, two others after the 1922 season, and two more after the 1923 season. Foster replaced the defunct teams, sometimes promoting whole teams from the Negro Southern League into the NNL. Finally Foster and Bolden met and agreed to an annual 3446:

teams were league members, most still continued to barnstorm and play non-league games against local or semi-pro teams. Those games, sometimes approaching 100 per season, did not count in the official standings or statistics. However, some teams were considered "associate" teams and games played against them did count, but an associate team held no place in the league standings.

3872:. Except for Doby, their play in the Negro leagues was a minor factor in their selection: Aaron, Banks, and Mays played in Negro leagues only briefly and after the leagues had declined with the migration of many black players to the integrated minor leagues; Campanella (1969) and Robinson (1962) were selected before the Hall began considering performance in the Negro leagues. 2622:. This move prevented any team in organized baseball from signing any of the NCBBL players, which also locked the players to their particular teams within the league. The reserve clause would have tied the players to their clubs from season to season but the NCBBL failed. One month into the season, the Resolutes folded. A week later, only three teams were left. 2974:, throughout the 1920's the leagues were very unorganized, having teams play uneven numbers of games. Teams would skip official games for non-league matchups which would be more lucrative for the team. Players would jump from franchise to franchise, looking for the highest pay, causing imbalance within the leagues. 2888:. Foster was named league president and controlled every aspect of the league, including which players played on which teams, when and where teams played, and what equipment was used (all of which had to be purchased from Foster). Foster, as booking agent of the league, took a five percent cut of all gate receipts. 2710: 2824:

team to beat. He indoctrinated them to take the extra base, to play hit and run on nearly every pitch, and to rattle the opposing pitcher by taking them deep into the count. He studied the mechanics of his pitchers and could spot the smallest flaw, turning his average pitchers into learned craftsmen.

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Early Negro leagues were unable to attract and retain top talent due to financial, logistical and contractual difficulties. Some early dominant teams did not join a league since they could pull in larger profits independently. The early leagues were specifically structured as minor leagues. With the

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Five of those years with a World Series at the end also saw a "Championship Series" played to determine the pennant winner that went to the Series. In years without a World Series, leagues would either award a championship to the team that had the best record/percentage at the end of the year or had

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On August 28, 1945, Jackie Robinson met with Rickey in Brooklyn, where Rickey gave Robinson a "test" by berating him and shouting racial epithets that Robinson would hear from day one in the white game. Having passed the test, Robinson signed the contract which stipulated that from then on, Robinson

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announced that based on recent decades of historical research, it classified the seven "major Negro leagues" as additional major leagues, adding them to the six historical "major league" designations it made in 1969, thus recognizing statistics and approximately 3,400 players who played from 1920 to

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Some proposals were floated to bring the Negro leagues into "organized baseball" as developmental leagues for black players, but that was recognized as contrary to the goal of full integration. And so, the Negro leagues, once among the largest and most prosperous black-owned business ventures, were

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On April 6, 1917, the United States entered World War I. Manpower needed by the defense plants and industry accelerated the migration of blacks from the South to the North. This meant a larger and more affluent fan base with more money to spend. By the end of the war in 1919, Foster was again ready

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on its roster. After Anson marched his team onto the field in military style as was his custom, he declared that his team would not play unless Walker and Stovey were barred from the field. Newark capitulated, and later that same day, league owners voted to refuse future contracts to blacks, citing

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for baseball commentators, in that this plan meant that the Negro league honorees would not be considered members of the Hall of Fame. This plan was criticized by the press, the fans and the players it was intended to honor, and Satchel Paige himself insisted that he would not accept anything less

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joined in place of the now-defunct Brooklyn Royal Giants. The ANL lasted just one season. In the face of harder economic times, the Negro National League folded after the 1931 season. Some of its teams joined the only Negro league then left, the Negro Southern League. Only strong independent clubs

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By the end of the 1909, Foster demanded that Leland step back from all baseball operations or he (Foster) would leave. When Leland would not give up complete control, Foster quit, and in a heated court battle, got to keep the rights to the Leland Giants' name. Leland took the players and started a

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petitioned the public to recognize a capital "N" in negro as a matter of respect for black people. By 1930, essentially every major US outlet had adopted "Negro" as the accepted term for black people. By about 1970, the term "Negro" had fallen into disfavor, but by then the Negro leagues were mere

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announced their official determination and designation of Negro Leagues by seasons as "Major Leagues," including the incorporation of applicable player records into the official baseball statistics. None materialized prior to 1920 and by 1950, due to integration, they were in decline. Even though

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was named his successor. Chandler was open to integrating the game, even at the risk of losing his job as Commissioner. He later said in his biography that he could not, in good conscience, tell black players they could not play baseball with whites when they had fought for their country .

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that April, interest in Negro league baseball waned. Black players who were regarded as prospects were signed by major league teams, often without regard for any contracts that might have been signed with Negro league clubs. Negro league owners who complained about this practice were in a

2813:, a white businessman, started using his ownership of baseball fields in the New York City area to become the leading promoter of blackball on the East coast. Just about any game played in New York, Strong would get a cut. Strong eventually used his leverage to almost put the 3179:

all served. But the white majors were barely recognizable, while the Negro leagues reached their highest plateau. Millions of black Americans were working in war industries and, making good money, they packed league games in every city. Business was so good that promoter

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folded. The Grays folded one year later after losing $ 30,000 in the barnstorming effort. The Negro American League was the only "major" Negro league operating in 1949. Within two years it had been reduced to minor league caliber and it played its last game in 1958.

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As early as 1910, Foster started talking about reviving the concept of an all-black league. The one thing he was insistent upon was that black teams should be owned by black men. This put him in direct competition with Strong. After 1910, Foster renamed his team the

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as new league president. In 1927, Ed Bolden suffered a similar fate as Foster, by committing himself to a hospital because the pressure was too great. The Eastern League folded shortly after that, marking the end of the World Series between the NNL and the ECL.

2905:(formerly South Side Park). This forced Foster to cancel all the Giants' home games for almost a month and threatened to become a huge embarrassment for the league. On March 2, 1920, the Negro Southern League was founded in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1921, the 2802:. The following season, Schlichter, in the finest blackball tradition, hired Foster away from the Cubans and beat them in their 1904 rematch. Philadelphia remained on top of the blackball world until Foster left the team in 1907 to play and manage the 3388:

These moves came despite strong opposition from the owners; Rickey was the only one of the 16 owners to support integrating the sport in January 1947. Chandler's decision to overrule them may have been a factor in his ouster in 1951 in favor of

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The committee reviewed the careers of 29 Negro league and 10 Pre-Negro league candidates. The list of 39 had been pared from a roster of 94 candidates by a five-member screening committee in November 2005. The voting committee was chaired by

2910: 2865: 2990:. A gas leak in his home nearly asphyxiated Rube Foster in 1926, and his increasingly erratic behavior led to him being committed to an asylum a year later. While Foster was out of the picture, the owners of the National League elected 3074:

In 1933, Greenlee, riding the popularity of his Crawfords, became the next man to start a Negro league. In February 1933, Greenlee and delegates from six other teams met at Greenlee's Crawford Grill to ratify the constitution of the

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On May 2, 1920, the Indianapolis ABCs beat Charles "Joe" Green's Chicago Giants (4–2) in the first game played in the inaugural season of the Negro National League, played at Washington Park in Indianapolis. However, because of the

2471:, normally a matter of sending delegates to the annual convention; beyond that, a formality. At the end of the 1867 season, "the National Association of Baseball Players voted to exclude any club with a black player." In some ways 2141: 2028: 3115:

on December 7, 1941, the United States was thrust into World War II. Remembering World War I, black America vowed it would not be shut out of the beneficial effects of a major war effort: economic boom and social unification.

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First a trickle and then a flood of players signed with Major League Baseball teams. Most signed minor league contracts and many languished, shuttled from one bush league team to another despite their success at that level.

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team. Bolden saw little choice but to team up with Foster's nemesis, Nat Strong. Within days of calling a truce with Strong, Bolden made an about-face and signed up as an associate member of Foster's Negro National League.

2778:. In 1901, the Giants folded because of a lack of a place to play. Leland bought the Giants in 1905 and merged it with his Unions (despite the fact that not a single Giant player ended up on the roster), and named them the 2936:

On December 16, 1922, Bolden once again shifted sides and, with Strong, formed the Eastern Colored League as an alternative to Foster's Negro National League, which started with six teams: Atlantic City Bacharach Giants,

2759:. The Page Fence Giants went on to become a powerhouse team that had no home field. Barnstorming through the Midwest, they would play all comers. Their success became the prototype for black baseball for years to come. 3792:

in 1970, the Hall of Fame found itself under renewed pressure to find a way to honor Negro league players who would have been in the Hall had they not been barred from the major leagues due to the color of their skin.

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than full-fledged induction into the Hall of Fame. The Hall relented and agreed to admit Negro league players on an equal basis with their Major League counterparts in 1971. A special Negro league committee selected

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a "Championship Series" to determine the winner between first half and second half champions. Eleven seasons exist with a postseason series held to determine a pennant winner, although one (1936) was not completed.

3281:. Because MacPhail, who was an outspoken critic of integration, kept stalling, the committee never met. Under the guise of starting an all-black league, Rickey sent scouts all around the United States, Mexico and 2700:

while fulfilling their league obligations. In 1890, the Giants returned to their independent, barnstorming identity, and by 1892, they were the only black team in the East still in operation on a full-time basis.

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Early professional leagues cannot be called major or minor. Until the twentieth century, not one completed even half of its planned season. Two leagues can be considered the prototypes for Negro league baseball:

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held a special draft of the surviving Negro league players to acknowledge and rectify their exclusion from the major leagues on the basis of race. The idea of the special draft was conceived by Hall of Famer

2420:, they formed their own teams and had made professional teams by the 1880s. The first known baseball game between two black teams was held on November 15, 1859, in New York City. The Henson Base Ball Club of 2439:

period that followed, a black baseball scene formed in the East and Mid-Atlantic states. Comprising mainly ex-soldiers and promoted by some well-known black officers, teams such as the Jamaica Monitor Club,

5330: 8965: 6821: 3613: 8307: 8302: 2798:, a white businessman, rose to prominence in 1903 when they lost to the Cuban X-Giants in their version of the "Colored Championship". Leading the way for the Cubans was a young pitcher by the name of 6642: 6441:, by Quincy Trouppe. Memoir of a longtime Negro League player and manager, who played briefly as a 39-year-old rookie for the Cleveland Indians in 1952. Privately published, 1977; reprinted 1995. 8314: 3489:, 1937–1960 or so; after 1950, the league and its teams operated after a fashion, mostly as barnstorming units, but historians have a hard time deciding when the league actually came to an end. 2013: 8055: 3694:

By default, leagues established after integration are considered minor league, as is the one of two 1940s majors that continued after 1950. Also at this time, leagues began to appear in the

6486: 9585: 5892:, who also wrote a book about Negro leagues baseball that is filled with his paintings of the players and the lives they led as they traveled from town to town in their segregated league. 1945: 331: 3335: 2023: 8319: 2549:, the strongest minor league, and hit .340, third highest in the league. Several other black American players joined the International League the following season, including pitchers 2008: 3119:

Just like the major leagues, the Negro leagues saw many stars miss one or more seasons while fighting overseas. While many players were over 30 and considered "too old" for service,

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had no "written or moral obligations" to any other club. By the inclusion of this clause, precedent was set that would raze the Negro leagues as a functional commercial enterprise.

2479:, with the few black teams of the day playing not only each other but white teams as well. "Black teams earned the bulk of their income playing white independent 'semipro' clubs." 6816: 3607: 3441:

While organized leagues were common in black baseball, there were only seven leagues that are considered to be of the top quality of play at the time of their existence. In 2020,

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Foster also was able to turn around the business end of the team as well, by demanding and getting 40 percent of the gate instead of the 10 percent that Frank Leland was getting.

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When Foster joined the Leland Giants, he demanded that he be put in charge of not only the on-field activities but the bookings as well. Foster immediately turned the Giants into

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In February 2006, a committee of twelve baseball historians elected 17 more people from black baseball to the National Baseball Hall of Fame, twelve players and five executives.

3234:, was an intractable opponent of integrating the white majors. During his quarter-century tenure, he blocked all attempts at integrating the game. A popular story has it that in 3316: 661: 7990: 5052:

was the most recent former Negro league player to appear in a professional game when he made two appearances (one for each team) in the Northern League All-Star Game in 2006.

1307: 3011:. During this time, strong clubs would build teams that had potential to beat the teams in the major leagues with new players and tactics that many have never seen before. 2518: 720: 672: 10138: 3433:

were the last Negro league team still playing. The Clowns continued to play exhibition games into the 1980s, but as a humorous sideshow rather than a competitive sport.

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and his Homestead Grays. Posey, Charlie Walker, John Roesnik, George Rossiter, John Drew, Lloyd Thompson, and L.R. Williams got together in January 1932 and founded the

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come of age in the Negro National League. They finished in second place during the second half of the year due in large part to their pitcher turned center fielder,

2356:" was the accepted usage when referring to African-Americans. References to black baseball prior to the 1930s are usually to "colored" leagues or teams, such as the 2246: 1990: 2637:, and so on. The early "Cuban" teams were all composed of African Americans rather than Cubans; the purpose was to increase their acceptance with white patrons, as 5322: 3370:: They could not protect their own interests without seeming to interfere with the advancement of players to the majors. By 1948, the Dodgers, along with Veeck's 8972: 3477:, 1932; incorporated some teams from the NNL(I) and functioned for one year as a major league, was otherwise a minor league that played from 1920 into the 1940s. 3338:

to study integration of the major leagues. All this led to Rickey announcing the signing of Robinson much earlier than he would have liked. On October 23, 1945,

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1948. On May 28, 2024, Major League Baseball announced that it had integrated Negro league statistics into its records, which among other changes gives

7214: 3270: 3095:, except, unlike the big league method in which the sportswriters chose the players, the fans voted for the participants. The first game, known as the 3067:. On opening day, April 30, 1932, the pitcher-catcher battery was made up of the two most marketable icons in all of black baseball: Satchel Paige and 2763: 10675: 7803: 6938: 6637: 5199: 1985: 1865: 8297: 10099: 9618: 9050: 8845: 8085: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 3343: 3063:

made his first appearance as a Crawford. With Paige on his team, Greenlee took a huge risk by investing $ 100,000 in a new ballpark to be called

2696:. Despite the animosity between the two clubs, they managed to form a traveling team, the Colored All Americans. This enabled them to make money 2571:

when three clubs, the Keystone Athletics of Philadelphia, the Orions of Philadelphia, and the Manhattans of Washington, D.C., merged to form the

1181: 109: 9972: 8914: 8889: 6668: 5061: 3511: 2752: 2220: 2121: 868: 740: 594: 5810: 3625:, beginning 1946, all leagues simply lost elite players to white leagues, and historians do not consider any Negro league "major" after 1950. 9851: 9270: 9043: 8899: 8894: 7826: 7274: 2913:. As a dues-paying member of the association, it received the same protection from raiding parties as any team in the Negro National League. 2239: 577: 202: 6560: 9391: 8615: 8451: 8160: 8150: 7808: 7798: 6587: 5224: 3837:. Of the nine players selected, only Irvin and Paige spent any time in the integrated major leagues. The Veterans Committee later selected 2748: 2175: 2155: 1915: 1407: 1392: 879: 3875:

From 1995 to 2001, the Hall made a renewed effort to honor luminaries from the Negro leagues, one each year. There were seven selections:

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Baseball featuring African American players became professionalized by the 1870s. The first known professional black baseball player was

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by Bill Heward & Dimitri Gat (1974). The first white player with the Indianapolis Clowns tells of his 1973 season of barnstorming.

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The few players on the white minor league teams were constantly dodging verbal and physical abuse from both competitors and fans. The

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Because the original Cuban Giants were a popular and business success, many similarly named teams came into existence—including the

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was the last Negro league player to play in a Major League game when he appeared in two games for the Chicago White Sox in 1980.

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after only two weeks owing to low attendance. After several decades of mostly independent play by a variety of teams, the first

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traveling team. The All Nations team would eventually become one of the best-known and popular teams of the Negro leagues, the

1855: 1840: 1747: 373: 3002:, was formed to replace it. The makeup of the new ANL was nearly the same as the Eastern League, the exception being that the 2692:

was formed and it admitted two all-black teams to its otherwise all-white league, the Cuban Giants and their arch-rivals, the

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Negro League Baseball Project (3 interviews) via Western Historical Manuscript Collection – University of Missouri-St. Louis

2463:, at the landing of the Federal Street Ferry, because it was difficult to get permits for black baseball games in the city. 10418: 10400: 10061: 9479: 9474: 9396: 9329: 9038: 8815: 8800: 8664: 8573: 8568: 8502: 6963: 6720: 3771: 3767: 2273:. The term may be used broadly to include professional black teams outside the leagues and it may be used narrowly for the 1910: 1870: 1812: 1767: 627: 281: 250: 6546: 3516:

The NNL(I) and ECL champions met in a World Series, usually referred to as the "Colored World Series", from 1924 to 1927 (

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new team named the Chicago Giants, while Foster took the Leland Giants and started to encroach on Nat Strong's territory.

2444:, Philadelphia Excelsiors and Chicago Uniques started playing each other and any other team that would play against them. 10630: 9899: 9611: 9317: 8790: 8627: 8597: 8379: 7958: 7170: 5769: 5209: 4020:, Major League Baseball's eighth Commissioner and an Honorary Director of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. 4009: 3754: 3706: 3650: 3092: 2906: 2534: 1797: 1777: 1622: 1191: 1037: 408: 2313: 10265: 10260: 9725: 9486: 9153: 8780: 8674: 8590: 8434: 8215: 8015: 7166: 7144: 5952: 5830: 3197: 3080: 1925: 1905: 1459: 1324: 756: 500: 260: 147: 114: 10670: 9720: 9148: 8927: 7317: 6968: 6811: 6512: 6446: 6432: 6418: 6404: 6372: 6345: 6325: 6295: 6273: 6192: 6106: 6083: 6008: 5408: 4453: 3913: 3246:

and stock them with Negro league stars. However, when Landis got wind of his plans, he and National League president

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was formed in 1920. Ultimately, seven Negro major leagues existed at various times over the next thirty years. After

2301: 805: 637: 570: 6399:, as told to John Holway; a collection of first-person accounts of the Negro leagues by the men who played in them. 3357:, this time with much less fanfare. After the integration of the major leagues in 1947, marked by the appearance of 10324: 8855: 8820: 8805: 8563: 8165: 7409: 7379: 7195: 6924: 6580: 5115:, who, at 102 years of age at the time of the draft, was believed to be the oldest living professional ballplayer. 3592: 3535:

The NNL(II) and NAL also met in a World Series, usually referred to as the "Negro World Series" from 1942 to 1948 (

2372:" came into use which led to references to "Negro" leagues or teams. The black World Series was referred to as the 2215: 2151: 1762: 1412: 825: 725: 235: 3087:, the Indianapolis ABCs, the Baltimore Black Sox, the Brooklyn Royal Giants, Cole's American Giants (formerly the 9469: 9417: 8862: 8785: 8580: 8424: 8155: 8020: 7725: 7364: 3739:, 1951–1960 – considered a major league from 1937 until integration diminished the quality of play around 1950/51 3640:

were minor, due mainly to population and economic disparities. Below are some of the better-documented leagues:

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and Robert Higgins, but 1888 was the last season blacks were permitted in that or any other high minor league.

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When to Stop the Cheering?: The Black Press, the Black Community, and the Integration of Professional Baseball

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Just as Negro league baseball seemed to be at its lowest point and was about to fade into history, along came

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small towns and playing local semi-pro teams as well as league games. Two important leagues of this era are:

3285:, looking for the perfect candidate to break the color line. His list was eventually narrowed down to three: 3083:

which had disbanded a year earlier in 1932. The members of the new league were the Pittsburgh Crawfords, the

2619: 1817: 1787: 1772: 1757: 1732: 1712: 1334: 968: 835: 255: 245: 230: 5843: 2618:, applied for and was granted official minor league status and thus "protection" under the major league-led 10230: 8492: 8468: 8463: 8446: 8414: 8357: 7470: 7419: 7252: 3409:

The Negro National League folded after the 1948 season when the Grays withdrew to resume barnstorming, the

3216: 1845: 1737: 1722: 1707: 1674: 973: 652: 563: 326: 17: 10615: 9834: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9262: 8757: 8749: 8692: 8607: 8095: 8000: 7856: 7838: 7740: 7399: 7369: 7094: 7014: 6993: 6683: 6573: 6551: 6290:. Compiled and introduced by Jerry Malloy (Revised ed.). University of Nebraska Press. p. 187. 6261: 5875: 5194: 5088: 3785: 3096: 2413: 2068: 2058: 2053: 2048: 1792: 1264: 1055: 1025: 963: 912: 840: 730: 271: 240: 172: 6178: 10578: 10306: 9664: 9364: 9346: 9087: 8775: 8712: 8702: 8252: 8010: 7970: 7327: 7021: 6883: 6847: 5396: 4354: 4155: 4033: 3963: 3681: 3320: 2979: 2487: 2341: 2083: 2063: 1566: 1501: 1274: 1176: 1143: 930: 815: 10301: 10032: 10002: 9866: 9525: 9285: 8684: 8497: 8329: 7890: 7389: 7227: 7034: 3663: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 2962: 2950: 2898: 2583: 2038: 1782: 1742: 1031: 378: 9801: 9412: 9229: 5738: 2529:, were the first two recognizably black players in the major leagues. They both played for the 1884 9535: 9019: 8374: 7938: 7851: 7495: 7284: 7099: 7039: 7029: 6955: 6494: 6490: 6474: 3215:(WCBA); Saperstein was league president and Owens was vice-president and the owner of the league's 3140: 2629:, a splinter and a powerhouse around 1900; the Genuine Cuban Giants, the renamed Cuban Giants, the 2611: 1617: 1397: 1244: 1128: 902: 783: 611: 99: 59: 6536: 5323:"MLB Elevates Negro Leagues to 'Major League' Status, Giving Overdue Recognition to 3,400 Players" 10516: 10473: 10283: 9926: 9815: 8707: 8257: 7911: 7880: 7660: 7600: 7465: 7208: 6288:

Sol White's History of Colored Base Ball, with Other Documents on the Early Black Game, 1886–1936

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At first, the Hall of Fame planned a "separate but equal" display, which would be similar to the

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were scheduled to play the Newark Giants of the International League, which had Fleet Walker and

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The success of the Cubans led to the creation of the first recognized "Negro league" in 1887—the

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was on very friendly terms with the United States during those years. Beginning in 1899 several

10201: 9967: 9940: 9820: 9810: 9437: 9243: 9238: 8622: 8352: 7590: 7384: 7374: 7312: 7122: 7061: 6765: 6482: 5972:. Foreword by Jules Tyeiel (illustrated ed.). Enfield: National Geographic Books. p. 5904: 5391: 5128: 5092: 4912: 4685: 4325: 3947: 3880: 3637: 3633: 3456: 3422: 3350: 3328: 3112: 2560: 2538: 2510: 2456: 2365: 2324:

is generally considered the last Negro league season, although the last professional club, the

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Only the Ball Was White: A History of Legendary Black Players and All-Black Professional Teams

6187:(illustrated ed.). Cleveland, Ohio: Society for American Baseball Research. p. 382. 6024:(illustrated ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 5973: 5967: 5400: 4643: 3933: 3657:

major league in 1932 because it was the only league to play a full season schedule due to the

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Because black people were not being accepted into the major and minor baseball leagues due to

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The Monarchs 1920–1938 Featuring Wilber "Bullet" Rogan The Greatest Ballplayer in Cooperstown

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Other members of the Hall who played in both the Negro leagues and Major League Baseball are

3784:

made a strong plea for inclusion of Negro league stars in the Hall. After the publication of

3777: 3736: 3695: 3629: 3486: 3462: 3442: 3243: 3231: 3201: 3144: 2999: 2857: 2814: 2634: 2599: 2530: 2332: 2328:, operated as a humorous sideshow rather than competitively from the mid-1960s to the 1980s. 2317: 2293: 2289: 1454: 1444: 1339: 1123: 1113: 1013: 694: 319: 314: 197: 177: 132: 9790: 9700: 9695: 9322: 9218: 9128: 9123: 8939: 8347: 8110: 7921: 7873: 7745: 7635: 7540: 7307: 7297: 7269: 7134: 6988: 6857: 6842: 6775: 5231: 4932: 4891: 4821: 4777: 4504: 4483: 4440: 4377: 4199: 4068: 3712: 3644: 3468: 3309: 3185: 3156: 3048: 3033: 3008: 2846: 2689: 2591: 2546: 2425: 2373: 2210: 1662: 907: 699: 632: 358: 79: 5165:, during the celebration of the museum's twentieth anniversary. One of the stamps depicts 3632:

era (post-1900) are recognized as Negro minor leagues. A rule of thumb was leagues in the

8: 10498: 10436: 9957: 9711: 9686: 9573: 9545: 9540: 9530: 9248: 9139: 9114: 8722: 8080: 7995: 7475: 7264: 7154: 7084: 6647: 6229:(illustrated ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 375. 5155: 5144: 4953: 4798: 4390: 3900: 3797: 3622: 3430: 3331: 3084: 2938: 2924:'s territory. Connors, wanting to return the favor of helping him against Strong, raided 2902: 2791: 2514: 2417: 2325: 2281: 2078: 1556: 1518: 935: 766: 353: 64: 54: 40: 8727: 6822:

National Association of Colored Baseball Clubs of the United States and Cuba (1907–1909)

6427:, by Bob Motley. First-hand account of umpiring in the dying days of Negro league ball. 3385:

during the 1946 season, becoming the first white American to play in the Negro leagues.

3091:), and the Nashville Elite Giants. Greenlee also came up with the idea to duplicate the 1561: 10371: 10104: 10076: 10012: 8795: 8732: 8475: 7933: 7700: 7680: 7585: 7510: 7337: 7242: 7232: 7220: 7111: 7008: 6983: 6852: 6678: 6129: 5214: 5147: 4567: 4220: 3730: 3687: 3600: 3499: 3382: 3204:. It continued through 1948 with the NNL winning four championships and the NAL three. 3193: 3160: 2991: 2946: 2728:. Through Chicago's city government, Leland obtained a permit and lease to play at the 2697: 2665: 2654: 2650: 2460: 2436: 2432: 2377: 2297: 1449: 1234: 1001: 978: 667: 187: 167: 137: 69: 6065:

Out of the Shadows: African American Baseball from the Cuban Giants to Jackie Robinson

6045:"As It Celebrates the Centennial of the Negro Leagues, MLB May Undo a 'Major' Mistake" 5296: 5040:

was the last Negro league player to hold a regular position in Major League Baseball.

3304:

To throw off the press and keep his intentions hidden, Rickey got heavily involved in

2762:

After the 1898 season, the Page Fence Giants were forced to fold because of finances.

10081: 9780: 9341: 9208: 8242: 7963: 7625: 7595: 7190: 6947: 6442: 6428: 6414: 6400: 6368: 6341: 6321: 6291: 6269: 6230: 6188: 6165: 6164:. Studies in African American history and culture. New York: Routledge. p. 271. 6102: 6095: 6079: 6073: 6029: 6004: 5977: 5948: 5775: 5572: 5404: 5361: 5354:"As MLB changes its records, Josh Gibson replaces Ty Cobb as all-time batting leader" 4842: 4630: 3669: 3371: 3172: 2998:

After the Eastern League folded following the 1927 season, a new eastern league, the

2881: 2817:

out of business, and then he bought the club and turned it into a barnstorming team.

2795: 2767: 2756: 2607: 1254: 1095: 602: 430: 348: 157: 152: 6425:

Ruling Over Monarchs, Giants & Stars: Umpiring in the Negro Leagues & Beyond

3702:

and improved transportation modes. Below are some of the better-documented leagues:

1634: 10620: 9871: 9755: 9503: 9304: 9290: 9183: 8398: 8369: 8364: 8262: 8230: 8203: 7928: 7545: 7515: 7505: 7500: 7067: 6704: 5108: 4748: 4559: 4235: 4191: 3981: 3955: 3834: 3810: 3675: 3658: 3367: 3362: 3235: 3052: 3029: 3015: 3007:

were able to survive the hard economic turn that affected the country, such as the

2929: 2885: 2744: 2693: 2642: 2595: 2587: 2568: 2441: 2321: 2316:

began in the late 1940s, the quality of the Negro leagues slowly deteriorated; the

2305: 2270: 1629: 1486: 1314: 1249: 1229: 1138: 495: 460: 420: 296: 142: 5043: 5010: 4212: 3814: 3055:

from his numbers games. But, after learning about Posey's money-making machine in

9861: 9785: 9659: 9280: 9213: 9082: 8393: 8220: 8130: 8125: 8056:

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

7906: 7861: 7715: 7705: 7685: 7670: 7570: 7445: 7435: 7074: 6699: 6268:(reprint, illustrated ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 406. 5993:

The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues: The Other Half of Baseball History

5186: 5076: 5018: 4883: 4769: 4756: 4735: 4461: 4411: 4110: 4089: 4029: 3985: 3892: 3869: 3645:

Texas Colored League/Texas–Oklahoma–Louisiana League/Texas–Louisiana Negro League

3358: 3339: 3294: 3176: 3003: 2956: 2838: 2775: 2729: 2661:. Some of them included white Cuban players, and some were Negro league players. 2658: 2630: 2421: 1657: 1464: 1214: 1133: 553: 507: 9596: 10240: 10235: 10066: 9904: 9750: 9356: 9178: 8830: 8235: 8198: 8188: 7948: 7943: 7885: 7720: 7650: 7580: 7575: 7079: 7003: 6364: 5996: 5112: 5049: 4904: 4813: 4243: 4147: 3857: 3806: 3418: 3324: 3286: 3274: 3258: 3251: 3181: 3152: 3064: 2983: 2869: 2733: 2626: 2542: 2537:, which was considered a major league at the time. Then in 1886 second baseman 2495: 2464: 2405: 2353: 2116: 1541: 1511: 1269: 1259: 1090: 291: 89: 5961: 10649: 8997: 8983: 7788: 7770: 7760: 7730: 7675: 7630: 7615: 7560: 7550: 7535: 7485: 7480: 7450: 7247: 7175: 6998: 5365: 5246: 5242: 5158: 5104: 5100: 5072: 4995: 4714: 4609: 4588: 4546: 4474: 4419: 4308: 4285: 4277: 4178: 4132: 4059: 3917: 3838: 3802: 3410: 3390: 3278: 3247: 3168: 3148: 3132: 3100: 3060: 2971: 2877: 2873: 2868:. The league was initially composed of eight teams: Chicago American Giants, 2803: 2779: 2755:

to help them start a team financed by the Page Woven Wire Fence Company, the

2740: 2713: 2681: 2669: 2550: 2526: 2300:). The first professional baseball league consisting of all-black teams, the 2185: 2180: 440: 3614:

National Association of Colored Baseball Clubs of the United States and Cuba

3349:

Early in 1946, Rickey signed four more black players, Campanella, Newcombe,

10109: 9916: 9730: 9158: 9099: 9011: 8100: 7868: 7793: 7765: 7750: 7735: 7690: 7665: 7645: 7555: 7525: 7520: 7490: 7440: 7292: 6978: 6244: 6000: 5945:

The Negro Leagues Chronology: Events in Organized Black Baseball, 1920–1948

5889: 5080: 4693: 4601: 4580: 4432: 4369: 4346: 4170: 4102: 3959: 3929: 3896: 3888: 3884: 3830: 3826: 3781: 3305: 3290: 3044: 3040: 2987: 2806:(Frank Leland renamed his Chicago Union Giants the Leland Giants in 1905). 2771: 2721: 2572: 2567:

The first nationally known black professional baseball team was founded in

2522: 2499: 2448: 2369: 1669: 1481: 1209: 1072: 537: 517: 445: 343: 5743:

Organizing Black America: An Encyclopedia of African American Associations

3465:, 1929; was created from some of the ECL teams but lasted just one season. 3059:, he became obsessed with the sport and his Crawfords. On August 6, 1931, 2739:

After his stint with the Gorhams, Bud Fowler caught on with a team out of

2582:. It was organized strictly as a minor league and founded with six teams: 532: 522: 8120: 8105: 7953: 7916: 7755: 7710: 7695: 7460: 7455: 7302: 6561:

Black Diamonds: An Oral History of the Negro Leagues (six audio programs)

6254: 6209: 5386: 5166: 4966: 4925: 4727: 4706: 4496: 4256: 4123: 4081: 4017: 4001: 3977: 3973: 3921: 3865: 3853: 3842: 3822: 3818: 3354: 3282: 3208: 3120: 3068: 2842: 2799: 2556: 2337: 1835: 1491: 1344: 1224: 1008: 465: 435: 6565: 6133: 10353: 7655: 7640: 7610: 7605: 7354: 7322: 7161: 7129: 6817:

International League of Independent Professional Base Ball Clubs (1906)

6117: 5238: 5096: 5084: 5037: 4987: 4945: 4834: 4664: 4538: 4005: 3937: 3925: 3861: 3849: 3414: 3378: 3239: 3136: 3124: 2921: 2810: 2646: 2615: 2506: 2491: 2467:, the promoter of the Pythians, decided to apply for membership in the 940: 679: 512: 7991:

Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)

2732:, a 5,000-seat facility. Eventually, his team went pro and became the 2709: 2494:, the first professional black baseball player with one of his teams, 8269: 8115: 7620: 7404: 7342: 7237: 6283: 6183:; Negro Leagues Committee (1994). Clark, Dick; Lester, Larry (eds.). 5969:

Shades of Glory: The Negro Leagues and the Story of American Baseball

4790: 4517: 3995: 3951: 2925: 2724:

got some of Chicago's black businessmen to sponsor the black amateur

2673: 2165: 1506: 1239: 1018: 845: 480: 470: 415: 84: 74: 6916: 5075:. Each major league team drafted one player from the Negro leagues. 9771: 9199: 8742: 8737: 8247: 6493:

external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

5746: 5062:

2008 Major League Baseball draft § Negro Leagues Special Draft

4300: 3876: 3128: 2266: 1551: 1476: 1469: 455: 450: 425: 403: 8006:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

3196:

was revived in 1942, this time pitting the winners of the eastern

2672:, allowing legal discrimination against blacks. On July 14, 1887, 2563:, possibly the first African-American major league baseball player 7359: 5815: 3051:. Greenlee's main interest in baseball was to use it as a way to 2606:. Two more joined before the season but never played a game, the 2452: 2451:, which had an African-American population of 22,000. Two former 2401: 1639: 945: 490: 485: 475: 6526: 3608:

International League of Independent Professional Base Ball Clubs

2774:

for the Page Fence Giants, reformed the team under the name the

527: 9741: 9169: 8193: 6021:

Negro League Baseball: The Rise and Ruin of a Black Institution

5811:"MLB officially designates the Negro Leagues as 'Major League'" 3599:

Eventually, some teams were able to survive and even profit by

3023: 2344:

at .466 (1943) and the highest career batting average at .372.

1546: 542: 3992:

Pre-Negro league executive, manager, player, and historian (1)

8005: 6204:

The Negro Baseball Leagues: A Photographic History, 1867–1955

3377:

The Negro leagues also "integrated" around the same time, as

2941:, Brooklyn Royal Giants, New York Cuban Stars, Hilldale, and 1319: 5569:

Cap Anson 4: Bigger Than Babe Ruth: Captain Anson of Chicago

3079:. The name of the new league was the same as the old league 2911:

National Association of Colored Professional Base Ball Clubs

2901:, the National Guard still occupied the Giants' home field, 2866:

National Association of Colored Professional Base Ball Clubs

2668:

removed the few remaining obstacles from the South enacting

8050: 6097:

The Biographical Encyclopedia of the Negro Baseball Leagues

5991:

Holway, John (2001). Johnson, Lloyd; Borst, Rachel (eds.).

4012:, is the first woman elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame. 3192:, a minor league similar to the Negro Southern League. The 2638: 1349: 5793: 5791: 2385:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

6381:

John "Buck" O'Neil: The Rookie, The Man, The Legacy, 1938

6332:

Don't Look Back: Satchel Paige in the Shadows of the Game

3761: 3429:

The last All-Star game was held in 1962, and by 1966 the

2304:, was organized strictly as a minor league but failed in 6541: 5591: 5589: 5541: 5107:) were among the players selected. Also drafted, by the 4008:) and business manager of the Newark Eagles club in the 2352:

During the formative years of black baseball, the term "

6531: 5788: 5697: 5673: 5264: 5262: 4860:

career but started their careers in the Negro leagues.

2747:, Fowler was persuaded by two white local businessmen, 2455:

players, James H. Francis and Francis Wood, formed the

5905:"#4466 – 2010 44c Negro Leagues Baseball: Rube Foster" 5606: 5604: 5279: 5277: 2837:

to appeal to a larger fan base. During the same year,

2447:

By the end of the 1860s, the black baseball mecca was

5716: 5637: 5586: 5455: 3219:

franchise. The WCBA disbanded after only two months.

2275:

seven relatively successful leagues beginning in 1920

6552:

For Negro League Players, a Measure of Recognition,

5685: 5661: 5649: 5517: 5505: 5486: 5259: 5176: 3471:, 1932; ceased operations midway through the season. 3327:

banning discrimination in hiring. At the same time,

3077:

National Organization of Professional Baseball Clubs

2368:(1923), among others. By the 20s or 30s, the term " 6354:

Andrew "Rube" Foster: A Harvest on Freedom's Fields

6249:

We Are the Ship: The Story of Negro League Baseball

6003:. Fern Park, Florida: Hastings House. p. 510. 5625: 5601: 5529: 5417: 5274: 2277:that are sometimes termed "Negro Major Leagues". 2142:

Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers

6390:Wilber "Bullet" Rogan and the Kansas City Monarchs 6094: 5474: 9626: 6477:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines 5436: 5200:List of first black Major League Baseball players 3493: 10647: 8041:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 5771:Pride and Prejudice: The Biography of Larry Doby 4023: 2856:On February 13 and 14, 1920, talks were held in 10100:All-American Girls Professional Baseball League 8086:Black players in professional American football 8036:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 6807:Southern League of Colored Base Ballists (1886) 2391: 110:All-American Girls Professional Baseball League 10571: 6669:List of Negro league baseball postseason games 5831:"Winfield's Brainchild Thrills Negro Leaguers" 3512:List of Negro league baseball postseason games 3267:Major League Committee on Baseball Integration 2274: 869:Education of freed people during the Civil War 9612: 8966: 6932: 6581: 5552:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHoganfirst2006 ( 3805:in 1971, followed by (in alphabetical order) 2240: 571: 10192: 7799:Historically black colleges and universities 6879:West Coast Negro Baseball Association (1946) 5888:The stamps were created by San Diego artist 5871:"Negro Leagues players get stamp on history" 5774:. New York: Praeger Publishers. p. 40. 5225:Ted Williams Museum and Hitters Hall of Fame 5138: 3265:In March 1945, the white majors created the 3024:Satchel Paige, Josh Gibson, and Gus Greenlee 3020:announced the end of Negro National League. 2970:Although this was a strong beginning to the 2920:as an associate member to move further into 2513:club in April 1878 and then pitched for the 2509:, who appeared in a handful of games with a 880:Historically black colleges and universities 9066: 6282: 3396: 3346:announced that, "We are signing this boy." 864:Education during the slave period in the US 9619: 9605: 8973: 8959: 6939: 6925: 6588: 6574: 6063:Malloy, Jerry (2005). Kirwin, Bill (ed.). 5844:"New stamps honors Negro Leagues Baseball" 5733: 5731: 5547: 5497:sfn error: no target: CITEREFLanctot2004 ( 5466:sfn error: no target: CITEREFLanctot2004 ( 5428:sfn error: no target: CITEREFLanctot2004 ( 5055: 4856:The below players were inducted for their 3323:in 1945. This followed the passing of the 2247: 2233: 1187:National Black Caucus of State Legislators 578: 564: 9581:National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum 8016:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC) 6595: 6542:Center for Negro League Baseball Research 6532:Negro League Baseball Players Association 6513:Learn how and when to remove this message 6042: 5964:National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum 5566: 3577:List of minor Negro league baseball teams 3308:'s newest foray into black baseball, the 2469:National Association of Base Ball Players 643:Slavery in the colonial history of the US 10676:History of baseball in the United States 9564:History of baseball in the United States 6812:National Colored Base Ball League (1887) 6260: 6071: 6067:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 5797: 5708:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHogan2006 ( 5447:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHogan2006 ( 5320: 3587:Southern League of Colored Base Ballists 2955: 2708: 2685:the "hazards" imposed by such athletes. 2614:. The league, led by Walter S. Brown of 2555: 2486: 2482: 2400: 2358:Southern League of Colored Base Ballists 10611:Asia Professional Baseball Championship 10028:Panamanian Professional Baseball League 10023:Nicaraguan Professional Baseball League 9978:Venezuelan Professional Baseball League 6527:Black Baseball's Negro Baseball Leagues 6312:Josh Gibson: The Power and the Darkness 6159: 6075:A Complete History of the Negro Leagues 6017: 5868: 5728: 5492: 5461: 5423: 5249:(the only women to play in the leagues) 3506:List of Negro league baseball champions 3250:scuttled it in favor of another bid by 2645:played in North America, including the 2340:the highest single-season major league 14: 10648: 10008:Colombian Professional Baseball League 9963:Dominican Professional Baseball League 8915:Topics related to the African diaspora 8021:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) 6884:Negro American Association (1948–1949) 6537:Negro Leagues Baseball Museum web site 6243: 6224: 6181:Society for American Baseball Research 6115: 6062: 5990: 5942: 5850:. PRNewswire-USNewswire. July 17, 2010 5722: 5691: 5679: 5667: 5655: 5643: 5631: 5610: 5595: 5535: 5385: 5333:from the original on December 16, 2020 5283: 5103:(who went on to a legendary career in 5032: 3762:The Negro leagues and the Hall of Fame 3698:, just as in other sports, due to the 3570: 3436: 3315:Pressured by civil rights groups, the 2961:The two opposing teams line up at the 2766:, a black businessman in Chicago, and 374:Society for American Baseball Research 9600: 8954: 8895:Landmark African-American legislation 6946: 6920: 6569: 6092: 5767: 5761: 5703: 5523: 5511: 5480: 5442: 5345: 5268: 5205:List of Negro league baseball players 3845:on the basis of meritorious service. 3719:West Coast Negro Baseball Association 3232:Commissioner of Major League Baseball 3103:in Chicago before a crowd of 20,000. 1385:Athletic associations and conferences 874:History of African-American education 221:World Baseball Softball Confederation 10419:Chinese Professional Baseball League 10401:Chinese Professional Baseball League 10018:Curaçao Professional Baseball League 8026:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) 6457: 5321:Anderson, R.J. (December 16, 2020). 5227:(including "The Negro Leagues" wing) 4028:Players whose careers also included 3772:1971 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting 3768:2006 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting 1308:Association for the Study of African 282:European Baseball Championship Women 251:South American Baseball Championship 10631:Triple-A National Championship Game 8380:African-American Vernacular English 5947:. London: McFarland & Company. 5210:List of Negro league baseball teams 3755:Negro National Baseball Association 3672:, 1926 and 1940 (mixed-race league) 3207:In 1946, Saperstein partnered with 3093:Major League Baseball All-Star Game 2916:Foster then admitted John Connors' 2122:Race and ethnicity in the US census 1623:African-American Vernacular English 1192:National Conference of Black Mayors 24: 8298:U.S. cities with large populations 8001:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 6148: 5622:Chicago Defender May 8, 1920, p 16 5351: 4036:teams are noted with a dagger(†). 3222: 3211:to form another Negro league, the 3099:, was held September 10, 1933, at 2853:to start a Negro baseball league. 1325:National Black Chamber of Commerce 261:Baseball at the Pan American Games 25: 10687: 10661:African-American cultural history 7171:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 7167:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 6974:African American founding fathers 6889:Negro American League (1951–1960) 6874:Negro Southern League (1945–1951) 6848:Negro American Association (1939) 6838:Negro Southern League (1920–1936) 6453: 6387: 6378: 6351: 6215: 6201: 5739:"West Coast Baseball Association" 3623:integration of Organized Baseball 2580:National Colored Base Ball League 2431:Immediately after the end of the 2362:National Colored Base Ball League 2314:integration of organized baseball 2302:National Colored Base Ball League 2029:Places by plurality of population 695:Civil rights movement (1954–1968) 685:Civil rights movement (1865–1896) 638:Abolitionism in the United States 10598: 8982: 8933: 8051:United Negro College Fund (UNCF) 7196:Nadir of American race relations 6858:United States League (1945–1946) 6843:Texas Colored League (1919–1931) 6643:Negro leaguers who played in MLB 6462: 5179: 3636:were major while leagues in the 3593:National Colored Baseball League 2743:. While his team was playing in 2265:were United States professional 2204: 726:Black Belt in the American South 236:Africa Cup Baseball Championship 10666:African-American sports history 7057:Civil rights movement 1954–1968 7047:Civil rights movement 1865–1896 6306:Biographies and autobiographies 5936: 5915: 5897: 5862: 5836: 5823: 5803: 5616: 5560: 3743:Arkansas–Louisiana–Texas League 3402:allowed to fade into oblivion. 3213:West Coast Baseball Association 3106: 3014:On March 26, 1932, the Chicago 2704: 1330:National Council of Negro Women 10177:China National Baseball League 8046:Thurgood Marshall College Fund 7052:Civil right movement 1896–1954 5379: 5314: 5289: 3494:Colored and Negro World Series 3336:Mayor's Commission on Baseball 3257:After Landis's death in 1944, 2918:Atlantic City Bacharach Giants 2785: 2396: 2280:In the late 19th century, the 2127:Racism against Black Americans 277:European Baseball Championship 13: 1: 10325:Japan Women's Baseball League 10139:List of defunct minor leagues 10120:United States Baseball League 9628:Professional baseball leagues 8989:Baseball in the United States 8226:Cherokee freedmen controversy 7202:The Negro Motorist Green Book 5869:Krueger, Anne (May 6, 2010). 5833:, Yahoo! Sports, June 4, 2008 5768:Moore, Joseph Thomas (1988). 5567:Rosenberg, Howard W. (2006). 5253: 5220:Negro Leagues Baseball Museum 5163:Negro Leagues Baseball Museum 5125:Negro Leagues Baseball Museum 4024:Table of Hall of Fame players 4004:, co-owner (with her husband 3628:A number of leagues from the 3317:Fair Employment Practices Act 3188:) started a new circuit, the 2891: 1335:National Pan-Hellenic Council 384:Major League Baseball seasons 256:Oceania Baseball Championship 10231:Nippon Professional Baseball 9639: 6227:The Negro Leagues, 1869–1960 6179:Clark, Dick; Lester, Larry; 5943:Hauser, Christopher (2006). 5923:"Born Sept. 17: Rube Foster" 5235:, 2007 book by Joe Posnanski 3944:Pre-Negro league players (5) 3242:planned to buy the moribund 2884:, Kansas City Monarchs, and 2392:History of the Negro leagues 2347: 2269:leagues comprising teams of 2137:School segregation in the US 1675:Black American Sign Language 1649:Languages and other dialects 327:Nippon Professional Baseball 7: 10616:Asia Winter Baseball League 10556: 9973:Puerto Rico Baseball League 8096:Black players in ice hockey 8031:National Urban League (NUL) 7857:American Society of Muslims 7095:Selma to Montgomery marches 7015:Brown v. Board of Education 6334:. Mark Ribowsky. Biography. 6314:. Mark Ribowsky. Biography. 6251:. Jump at the Sun/Hyperion. 6154:Histories and encyclopedias 5876:The San Diego Union-Tribune 5571:. Tile Books. p. 560. 5172: 3970:Negro league executives (4) 3653:, 1920–1936 – considered a 2864:and its governing body the 2424:, defeated the Unknowns of 2376:from 1924 to 1927, and the 2286:excluding African Americans 964:African-American businesses 241:Asian Baseball Championship 10: 10692: 10579:Australian Baseball League 10458: 10307:Shikoku Island League Plus 9365:Little League World Series 9347:Collegiate summer baseball 8253:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 8011:Nashville Student Movement 7022:Children of the plantation 6786:Negro National League (II) 6693:International competitions 6638:First black players in MLB 6078:. Carol Publishing Group. 5059: 3780:induction speech in 1966, 3765: 3707:Negro Southern League (II) 3682:Negro American Association 3574: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3481:Negro National League (II) 3321:New York State Legislature 3217:Portland (Oregon) Rosebuds 1502:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 1177:Congressional Black Caucus 1144:African Diaspora Religions 931:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 246:Women's Baseball Asian Cup 231:Women's Baseball World Cup 215:International competitions 10606: 10597: 10593: 10564: 10555: 10551: 10525: 10507: 10489: 10482: 10466: 10457: 10453: 10427: 10409: 10391: 10384: 10362: 10344: 10337: 10315: 10302:Baseball Challenge League 10292: 10274: 10251: 10221: 10214: 10185: 10169: 10160: 10156: 10128: 10090: 10052: 10045: 10003:Argentine Baseball League 9993: 9948: 9939: 9880: 9842: 9833: 9799: 9769: 9739: 9709: 9684: 9675: 9647: 9638: 9634: 9586:Comparison of MLB and NPB 9556: 9526:1974 Amateur World Series 9430: 9405: 9384: 9377: 9355: 9303: 9261: 9227: 9197: 9167: 9137: 9112: 9098: 9059: 9031: 9004: 8995: 8923: 8890:Index of related articles 8768: 8683: 8407: 8340: 8278: 8178: 8139: 8071: 8064: 7979: 7899: 7891:Doctrine of Father Divine 7837: 7779: 7428: 7283: 7275:Women's suffrage movement 7228:Reconstruction Amendments 7035:Voting Rights Act of 1965 6954: 6901: 6866: 6853:Negro Major League (1942) 6830: 6799: 6781:Negro Southern League (I) 6761:Negro National League (I) 6753: 6746: 6713: 6692: 6661: 6603: 6286:; Malloy, Jerry (1995) . 6118:"OAH Magazine of History" 5139:Postage stamp recognition 5118: 3664:Negro Southeastern League 3651:Negro Southern League (I) 3451:Negro National League (I) 3047:, had just purchased the 3043:, a reputed gangster and 2963:1924 Colored World Series 2899:Chicago Race Riot of 1919 2584:Baltimore Lord Baltimores 2527:Welday Wilberforce Walker 2519:International Association 2009:US states and territories 1310:American Life and History 1032:Lift Every Voice and Sing 741:Treatment of the enslaved 10671:Defunct baseball leagues 10161: 9020:Commissioner of Baseball 8940:United States portal 8375:African-American English 7804:Inventors and scientists 7496:George Washington Carver 7100:Chicago Freedom Movement 6674:List of league champions 6338:Maybe I'll Pitch Forever 6093:Riley, James A. (1994). 3910:Negro league players (7) 3397:End of the Negro leagues 3039:Across town from Posey, 2612:Washington Capital Citys 2408:, black baseball pioneer 2294:affiliated minor leagues 2211:United States portal 1618:African-American English 1129:African-American Muslims 690:Jim Crow era (1896–1954) 60:1845 to 1868 in baseball 27:African American leagues 10517:Honkbal Overgangsklasse 10474:Italian Baseball League 10284:Miyazaki Phoenix League 9927:Venezuelan Major League 9816:Dominican Summer League 8863:African-American firsts 7912:Back-to-Africa movement 7881:Black Hebrew Israelites 7661:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 7209:Partus sequitur ventrem 6684:East–West All-Star Game 6257:for best baseball book. 6225:Heaphy, Leslie (2003). 6212:for best baseball book. 6160:Carroll, Brian (2007). 6072:Ribowsky, Mark (1995). 6043:Lindbergh, Ben (2020). 6018:Lanctot, Neil (2008) . 5195:East–West All-Star Game 5056:2008 Major League draft 4975:Birmingham Black Barons 4652:Chicago American Giants 4526:Chicago American Giants 4399:New York Lincoln Giants 4334:Chicago American Giants 4265:Chicago American Giants 3790:Only the Ball was White 3725:East Texas Negro League 3269:. Its members included 3228:Judge Kenesaw M. Landis 3097:East–West All-Star Game 3089:Chicago American Giants 2986:, and their shortstop, 2943:New York Lincoln Giants 2860:, that established the 2835:Chicago American Giants 2678:Chicago White Stockings 2435:in 1865 and during the 2296:(collectively known as 2132:Reparations for slavery 1220:Back-to-Africa movement 1119:Black Hebrew Israelites 997:African-American beauty 287:European Cup (baseball) 35:Part of a series on the 10202:Israel Baseball League 10033:Veracruz Winter League 9968:Mexican Pacific League 9821:Florida Complex League 9811:Arizona Complex League 9438:World Baseball Classic 9244:Florida Complex League 9239:Arizona Complex League 8831:Spingarn Medal winners 8320:States and territories 8091:Black NFL quarterbacks 7591:Martin Luther King Jr. 7123:Dred Scott v. Sandford 7062:Montgomery bus boycott 6766:Eastern Colored League 6721:List of teams by state 6411:Some Are Called Clowns 6185:The Negro Leagues Book 6116:Tygiel, Jules (1992). 6101:. Carroll & Graf. 5143:On July 17, 2010, the 5129:18th and Vine District 5097:Mack "The Knife" Pride 4913:Wash/Balt Elite Giants 4309:Brooklyn/Newark Eagles 3841:, as well as choosing 3457:Eastern Colored League 3423:New York Black Yankees 3113:Attack on Pearl Harbor 2967: 2809:Around the same time, 2717: 2564: 2561:Moses Fleetwood Walker 2523:Moses Fleetwood Walker 2511:Chelsea, Massachusetts 2502: 2457:Pythian Base Ball Club 2416:which established the 2409: 2366:Eastern Colored League 1602:Dialects and languages 762:Second Great Migration 226:World Baseball Classic 10656:Negro league baseball 10626:Latin American Series 10535:Honkbal Rookie League 10072:Negro league baseball 9890:Cuban National Series 9882:Non-partnered leagues 9761:South Atlantic League 9655:Major League Baseball 9569:Negro league baseball 9189:South Atlantic League 9077:Major League Baseball 8141:Athletic associations 8076:Negro league baseball 7847:African-American Jews 7566:Ketanji Brown Jackson 7531:Henry Highland Garnet 7390:Negro National Anthem 7140:George Floyd protests 7105:Post–civil rights era 6791:Negro American League 6771:American Negro League 6597:Negro league baseball 5929:. September 16, 2016. 5301:Baseball Hall of Fame 5154:pair of 44-cent U.S. 5133:Kansas City, Missouri 5068:Major League Baseball 4858:Major League Baseball 4286:Newark Dodgers/Eagles 4010:Negro National League 3778:Baseball Hall of Fame 3737:Negro American League 3487:Negro American League 3475:Negro Southern League 3463:American Negro League 3443:Major League Baseball 3244:Philadelphia Phillies 3202:Negro American League 3198:Negro National League 3081:Negro National League 3000:American Negro League 2959: 2907:Negro Southern League 2862:Negro National League 2858:Kansas City, Missouri 2815:Brooklyn Royal Giants 2712: 2635:Brooklyn Royal Giants 2600:Philadelphia Pythians 2559: 2531:Toledo Blue Stockings 2490: 2483:Professional baseball 2404: 2333:Major League Baseball 2318:Negro American League 2310:Negro National League 2290:Major League Baseball 2014:US metropolitan areas 1841:List of neighborhoods 1455:Alabama Creole people 1445:African-American Jews 1377:Negro league baseball 1340:National Urban League 1292:Civic/economic groups 1124:African-American Jews 1014:African-American hair 876:, after the Civil War 705:Post–civil rights era 369:Baseball Hall of Fame 339:Negro league baseball 315:Major League Baseball 10467:Italy and San Marino 10115:National Association 10062:American Association 9910:Liga Norte de México 9852:American Association 9791:Florida State League 9701:Pacific Coast League 9696:International League 9323:College World Series 9271:American Association 9219:Florida State League 9129:Pacific Coast League 9124:International League 8348:Afro-Seminole Creole 7874:Azusa Street Revival 7746:Booker T. Washington 7270:Underground Railroad 7135:Free people of color 6989:Atlantic slave trade 6483:improve this article 5962:Hogan, Lawrence B.; 5232:The Soul of Baseball 4933:Kansas City Monarchs 4892:Kansas City Monarchs 4875:Negro league career 4822:Kansas City Monarchs 4778:Kansas City Monarchs 4505:Kansas City Monarchs 4484:Kansas City Monarchs 4441:Kansas City Monarchs 4378:Kansas City Monarchs 4200:Pittsburgh Crawfords 4069:Kansas City Monarchs 3749:Eastern Negro League 3713:United States League 3684:, 1939 and 1948–1949 3310:United States League 3190:Negro Midwest League 3186:Harlem Globetrotters 3049:Pittsburgh Crawfords 3009:Kansas City Monarchs 2847:Kansas City Monarchs 2800:Andrew "Rube" Foster 2726:Union Base Ball Club 2714:Chicago Union Giants 2690:Middle States League 2643:Cuban baseball teams 2604:Pittsburgh Keystones 2592:Louisville Fall City 2547:International League 2535:American Association 2426:Weeksville, Brooklyn 2388:historic artifacts. 2374:Colored World Series 2171:Criminal stereotypes 1946:District of Columbia 1663:Afro-Seminole Creole 1105:Non-Christian groups 700:Black power movement 664:during the Civil War 633:Atlantic slave trade 363:(documentary series) 80:Alexander Cartwright 10499:Honkbal Hoofdklasse 10437:Taiwan Major League 9958:Arizona Fall League 9922:United Shore League 9844:MLB Partner Leagues 9574:Baseball color line 9531:Global World Series 9413:Minor league awards 9378:Awards & honors 9249:Arizona Fall League 8743:Trinidad and Tobago 8358:Black American Sign 8185:By African descent 8179:Ethnic subdivisions 8166:Southwestern (SWAC) 8081:Baseball color line 7996:Black Panther Party 7900:Political movements 7817:in computer science 7476:Carol Moseley Braun 7265:Tulsa race massacre 7258:Treatment of slaves 7090:March on Washington 7085:Birmingham movement 6495:footnote references 6361:I Was Right On Time 5749:. February 10, 2005 5145:U.S. Postal Service 5033:Last Negro leaguers 4954:Indianapolis Clowns 4799:Philadelphia Giants 4644:Cristóbal Torriente 4391:Smokey Joe Williams 3934:Cristóbal Torriente 3901:Smokey Joe Williams 3798:Ford C. Frick Award 3571:Minor Negro leagues 3437:Major Negro leagues 3431:Indianapolis Clowns 3085:Columbus Blue Birds 2939:Baltimore Black Sox 2792:Philadelphia Giants 2515:Lynn, Massachusetts 2380:from 1942 to 1948. 2326:Indianapolis Clowns 2282:baseball color line 1567:Sierra Leone Creole 1528:Specific ancestries 1413:Southwestern (SWAC) 936:Black History Month 767:New Great Migration 721:Agriculture history 354:Baseball color line 65:Knickerbocker Rules 41:History of baseball 10372:KBO Futures League 10105:Continental League 10013:Cuban Elite League 9487:Pan American Games 8841:US representatives 8836:US cabinet members 8728:Dominican Republic 8315:Metropolitan areas 8156:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 7981:Civic and economic 7959:Self-determination 7780:Education, science 7701:Fred Shuttlesworth 7681:A. Philip Randolph 7586:Coretta Scott King 7511:Frederick Douglass 7338:Harlem Renaissance 7243:Separate but equal 7233:Reconstruction era 7221:Plessy v. Ferguson 7112:Cornerstone Speech 7026:Civil Rights Acts 7009:Black Lives Matter 6984:American Civil War 6731:minor league teams 6726:major league teams 6679:Negro World Series 6554:The New York Times 6340:by Satchel Paige. 5706:, pp. 284–85. 5358:The New York Times 5215:Negro World Series 5127:is located in the 4872:Negro league team 4673:Philadelphia Stars 4568:Cuban Stars (West) 4221:Cuban Stars (East) 3731:Negro Texas League 3688:Negro Major League 3500:Negro World Series 3383:Cleveland Buckeyes 3374:, had integrated. 3319:was passed by the 3194:Negro World Series 3111:With the Japanese 2992:William C. Hueston 2968: 2718: 2666:Compromise of 1877 2655:Cuban Stars (East) 2651:Cuban Stars (West) 2620:National Agreement 2565: 2503: 2461:Camden, New Jersey 2433:American Civil War 2410: 2378:Negro World Series 2331:In December 2020, 2298:organized baseball 1576:Sexual orientation 1450:Afro-Puerto Ricans 1403:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 1038:Self-determination 1002:Black is beautiful 668:Reconstruction era 268:(1992–2008, 2020–) 148:Dominican Republic 70:Massachusetts Game 10643: 10642: 10639: 10638: 10589: 10588: 10585: 10584: 10547: 10546: 10543: 10542: 10449: 10448: 10445: 10444: 10380: 10379: 10333: 10332: 10210: 10209: 10152: 10151: 10148: 10147: 10082:Union Association 10041: 10040: 9935: 9934: 9895:Curaçao AA League 9829: 9828: 9781:California League 9594: 9593: 9426: 9425: 9418:Collegiate awards 9373: 9372: 9299: 9298: 9257: 9256: 9209:California League 8948: 8947: 8776:African Americans 8648:Dallas–Fort Worth 8243:Black Southerners 8174: 8173: 7626:Thurgood Marshall 7596:Bernard Lafayette 7191:Million Man March 6948:African Americans 6914: 6913: 6897: 6896: 6738:Timeline of teams 6523: 6522: 6515: 6439:20 Years Too Soon 6236:978-0-7864-1380-5 6171:978-0-415-97938-2 6122:The Negro Leagues 6035:978-0-8122-2027-8 5983:978-0-7922-5306-8 5682:, pp. 71–72. 5578:978-0-9725574-3-6 5093:James "Red" Moore 5066:On June 5, 2008, 5030: 5029: 4854: 4853: 4843:Page Fence Giants 4803:1887, 1891, 1894, 4631:Indianapolis ABCs 3788:'s landmark book 3670:Interstate League 3372:Cleveland Indians 3173:Howard Easterling 2882:Indianapolis ABCs 2796:Walter Schlichter 2768:John W. Patterson 2757:Page Fence Giants 2608:Cincinnati Browns 2525:and his brother, 2459:. They played in 2271:African Americans 2257: 2256: 2194: 2193: 2092: 2091: 1866:Dallas-Fort Worth 1683: 1682: 1593: 1592: 1537:Americo-Liberians 1420: 1419: 1358: 1357: 1283: 1282: 1152: 1151: 1096:Womanist theology 1046: 1045: 988:Symbols and ideas 774: 773: 653:Antebellum period 648:Revolutionary War 603:African Americans 588: 587: 431:Vintage base ball 364: 349:Women in baseball 16:(Redirected from 10683: 10621:Caribbean Series 10595: 10594: 10574: 10569: 10568: 10553: 10552: 10528: 10510: 10492: 10487: 10486: 10455: 10454: 10430: 10412: 10394: 10389: 10388: 10365: 10347: 10342: 10341: 10318: 10295: 10277: 10254: 10224: 10219: 10218: 10195: 10190: 10189: 10158: 10157: 10131: 10093: 10055: 10050: 10049: 9996: 9951: 9946: 9945: 9883: 9872:MLB Draft League 9845: 9840: 9839: 9804: 9774: 9756:Northwest League 9744: 9714: 9689: 9682: 9681: 9636: 9635: 9621: 9614: 9607: 9598: 9597: 9557:Related articles 9504:Caribbean Series 9382: 9381: 9291:MLB Draft League 9232: 9202: 9184:Northwest League 9172: 9142: 9117: 9110: 9109: 9096: 9095: 9064: 9063: 9024: 9016: 9005:Governing bodies 8987: 8986: 8975: 8968: 8961: 8952: 8951: 8938: 8937: 8936: 8900:Lynching victims 8399:Louisiana Creole 8370:American English 8258:Louisiana Creole 8231:Choctaw freedmen 8069: 8068: 7606:Huddie Ledbetter 7546:Fannie Lou Hamer 7516:W. E. B. Du Bois 7506:Claudette Colvin 7501:Shirley Chisholm 7318:Family structure 7186:Military history 7068:Browder v. Gayle 6941: 6934: 6927: 6918: 6917: 6867:Post-integration 6776:East–West League 6751: 6750: 6705:Serie Monumental 6590: 6583: 6576: 6567: 6566: 6518: 6511: 6507: 6504: 6498: 6466: 6465: 6458: 6393: 6384: 6357: 6320:by John Holway. 6301: 6279: 6262:Peterson, Robert 6252: 6240: 6221: 6207: 6206:. Amereon House. 6198: 6175: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6112: 6100: 6089: 6068: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6039: 6014: 5987: 5958: 5931: 5930: 5927:linns stamp news 5919: 5913: 5912: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5885: 5883: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5840: 5834: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5807: 5801: 5795: 5786: 5785: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5735: 5726: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5647: 5641: 5635: 5629: 5623: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5599: 5593: 5584: 5582: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5490: 5484: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5272: 5266: 5189: 5184: 5183: 5182: 5109:New York Yankees 5099:and his brother 4863: 4862: 4614:1921, 1923–1944 4424:1920–1942, 1945 4382:1917, 1920–1938 4361:1942, 1944–1948 4359:1923, 1924–1936, 4315:1941–1943, 1946, 4290:1933–1939, 1942, 4236:John Henry Lloyd 4227:1935–1936, 1945 4192:Oscar Charleston 4160:1922–1938, 1942, 4073:1927–1953, 1965 4039: 4038: 3835:John Henry Lloyd 3811:Oscar Charleston 3676:Tri State League 3659:Great Depression 3469:East–West League 3381:pitched for the 3368:no-win situation 3363:Brooklyn Dodgers 3271:Joseph P. Rainey 3184:(famous for the 3034:East–West League 3030:Cumberland Posey 2930:Hilldale Daisies 2909:joined Foster's 2903:Schorling's Park 2886:St. Louis Giants 2764:Alvin H. Garrett 2745:Adrian, Michigan 2694:New York Gorhams 2596:New York Gorhams 2588:Boston Resolutes 2442:Albany Bachelors 2249: 2242: 2235: 2209: 2208: 2207: 2156:media depictions 2105: 2104: 2000:Population count 1696: 1695: 1630:Liberian English 1609:English dialects 1606: 1605: 1562:Samaná Americans 1487:Creoles of color 1433: 1432: 1371: 1370: 1315:Black conductors 1296: 1295: 1165: 1164: 1139:Louisiana Voodoo 1061: 1060: 806:Family structure 789: 788: 736:Military history 731:Business history 662:military history 617: 616: 590: 589: 580: 573: 566: 421:British baseball 379:Baseball by year 362: 297:Caribbean Series 105:First pro league 32: 31: 21: 10691: 10690: 10686: 10685: 10684: 10682: 10681: 10680: 10646: 10645: 10644: 10635: 10602: 10581: 10573:MLB-affiliated: 10572: 10560: 10539: 10526: 10521: 10508: 10503: 10490: 10478: 10462: 10441: 10428: 10423: 10410: 10405: 10392: 10376: 10363: 10358: 10345: 10329: 10316: 10311: 10293: 10288: 10275: 10270: 10252: 10247: 10222: 10206: 10193: 10181: 10165: 10144: 10129: 10124: 10091: 10086: 10077:Players' League 10053: 10037: 9994: 9989: 9949: 9931: 9881: 9876: 9862:Frontier League 9857:Atlantic League 9843: 9825: 9800: 9795: 9786:Carolina League 9770: 9765: 9740: 9735: 9726:Southern League 9710: 9705: 9685: 9671: 9665:National League 9660:American League 9643: 9630: 9625: 9595: 9590: 9552: 9422: 9401: 9369: 9351: 9295: 9281:Frontier League 9276:Atlantic League 9253: 9228: 9223: 9214:Carolina League 9198: 9193: 9168: 9163: 9154:Southern League 9138: 9133: 9113: 9094: 9088:National League 9083:American League 9055: 9027: 9022: 9015:(international) 9014: 9000: 8991: 8981: 8979: 8949: 8944: 8934: 8932: 8919: 8885:Historic places 8878:US state firsts 8764: 8679: 8403: 8336: 8308:2010 majorities 8303:2000 majorities 8274: 8221:Black Seminoles 8170: 8161:Southern (SIAC) 8144: 8143:and conferences 8142: 8135: 8131:Serena Williams 8126:Jackie Robinson 8060: 7984: 7982: 7975: 7895: 7862:Nation of Islam 7833: 7781: 7775: 7716:Sojourner Truth 7706:Clarence Thomas 7671:Gabriel Prosser 7571:Michael Jackson 7446:Crispus Attucks 7436:Ralph Abernathy 7424: 7380:Musical theater 7279: 7145:Great Migration 7117:COVID-19 impact 7075:Sit-in movement 6950: 6945: 6915: 6910: 6893: 6862: 6826: 6795: 6742: 6709: 6700:American Series 6688: 6657: 6611:List of players 6599: 6594: 6519: 6508: 6502: 6499: 6480: 6471:This article's 6467: 6463: 6456: 6397:Blackball Stars 6388:Dixon, Phil S. 6379:Dixon, Phil S. 6352:Dixon, Phil S. 6298: 6276: 6253:2008 winner of 6237: 6220:. Mariah Press. 6216:Dixon, Phil S. 6208:1992 winner of 6202:Dixon, Phil S. 6195: 6172: 6151: 6149:Further reading 6138: 6136: 6109: 6086: 6053: 6051: 6036: 6011: 5999:; afterword by 5984: 5955: 5939: 5934: 5921: 5920: 5916: 5903: 5902: 5898: 5881: 5879: 5867: 5863: 5853: 5851: 5842: 5841: 5837: 5828: 5824: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5796: 5789: 5782: 5766: 5762: 5752: 5750: 5737: 5736: 5729: 5721: 5717: 5707: 5702: 5698: 5690: 5686: 5678: 5674: 5666: 5662: 5654: 5650: 5646:, pp. 5–6. 5642: 5638: 5630: 5626: 5621: 5617: 5609: 5602: 5594: 5587: 5579: 5565: 5561: 5551: 5548:Hoganfirst 2006 5546: 5542: 5534: 5530: 5522: 5518: 5510: 5506: 5496: 5491: 5487: 5479: 5475: 5465: 5464:, pp. 3–4. 5460: 5456: 5446: 5441: 5437: 5427: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5392:Made in America 5384: 5380: 5370: 5368: 5352:Kepner, Tyler. 5350: 5346: 5336: 5334: 5319: 5315: 5305: 5303: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5282: 5275: 5271:, p. XVII. 5267: 5260: 5256: 5187:Baseball portal 5185: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5141: 5121: 5064: 5058: 5035: 5019:New York Cubans 5001: 4884:Jackie Robinson 4804: 4770:J. L. Wilkinson 4757:Homestead Grays 4736:New York Cubans 4462:Homestead Grays 4412:Turkey Stearnes 4360: 4355:St. Louis Stars 4316: 4314: 4291: 4226: 4161: 4156:St. Louis Stars 4138: 4111:Homestead Grays 4090:Homestead Grays 4034:National League 4030:American League 4026: 3986:J. L. Wilkinson 3893:Turkey Stearnes 3870:Jackie Robinson 3786:Robert Peterson 3774: 3764: 3579: 3573: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3439: 3399: 3359:Jackie Robinson 3340:Montreal Royals 3295:Jackie Robinson 3225: 3223:Integration era 3200:and midwestern 3109: 3026: 3004:Homestead Grays 2980:St. Louis Stars 2977: 2966: 2894: 2872:, Cuban Stars, 2839:J. L. Wilkinson 2788: 2776:Columbia Giants 2730:South Side Park 2707: 2659:New York Cubans 2631:Columbia Giants 2485: 2422:Jamaica, Queens 2399: 2394: 2364:(1887) and the 2350: 2342:batting average 2253: 2205: 2203: 2196: 2195: 2190: 2146: 2102: 2094: 2093: 2088: 2033: 1995: 1971:Omaha, Nebraska 1936:Historic places 1930: 1822: 1693: 1685: 1684: 1679: 1644: 1603: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1571: 1523: 1465:Black Seminoles 1430: 1429:Sub-communities 1422: 1421: 1408:Southern (SIAC) 1368: 1360: 1359: 1354: 1309: 1293: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1196: 1162: 1154: 1153: 1148: 1134:Nation of Islam 1100: 1077: 1058: 1048: 1047: 1042: 983: 950: 917: 889: 850: 826:Musical theater 786: 776: 775: 757:Great Migration 614: 584: 554:Baseball portal 548: 547: 508:Danish longball 399: 389: 388: 310: 302: 301: 266:Summer Olympics 216: 208: 207: 128: 120: 119: 50: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10689: 10679: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10658: 10641: 10640: 10637: 10636: 10634: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10607: 10604: 10603: 10591: 10590: 10587: 10586: 10583: 10582: 10577: 10575: 10566: 10562: 10561: 10549: 10548: 10545: 10544: 10541: 10540: 10538: 10537: 10531: 10529: 10523: 10522: 10520: 10519: 10513: 10511: 10505: 10504: 10502: 10501: 10495: 10493: 10484: 10480: 10479: 10477: 10476: 10470: 10468: 10464: 10463: 10451: 10450: 10447: 10446: 10443: 10442: 10440: 10439: 10433: 10431: 10425: 10424: 10422: 10421: 10415: 10413: 10407: 10406: 10404: 10403: 10397: 10395: 10386: 10382: 10381: 10378: 10377: 10375: 10374: 10368: 10366: 10360: 10359: 10357: 10356: 10350: 10348: 10339: 10335: 10334: 10331: 10330: 10328: 10327: 10321: 10319: 10313: 10312: 10310: 10309: 10304: 10298: 10296: 10290: 10289: 10287: 10286: 10280: 10278: 10272: 10271: 10269: 10268: 10266:Western League 10263: 10261:Eastern League 10257: 10255: 10249: 10248: 10246: 10245: 10244: 10243: 10241:Pacific League 10238: 10236:Central League 10227: 10225: 10216: 10212: 10211: 10208: 10207: 10205: 10204: 10198: 10196: 10187: 10183: 10182: 10180: 10179: 10173: 10171: 10167: 10166: 10154: 10153: 10150: 10149: 10146: 10145: 10143: 10142: 10134: 10132: 10126: 10125: 10123: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10096: 10094: 10088: 10087: 10085: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10067:Federal League 10064: 10058: 10056: 10054:MLB-recognized 10047: 10043: 10042: 10039: 10038: 10036: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 9999: 9997: 9991: 9990: 9988: 9987: 9986: 9985: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9954: 9952: 9950:MLB-affiliated 9943: 9937: 9936: 9933: 9932: 9930: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9913: 9912: 9905:Mexican League 9902: 9897: 9892: 9886: 9884: 9878: 9877: 9875: 9874: 9869: 9867:Pioneer League 9864: 9859: 9854: 9848: 9846: 9837: 9831: 9830: 9827: 9826: 9824: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9807: 9805: 9797: 9796: 9794: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9777: 9775: 9767: 9766: 9764: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9751:Midwest League 9747: 9745: 9737: 9736: 9734: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9721:Eastern League 9717: 9715: 9707: 9706: 9704: 9703: 9698: 9692: 9690: 9679: 9673: 9672: 9670: 9669: 9668: 9667: 9662: 9651: 9649: 9645: 9644: 9632: 9631: 9624: 9623: 9616: 9609: 9601: 9592: 9591: 9589: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9577: 9576: 9571: 9560: 9558: 9554: 9553: 9551: 9550: 9549: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9528: 9523: 9522: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9501: 9500: 9499: 9494: 9484: 9483: 9482: 9477: 9467: 9466: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9434: 9432: 9428: 9427: 9424: 9423: 9421: 9420: 9415: 9409: 9407: 9403: 9402: 9400: 9399: 9394: 9388: 9386: 9379: 9375: 9374: 9371: 9370: 9368: 9367: 9361: 9359: 9353: 9352: 9350: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9338: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9326: 9325: 9309: 9307: 9301: 9300: 9297: 9296: 9294: 9293: 9288: 9286:Pioneer League 9283: 9278: 9273: 9267: 9265: 9259: 9258: 9255: 9254: 9252: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9235: 9233: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9205: 9203: 9195: 9194: 9192: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9179:Midwest League 9175: 9173: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9149:Eastern League 9145: 9143: 9135: 9134: 9132: 9131: 9126: 9120: 9118: 9107: 9093: 9092: 9091: 9090: 9085: 9072: 9070: 9061: 9057: 9056: 9054: 9053: 9048: 9047: 9046: 9035: 9033: 9032:National teams 9029: 9028: 9026: 9025: 9023:(professional) 9017: 9008: 9006: 9002: 9001: 8996: 8993: 8992: 8978: 8977: 8970: 8963: 8955: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8942: 8930: 8924: 8921: 8920: 8918: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8881: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8860: 8859: 8858: 8853: 8851:Visual artists 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8811:Mathematicians 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8772: 8770: 8766: 8765: 8763: 8762: 8761: 8760: 8752: 8747: 8746: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8717: 8716: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8689: 8687: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8661: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8635: 8630: 8628:South Carolina 8625: 8620: 8619: 8618: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8598:North Carolina 8595: 8594: 8593: 8583: 8578: 8577: 8576: 8566: 8561: 8560: 8559: 8551: 8550: 8549: 8543:Massachusetts 8541: 8540: 8539: 8529: 8524: 8523: 8522: 8512: 8507: 8506: 8505: 8495: 8490: 8489: 8488: 8478: 8473: 8472: 8471: 8461: 8460: 8459: 8454: 8444: 8439: 8438: 8437: 8432: 8422: 8417: 8411: 8409: 8405: 8404: 8402: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8390: 8389: 8388: 8387: 8385:social context 8382: 8372: 8362: 8361: 8360: 8350: 8344: 8342: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8334: 8333: 8332: 8327: 8317: 8312: 8311: 8310: 8305: 8295: 8294: 8293: 8282: 8280: 8276: 8275: 8273: 8272: 8267: 8266: 8265: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8239: 8238: 8236:Creek Freedmen 8233: 8228: 8223: 8213: 8211:Alabama Creole 8208: 8207: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8182: 8180: 8176: 8175: 8172: 8171: 8169: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8151:Central (CIAA) 8147: 8145: 8140: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8072: 8066: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7987: 7985: 7980: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7973: 7968: 7967: 7966: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7944:Pan-Africanism 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7925: 7924: 7914: 7909: 7903: 7901: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7893: 7888: 7886:Black theology 7883: 7878: 7877: 7876: 7866: 7865: 7864: 7859: 7849: 7843: 7841: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7831: 7830: 7829: 7827:in STEM fields 7824: 7819: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7785: 7783: 7782:and technology 7777: 7776: 7774: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7721:Harriet Tubman 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7651:Michelle Obama 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7581:Barbara Jordan 7578: 7576:Harriet Jacobs 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7466:Amelia Boynton 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7432: 7430: 7429:Notable people 7426: 7425: 7423: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7365:LGBT community 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7346: 7345: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7289: 7287: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7261: 7260: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7217: 7212: 7205: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7164: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7152: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7108: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7080:Freedom Riders 7077: 7072: 7064: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7043: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7024: 7019: 7011: 7006: 7004:Black genocide 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6960: 6958: 6952: 6951: 6944: 6943: 6936: 6929: 6921: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6908: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6870: 6868: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6834: 6832: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6803: 6801: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6757: 6755: 6748: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6740: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6728: 6717: 6715: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6707: 6702: 6696: 6694: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6665: 6663: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6607: 6605: 6601: 6600: 6593: 6592: 6585: 6578: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6558: 6556:, 30 June 2010 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6521: 6520: 6475:external links 6470: 6468: 6461: 6455: 6454:External links 6452: 6451: 6450: 6436: 6422: 6408: 6394: 6385: 6383:. Authorhouse. 6376: 6358: 6349: 6335: 6329: 6318:Josh and Satch 6315: 6303: 6302: 6296: 6280: 6274: 6258: 6241: 6235: 6222: 6213: 6199: 6193: 6176: 6170: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6145: 6113: 6107: 6090: 6084: 6069: 6060: 6040: 6034: 6015: 6009: 5995:. Foreword by 5988: 5982: 5959: 5954:978-0786442362 5953: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5932: 5914: 5896: 5861: 5835: 5822: 5802: 5800:, p. 279. 5787: 5780: 5760: 5727: 5725:, p. 404. 5715: 5696: 5684: 5672: 5660: 5648: 5636: 5624: 5615: 5600: 5598:, p. 474. 5585: 5577: 5559: 5540: 5528: 5526:, p. 808. 5516: 5514:, p. 294. 5504: 5485: 5473: 5454: 5435: 5416: 5409: 5397:William Morrow 5378: 5344: 5313: 5288: 5273: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5250: 5236: 5228: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5174: 5171: 5159:postage stamps 5140: 5137: 5120: 5117: 5113:Emilio Navarro 5077:Bobo Henderson 5060:Main article: 5057: 5054: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5016: 5013: 5007: 5006: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4972: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4951: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4930: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4910: 4907: 4905:Roy Campanella 4901: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4889: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4852: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4840: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4819: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4775: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4754: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4733: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4712: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4691: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4670: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4649: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4628: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4607: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4586: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4565: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4544: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4523: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4502: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4481: 4478: 4471: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4459: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4438: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4417: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4396: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4375: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4331: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4318: 4311: 4306: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4270: 4267: 4262: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4244:Lincoln Giants 4241: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4197: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4176: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4150: 4148:Cool Papa Bell 4144: 4143: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4127: 4120: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4108: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4087: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4066: 4063: 4056: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4025: 4022: 3999: 3998: 3993: 3989: 3988: 3971: 3967: 3966: 3945: 3941: 3940: 3911: 3858:Roy Campanella 3807:Cool Papa Bell 3763: 3760: 3759: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3692: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3648: 3618: 3617: 3611: 3597: 3596: 3590: 3572: 3569: 3498:Main article: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3438: 3435: 3419:Houston, Texas 3398: 3395: 3325:Quinn-Ives Act 3287:Roy Campanella 3275:Larry MacPhail 3259:Happy Chandler 3252:William D. Cox 3224: 3221: 3182:Abe Saperstein 3108: 3105: 3065:Greenlee Field 3045:numbers runner 3025: 3022: 2984:Cool Papa Bell 2960: 2893: 2890: 2870:Chicago Giants 2787: 2784: 2734:Chicago Unions 2720:Also in 1888, 2706: 2703: 2627:Cuban X-Giants 2543:Buffalo Bisons 2484: 2481: 2475:thrived under 2465:Octavius Catto 2437:Reconstruction 2406:Octavius Catto 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2349: 2346: 2255: 2254: 2252: 2251: 2244: 2237: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2224: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2198: 2197: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2148: 2147: 2145: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2117:Black genocide 2113: 2110: 2109: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2090: 2089: 2087: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2024:US communities 2021: 2016: 2011: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1981:South Carolina 1978: 1976:North Carolina 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1929: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1824: 1823: 1821: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1798:South Carolina 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1778:North Carolina 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1681: 1680: 1678: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1643: 1642: 1637: 1635:Samaná English 1632: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1590: 1588: 1587: 1585:LGBT community 1581: 1578: 1577: 1573: 1572: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1542:Creek Freedmen 1539: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1525: 1524: 1522: 1521: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1512:Carmel Indians 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1467: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1393:Central (CIAA) 1387: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1355: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1280: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1260:Pan-Africanism 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1197: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1149: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1102: 1101: 1099: 1098: 1093: 1091:Black theology 1087: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1076: 1075: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1059: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1044: 1043: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1028: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1011: 1006: 1005: 1004: 993: 990: 989: 985: 984: 982: 981: 976: 971: 966: 960: 957: 956: 955:Economic class 952: 951: 949: 948: 943: 938: 933: 927: 924: 923: 919: 918: 916: 915: 910: 905: 899: 896: 895: 894:Academic study 891: 890: 888: 887: 882: 877: 871: 866: 860: 857: 856: 852: 851: 849: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 797: 794: 793: 787: 782: 781: 778: 777: 772: 771: 770: 769: 764: 759: 751: 750: 746: 745: 744: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 715: 714: 710: 709: 708: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 676: 675: 665: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 622: 621: 615: 610: 609: 606: 605: 599: 598: 586: 585: 583: 582: 575: 568: 560: 557: 556: 550: 549: 546: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 504: 503: 498: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 412: 411: 400: 395: 394: 391: 390: 387: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 335: 334: 324: 323: 322: 311: 308: 307: 304: 303: 300: 299: 294: 292:WBSC Premier12 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 217: 214: 213: 210: 209: 206: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 129: 126: 125: 122: 121: 118: 117: 115:Team nicknames 112: 107: 102: 100:First pro team 97: 92: 90:Doubleday myth 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 51: 48: 47: 44: 43: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10688: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10653: 10651: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10608: 10605: 10601: 10596: 10592: 10580: 10576: 10570: 10567: 10563: 10559: 10554: 10550: 10536: 10533: 10532: 10530: 10524: 10518: 10515: 10514: 10512: 10506: 10500: 10497: 10496: 10494: 10488: 10485: 10481: 10475: 10472: 10471: 10469: 10465: 10461: 10456: 10452: 10438: 10435: 10434: 10432: 10429:Defunct major 10426: 10420: 10417: 10416: 10414: 10408: 10402: 10399: 10398: 10396: 10390: 10387: 10383: 10373: 10370: 10369: 10367: 10361: 10355: 10352: 10351: 10349: 10343: 10340: 10336: 10326: 10323: 10322: 10320: 10314: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10299: 10297: 10291: 10285: 10282: 10281: 10279: 10273: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10258: 10256: 10250: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10233: 10232: 10229: 10228: 10226: 10220: 10217: 10213: 10203: 10200: 10199: 10197: 10194:Defunct major 10191: 10188: 10184: 10178: 10175: 10174: 10172: 10168: 10164: 10159: 10155: 10141: 10140: 10136: 10135: 10133: 10127: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10097: 10095: 10089: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10059: 10057: 10051: 10048: 10044: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 10000: 9998: 9992: 9984: 9983:Liga Paralela 9981: 9980: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9955: 9953: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9938: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9911: 9908: 9907: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9900:Empire League 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9887: 9885: 9879: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9849: 9847: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9832: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9798: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9768: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9738: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9708: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9674: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9657: 9656: 9653: 9652: 9650: 9646: 9642: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9622: 9617: 9615: 9610: 9608: 9603: 9602: 9599: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9566: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9559: 9555: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9533: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9506: 9505: 9502: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9489: 9488: 9485: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9472: 9471: 9470:Olympic Games 9468: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9440: 9439: 9436: 9435: 9433: 9431:Hosted events 9429: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9410: 9408: 9404: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9389: 9387: 9383: 9380: 9376: 9366: 9363: 9362: 9360: 9358: 9354: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9324: 9321: 9320: 9319: 9316: 9315: 9314: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9306: 9302: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9268: 9266: 9264: 9260: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9226: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9196: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9166: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9136: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9111: 9108: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9080: 9079: 9078: 9074: 9073: 9071: 9069: 9065: 9062: 9058: 9052: 9049: 9045: 9042: 9041: 9040: 9037: 9036: 9034: 9030: 9021: 9018: 9013: 9010: 9009: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8998:WBSC Americas 8994: 8990: 8985: 8976: 8971: 8969: 8964: 8962: 8957: 8956: 8953: 8941: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8925: 8922: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8910:Neighborhoods 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8873:Sports firsts 8871: 8869: 8866: 8865: 8864: 8861: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8778: 8777: 8774: 8773: 8771: 8767: 8759: 8756: 8755: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8720: 8718: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8695: 8694: 8691: 8690: 8688: 8686: 8682: 8676: 8675:West Virginia 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8640: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8617: 8614: 8613: 8612:Pennsylvania 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8592: 8591:New York City 8589: 8588: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8558: 8555: 8554: 8552: 8548: 8545: 8544: 8542: 8538: 8535: 8534: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8521: 8518: 8517: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8504: 8501: 8500: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8487: 8484: 8483: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8470: 8467: 8466: 8465: 8462: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8449: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8436: 8435:San Francisco 8433: 8431: 8428: 8427: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8408:By state/city 8406: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8377: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8367: 8366: 8363: 8359: 8356: 8355: 8354: 8353:American Sign 8351: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8339: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8322: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8300: 8299: 8296: 8292: 8289: 8288: 8287: 8286:Neighborhoods 8284: 8283: 8281: 8277: 8271: 8268: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8218: 8217: 8216:Black Indians 8214: 8212: 8209: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8186: 8184: 8183: 8181: 8177: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8138: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8073: 8070: 8067: 8063: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7978: 7972: 7969: 7965: 7962: 7961: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7923: 7920: 7919: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7898: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7875: 7872: 7871: 7870: 7867: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7854: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7844: 7842: 7840: 7836: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7794:Black schools 7792: 7790: 7789:Black studies 7787: 7786: 7784: 7778: 7772: 7771:Whitney Young 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7761:Oprah Winfrey 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7731:Denmark Vesey 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7676:Joseph Rainey 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7631:Toni Morrison 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7616:Joseph Lowery 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7561:Jesse Jackson 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7551:Kamala Harris 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7536:Marcus Garvey 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7486:Blanche Bruce 7484: 7482: 7481:Edward Brooke 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7471:James Bradley 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7451:James Baldwin 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7427: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7395:Neighborhoods 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7344: 7341: 7340: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7286: 7282: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7259: 7256: 7255: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7248:Silent Parade 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7210: 7206: 7204: 7203: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7176:Jim Crow laws 7174: 7172: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7059: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6999:Black cowboys 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6942: 6937: 6935: 6930: 6928: 6923: 6922: 6919: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6900: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6865: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6831:Minor leagues 6829: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6800:Proto-leagues 6798: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6756: 6754:Major leagues 6752: 6749: 6745: 6739: 6736: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6712: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6691: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6660: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6612: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6591: 6586: 6584: 6579: 6577: 6572: 6571: 6568: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6517: 6514: 6506: 6496: 6492: 6491:inappropriate 6488: 6484: 6478: 6476: 6469: 6460: 6459: 6448: 6447:1-883-98207-3 6444: 6440: 6437: 6434: 6433:1-59670-236-2 6430: 6426: 6423: 6420: 6419:0-690-00469-9 6416: 6412: 6409: 6406: 6405:0-88736-094-7 6402: 6398: 6395: 6391: 6386: 6382: 6377: 6374: 6373:0-684-83247-X 6370: 6366: 6362: 6359: 6355: 6350: 6347: 6346:0-8032-8732-1 6343: 6339: 6336: 6333: 6330: 6327: 6326:0-88184-817-4 6323: 6319: 6316: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6307: 6299: 6297:0-8032-9783-1 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6275:0-19-507637-0 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6256: 6250: 6246: 6245:Nelson, Kadir 6242: 6238: 6232: 6228: 6223: 6219: 6214: 6211: 6205: 6200: 6196: 6194:0-7867-0959-6 6190: 6186: 6182: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6163: 6158: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6114: 6110: 6108:0-7867-0959-6 6104: 6099: 6098: 6091: 6087: 6085:1-55972-283-5 6081: 6077: 6076: 6070: 6066: 6061: 6050: 6046: 6041: 6037: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6022: 6016: 6012: 6010:0-8038-2007-0 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5989: 5985: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5956: 5950: 5946: 5941: 5940: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5910: 5906: 5900: 5893: 5891: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5865: 5849: 5848:affrodite.net 5845: 5839: 5832: 5826: 5818: 5817: 5812: 5806: 5799: 5798:Ribowsky 1995 5794: 5792: 5783: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5764: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5734: 5732: 5724: 5719: 5711: 5705: 5700: 5694:, p. 75. 5693: 5688: 5681: 5676: 5670:, p. 72. 5669: 5664: 5658:, p. 15. 5657: 5652: 5645: 5640: 5633: 5628: 5619: 5612: 5607: 5605: 5597: 5592: 5590: 5583:, pp. 436–37. 5580: 5574: 5570: 5563: 5555: 5550:, p. 89. 5549: 5544: 5537: 5532: 5525: 5520: 5513: 5508: 5500: 5494: 5489: 5482: 5477: 5469: 5463: 5458: 5450: 5444: 5439: 5431: 5425: 5420: 5412: 5410:0-380-71381-0 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5382: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5348: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5317: 5302: 5298: 5297:"Rube Foster" 5292: 5286:, p. 21. 5285: 5280: 5278: 5270: 5265: 5263: 5258: 5248: 5247:Connie Morgan 5244: 5243:Mamie Johnson 5240: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5188: 5177: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5156:commemorative 5153: 5149: 5146: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5105:country music 5102: 5101:Charley Pride 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5073:Dave Winfield 5069: 5063: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5045: 5044:Minnie Miñoso 5041: 5039: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5011:Minnie Miñoso 5009: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4997: 4996:Newark Eagles 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4943: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4807: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4715:Newark Eagles 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4610:Newark Eagles 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4589:Hilldale Club 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4547:Hilldale Club 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4475:Willard Brown 4473: 4472: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4420:Detroit Stars 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4278:Ray Dandridge 4276: 4275: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4229: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4213:Martín Dihigo 4211: 4210: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4179:Hilldale Club 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4134: 4133:Newark Eagles 4131: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4060:Satchel Paige 4058: 4057: 4053: 4050: 4048:Primary team 4047: 4044: 4041: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4021: 4019: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3918:Willard Brown 3915: 3912: 3909: 3908: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3839:Ray Dandridge 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3815:Martín Dihigo 3812: 3808: 3804: 3803:Satchel Paige 3799: 3794: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3769: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3700:post-War boom 3697: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3624: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3568: 3564: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3447: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3427: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3411:Newark Eagles 3407: 3403: 3394: 3392: 3391:Ford C. Frick 3386: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3345: 3344:Hector Racine 3341: 3337: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3279:Branch Rickey 3276: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3260: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3169:Lick Carlisle 3166: 3162: 3161:Lyman Bostock 3158: 3154: 3150: 3149:Willard Brown 3146: 3142: 3141:Hank Thompson 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3114: 3104: 3102: 3101:Comiskey Park 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3061:Satchel Paige 3058: 3054: 3053:launder money 3050: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3021: 3019: 3018: 3012: 3010: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2978:1925 saw the 2975: 2973: 2972:Negro Leagues 2964: 2958: 2954: 2952: 2949:beginning in 2948: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2878:Detroit Stars 2875: 2874:Dayton Marcos 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2830: 2826: 2823: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2805: 2804:Leland Giants 2801: 2797: 2793: 2783: 2781: 2780:Leland Giants 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2741:Findlay, Ohio 2737: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2688:In 1888, the 2686: 2683: 2682:George Stovey 2679: 2675: 2671: 2670:Jim Crow laws 2667: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2552: 2551:George Stovey 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2389: 2386: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2288:from play in 2287: 2283: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2263:Negro leagues 2259: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2238: 2236: 2231: 2230: 2228: 2227: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2202: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2187: 2186:Minstrel show 2184: 2182: 2181:Magical Negro 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2161: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2106: 2098: 2097: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2044: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1998: 1992: 1991:West Virginia 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1927: 1926:San Francisco 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1906:New York City 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1831: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1697: 1689: 1688: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1653: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1607: 1599: 1598: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1580: 1579: 1575: 1574: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1557:Nova Scotians 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1526: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1461: 1460:Black Indians 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1440: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1426: 1425: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1398:HBCU (HBCUAC) 1396: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1384: 1383: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1364: 1363: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1306: 1305: 1303: 1302: 1299:Organizations 1298: 1297: 1289: 1288: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1172: 1171: 1168:Organizations 1167: 1166: 1158: 1157: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1109: 1108: 1104: 1103: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1086: 1085: 1081: 1080: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1068: 1067: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1051: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1003: 1000: 999: 998: 995: 994: 992: 991: 987: 986: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 961: 959: 958: 954: 953: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 928: 926: 925: 921: 920: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 900: 898: 897: 893: 892: 886: 883: 881: 878: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 861: 859: 858: 854: 853: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 836:Neighborhoods 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 798: 796: 795: 791: 790: 785: 780: 779: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 754: 753: 752: 748: 747: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 718: 717: 716: 712: 711: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 674: 671: 670: 669: 666: 663: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 625: 624: 623: 619: 618: 613: 608: 607: 604: 601: 600: 596: 592: 591: 581: 576: 574: 569: 567: 562: 561: 559: 558: 555: 552: 551: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 502: 499: 497: 494: 493: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 441:Over-the-line 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 410: 407: 406: 405: 402: 401: 398: 397:Related games 393: 392: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 361: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 333: 330: 329: 328: 325: 321: 318: 317: 316: 313: 312: 306: 305: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 218: 212: 211: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 193:United States 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 130: 124: 123: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 66: 63: 61: 58: 56: 53: 52: 46: 45: 42: 39: 38: 34: 33: 30: 19: 10600:Inter-league 10599: 10557: 10459: 10162: 10137: 10110:Cuban League 10071: 9917:Pecos League 9731:Texas League 9640: 9568: 9159:Texas League 9075: 9068:Professional 9060:Competitions 9012:USA Baseball 8826:Sportspeople 8796:Billionaires 8713:Sierra Leone 8616:Philadelphia 8452:Jacksonville 8279:Demographics 8111:Jack Johnson 8101:Muhammad Ali 8075: 7934:Conservatism 7869:Black church 7766:Andrew Young 7751:Ida B. Wells 7741:David Walker 7736:C. T. Vivian 7691:Paul Robeson 7686:Hiram Revels 7666:Colin Powell 7646:Barack Obama 7601:James Lawson 7556:Jimi Hendrix 7526:James Farmer 7521:Medgar Evers 7491:Ralph Bunche 7441:Maya Angelou 7415:Middle class 7293:Afrofuturism 7219: 7207: 7200: 7121: 7066: 7013: 6979:Afrocentrism 6969:Abolitionism 6596: 6553: 6509: 6500: 6485:by removing 6472: 6438: 6424: 6410: 6396: 6392:. McFarland. 6389: 6380: 6360: 6353: 6337: 6331: 6317: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6287: 6265: 6248: 6226: 6217: 6203: 6184: 6161: 6153: 6152: 6137:. Retrieved 6128:(1): 24–27. 6125: 6121: 6096: 6074: 6064: 6052:. Retrieved 6048: 6020: 6001:Ted Williams 5992: 5968: 5944: 5937:Bibliography 5926: 5917: 5908: 5899: 5890:Kadir Nelson 5887: 5880:. Retrieved 5874: 5864: 5852:. Retrieved 5847: 5838: 5825: 5814: 5805: 5770: 5763: 5751:. Retrieved 5742: 5718: 5699: 5687: 5675: 5663: 5651: 5639: 5634:, p. 6. 5627: 5618: 5613:, p. 5. 5568: 5562: 5543: 5538:, p. 3. 5531: 5519: 5507: 5495:, p. 3. 5493:Lanctot 2004 5488: 5483:, p. 4. 5476: 5462:Lanctot 2004 5457: 5445:, p. 6. 5438: 5426:, p. 4. 5424:Lanctot 2004 5419: 5390: 5387:Bryson, Bill 5381: 5369:. Retrieved 5357: 5347: 5337:December 18, 5335:. Retrieved 5326: 5316: 5306:December 10, 5304:. Retrieved 5300: 5291: 5230: 5142: 5122: 5081:Joe B. Scott 5065: 5048: 5042: 5036: 4855: 4694:Cuban Giants 4602:Mule Suttles 4581:Louis Santop 4433:Hilton Smith 4370:Bullet Rogan 4347:Willie Wells 4171:Judy Johnson 4103:Buck Leonard 4027: 4014: 4000: 3960:Louis Santop 3930:Mule Suttles 3905: 3897:Willie Wells 3889:Hilton Smith 3885:Bullet Rogan 3874: 3847: 3831:Buck Leonard 3827:Judy Johnson 3795: 3789: 3782:Ted Williams 3775: 3693: 3654: 3630:major-league 3627: 3619: 3616:, 1907–1909. 3601:barnstorming 3598: 3580: 3565: 3534: 3515: 3483:, 1933–1948. 3459:, 1923–1928. 3453:, 1920–1931. 3440: 3428: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3387: 3376: 3348: 3314: 3306:Gus Greenlee 3303: 3299: 3291:Don Newcombe 3264: 3256: 3230:, the first 3226: 3206: 3118: 3110: 3107:World War II 3073: 3041:Gus Greenlee 3038: 3027: 3016: 3013: 2997: 2988:Willie Wells 2976: 2969: 2947:World Series 2935: 2915: 2895: 2855: 2851: 2841:started the 2831: 2827: 2821: 2819: 2808: 2789: 2772:left fielder 2761: 2753:Rolla Taylor 2738: 2722:Frank Leland 2719: 2705:Frank Leland 2698:barnstorming 2687: 2663: 2624: 2577: 2573:Cuban Giants 2566: 2517:team in the 2504: 2500:Keokuk, Iowa 2472: 2449:Philadelphia 2446: 2430: 2428:, 54 to 43. 2411: 2382: 2360:(1886), the 2351: 2330: 2279: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2084:Sierra Leone 1916:Philadelphia 1886:Jacksonville 1482:Brass Ankles 1376: 1235:Conservatism 1210:Afrocentrism 1182:Joint Center 1073:Black church 1064:Institutions 979:Billionaires 969:Middle class 922:Celebrations 885:Fraternities 518:Bat and trap 359: 344:Cuban League 338: 309:Other topics 95:First league 29: 18:Negro league 10483:Netherlands 10338:South Korea 10294:Independent 10092:Other major 9995:Independent 9835:Independent 9263:Independent 8846:US senators 8816:Republicans 8801:Journalists 8658:San Antonio 8623:Puerto Rico 8564:Mississippi 8457:Tallahassee 8430:Los Angeles 8121:Jesse Owens 8106:Arthur Ashe 7964:Nationalism 7954:Raised fist 7917:Black power 7822:in medicine 7756:Roy Wilkins 7711:Emmett Till 7696:Al Sharpton 7461:Julian Bond 7456:James Bevel 7420:Upper class 7410:Stereotypes 7303:Black mecca 7215:Plantations 6994:Black Codes 6662:Post-season 6365:Buck O'Neil 6255:CASEY Award 6210:CASEY Award 5997:Buck O'Neil 5909:mysticstamp 5882:November 2, 5854:October 21, 5829:Tim Brown, 5723:Holway 2001 5692:Hauser 2006 5680:Hauser 2006 5668:Hauser 2006 5656:Hauser 2006 5644:Hauser 2006 5632:Hauser 2006 5611:Hauser 2006 5596:Holway 2001 5536:Malloy 2005 5284:Holway 2001 5167:Rube Foster 5050:Buck O'Neil 4967:Willie Mays 4937:1950, 1953 4926:Ernie Banks 4814:Buck O'Neil 4728:Alex Pompez 4707:Effa Manley 4686:Frank Grant 4560:José Méndez 4497:Andy Cooper 4326:Bill Foster 4292:1944, 1949 4257:Rube Foster 4124:Monte Irvin 4082:Josh Gibson 4018:Fay Vincent 4002:Effa Manley 3978:Alex Pompez 3974:Effa Manley 3956:José Méndez 3948:Frank Grant 3922:Andy Cooper 3881:Bill Foster 3866:Willie Mays 3854:Ernie Banks 3843:Rube Foster 3823:Monte Irvin 3819:Josh Gibson 3715:, 1945–1946 3709:, 1945–1951 3647:, 1919–1931 3413:moved from 3355:Roy Partlow 3351:John Wright 3334:formed the 3283:Puerto Rico 3209:Jesse Owens 3157:Kansas City 3153:Buck O'Neil 3121:Monte Irvin 3069:Josh Gibson 2843:All Nations 2794:, owned by 2786:Rube Foster 2541:joined the 2539:Frank Grant 2477:segregation 2397:Amateur era 2338:Josh Gibson 2322:1951 season 2284:developed, 2152:Stereotypes 2079:Nova Scotia 1961:Mississippi 1921:San Antonio 1901:Los Angeles 1836:Black mecca 1763:Mississippi 1670:Negro Dutch 1492:Dominickers 1436:Multiethnic 1345:TransAfrica 1255:Nationalism 1225:Black power 1009:Black pride 974:Upper class 673:Politicians 466:Indian Ball 436:Wiffle ball 272:Asian Games 183:Puerto Rico 173:Netherlands 49:Early years 10650:Categories 10354:KBO League 10276:Off-season 9941:Off-season 9305:Collegiate 8791:Astronauts 8581:New Jersey 8425:California 7929:Capitalism 7726:Nat Turner 7656:Rosa Parks 7641:Diane Nash 7611:John Lewis 7400:Newspapers 7370:Literature 7355:Juneteenth 7308:Businesses 7162:Exodusters 7130:Free Negro 6648:Color line 6356:. Xlibris. 6284:White, Sol 6139:October 2, 6054:August 15, 6049:The Ringer 5781:0275929841 5704:Hogan 2006 5524:Riley 1994 5512:Riley 1994 5481:Riley 1994 5443:Hogan 2006 5399:. p. 5327:CBS Sports 5269:Riley 1994 5254:References 5239:Toni Stone 5089:Lefty Bell 5085:Mule Miles 5038:Hank Aaron 5023:1946–1948 5002:1946–1947 5000:1942–1944, 4988:Larry Doby 4979:1948–1950 4946:Hank Aaron 4917:1937–1945 4847:1878–1898 4835:Bud Fowler 4826:1937–1948 4805:1896–1907 4782:1912–1948 4761:1920–1946 4740:1916–1950 4719:1935–1948 4698:1886–1903 4677:1922–1945 4665:Jud Wilson 4656:1913–1928 4635:1908–1929 4623:Ben Taylor 4593:1909–1926 4572:1908–1926 4551:1920–1947 4539:Biz Mackey 4530:1899–1926 4509:1920–1941 4488:1935–1950 4466:1931–1945 4445:1932–1948 4403:1910–1932 4338:1923–1938 4317:1949–1950 4313:1934–1939, 4269:1902–1926 4248:1906–1932 4225:1923–1931, 4204:1915–1941 4183:1918–1937 4162:1947–1950 4139:1945–1956 4137:1937–1942, 4115:1933–1950 4094:1930–1946 4006:Abe Manley 3964:Ben Taylor 3938:Jud Wilson 3926:Biz Mackey 3862:Larry Doby 3850:Hank Aaron 3766:See also: 3575:See also: 3510:See also: 3504:See also: 3421:, and the 3415:New Jersey 3379:Eddie Klep 3342:president 3332:La Guardia 3248:Ford Frick 3240:Bill Veeck 3165:Birmingham 3145:Joe Greene 3137:Ford Smith 3125:Larry Doby 2922:Nat Strong 2892:Golden age 2811:Nat Strong 2749:L. W. Hoch 2657:, and the 2647:All Cubans 2616:Pittsburgh 2507:Bud Fowler 2492:Bud Fowler 2418:color line 1718:California 1692:Population 1265:Patriotism 1250:Liberalism 1230:Capitalism 1201:Ideologies 1082:Theologies 941:Juneteenth 913:Literature 841:Newspapers 749:Migrations 680:Juneteenth 513:Schlagball 501:Comparison 496:Variations 409:Comparison 127:By country 10565:Australia 8905:Monuments 8781:Activists 8633:Tennessee 8553:Michigan 8537:Baltimore 8527:Louisiana 8520:Lexington 8503:Davenport 8442:Cleveland 8341:Languages 8270:Melungeon 8248:Blaxicans 8116:Joe Louis 7971:Socialism 7907:Anarchism 7636:Bob Moses 7621:Malcolm X 7541:Fred Gray 7405:Soul food 7343:New Negro 7328:Folktales 7238:Redlining 6487:excessive 6264:(1992) . 5366:0362-4331 5152:se-tenant 4878:Inducted 4791:Sol White 4749:Cum Posey 4518:Pete Hill 4454:Ray Brown 4261:P / EXEC 4054:Inducted 3996:Sol White 3982:Cum Posey 3952:Pete Hill 3914:Ray Brown 3361:with the 3329:NYC Mayor 3177:Homestead 3057:Homestead 2926:Ed Bolden 2674:Cap Anson 2473:Blackball 2348:Etymology 2176:Hollywood 2166:Blackface 2101:Prejudice 2019:US cities 1896:Lexington 1871:Davenport 1851:Baltimore 1827:US cities 1803:Tennessee 1753:Louisiana 1699:US states 1507:Melungeon 1477:Blaxicans 1275:Socialism 1240:Garveyism 1215:Anarchism 1019:Good hair 846:Soul food 816:Folktales 533:Pesäpallo 523:Brännboll 481:Stoolball 471:Stickball 416:Baseball5 198:Venezuela 178:Nicaragua 133:Australia 85:Doc Adams 75:Town ball 9772:Single-A 9712:Double-A 9687:Triple-A 9641:Americas 9200:Single-A 9140:Double-A 9115:Triple-A 8928:Category 8719:America 8685:Diaspora 8670:Virginia 8603:Oklahoma 8586:New York 8569:Nebraska 8532:Maryland 8515:Kentucky 8481:Illinois 8420:Arkansas 8325:Illinois 8263:of color 7949:Populism 7922:Movement 7839:Religion 7181:Lynching 6964:Timeline 6906:Category 6503:May 2024 6247:(2008). 6134:25162852 5966:(2006). 5753:July 31, 5747:BookRags 5389:(1994). 5331:Archived 5173:See also 4301:Leon Day 3877:Leon Day 3655:de facto 3129:Leon Day 3017:Defender 2292:and its 2267:baseball 2216:Category 2039:Diaspora 1966:Missouri 1891:Kentucky 1818:Virginia 1788:Oklahoma 1773:New York 1768:Nebraska 1758:Maryland 1733:Illinois 1713:Arkansas 1552:Merikins 1497:Freedmen 1470:Mascogos 1270:Populism 1161:Politics 1056:Religion 1026:Stepping 792:Lifeways 628:Timeline 595:a series 593:Part of 461:Fuzzball 456:Corkball 451:Tee-ball 426:Rounders 404:Softball 360:Baseball 10558:Oceania 10317:Women's 10046:Defunct 9392:Records 9051:Women's 8856:Writers 8821:Singers 8806:Jurists 8754:Europe 8708:Liberia 8653:Houston 8557:Detroit 8493:Indiana 8486:Chicago 8469:Atlanta 8464:Georgia 8447:Florida 8415:Alabama 8365:English 7939:Leftism 7809:Museums 7360:Kwanzaa 7285:Culture 7253:Slavery 6956:History 6747:Leagues 6604:Players 6481:Please 6473:use of 5816:MLB.com 5371:May 29, 4866:Player 4051:Career 4042:Player 3776:In his 3610:, 1906. 2716:in 1905 2545:of the 2533:in the 2496:Western 2453:cricket 2354:colored 2074:Liberia 1956:Georgia 1951:Florida 1881:Houston 1876:Detroit 1861:Chicago 1846:Atlanta 1738:Indiana 1728:Georgia 1723:Florida 1708:Alabama 1640:Tutnese 1519:Redbone 1245:Leftism 946:Kwanzaa 903:Studies 855:Schools 784:Culture 713:Aspects 658:Slavery 620:Periods 612:History 491:Cricket 486:Old cat 476:Vitilla 332:vs. MLB 55:Origins 10527:Rookie 10460:Europe 10385:Taiwan 10186:Israel 9802:Rookie 9742:High-A 9397:Awards 9230:Rookie 9170:High-A 8868:Mayors 8786:Actors 8758:France 8750:Israel 8738:Mexico 8723:Canada 8698:Gambia 8693:Africa 8643:Austin 8608:Oregon 8547:Boston 8510:Kansas 8476:Hawaii 8394:Gullah 8204:Yoruba 8194:Gullah 8065:Sports 7983:groups 7813:Women 7350:Hoodoo 7224:(1896) 7150:Second 7126:(1857) 7071:(1956) 7018:(1954) 6653:Museum 6445: 6431: 6417: 6403: 6371: 6344: 6324: 6294: 6272: 6233: 6191: 6168: 6132: 6105: 6082: 6032: 6007: 5980: 5951: 5778: 5575: 5407: 5364: 5148:issued 5119:Museum 5111:, was 3899:, and 3868:, and 3757:, 1954 3751:, 1954 3745:, 1951 3733:, 1949 3727:, 1946 3721:, 1946 3690:, 1942 3678:, 1935 3666:, 1921 3595:, 1887 3589:, 1886 3167:; and 3133:Newark 2770:, the 2653:, the 2649:, the 2633:, the 2602:, and 2414:racism 2108:Racism 2069:Israel 2059:France 2054:Canada 2049:Africa 1856:Boston 1793:Oregon 1748:Kansas 1658:Gullah 1547:Gullah 1367:Sports 1114:Hoodoo 543:Palant 320:minors 188:Taiwan 168:Mexico 138:Canada 10509:Minor 10491:Major 10411:Minor 10393:Major 10364:Minor 10346:Major 10253:Minor 10223:Major 10215:Japan 10170:China 10130:Minor 9677:Minor 9648:Major 9406:Other 9357:Youth 9100:Minor 9039:Men's 8769:Lists 8733:Haiti 8703:Ghana 8638:Texas 8574:Omaha 7852:Islam 7385:Names 7375:Music 7313:Dance 6714:Teams 6130:JSTOR 5026:2022 5005:1998 4982:1979 4961:1982 4958:1952 4940:1977 4920:1969 4899:1962 4896:1945 4850:2022 4839:EXEC 4829:2022 4818:EXEC 4808:2006 4795:EXEC 4785:2006 4774:EXEC 4764:2006 4753:EXEC 4743:2006 4732:EXEC 4722:2006 4711:EXEC 4701:2006 4690:EXEC 4680:2006 4659:2006 4638:2006 4617:2006 4596:2006 4575:2006 4554:2006 4533:2006 4512:2006 4491:2006 4469:2006 4448:2001 4427:2000 4406:1999 4385:1998 4364:1997 4341:1996 4320:1995 4295:1987 4272:1981 4251:1977 4230:1977 4207:1976 4186:1975 4165:1974 4142:1973 4118:1972 4097:1972 4076:1971 3638:south 3634:north 2370:Negro 2221:Index 2064:Ghana 1986:Texas 1911:Omaha 1808:Texas 1320:NAACP 831:Names 821:Music 801:Dance 538:Lapta 203:Other 163:Korea 158:Japan 153:Italy 10163:Asia 9546:1957 9541:1956 9536:1955 9519:2024 9514:1991 9509:1990 9497:1987 9492:1959 9480:1996 9475:1984 9463:2023 9458:2017 9453:2013 9448:2009 9443:2006 9342:NAIA 9335:DIII 9313:NCAA 9104:MiLB 9044:U-18 8665:Utah 8498:Iowa 8330:Ohio 8291:list 8199:Igbo 8189:Fula 7333:Hair 7323:Film 7040:1968 7030:1964 6443:ISBN 6429:ISBN 6415:ISBN 6401:ISBN 6369:ISBN 6342:ISBN 6322:ISBN 6292:ISBN 6270:ISBN 6231:ISBN 6189:ISBN 6166:ISBN 6141:2023 6103:ISBN 6080:ISBN 6056:2020 6030:ISBN 6005:ISBN 5978:ISBN 5949:ISBN 5884:2011 5856:2011 5776:ISBN 5755:2010 5710:help 5573:ISBN 5554:help 5499:help 5468:help 5449:help 5430:help 5405:ISBN 5373:2024 5362:ISSN 5339:2020 5308:2021 5123:The 4869:Pos 4045:Pos 3833:and 3770:and 3696:west 3561:1948 3557:1947 3553:1946 3549:1945 3545:1944 3541:1943 3537:1942 3530:1927 3526:1926 3522:1925 3518:1924 3353:and 3293:and 3277:and 3236:1943 3171:and 3151:and 3127:and 2951:1924 2790:The 2751:and 2639:Cuba 2610:and 2569:1885 2383:The 2306:1887 2261:The 2154:and 1813:Utah 1783:Ohio 1743:Iowa 1350:UNCF 811:Film 660:and 528:Oină 446:Elle 143:Cuba 9385:MLB 9330:DII 7298:Art 7155:New 6631:S–Z 6626:M–R 6621:E–L 6616:A–D 6489:or 6363:by 6026:512 5974:422 5401:155 5131:in 5015:OF 4992:OF 4971:OF 4950:OF 4888:SS 4669:3B 4648:OF 4627:1B 4606:1B 4522:OF 4480:OF 4416:OF 4351:SS 4282:3B 4240:SS 4196:OF 4175:3B 4152:OF 4129:OF 4107:1B 4032:or 3563:). 3532:). 3417:to 3175:of 3163:of 3155:of 3131:of 2928:'s 2822:the 2676:'s 2498:of 2320:'s 908:Art 10652:: 9318:DI 7169:/ 6367:. 6124:. 6120:. 6047:. 6028:. 5976:. 5925:. 5907:. 5886:. 5873:. 5846:. 5813:. 5790:^ 5745:. 5741:. 5730:^ 5603:^ 5588:^ 5403:. 5395:. 5360:. 5356:. 5329:. 5325:. 5299:. 5276:^ 5261:^ 5245:, 5241:, 5169:. 5150:a 5135:. 5095:, 5091:, 5087:, 5083:, 5079:, 4909:C 4585:C 4564:P 4543:C 4501:P 4477:† 4458:P 4437:P 4395:P 4374:P 4330:P 4305:P 4217:P 4126:† 4086:C 4065:P 4062:† 3984:; 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