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All-American Girls Professional Baseball League

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212: 29: 965:'s charm school. The proper etiquette for every situation was taught, and every aspect of personal hygiene, mannerisms and dress code was presented to all of the players. In an effort to make each player as physically attractive as possible, each received a beauty kit and instructions on how to use it. As a part of the league's 'Rules of Conduct', the 'girls' were not permitted to have short hair, could not smoke or drink in public places, were not allowed to wear pants, and were required to wear lipstick at all times. Fines for not following the league's rules of conduct were five dollars for the first offense, ten for the second, and suspension for the third. In 1944, 931: inches). The pitcher's mound was only forty feet from home plate, closer even than in regulation softball and much closer than the baseball distance of 60 feet, 6 inches. Pitchers threw underhand windmill, like in softball, and the distance between bases was 65 feet, five feet longer than in softball, but 25 feet shorter than in baseball. Major similarities between the AAGPBL and baseball included nine player teams and the use of a pitcher's mound (softball pitchers throw from flat ground). By 1948, the ball had shrunk to 10 1262: 1035: 1350: 1357: 1651:
made the postseason. The 1949 season utilized a system where six teams reached the postseason, with the 1 and 3 seeds having a first-round bye (the 2 seed played the 1 seed). The 1950 season had four teams reach the postseason. The 1951 season returned to the half system, but with a caveat that the top two teams of the first and second half went to the playoffs. For the final three seasons (1952-1954), they had the top four teams reach the playoffs.
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The League had twelve champions in its time of play. For the 1943 and 1944 seasons, the playoffs were a matchup of the first half champion and the second half champion. The seasons of 1945-1947 matched four teams for its postseason. For 1948 only, four teams each from the Eastern and Western Division
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during November in a tournament that began in 2022. The AGB tournament features four teams named as tributes for the original AAGPBL teams, with all teams using a progressive fade to white jersey based on the colours of the squad-- Rockford (peach with red numerals), South Bend (light blue with dark
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The league's principal advertising agent was Arthur E. Meyerhoff, who handled the league's publicity from 1943 through 1950. Meyerhoff's promotional efforts focused on the value of national exposure in popular periodicals. These magazine articles attracted new fans and new players to the AAGPBL. The
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As attendance and revenues began to fall in the early 1950s, the league became less alluring to players, and some even returned to playing softball. Teams rapidly began to close down operations each year until, at the end of the 1954 season, only five teams remained, and the AAGPBL officially shut
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Due to the decentralized league administration, many of the promotion efforts from team management were aimed exclusively at local populaces. There were many promotional events with players, children's benefits, civic groups and holiday celebrations. Along with daily newspaper reports, the primary
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notes that the series aims to portray a more authentic representation of the league. The television adaptation addresses homosexuality within the league, the reality of which has been discussed by former players. The series also addresses race relations at the time, taking on a split format which
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inches, overhand pitching was allowed, and the mound was moved back to 50 feet. Over the history of the league, the rules continued to gradually approach those of baseball. By the final season in 1954, the ball was regulation baseball size, the mound was moved back to 60 feet, and the basepaths
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In the beginning, each team was issued one uniform style, to be worn in all games. Shepard unveiled the inaugural uniforms in a palette of pastel colors: green for Kenosha; yellow for Racine; blue for South Bend; and peach for Rockford. The accessories (cap, belt and stirrups) were bold, darker
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as well as in local city newspapers. Philip Wrigley, the league's founder, believed in the value of advertising, which may have contributed to the league's extensive exposure and marketing focus. Wrigley learned to appreciate advertising from his father, William Wrigley, who had success with his
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The uniforms worn by the female ballplayers consisted of a belted, short-sleeved tunic dress with a slight flare of the skirt. Rules stated that skirts were to be worn no more than six inches above the knee, but the regulation was most often ignored in order to facilitate running and fielding. A
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The league shifted to decentralized league administration from 1951 to 1954. Thus, the responsibility was on individual team management to publicize and promote the teams. However, local managers were not always effective due to their lack of expertise in advertising. In the 1951 season, league
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Salaries were above average for women and ranged from $ 45–$ 85 (or $ 792–$ 1497 in 2023 dollars) a week during the first years of play to about $ 125 (or $ 1467 in 2023 dollars) per week in later years. The women's league generally went along with the men's late spring to early autumn season.
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was hired to preside over the league. The NGBL was much less publicized than the AAGPBL, but it paralleled the AAGPBL, as it also lasted until 1954 and drew up to 500,000 fans per season. For a time, the two leagues were involved in a strong rivalry for players, before meeting and agreeing to a
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won the most league championships with four (1945, 1948, 1949 and 1950). The Milwaukee/Grand Rapids Chicks were second with three (1944 in Milwaukee and 1947 and 1953 in Grand Rapids). The Racine Belles (1943 and 1946) and the South Bend Blue Sox (1951 and 1952) each won two, and the Kalamazoo
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Scouts for the Chicago-based All-American Girls Professional Baseball League initially sought and recruited talent from the Chicago softball Metropolitan League, along with several others. However, after seeing many of their players leave for the AAGPBL, it was decided to then turn the amateur
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When the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League was unable to continue in 1955, its history and its significance were forgotten by baseball historians. Many people in the 1950s thought that women were not supposed to play baseball, so most female athletes competed on other fields of
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and spearheaded a series of innovative uniforms beginning in 1937. Shepard designed all visual elements of the league, including game scorecards and promotional materials. For his work on the AAGPBL and the Cubs, Shepard was called the "chief visualizer of mid-century baseball".
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Shepard modeled the uniform after the figure skating, field hockey and tennis outfits of the period. The uniforms included satin shorts, knee-high baseball socks and a baseball cap. The team patches were modeled after each respective city's seal.
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after his mother's death in 1981, he attended the first reunion as her descendant, "When I went to the reunion in 1982 to represent her, I learned more about her playing than she had ever said. There is a lot of history getting lost."
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president Fred Leo asked all team presidents to provide publicity on games and training events. Only one team complied with Fred Leo's request, which led to an early 1952 preseason board meeting to discuss inadequate promotion.
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shades of the team color. As new teams were added, they were given a new distinctive team color (gray for Milwaukee, pink for Minneapolis). Road uniforms were introduced to the league starting with the 1948 season.
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blue numerals), Racine (gold with brown numerals), and Kenosha (light green with green numerals) and white trousers. Games are played to modern WBSC Women's Baseball rules, with all games seven innings long.
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in 1982. The Players Association was formed after a 1986 Reunion held in Fort Wayne as part of Run, Jane, Run, a local Women's Bureau event. Historian and Baseball card publisher Sharon Roepke (author of
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In the first season, the league played a game that was a hybrid of baseball and softball. The ball was 12 inches in circumference, the size of a regulation softball (regulation baseballs are 9 to
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are mostly fictionalized accounts of the league and its stars. Sixty-five original AAGPBL members appeared in scenes for the movie filmed in October 1991 recreating the induction of the league into the
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chewing-gum company in large part due to marketing methods. The league remained under Wrigley's advertising influence until 1951, when individual team directors took over the publicity.
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Although the AAGPBL was the first recorded professional women's baseball league, women had played baseball since the nineteenth century. The first known women's baseball team played at
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games across the country, over 200 women were invited to try out, and about 60 were selected for the league roster. Like the male major league, the 'girls' league was also
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The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League went through three periods of ownership. It was owned by chewing gum mogul Wrigley from 1943 to 1945, wealthy publicist
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was fired for cutting her hair short. The women's contracts were much stricter about behavior than in the men's league, and each team was also assigned its own
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
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major publicity themes that characterized the league were "Recreation for War Workers", "Femininity", "Community Welfare", and "Family Entertainment".
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circular team logo was sewn on the front of each dress, and baseball caps featured elastic bands in the back so that they were one-size-fits-all.
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Membership is now offered to players, staff members, and descendants, in addition to associate memberships for baseball fans and historians.
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The AAGPBL received extensive publicity from its inception throughout the 1940s. The league was featured in national periodicals such as
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by men who knew competitive athletics and were former major league players, in part to demonstrate to fans that the league was serious.
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The uniform was a one-piece short-skirted flared tunic with a team patch in the center of the chest. The base uniform was designed by
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launched a newsletter project to get in touch with friends, teammates, and opponents that resulted in the league's first reunion in
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
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In the winter of 1952–1953, players from both the AAGPBL and National Girls Baseball League played together in the four–team
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might even temporarily cease due to the war because of the loss of talent, as well as restrictions on team travel due to
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follows both the Peaches and Max Chapman—a fictional black pitcher who was barred from trying out for the league.
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Dorothy and Otis: Designing the American Dream: The Pioneering Designers of Baseball, Billboards, and Chewing Gum
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from 1945 to 1951, and the teams were individually owned from 1951 to 1954. The teams generally played in
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were the only two teams that stayed in their home cities for the full period of the AAGPBL's existence.
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University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, The Forgotten Champs: The 1944 Milwaukee Chicks Oral History Project
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The AAGPBL peaked in attendance during the 1948 season, when 10 teams attracted 910,000 paid fans. The
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were extended to 85 feet (still five feet shorter than in regulation baseball). Teams were generally
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Grand Valley State University All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Oral History Project
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football team) and politician Ed Kolski. Pirachy operated the Metropolitan League. Football star
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The Glory of Their Times: The Story of the Early Days of Baseball Told by the Men Who Played It
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Fidler, Merrie A. (2006). "Establishing the Public Image: Publicity and Promotion, 1943–1944".
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in 1866, while there were several barnstorming Bloomer Girls teams. (sometimes including men)
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The league went through a series of name changes during its history. It was founded as the
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In 2022, a spin-off television series of the 1992 film, with the same name, was released (
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Metropolitan League to a professional league. The result was the creation of the six-team
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A Whole New Ball Game: The Story of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League
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Girls of Summer: The Real Story of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League
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Minutes of AAGPBL origin meeting; personal recollection of participant Sharon Roepke
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Fidler, Merrie A. (2006). "Decentralization of Publicity and Promotion, 1951–1954".
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All-American Girls Professional Baseball League members performing calisthenics in
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was the official song of the All-American Girls Baseball League, co-written by
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The Origin and History of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League
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The Origin and History of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League
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The current AAGPBL Players Association President is Richard Chapman, son of
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documented the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League in her film
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truce in 1946. Many players and several managers appeared in both leagues.
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All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Player of the Year Award
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managed teams in the AAGPBL. The character of Jimmy Dugan, played by
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Reproduction 1944 Milwaukee Chicks uniform on display at Miller Park
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All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Players Association
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Several histories of the AAGPBL have been published in book form.
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List of All-American Girls Professional Baseball League managers
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All-American Girls Professional Baseball League pitching records
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All-American Girls Professional Baseball League fielding records
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List of All-American Girls Professional Baseball League players
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All-American Girls Professional Baseball League batting records
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Immodest and Sensational: 150 Years of Canadian Women in Sport
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threw the first no-hitter in team and league history, for the
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All-American Girls Professional Baseball League All-Star Team
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1943 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season
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in scenes recreating the induction of the league into the
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League for women's baseball teams in the United States
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Heaphy, Leslie A.; May, Mel Anthony (March 1, 2016).
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65 original AAGPBL members appeared in the 1992 film
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Logo of the All-American Girls Softball League, 1943
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Jefferson, NC: McFarland. pp. 136–142. 2588: 2443: 2380: 1917: 896: 4242: 2630: 2489: 2092:Major women's sport leagues in North America 2086:Ted Williams Museum and Hitters Hall of Fame 1298:The theme song made famous in the 1992 film 4716:1954 disestablishments in the United States 3150: 2664:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. pp. 50–68. 2122:(the only three black women to play in the 1923:endeavor. Finally, in 1980, former pitcher 1193:All-American Girls Professional Ball League 1014:advertising strategy was radio broadcasts. 3669: 3655: 3371: 3357: 2447:Encyclopedia of Women's History in America 2322: 2320: 903: 889: 2444:Cullen-DuPont, Kathryn (August 1, 2000). 2328:"The International Girls Baseball League" 2245: 278:The women's initial tryouts were held at 247:With the entry of the United States into 3318:) is being considered for deletion. See 3085:. New York: Harper Design. p. 231. 3009:. American Girls Baseball. November 2022 2883: 2655: 2653: 2519: 2499: 2399: 2204: 1260: 1222:which promotes women's baseball for the 1174: 253:while the majority of able men were away 210: 180:, won a league-best four championships. 4661:Asia Professional Baseball Championship 4078:Panamanian Professional Baseball League 4073:Nicaraguan Professional Baseball League 4028:Venezuelan Professional Baseball League 3252: 3007:"All-American Woman's Baseball Classic" 2914: 2691: 2689: 2561: 2542:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 2317: 4698: 4058:Colombian Professional Baseball League 4013:Dominican Professional Baseball League 3259:Society for American Baseball Research 3236:National Women's Baseball Hall of Fame 2939: 2858: 2695: 2659: 2450:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 9–10. 2332:Society for American Baseball Research 2168: 2166: 1110:A League of Their Own (2022 TV series) 699:Society for American Baseball Research 4746:Sports leagues disestablished in 1954 3650: 3352: 3081:Hathaway, Norman; Nadel, Dan (2014). 3054: 3027: 2742: 2650: 2631:de la Cretaz, Britni (May 30, 2018). 2540:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 2381:O'Donnell, Maureen (April 10, 2017). 2297: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 1224:World Baseball Softball Confederation 546:World Baseball Softball Confederation 4469:Chinese Professional Baseball League 4451:Chinese Professional Baseball League 4068:Curaçao Professional Baseball League 2833: 2808: 2724:from the original on August 19, 2023 2686: 2400:Crimmins, Jerry (November 1, 1992). 1029: 607:European Baseball Championship Women 576:South American Baseball Championship 4681:Triple-A National Championship Game 3284:"Muscle in the Bud" (an article in 2163: 1645: 324:International Girls Baseball League 13: 4711:Sports leagues established in 1943 3269: 3106:AAGPBL Official (April 6, 2018). 2884:Shattuck, Debra A. (Summer 1992). 2249:Encyclopedia of Women and Baseball 2226: 1233:, the spring training home of the 1209:All-American Girls Baseball League 1197:All-American Girls Baseball League 1189:All-American Girls Baseball League 1185:All-American Girls Softball League 586:Baseball at the Pan American Games 14: 4782: 3322:to help reach a consensus. › 3292: 3179:Newcomb, Tim (November 3, 2017). 3055:Lukas, Paul (February 14, 2014). 2940:Ritter, Lawrence S. (June 1981). 2578:"Dressed to the Nines - Timeline" 4771:Defunct women's baseball leagues 4648: 2346:"National Girls Baseball League" 1532: 1520: 1508: 1496: 1484: 1472: 1460: 1448: 1436: 1424: 1412: 1400: 1388: 1376: 1362: 1355: 1348: 1320: 1245: 1033: 561:Africa Cup Baseball Championship 27: 4731:1943 establishments in Illinois 3246: 3224: 3198: 3172: 3163: 3144: 3122: 3099: 3074: 3048: 3028:Thorn, John (August 10, 2017). 3021: 2999: 2974: 2969:SABR Baseball Biography Project 2958: 2933: 2908: 2877: 2852: 2827: 2802: 2788: 2762: 2736: 2704: 2668: 2624: 2570: 2555: 2471: 2393: 2374: 2205:Grossman, Ron (June 24, 2018). 2088:, which includes AAGPBL exhibit 4227:China National Baseball League 2743:White, Abbey (July 16, 2022). 2582:National Baseball Hall of Fame 2562:Johnson, Anne Janette (1996). 2368:National Girls Baseball League 2356: 2338: 2298:Hasse, Nicole (May 30, 2018). 2291: 2266: 2198: 2137: 1201:American Girls Baseball League 602:European Baseball Championship 300:National Girls Baseball League 1: 4756:Baseball leagues in Wisconsin 4375:Japan Women's Baseball League 4189:List of defunct minor leagues 4170:United States Baseball League 3678:Professional baseball leagues 3307: 2566:. Detroit: Visible Ink Press. 2130: 1657:Overview of AAGPBL champions 1293: 709:Major League Baseball seasons 581:Oceania Baseball Championship 4766:Baseball leagues in Michigan 4751:Baseball leagues in Illinois 4281:Nippon Professional Baseball 3689: 3178: 3151:emilylasota (May 14, 2007). 3005: 2915:Berlage, Gai Ingham (1994). 2717:Bridgewater State University 2534:American Antiquarian Society 2514:American Antiquarian Society 2252:. McFarland. pp. 9–16. 976: 652:Nippon Professional Baseball 333: 7: 4761:Baseball leagues in Indiana 4666:Asia Winter Baseball League 4606: 4023:Puerto Rico Baseball League 2102:Women's professional sports 2044: 1256: 566:Asian Baseball Championship 206: 54:; 81 years ago 10: 4787: 4629:Australian Baseball League 4508: 4357:Shikoku Island League Plus 1918:AAGPBL Players Association 1249: 1227:Women's Baseball World Cup 1025: 571:Women's Baseball Asian Cup 556:Women's Baseball World Cup 540:International competitions 201: 115: 4656: 4647: 4643: 4614: 4605: 4601: 4575: 4557: 4539: 4532: 4516: 4507: 4503: 4477: 4459: 4441: 4434: 4412: 4394: 4387: 4365: 4352:Baseball Challenge League 4342: 4324: 4301: 4271: 4264: 4235: 4219: 4210: 4206: 4178: 4140: 4102: 4095: 4053:Argentine Baseball League 4043: 3998: 3989: 3930: 3892: 3883: 3849: 3819: 3789: 3759: 3734: 3725: 3697: 3688: 3684: 3579: 3543: 3472: 3386: 1895: 1875: 1855: 1835: 1815: 1795: 1775: 1755: 1735: 1715: 1695: 1675: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1384:Muskegon Lassies / Belles 1069: 1066:down and closed in 1954. 967:Josephine "JoJo" D'Angelo 144: 133: 121: 111: 103: 85: 77: 67: 45: 35: 26: 4211: 3320:templates for discussion 2980: 2890:Journal of Sport History 1315: 1220:American Girls Baseball, 385:1845 to 1868 in baseball 286:. Scouted from amateur 255:. The founders included 4567:Honkbal Overgangsklasse 4524:Italian Baseball League 4334:Miyazaki Phoenix League 3977:Venezuelan Major League 3866:Dominican Summer League 3429:Minneapolis Millerettes 3210:American Film Institute 3036:. Major League Baseball 2919:. Bloomsbury Academic. 2149:American Film Institute 1585:Minneapolis Millerettes 1480:Minneapolis Millerettes 915: 612:European Cup (baseball) 360:Part of a series on the 4252:Israel Baseball League 4083:Veracruz Winter League 4018:Mexican Pacific League 3871:Florida Complex League 3861:Arizona Complex League 3544:Awards and recognition 3288:) by Barbara Gregorich 3253:Richard, A.J. (2019). 2749:The Hollywood Reporter 2350:Softball National News 1266: 1180: 551:World Baseball Classic 244: 91:; 70 years ago 89:September 5, 1954 4676:Latin American Series 4585:Honkbal Rookie League 4122:Negro league baseball 3940:Cuban National Series 3932:Non-partnered leagues 3811:South Atlantic League 3705:Major League Baseball 3619:A League of Their Own 3611:A League of Their Own 3603:A League of Their Own 3276:A Whole New Ball Game 2859:Browne, Lois (1993). 2809:Hall, M. Ann (2008). 2564:Great Women in Sports 2179:World Digital Library 1964:Baseball Hall of Fame 1959:A League of Their Own 1301:A League of Their Own 1264: 1178: 1169:A League of Their Own 1152:Baseball Hall of Fame 1077:A League of Their Own 997:and American Magazine 694:Baseball Hall of Fame 664:Negro league baseball 640:Major League Baseball 292:informally segregated 269:Major League Baseball 223:(partially visible), 214: 196:Baseball Hall of Fame 191:show of the same name 186:A League of Their Own 164:) was a professional 4517:Italy and San Marino 4165:National Association 4112:American Association 3960:Liga Norte de México 3902:American Association 3841:Florida State League 3751:Pacific Coast League 3746:International League 3242:on January 14, 2018. 2986:AAGPBL Players Union 1943:. In 2017, he told 1252:AAGPBL Rules of Play 688:(documentary series) 405:Alexander Cartwright 4741:Baseball in Chicago 4549:Honkbal Hoofdklasse 4487:Taiwan Major League 4008:Arizona Fall League 3972:United Shore League 3894:MLB Partner Leagues 3464:Springfield Sallies 3459:South Bend Blue Sox 3409:Grand Rapids Chicks 3394:Battle Creek Belles 3286:Baseball As America 2485:. January 18, 2012. 2184:Library of Congress 1882:Grand Rapids Chicks 1862:South Bend Blue Sox 1842:South Bend Blue Sox 1810:Grand Rapids Chicks 1762:Grand Rapids Chicks 1658: 1633:Battle Creek Belles 1621:Springfield Sallies 1597:Grand Rapids Chicks 1573:South Bend Blue Sox 1504:South Bend Blue Sox 1456:Grand Rapids Chicks 1420:Springfield Sallies 1396:Battle Creek Belles 1205:All-American League 679:Baseball color line 390:Knickerbocker Rules 366:History of baseball 348:South Bend Blue Sox 267:. They feared that 237:Springfield Sallies 233:South Bend Blue Sox 23: 4736:History of Chicago 4422:KBO Futures League 4155:Continental League 4063:Cuban Elite League 3556:Player of the Year 3404:Fort Wayne Daisies 3140:on March 26, 2018. 2834:Macy, Sue (1995). 2676:"League Structure" 1910:Fort Wayne Daisies 1830:Fort Wayne Daisies 1790:Fort Wayne Daisies 1730:Fort Wayne Daisies 1656: 1591:Fort Wayne Daisies 1468:Fort Wayne Daisies 1267: 1181: 1138:on June 10, 1943. 1045:. You can help by 593:(1992–2008, 2020–) 473:Dominican Republic 395:Massachusetts Game 273:gasoline rationing 245: 221:Fort Wayne Daisies 217:Opa-locka, Florida 168:league founded by 21: 4693: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4639: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4597: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4499: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4430: 4429: 4383: 4382: 4260: 4259: 4202: 4201: 4198: 4197: 4132:Union Association 4091: 4090: 3985: 3984: 3945:Curaçao AA League 3879: 3878: 3831:California League 3644: 3643: 3636:Philip K. Wrigley 3414:Kalamazoo Lassies 3185:Baseball Americaq 2917:Women in Baseball 2896:on April 29, 2007 2863:. HarperCollins. 2820:978-1-55277-021-4 2457:978-0-8160-4100-8 2387:Chicago Sun-Times 2259:978-1-47666-594-8 2097:Women in baseball 2002:Dorothy Kamenshek 1929:Chicago, Illinois 1915: 1914: 1902:Kalamazoo Lassies 1890:Kalamazoo Lassies 1627:Kalamazoo Lassies 1408:Kalamazoo Lassies 1239:Sarasota, Florida 1235:Baltimore Orioles 1063: 1062: 963:Helena Rubinstein 913: 912: 756:Vintage base ball 689: 674:Women in baseball 308:Chicago Cardinals 257:Philip K. Wrigley 170:Philip K. Wrigley 154: 153: 128:Kalamazoo Lassies 72:Philip K. Wrigley 4778: 4671:Caribbean Series 4645: 4644: 4624: 4619: 4618: 4603: 4602: 4578: 4560: 4542: 4537: 4536: 4505: 4504: 4480: 4462: 4444: 4439: 4438: 4415: 4397: 4392: 4391: 4368: 4345: 4327: 4304: 4274: 4269: 4268: 4245: 4240: 4239: 4208: 4207: 4181: 4143: 4105: 4100: 4099: 4046: 4001: 3996: 3995: 3933: 3922:MLB Draft League 3895: 3890: 3889: 3854: 3824: 3806:Northwest League 3794: 3764: 3739: 3732: 3731: 3686: 3685: 3671: 3664: 3657: 3648: 3647: 3631:Arthur Meyerhoff 3622:(2022 TV series) 3614:(1993 TV series) 3587:List of managers 3580:Related articles 3571:Pitching records 3566:Fielding records 3454:Rockford Peaches 3439:Muskegon Lassies 3424:Milwaukee Chicks 3399:Chicago Colleens 3373: 3366: 3359: 3350: 3349: 3325:Women's baseball 3304: 3303: 3301:Official website 3263: 3262: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3238:. Archived from 3228: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3176: 3170: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3136:. Archived from 3126: 3120: 3119: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2978: 2972: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2892:. Archived from 2881: 2875: 2874: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2838:. Puffin Books. 2831: 2825: 2824: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2693: 2684: 2683: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2657: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2607:"League History" 2603: 2586: 2585: 2574: 2568: 2567: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2537: 2531: 2517: 2511: 2496: 2487: 2486: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2441: 2410: 2409: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2378: 2372: 2371: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2324: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2243: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2186:. April 22, 1948 2170: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2141: 1989:Dorothy Ferguson 1977:Claire Schillace 1946:Baseball America 1870:Rockford Peaches 1850:Rockford Peaches 1822:Rockford Peaches 1802:Rockford Peaches 1782:Rockford Peaches 1750:Rockford Peaches 1722:Rockford Peaches 1702:Milwaukee Chicks 1659: 1655: 1646:League champions 1615:Chicago Colleens 1603:Muskegon Lassies 1579:Milwaukee Chicks 1567:Rockford Peaches 1547: 1541: 1540:Rockford Peaches 1536: 1535: 1529: 1524: 1523: 1517: 1512: 1511: 1505: 1500: 1499: 1493: 1492:Milwaukee Chicks 1488: 1487: 1481: 1476: 1475: 1469: 1464: 1463: 1457: 1452: 1451: 1445: 1440: 1439: 1433: 1432:Chicago Colleens 1428: 1427: 1421: 1416: 1415: 1409: 1404: 1403: 1397: 1392: 1391: 1385: 1380: 1379: 1373: 1366: 1365: 1359: 1352: 1231:Ed Smith Stadium 1136:Rockford Peaches 1058: 1055: 1037: 1030: 1019:Rockford Peaches 940: 939: 935: 930: 929: 925: 905: 898: 891: 746:British baseball 704:Baseball by year 687: 622:Caribbean Series 430:First pro league 357: 356: 352:Rockford Peaches 340:Arthur Meyerhoff 229:Rockford Peaches 225:Chicago Colleens 178:Rockford Peaches 166:women's baseball 145:Official website 138:Rockford Peaches 99: 97: 92: 62: 60: 55: 40:Women's baseball 31: 24: 20: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4776: 4775: 4696: 4695: 4694: 4685: 4652: 4631: 4623:MLB-affiliated: 4622: 4610: 4589: 4576: 4571: 4558: 4553: 4540: 4528: 4512: 4491: 4478: 4473: 4460: 4455: 4442: 4426: 4413: 4408: 4395: 4379: 4366: 4361: 4343: 4338: 4325: 4320: 4302: 4297: 4272: 4256: 4243: 4231: 4215: 4194: 4179: 4174: 4141: 4136: 4127:Players' League 4103: 4087: 4044: 4039: 3999: 3981: 3931: 3926: 3912:Frontier League 3907:Atlantic League 3893: 3875: 3850: 3845: 3836:Carolina League 3820: 3815: 3790: 3785: 3776:Southern League 3760: 3755: 3735: 3721: 3715:National League 3710:American League 3693: 3680: 3675: 3645: 3640: 3592:List of players 3575: 3561:Batting records 3539: 3468: 3444:Peoria Redwings 3434:Muskegon Belles 3382: 3377: 3323: 3299: 3298: 3295: 3272: 3270:Further reading 3267: 3266: 3251: 3247: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3215: 3213: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3189: 3187: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3149: 3145: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3104: 3100: 3093: 3079: 3075: 3065: 3063: 3053: 3049: 3039: 3037: 3026: 3022: 3012: 3010: 3004: 3000: 2990: 2988: 2979: 2975: 2963: 2959: 2952: 2938: 2934: 2927: 2913: 2909: 2899: 2897: 2882: 2878: 2871: 2857: 2853: 2846: 2832: 2828: 2821: 2807: 2803: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2779: 2777: 2776:. 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J. 2497: 2490: 2479:"Rules of Play" 2477: 2476: 2472: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2442: 2413: 2406:Chicago Tribune 2398: 2394: 2379: 2375: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2326: 2325: 2318: 2308: 2306: 2296: 2292: 2282: 2280: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2260: 2244: 2227: 2217: 2215: 2212:Chicago Tribune 2203: 2199: 2189: 2187: 2172: 2171: 2164: 2154: 2152: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2047: 2032:Arleene Johnson 1972: 1941:Dorothy Maguire 1920: 1648: 1639:Muskegon Belles 1609:Peoria Redwings 1551: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1444:Peoria Redwings 1443: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1360: 1353: 1343: 1341: 1323: 1318: 1296: 1271:Wrigley Company 1259: 1254: 1248: 1090:Rosie O'Donnell 1072: 1059: 1053: 1050: 1043:needs expansion 1028: 979: 973:by the league. 959:spring training 937: 933: 932: 927: 923: 922: 918: 909: 879:Baseball portal 873: 872: 833:Danish longball 724: 714: 713: 635: 627: 626: 591:Summer Olympics 541: 533: 532: 453: 445: 444: 375: 336: 304:Charles Bidwill 241:Peoria Redwings 209: 204: 123: 95: 93: 90: 58: 56: 53: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4784: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4691: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4641: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4627: 4625: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4599: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4587: 4581: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4569: 4563: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4551: 4545: 4543: 4534: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4526: 4520: 4518: 4514: 4513: 4501: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4489: 4483: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4471: 4465: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4453: 4447: 4445: 4436: 4432: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4424: 4418: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4406: 4400: 4398: 4389: 4385: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4377: 4371: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4359: 4354: 4348: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4336: 4330: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4316:Western League 4313: 4311:Eastern League 4307: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4291:Pacific League 4288: 4286:Central League 4277: 4275: 4266: 4262: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4254: 4248: 4246: 4237: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4229: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4216: 4204: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4192: 4184: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4146: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4117:Federal League 4114: 4108: 4106: 4104:MLB-recognized 4097: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4049: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4037: 4036: 4035: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4004: 4002: 4000:MLB-affiliated 3993: 3987: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3963: 3962: 3955:Mexican League 3952: 3947: 3942: 3936: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3924: 3919: 3917:Pioneer League 3914: 3909: 3904: 3898: 3896: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3857: 3855: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3827: 3825: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3801:Midwest League 3797: 3795: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3771:Eastern League 3767: 3765: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3753: 3748: 3742: 3740: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3719: 3718: 3717: 3712: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3694: 3682: 3681: 3674: 3673: 3666: 3659: 3651: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3626:Bill Allington 3623: 3615: 3607: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3583: 3581: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3547: 3545: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3419:Kenosha Comets 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3383: 3376: 3375: 3368: 3361: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3305: 3294: 3293:External links 3291: 3290: 3289: 3282: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3245: 3223: 3212:. 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July 1, 2022 2135: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2127: 2109: 2107:Women's sports 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2041: 2035: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1985: 1979: 1971: 1968: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1907: 1904: 1899: 1893: 1892: 1887: 1884: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1867: 1864: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1847: 1844: 1839: 1833: 1832: 1827: 1824: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1807: 1804: 1799: 1793: 1792: 1787: 1784: 1779: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1764: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1747: 1744: 1739: 1733: 1732: 1727: 1724: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1710:Kenosha Comets 1707: 1704: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1690:Kenosha Comets 1687: 1684: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1636: 1630: 1624: 1618: 1612: 1606: 1600: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1558: 1555:Kenosha Comets 1543: 1538: 1531: 1528:Kenosha Comets 1526: 1519: 1514: 1507: 1502: 1495: 1490: 1483: 1478: 1471: 1466: 1459: 1454: 1447: 1442: 1435: 1430: 1423: 1418: 1411: 1406: 1399: 1394: 1387: 1382: 1375: 1368: 1361: 1354: 1347: 1346: 1345: 1344: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1295: 1292: 1258: 1255: 1250:Main article: 1247: 1244: 1146:Vassar College 1127:Baseball Girls 1102:Penny Marshall 1074:The 1992 film 1071: 1068: 1061: 1060: 1040: 1038: 1027: 1024: 978: 975: 917: 914: 911: 910: 908: 907: 900: 893: 885: 882: 881: 875: 874: 871: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 829: 828: 823: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 737: 736: 725: 720: 719: 716: 715: 712: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 660: 659: 649: 648: 647: 636: 633: 632: 629: 628: 625: 624: 619: 617:WBSC Premier12 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 542: 539: 538: 535: 534: 531: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 454: 451: 450: 447: 446: 443: 442: 440:Team nicknames 437: 432: 427: 425:First pro team 422: 417: 415:Doubleday myth 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 376: 373: 372: 369: 368: 362: 361: 335: 332: 328:Miami, Florida 306:(owner of the 265:Paul V. Harper 208: 205: 203: 200: 183:The 1992 film 152: 151: 146: 142: 141: 135: 131: 130: 125: 119: 118: 113: 109: 108: 105: 101: 100: 87: 83: 82: 79: 75: 74: 69: 65: 64: 47: 43: 42: 37: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4783: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4655: 4651: 4646: 4642: 4630: 4626: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4538: 4535: 4531: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4502: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4479:Defunct major 4476: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4393: 4390: 4386: 4376: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4314: 4312: 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Retrieved 2148: 2139: 2026:Sophie Kurys 2020:Pepper Paire 1991:(Dottie Key) 1957: 1955: 1952: 1944: 1938: 1934:Diamond Gals 1933: 1921: 1671:Losing team 1653: 1649: 1306:Pepper Paire 1299: 1297: 1288: 1284: 1279:Chicago Cubs 1275:Otis Shepard 1268: 1219: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1182: 1167: 1150: 1143: 1140: 1132:Olive Little 1125: 1120: 1108: 1106: 1075: 1073: 1064: 1051: 1047:adding to it 1042: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 980: 956: 952: 948: 919: 843:Bat and trap 684: 669:Cuban League 634:Other topics 434: 420:First league 346:cities. The 337: 321: 296: 277: 249:World War II 246: 184: 182: 161: 157: 155: 112:No. of teams 78:First season 18: 4533:Netherlands 4388:South Korea 4344:Independent 4142:Other major 4045:Independent 3885:Independent 3308:‹ The 3232:"Inductees" 2965:Jimmie Foxx 2637:Narratively 2518:1700–1799: 2498:1634–1699: 2039:June Peppas 1983:Faye Dancer 1925:June Peppas 1635:(1951–1952) 1629:(1950–1954) 1611:(1946–1951) 1605:(1946–1949) 1599:(1945–1954) 1593:(1945–1954) 1575:(1943–1954) 1569:(1943–1954) 1563:(1943–1950) 1557:(1943–1951) 1160:Jimmie Foxx 1122:Lois Siegel 1082:Geena Davis 791:Indian Ball 761:Wiffle ball 597:Asian Games 508:Puerto Rico 498:Netherlands 374:Early years 134:Most titles 124:champion(s) 4700:Categories 4404:KBO League 4326:Off-season 3991:Off-season 3216:August 27, 2728:August 19, 2155:August 27, 2131:References 2112:Toni Stone 2014:Doris Sams 1310:Nalda Bird 1294:Theme song 1215:(AAGPBL). 1086:Lori Petty 838:Schlagball 826:Comparison 821:Variations 734:Comparison 452:By country 344:Midwestern 312:Red Grange 149:aagpbl.org 107:Do or die! 96:1954-09-05 4615:Australia 3061:Uni Watch 2900:March 21, 2774:GAY TIMES 2008:Jean Faut 1966:in 1988. 1164:Tom Hanks 1156:Max Carey 1098:Tom Hanks 991:Seventeen 977:Publicity 971:chaperone 858:Pesäpallo 848:Brännboll 806:Stoolball 796:Stickball 741:Baseball5 523:Venezuela 503:Nicaragua 458:Australia 410:Doc Adams 400:Town ball 334:Ownership 326:based in 198:in 1988. 3822:Single-A 3762:Double-A 3737:Triple-A 3691:Americas 3310:template 3280:Sue Macy 3034:Our Game 2722:Archived 2616:July 11, 2523:(1992). 2503:(1997). 2218:June 24, 2045:See also 1257:Uniforms 1154:members 1054:May 2023 995:Newsweek 786:Fuzzball 781:Corkball 776:Tee-ball 751:Rounders 729:Softball 685:Baseball 350:and the 317:poaching 288:softball 207:Founding 4608:Oceania 4367:Women's 4096:Defunct 3473:Seasons 3312:below ( 3190:May 23, 3157:YouTube 3116:Twitter 3013:May 24, 2991:May 24, 2967:at the 2642:May 30, 2309:June 7, 2283:June 4, 2037:2018 – 2030:2017 – 2024:2013 – 2018:2013 – 2012:2012 – 2006:2012 – 2000:2010 – 1994:2005 – 1987:2003 – 1981:2002 – 1975:1999 – 1668:Series 1372:62miles 1207:or the 1094:Madonna 1026:Closure 957:During 944:managed 936:⁄ 926:⁄ 816:Cricket 811:Old cat 801:Vitilla 657:vs. MLB 380:Origins 284:Chicago 202:History 174:Midwest 94: ( 68:Founder 57: ( 46:Founded 4577:Rookie 4510:Europe 4435:Taiwan 4236:Israel 3852:Rookie 3792:High-A 3606:(film) 3329:Curlie 3315:Curlie 3089:  3066:May 3, 3040:May 3, 2948:  2923:  2867:  2842:  2817:  2454:  2256:  2034:(Noga) 1641:(1953) 1623:(1948) 1617:(1948) 1587:(1944) 1581:(1944) 1070:Legacy 868:Palant 645:minors 513:Taiwan 493:Mexico 463:Canada 162:AAGPBL 86:Ceased 4559:Minor 4541:Major 4461:Minor 4443:Major 4414:Minor 4396:Major 4303:Minor 4273:Major 4265:Japan 4220:China 4180:Minor 3727:Minor 3698:Major 3387:Teams 3112:Tweet 2530:(PDF) 2510:(PDF) 1662:Year 1370:100km 1316:Teams 1237:, in 863:Lapta 528:Other 488:Korea 483:Japan 478:Italy 104:Motto 52:(1943 36:Sport 4213:Asia 3535:1954 3530:1953 3525:1952 3520:1951 3515:1950 3510:1949 3505:1948 3500:1947 3495:1946 3490:1945 3485:1944 3480:1943 3218:2022 3192:2024 3087:ISBN 3068:2018 3042:2018 3015:2024 2993:2024 2946:ISBN 2921:ISBN 2902:2007 2865:ISBN 2840:ISBN 2815:ISBN 2782:2023 2756:2023 2730:2023 2644:2018 2618:2019 2549:2024 2465:2011 2452:ISBN 2311:2018 2285:2018 2278:WBEZ 2254:ISBN 2220:2018 2192:2013 2157:2022 1906:3–2 1897:1954 1886:2–0 1877:1953 1866:3–2 1857:1952 1846:3–2 1837:1951 1826:4–3 1817:1950 1806:3–1 1797:1949 1786:4–2 1777:1948 1766:4–3 1757:1947 1746:4–2 1737:1946 1726:4–1 1717:1945 1706:4–3 1697:1944 1686:3–0 1677:1943 1308:and 1158:and 1096:and 987:Life 983:Time 916:Play 853:Oină 771:Elle 468:Cuba 263:and 239:and 156:The 122:Last 81:1943 59:1943 3327:at 3278:by 1166:in 1049:. 282:in 140:(4) 4702:: 3257:. 3234:. 3208:. 3183:. 3155:. 3132:. 3059:. 3032:. 2984:. 2944:. 2888:. 2772:. 2747:. 2720:. 2714:. 2688:^ 2678:. 2652:^ 2635:. 2609:. 2590:^ 2580:. 2532:. 2512:. 2491:^ 2481:. 2414:^ 2404:. 2385:. 2366:. 2348:. 2330:. 2319:^ 2302:. 2276:. 2228:^ 2209:. 2182:. 2176:. 2165:^ 2147:. 2118:, 2114:, 1092:, 1088:, 1084:, 993:, 989:, 985:, 330:. 275:. 259:, 235:, 231:, 227:, 116:15 3670:e 3663:t 3656:v 3372:e 3365:t 3358:v 3261:. 3220:. 3194:. 3159:. 3118:. 3110:( 3095:. 3070:. 3044:. 3017:. 2995:. 2954:. 2929:. 2904:. 2873:. 2848:. 2823:. 2798:. 2784:. 2758:. 2732:. 2682:. 2646:. 2620:. 2584:. 2551:. 2536:. 2516:. 2467:. 2408:. 2389:. 2370:. 2352:. 2334:. 2313:. 2287:. 2262:. 2222:. 2194:. 2159:. 2126:) 1056:) 1052:( 999:, 938:8 934:3 928:4 924:1 921:9 904:e 897:t 890:v 243:. 160:( 98:) 63:) 61:)

Index


Women's baseball
1943 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season
Philip K. Wrigley
15
Kalamazoo Lassies
Rockford Peaches
aagpbl.org
women's baseball
Philip K. Wrigley
Midwest
Rockford Peaches
A League of Their Own
show of the same name
Baseball Hall of Fame

Opa-locka, Florida
Fort Wayne Daisies
Chicago Colleens
Rockford Peaches
South Bend Blue Sox
Springfield Sallies
Peoria Redwings
World War II
while the majority of able men were away
Philip K. Wrigley
Branch Rickey
Paul V. Harper
Major League Baseball
gasoline rationing

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