725:
2937:
3185:
2740:
108:
311:"Our analyses suggest that on average the Neanderthal genomic sequence we obtained and the reference human genome sequence share a most recent common ancestor ~706,000 years ago, and that the human and Neanderthal ancestral populations split ~370,000 years ago, before the emergence of anatomically modern humans."
159:. (For some time, studies concerning the commonality between chimps and humans modified the commonality of 99% to a commonality of only 94%, showing that the genetic gap between humans and chimpanzees was far larger than originally thought, but more recent knowledge states the difference between humans, chimpanzees, and
240:
reported that a skull found in a cave in northern Israel, is "probably a woman, who lived and died in the region about 55,000 years ago, placing modern humans there and then for the first time ever", pointing to a potential time and location when modern humans first interbred with
Neanderthals.
154:
migrated into Europe. This finding is disputed because of the paucity of archeological evidence supporting their statement. The fossil evidence does not conclusively place
Neanderthals and modern humans in close proximity at this time and place. According to preliminary sequences from 2010, 99.7%
122:
announced that they had completed the first draft of the
Neanderthal genome. An early analysis of the data suggested in "the genome of Neanderthals, a human species driven to extinction" "no significant trace of Neanderthal genes in modern humans". New results suggested that some adult Neanderthals
266:
technique developed by 454 Life
Sciences that amplifies single molecules for characterization and obtained over a quarter of a million unique short sequences ("reads"). The technique delivers randomly located reads, so that sequences of interest – genes that differ between modern humans and
52:
in
Germany. In May 2010 the project published their initial draft of the Neanderthal genome (Vi33.16, Vi33.25, Vi33.26) based on the analysis of four billion base pairs of Neanderthal DNA. The study determined that some mixture of genes occurred between Neanderthals and
100:, and other bones found in Spain, Russia, and Germany. Only about half a gram of the bone samples (or 21 samples each 50–100 mg) was required for the sequencing, but the project faced many difficulties, including the contamination of the samples by the
282:
Overall, their results were remarkably similar. One group suggested there was a hint of mixing between human and
Neanderthal genomes, while the other found none, but both teams recognized that the data set was not large enough to give a definitive answer.
278:
library-based approach. All of the DNA in the sample is "immortalized" into metagenomic libraries. A DNA fragment is selected, then propagated in microbes. The resulting
Neanderthal DNA sequences can then be sequenced or specific sequences can be studied.
1089:
274:, used a different technique, one in which the Neanderthal DNA is inserted into bacteria, which make multiple copies of a single fragment. They demonstrated that Neanderthal genomic sequences can be recovered using a
286:
The publication by Noonan, and his team revealed
Neanderthal DNA sequences matching chimpanzee DNA, but not modern human DNA, at multiple locations, thus enabling the first accurate calculation of the date of the
1016:
Ovchinnikov, Igor V.; Götherström, Anders; Romanova, Galina P.; Kharitonov, Vitaliy M.; Lidén, Kerstin; Goodwin, William (30 March 2000). "Molecular analysis of
Neanderthal DNA from the northern Caucasus".
244:
In 2016, the project found that
Neanderthals bred with modern humans multiple times, and that Neanderthals interbred with Denisovans only once, as evidenced in the genome of modern-day Melanesians.
817:
267:
Neanderthals – show up at random as well. However, this form of direct sequencing destroys the original sample so to obtain new reads more samples must be destructively sequenced.
307:
reference sequence lived 706,000 years ago (divergence time), estimating the separation of the human and Neanderthal ancestral populations to 370,000 years ago (split time).
869:
1541:
848:
475:
68:
was reported for the first time. DNA was extracted from a toe fragment from a female Neanderthal researchers have dubbed the "Altai Neandertal". It was found in
1691:
2703:
2568:
896:
708:
1070:
922:
855:
134:
In May 2010, the project released a draft of their report on the sequenced Neanderthal genome. Contradicting the results discovered while examining
49:
155:
of the nucleotide sequences of the modern human and Neanderthal genomes are identical, compared to humans sharing around 98.8% of sequences with the
1577:
1317:
1147:
783:
3046:
1609:
1404:
Krause, J.; Lalueza-Fox, C.; Orlando, L.; et al. (November 2007). "The derived FOXP2 variant of modern humans was shared with Neandertals".
364:
825:
1547:
1469:
114:, director of the Department of Genetics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and head of its Neanderthal genome project
1217:
2449:
2151:
256:
143:
17:
3114:
3011:
2331:
3124:
2505:
2291:
1909:
873:
536:
2442:
3214:
3119:
506:
3129:
1321:
646:
2688:
2500:
937:
1729:
482:
247:
In 2006, two research teams working on the same Neanderthal sample published their results, Richard Green and his team in
138:(mtDNA), they demonstrated a range of genetic contribution to non-African modern humans ranging from 1% to 4%. From their
1602:
340:
1253 and 1351c specimens, suggesting Neanderthals might have shared some basic language capabilities with modern humans.
104:
that had colonized the Neanderthal's body and humans who handled the bones at the excavation site and at the laboratory.
3051:
2678:
2461:
2437:
2360:
2723:
2650:
2432:
2427:
1349:"Deeply divergent archaic mitochondrial genome provides lower time boundary for African gene flow into Neanderthals"
233:
distinct from modern humans, suggesting that their mtDNA types have not contributed to the modern human mtDNA pool.
2225:
2207:
416:
131:
a Neanderthal, Pääbo commented, "Starting from the DNA extracted from a fossil, it is and will remain impossible."
3061:
2522:
2473:
2417:
2163:
712:
1556:
1015:
2778:
2698:
2534:
2422:
2196:
1756:
1595:
194:. Even though the Denisova hominin's mtDNA lineage predates the divergence of modern humans and Neanderthals,
2608:
3219:
3209:
2713:
2683:
2668:
2618:
2284:
2032:
349:
2623:
2603:
2348:
2326:
1766:
821:
288:
1574:
1325:
48:, a biotechnology company based in Branford, Connecticut in the United States and is coordinated by the
3134:
2640:
2556:
54:
1162:
3098:
3066:
3016:
2971:
2613:
2485:
2412:
2392:
2136:
1751:
380: – Result of interbreeding between two or more previously isolated populations within a species
178:) in the mtDNA strand out of approximately 16,500, whereas the difference between modern humans and
3229:
3224:
2663:
2658:
2633:
2510:
2478:
2239:
1875:
1835:
2996:
1532:
1510:
3092:
3071:
2744:
2645:
2628:
2539:
2515:
2495:
2466:
2355:
2277:
1944:
1880:
222:
1575:"Neanderthal Genome Sequencing Yields Surprising Results and Opens a New Door to Future Studies"
1318:"Neanderthal genome sequencing yields surprising results and opens a new door to future studies"
798:
677:
2981:
2544:
2527:
2490:
2380:
1999:
1839:
1699:
1568:
1295:
1266:
358:
1470:"A Complete Neandertal Mitochondrial Genome Sequence Determined by High-Throughput Sequencing"
3234:
2598:
2365:
2177:
1659:
1141:
777:
255:. The results were received with some scepticism, mainly surrounding the issue of a possible
57:
and presented evidence that elements of their genome remain in modern humans outside Africa.
3041:
2976:
2936:
2561:
2336:
2319:
1686:
1681:
1653:
1413:
1360:
1232:
1177:
1103:
1028:
970:
739:
650:
578:
431:
186:
and modern humans is approximately 1,462 mtDNA base pairs. Analysis of the specimen's
1434:
8:
3031:
3021:
2585:
2385:
2257:
2232:
2220:
2202:
2189:
2037:
1860:
1797:
1735:
1676:
900:
237:
124:
1562:
1417:
1364:
1236:
1181:
1107:
1032:
993:
974:
958:
743:
582:
435:
2951:
2909:
2889:
2771:
2213:
2172:
2141:
2023:
1919:
1497:
1447:
1381:
1348:
1253:
1124:
1091:
1052:
760:
727:
682:
622:
599:
564:
452:
206:
179:
38:
2961:
2067:
1725:
3056:
2899:
2795:
2573:
2549:
2454:
2375:
2370:
2105:
1978:
1802:
1502:
1439:
1386:
1258:
1195:
1129:
1044:
998:
765:
604:
457:
377:
195:
183:
156:
135:
119:
111:
45:
1092:"Excavating Neandertal and Denisovan DNA from the genomes of Melanesian individuals"
3155:
2925:
1959:
1492:
1484:
1451:
1429:
1421:
1376:
1368:
1248:
1240:
1185:
1119:
1111:
1056:
1036:
1019:
988:
978:
959:"The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominin from southern Siberia"
755:
747:
594:
586:
569:
481:(Press release). Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from
447:
439:
392:
202:
167:
1984:
142:
samples in Eurasia (French, Han Chinese and Papuan) the authors stated that it is
3145:
2870:
2860:
2402:
2183:
1647:
1626:
1581:
942:
654:
73:
1994:
1071:"Skull discovery suggests location where humans first had sex with Neanderthals"
336:
identical to those in modern humans were discovered in Neanderthal DNA from the
190:
was then still under way and expected to clarify whether the find is a distinct
2300:
1825:
1542:"Genetic algorithm model shows that modern humans out-competed the Neanderthal"
1488:
921:
Gibbons, Ann (13 June 2012). "Bonobos join chimps as closest human relatives".
897:"Tiny genetic differences between humans and other primates pervade the genome"
626:
541:
263:
210:
34:
1965:
1425:
337:
201:
A rib fragment from the partial skeleton of a Neanderthal infant found in the
3203:
3188:
2764:
2072:
2042:
1940:
1885:
1870:
321:
Based on the analysis of mitochondrial DNA, the split of the Neanderthal and
69:
1244:
1115:
751:
443:
3006:
2991:
2966:
2314:
2119:
2093:
2058:
1865:
1829:
1807:
1641:
1635:
1506:
1443:
1390:
1262:
1199:
1133:
1075:
1048:
1002:
769:
608:
461:
275:
271:
226:
93:
3001:
2956:
2825:
2112:
2047:
1989:
1974:
1970:
1930:
1894:
1618:
1299:
938:"DNA from bone shows new human forerunner, and raises array of questions"
532:
325:
lineages is estimated to date to between 760,000 and 550,000 years ago (
214:
187:
85:
65:
1781:
1372:
1190:
983:
590:
565:"The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains"
174:
revealed that it differed from that of modern humans by 385 bases (
3150:
2841:
1900:
1720:
299:. The research team estimates the most recent common ancestor of their
175:
92:
bones of three 38,000 year-old female Neanderthal specimens from
3140:
2883:
2099:
1913:
1715:
1040:
386:
198:
does not preclude a more recent divergence date for her nuclear DNA.
389: – Transfer of genetic variation from one population to another
166:
Additionally, in 2010, the discovery and analysis of mtDNA from the
3109:
1950:
1890:
1855:
1845:
1527:
726:
Green, R. E.; Krause, J.; Briggs, A. W.; et al. (7 May 2010).
101:
3104:
3087:
2854:
2269:
1955:
415:
Green, R. E.; Krause, J.; Briggs, A. W.; et al. (May 2010).
326:
191:
171:
128:
97:
2921:
2831:
1905:
160:
147:
61:
1587:
507:"Neandertal DNA may raise risk for some modern human diseases"
367: – Evidence of human hybridization during the Paleolithic
118:
In February 2009, the Max Planck Institute's team led by
3170:
3160:
2812:
1850:
333:
230:
218:
107:
89:
213:, and therefore belonging to the latest lived Neanderthals.
3165:
2806:
957:
Krause, J.; Fu, Q.; Good, J. M.; et al. (April 2010).
818:"Neanderthals, humans interbred – first solid DNA evidence"
2787:
1536:
182:
is around 202 bases. In contrast, the difference between
1563:
BBC News Paul Rincon, "Neanderthal DNA secrets unlocked"
1403:
623:"Scientists decode majority of Neanderthal man's genome"
225:, some 2,500 km to the west in Germany and in 2011
2756:
1163:"Analysis of one million base pairs of Neanderthal DNA"
872:. Scientific American. 19 December 2006. Archived from
382:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
354:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
352: – Earliest anatomically modern humans in Europe
1218:"Sequencing and analysis of Neanderthal genomic DNA"
809:
76:
of Siberia and is estimated to be 50,000 years old.
1161:Green, Richard E.; et al. (16 November 2006).
1090:Vernot B.; Tucci S.; Kelso J.; et al. (2016).
1216:Noonan, James P.; et al. (17 November 2006).
262:In 2006, Richard Green's team had used a then new
221:sequence showed 3.48% divergence from that of the
50:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
2021:
537:"Toe fossil provides complete Neanderthal genome"
414:
209:was radiocarbon-dated in 1999 to 29,195±965
3201:
678:"Scientists in Germany draft Neanderthal genome"
410:
408:
640:
638:
636:
395: – Offspring of cross-species reproduction
365:Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans
259:of Neanderthals into the modern human genome.
88:of Neanderthals by extracting the DNA from the
1211:
1209:
929:
2772:
2285:
1603:
1468:Green, Richard E.; et al. (2008-08-08).
1346:
870:"Humans and chimps: close but not that close"
563:PrĂĽfer, Kay; et al. (18 December 2013).
405:
1315:
1146:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
956:
950:
782:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
633:
1557:MSNBC "Neanderthal genome project launches"
1311:
1309:
1206:
728:"Draft full sequence of Neanderthal Genome"
709:"Neanderthal genome "first draft" unveiled"
562:
556:
525:
417:"A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome"
2779:
2765:
2292:
2278:
1610:
1596:
1154:
799:"Signs of Neanderthals mating with humans"
711:. National Geographic News. Archived from
1544:Short summary of a peer review paper 2008
1496:
1433:
1380:
1289:
1287:
1252:
1189:
1123:
992:
982:
840:
759:
647:"Team in Germany maps Neanderthal genome"
644:
598:
451:
33:is an effort of a group of scientists to
27:Effort to sequence the Neanderthal genome
1306:
914:
106:
1528:"The Neandertal Genome Project Website"
920:
645:McGroarty, Patrick (12 February 2009).
60:In December 2013, a high coverage
14:
3202:
1293:
1284:
1215:
849:"Relative differences: the myth of 1%"
531:
3115:Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor
2760:
2273:
1591:
1467:
1322:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
1160:
935:
888:
846:
706:
702:
700:
332:Mutations of the speech-related gene
205:in the northwestern foothills of the
3125:Orangutan–human last common ancestor
894:
815:
796:
675:
1347:Cosimo, Posth; et al. (2017).
676:Wade, Nicholas (12 February 2009).
24:
3120:Gorilla–human last common ancestor
3052:Kinshasa Declaration on Great Apes
2361:Blood type distribution by country
2299:
1461:
862:
697:
144:likely that interbreeding occurred
25:
3246:
3130:Gibbon–human last common ancestor
1569:"Welcome to Neanderthal genomics"
1521:
1316:Yarris, Lynn (15 November 2006).
1296:"Welcome to Neanderthal genomics"
1294:Timmer, John (17 November 2006).
707:Inman, Mason (12 February 2009).
127:. On the question of potentially
3184:
3183:
2935:
2739:
2738:
3062:Great Apes Survival Partnership
3012:Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary
1617:
1397:
1340:
1083:
1063:
1009:
895:Wong, Kate (1 September 2014).
790:
719:
236:In 2015, Israel Hershkovitz of
163:at just about 1.0–1.2% again.)
1435:11858/00-001M-0000-000F-FED3-1
936:Brown, David (25 March 2010).
669:
615:
499:
468:
31:The Neanderthal genome project
13:
1:
3215:Ancient human genetic history
797:Wade, Nicholas (6 May 2010).
399:
251:, and James Noonan's team in
229:analysis placed the two in a
1757:Southwest Asian Neanderthals
7:
847:Cohen, Jon (29 June 2007).
822:National Geographic Society
343:
289:most recent common ancestor
79:
10:
3251:
3135:List of fictional primates
2987:Neanderthal genome project
2342:Neanderthal genome project
2147:Neanderthal genome project
1548:"Last of the Neanderthals"
1533:Neanderthal genome project
1489:10.1016/j.cell.2008.06.021
84:The researchers recovered
55:anatomically modern humans
18:Neanderthal Genome Project
3179:
3080:
3067:International Primate Day
3030:
3017:Borneo Orangutan Survival
2972:Chimpanzee genome project
2944:
2933:
2794:
2734:
2584:
2401:
2307:
2249:
2162:
2152:In Search of Lost Genomes
2129:
2085:
2056:
2012:
1928:
1816:
1791:Intermediate (250–130 ka)
1790:
1774:
1765:
1744:
1708:
1669:
1625:
1426:10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.008
361: – Prehistoric event
2786:
2479:Caucasus hunter-gatherer
2240:The Neanderthal Parallax
1876:Krapina Neanderthal site
1836:La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1
816:Than, Ker (6 May 2010).
301:H. neanderthalensis
297:H. neanderthalensis
41:, founded in July 2006.
3093:List of individual apes
3072:Nonhuman Rights Project
2540:Ancient Northeast Asian
2516:Eastern hunter-gatherer
2496:Western hunter-gatherer
2467:Early Anatolian farmers
1483:(3). Elsevier: 416–26.
1245:10.1126/science.1131412
1116:10.1126/science.aad9416
752:10.1126/science.1188021
476:"The Neanderthal in Us"
444:10.1126/science.1188021
2982:Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka
2545:Ancient Paleo-Siberian
2528:Ancient North Eurasian
2491:Early European Farmers
1752:Gibraltar Neanderthals
359:Neanderthal extinction
319:
270:Noonan's team, led by
115:
2997:Lone Drøscher Nielsen
2366:Genealogical DNA test
2327:Evolutionary genetics
1660:Homo neanderthalensis
1537:National Public Radio
1353:Nature Communications
715:on February 16, 2009.
309:
223:Feldhofer Neanderthal
110:
2977:Human Genome Project
2337:Neanderthal genetics
2320:Human Genome Project
2086:Contemporary species
2013:Fossils with claimed
1861:Saccopastore 1 and 2
1654:Homo heidelbergensis
657:on 26 September 2012
651:The Associated Press
535:(18 December 2013).
316:Noonan et al. (2006)
44:It was initiated by
3220:Genetics in Germany
3210:Ancient DNA (human)
3022:Primate archaeology
2720:Sub-Saharan Africa
2689:Tamils (Sri Lankan)
2586:Population genetics
2393:Genetic enhancement
2386:Surname DNA project
2258:Prehistoric Autopsy
2203:The Ugly Little Boy
2190:The Neanderthal Man
1798:Saccopastore skulls
1736:Levallois technique
1551:National Geographic
1418:2007CBio...17.1908K
1373:10.1038/ncomms16046
1365:2017NatCo...816046P
1237:2006Sci...314.1113N
1191:10.1038/nature05336
1182:2006Natur.444..330G
1108:2016Sci...352..235V
1033:2000Natur.404..490O
984:10.1038/nature08976
975:2010Natur.464..894K
901:Scientific American
744:2010Sci...328..710G
629:. 13 February 2009.
591:10.1038/nature12886
583:2014Natur.505...43P
436:2010Sci...328..710G
238:Tel Aviv University
2952:Great ape language
2910:Tapanuli orangutan
2890:Sumatran orangutan
2214:Dance of the Tiger
2208:Neanderthal Planet
2173:The Quest for Fire
2142:Neanderthal Museum
2024:H. heidelbergensis
2015:Neanderthal traits
1580:2009-03-10 at the
1079:. 28 January 2015.
876:on 11 October 2007
803:The New York Times
683:The New York Times
513:. 11 February 2016
303:samples and their
207:Caucasus Mountains
125:lactose intolerant
116:
39:Neanderthal genome
3197:
3196:
3057:Great Ape Project
2900:Bornean orangutan
2754:
2753:
2574:Ancient Beringian
2376:Race and genetics
2371:Genetic genealogy
2356:Genetic variation
2267:
2266:
2106:Homo floresiensis
2081:
2080:
2008:
2007:
1846:La Quina 5 and 18
1767:Notable specimens
1745:Regional variants
1559:22 November 2006.
1231:(5802): 1113–18.
378:Admixture mapping
196:coalescent theory
136:mitochondrial DNA
46:454 Life Sciences
16:(Redirected from
3242:
3187:
3186:
3156:Mythic humanoids
2939:
2914:P. tapanuliensis
2781:
2774:
2767:
2758:
2757:
2742:
2741:
2443:African diaspora
2433:Eastern Africa‎‎
2381:Recent evolution
2332:Human-chimp MRCA
2294:
2287:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2221:Earth's Children
2137:Excavation sites
2033:Bontnewydd tooth
2019:
2018:
1934:range (50–40 ka)
1775:Archaic (430 ka)
1772:
1771:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1589:
1588:
1584:15 November 2006
1571:17 November 2006
1565:15 November 2006
1517:
1515:
1509:. Archived from
1500:
1474:
1456:
1455:
1437:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1384:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1328:on 10 March 2009
1324:. Archived from
1313:
1304:
1303:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1271:
1265:. Archived from
1256:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1203:
1193:
1176:(7117): 330–36.
1167:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1137:
1127:
1102:(6282): 235–39.
1087:
1081:
1080:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1041:10.1038/35006625
1027:(6777): 490–93.
1013:
1007:
1006:
996:
986:
969:(7290): 894–97.
954:
948:
947:
933:
927:
926:
918:
912:
911:
909:
907:
892:
886:
885:
883:
881:
866:
860:
859:
853:
844:
838:
837:
835:
833:
824:. Archived from
813:
807:
806:
794:
788:
787:
781:
773:
763:
738:(5979): 710–22.
723:
717:
716:
704:
695:
694:
692:
690:
673:
667:
666:
664:
662:
653:. Archived from
642:
631:
630:
619:
613:
612:
602:
560:
554:
553:
551:
549:
529:
523:
522:
520:
518:
503:
497:
496:
494:
493:
487:
480:
472:
466:
465:
455:
430:(5979): 710–22.
421:
412:
383:
355:
317:
217:recovered for a
203:Mezmaiskaya cave
168:Denisova hominin
21:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3230:Human evolution
3225:Genome projects
3200:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3175:
3146:Human evolution
3076:
3033:
3026:
2962:BirutÄ— Galdikas
2940:
2931:
2871:Western gorilla
2861:Eastern gorilla
2797:
2790:
2785:
2755:
2750:
2730:
2710:Southeast Asia
2588:
2580:
2438:Southern Africa
2405:
2403:Genetic history
2397:
2303:
2298:
2268:
2263:
2245:
2184:The Grisly Folk
2164:Popular culture
2158:
2125:
2077:
2068:Peștera cu Oase
2052:
2014:
2004:
1985:Saint-CĂ©saire 1
1933:
1924:
1818:
1812:
1786:
1761:
1740:
1726:Châtelperronian
1709:Tool traditions
1704:
1692:Admixture with
1665:
1648:Homo antecessor
1621:
1616:
1582:Wayback Machine
1524:
1513:
1472:
1464:
1462:Further reading
1459:
1412:(21): 1908–12.
1406:Current Biology
1402:
1398:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1314:
1307:
1292:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1272:on 17 July 2011
1269:
1220:
1214:
1207:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1139:
1138:
1088:
1084:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1014:
1010:
955:
951:
943:Washington Post
934:
930:
919:
915:
905:
903:
893:
889:
879:
877:
868:
867:
863:
851:
845:
841:
831:
829:
814:
810:
795:
791:
775:
774:
724:
720:
705:
698:
688:
686:
674:
670:
660:
658:
643:
634:
621:
620:
616:
577:(7481): 43–49.
561:
557:
547:
545:
530:
526:
516:
514:
505:
504:
500:
491:
489:
485:
478:
474:
473:
469:
419:
413:
406:
402:
381:
353:
346:
318:
315:
293:H. sapiens
82:
74:Altai Mountains
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3248:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2928:: Hylobatidae)
2919:
2918:
2917:
2907:
2897:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2868:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2846:P. troglodytes
2839:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2802:
2800:
2792:
2791:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2592:
2590:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2557:Southeast Asia
2554:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2428:Central Africa
2425:
2420:
2409:
2407:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2301:Human genetics
2297:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2274:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2217:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2197:The Inheritors
2193:
2186:
2181:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2097:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1968:
1966:SidrĂłn remains
1963:
1953:
1948:
1937:
1935:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1903:
1898:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1833:
1826:La Ferrassie 1
1822:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1631:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1553:, October 2008
1545:
1539:
1530:
1523:
1522:External links
1520:
1519:
1518:
1516:on 2008-12-17.
1463:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1396:
1339:
1305:
1283:
1205:
1153:
1082:
1062:
1008:
949:
928:
913:
887:
861:
839:
828:on May 9, 2010
808:
789:
718:
696:
668:
632:
627:Deutsche Welle
614:
555:
542:New York Times
524:
498:
467:
403:
401:
398:
397:
396:
390:
384:
369:
368:
362:
356:
345:
342:
313:
81:
78:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3247:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3190:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3099:Apes in space
3097:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3034:social status
3029:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:Study of apes
2943:
2938:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2777:
2775:
2770:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2747:
2746:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2501:British Isles
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2423:West Africa‎‎
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:Documentaries
2248:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2073:Lagar Velho 1
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2017:
2011:
2001:
2000:Mezmaiskaya 1
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1941:Neanderthal 1
1939:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1886:Teshik-Tash 1
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1803:Ehringsdorf 9
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1730:controversial
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1310:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1288:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1210:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1149:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1012:
1004:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
953:
945:
944:
939:
932:
924:
917:
902:
898:
891:
875:
871:
865:
857:
850:
843:
827:
823:
819:
812:
804:
800:
793:
785:
779:
771:
767:
762:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
722:
714:
710:
703:
701:
685:
684:
679:
672:
656:
652:
648:
641:
639:
637:
628:
624:
618:
610:
606:
601:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
571:
566:
559:
544:
543:
538:
534:
528:
512:
508:
502:
488:on 2010-05-16
484:
477:
471:
463:
459:
454:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
418:
411:
409:
404:
394:
391:
388:
385:
379:
376:
375:
374:
373:
366:
363:
360:
357:
351:
348:
347:
341:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
312:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
284:
280:
277:
273:
268:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
245:
242:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
164:
162:
158:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
130:
126:
121:
113:
109:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
77:
75:
71:
70:Denisova Cave
67:
63:
58:
56:
51:
47:
42:
40:
36:
32:
19:
3235:Neanderthals
3047:Research ban
3007:Elgin Center
2992:Willie Smits
2986:
2967:Jane Goodall
2913:
2903:
2893:
2882:
2874:
2864:
2853:
2845:
2835:
2824:
2816:
2805:
2743:
2641:Azerbaijanis
2523:Central Asia
2418:North Africa
2341:
2315:Human genome
2256:
2238:
2231:
2219:
2212:
2195:
2188:
2171:
2150:
2146:
2120:Homo sapiens
2118:
2111:
2104:
2094:Homo erectus
2092:
2059:Homo sapiens
2057:
2022:
1995:Fontéchevade
1881:Shanidar 1-4
1871:Mt. Circeo 1
1866:Altamura man
1693:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1642:Homo erectus
1640:
1636:Homo habilis
1634:
1550:
1511:the original
1480:
1476:
1409:
1405:
1399:
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1326:the original
1274:. Retrieved
1267:the original
1228:
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1173:
1169:
1156:
1142:cite journal
1099:
1095:
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1076:The Guardian
1074:
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941:
931:
923:Science/AAAS
916:
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890:
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874:the original
864:
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830:. Retrieved
826:the original
811:
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792:
778:cite journal
735:
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713:the original
687:. Retrieved
681:
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655:the original
617:
574:
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558:
546:. Retrieved
540:
533:Zimmer, Carl
527:
515:. Retrieved
511:Science News
510:
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490:. Retrieved
483:the original
470:
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371:
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331:
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310:
304:
300:
296:
292:
285:
281:
272:Edward Rubin
269:
261:
252:
248:
246:
243:
235:
227:Phylogenetic
200:
180:Neanderthals
165:
152:Homo sapiens
151:
140:Homo sapiens
139:
133:
120:Svante Pääbo
117:
112:Svante Pääbo
94:Vindija Cave
83:
59:
43:
30:
29:
3137:(non-human)
3101:(non-human)
3095:(non-human)
3002:Ian Redmond
2957:Dian Fossey
2904:P. pygmaeus
2865:G. beringei
2836:P. paniscus
2798:ape species
2699:Han Chinese
2675:South Asia
2462:Middle East
2233:Neanderthal
2113:Homo naledi
2048:Azykhantrop
1990:Le Moustier
1971:Gibraltar 1
1951:Spy 1 and 2
1931:radiocarbon
1819:(130–50 ka)
1619:Neanderthal
1332:16 February
1300:ArsTechnica
880:20 December
548:18 December
517:15 February
276:metagenomic
215:Ancient DNA
188:nuclear DNA
184:chimpanzees
176:nucleotides
86:ancient DNA
66:Neanderthal
3204:Categories
3151:Monkey Day
3141:Great apes
3042:Personhood
2875:G. gorilla
2842:Chimpanzee
2817:H. sapiens
2724:Hutu/Tutsi
2695:East Asia
2609:Bulgarians
2450:South Asia
2308:Sub-topics
1808:Altamura 1
1721:Mousterian
1700:Extinction
1694:H. sapiens
906:12 October
492:2010-05-08
400:References
350:Cro-Magnon
323:H. sapiens
305:H. sapiens
264:sequencing
157:chimpanzee
3032:Legal and
2894:P. abelii
2884:Orangutan
2714:Filipinos
2684:Sinhalese
2679:Gujaratis
2669:Moroccans
2664:Egyptians
2619:Romanians
2535:East Asia
2406:by region
2100:Denisovan
2038:Atapuerca
1716:Acheulean
1682:Behaviour
1627:Ancestors
1359:: 16046.
387:Gene flow
338:El SidrĂłn
257:admixture
3189:Category
3110:Bushmeat
2745:Category
2704:Japanese
2624:Russians
2604:Bosniaks
2589:by group
2562:Thailand
2474:Caucasus
2349:Timeline
2130:Research
1901:Tabun C1
1891:Kebara 2
1856:Scladina
1782:MiguelĂłn
1687:Genetics
1578:Archived
1507:18692465
1444:17949978
1391:28675384
1263:17110569
1200:17108958
1134:26989198
1049:10761915
1003:20336068
994:10152974
770:20448178
609:24352235
462:20448178
372:General:
344:See also
314:—
102:bacteria
80:Findings
35:sequence
3105:Bigfoot
3088:Primate
3081:Related
2855:Gorilla
2599:Basques
2595:Europe
2569:America
1956:Engis 2
1817:Typical
1677:Anatomy
1670:Biology
1498:2602844
1452:9518208
1414:Bibcode
1382:5500885
1361:Bibcode
1254:2583069
1233:Bibcode
1225:Science
1178:Bibcode
1125:6743480
1104:Bibcode
1096:Science
1057:3101375
1029:Bibcode
971:Bibcode
761:5100745
740:Bibcode
732:Science
661:2 April
600:4031459
579:Bibcode
453:5100745
432:Bibcode
424:Science
253:Science
192:species
172:Siberia
161:bonobos
150:before
146:in the
129:cloning
98:Croatia
72:in the
2926:family
2922:Gibbon
2832:Bonobo
2796:Extant
2614:Croats
2506:Iberia
2486:Europe
2413:Africa
1906:Amud 1
1505:
1495:
1450:
1442:
1389:
1379:
1276:9 July
1261:
1251:
1198:
1170:Nature
1132:
1122:
1055:
1047:
1020:Nature
1001:
991:
963:Nature
768:
758:
689:20 May
607:
597:
570:Nature
460:
450:
393:Hybrid
327:95% CI
249:Nature
148:Levant
62:genome
3171:Yowie
3161:Yeren
2813:Human
2659:Arabs
2655:MENA
2651:Turks
2634:Serbs
2550:China
2511:Italy
2455:India
1851:Krijn
1514:(PDF)
1473:(PDF)
1448:S2CID
1270:(PDF)
1221:(PDF)
1166:(PDF)
1053:S2CID
852:(PDF)
832:9 May
486:(PDF)
479:(PDF)
420:(PDF)
334:FOXP2
231:clade
219:mtDNA
123:were
90:femur
64:of a
3166:Yeti
2807:Homo
2788:Apes
2646:Jews
2629:Sami
2226:film
2178:film
2043:Samu
1979:site
1973:and
1960:site
1945:site
1920:OR-1
1914:site
1908:and
1895:site
1840:site
1830:site
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1503:PMID
1477:Cell
1440:PMID
1387:PMID
1334:2009
1278:2008
1259:PMID
1196:PMID
1148:link
1130:PMID
1045:PMID
999:PMID
908:2016
882:2006
856:AAAS
834:2010
784:link
766:PMID
691:2010
663:2011
605:PMID
550:2013
519:2016
458:PMID
295:and
211:B.P.
37:the
2826:Pan
1929:In
1645:(→
1535:on
1493:PMC
1485:doi
1481:134
1430:hdl
1422:doi
1377:PMC
1369:doi
1249:PMC
1241:doi
1229:314
1186:doi
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1120:PMC
1112:doi
1100:352
1037:doi
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989:PMC
979:doi
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756:PMC
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