733:. This strategy had important tactical ramifications. French ships tended to fire at the rigging of their opponents to disable them and allow the French ships to escape and continue with their mission. French ships typically fired their broadsides on the upward roll of the ship, disabling their opponents but doing little damage to the enemy ships or their crews. This was compounded by the French tendency to fight from the leeward gage, causing the guns to point high as the ships heeled with the wind. British and Dutch ships, by contrast, tended to use the opposite tactic of firing on the downward roll into the enemy hulls, causing a storm of flying splinters that killed and maimed the enemy gun crews. This difference in tactics goes some way to explaining the difference in casualty figures between British and French crews, with French fleets tending to suffer not only more casualties but also a higher proportion of killed than wounded.
1046:, a Scottish ironworks, in 1778. Because of irregularities in the size of cannonballs and the difficulty of boring out gun barrels, there was usually a considerable gap between the ball and the bore â often as much as a quarter of an inch â with a consequent loss of efficiency. This gap was known as the "windage". The manufacturing practices introduced by the Carron Company reduced the windage considerably, enabling the ball to be fired with less powder and hence a smaller and lighter gun. The carronade was half the weight of an equivalent long gun, but could throw a heavy ball over a limited distance. The light weight of the carronade meant that the guns could be added to the forecastle and quarterdeck of frigates and ships of the line, increasing firepower without affecting the ship's sailing qualities. It became known as the âsmasherâ and gave ships armed with carronades a great advantage at short range.
688:
quarters because the ships risked being raked as they turned downwind. A second disadvantage of the leeward gage was that in anything more than a light wind, a sailing ship that is sailing close hauled (or beating) will heel to leeward under the pressure of the wind on its sails. The ships of a fleet on the leeward gage heel away from their opponents, exposing part of their bottoms to shot. If a ship is penetrated in an area of the hull that is normally under water, she is then in danger of taking on water or even sinking when on the other tack. This is known as "hulled between wind and water". Finally, smoke from the gunfire of the ships to windward would blow down on the fleet on the leeward gage. It was common for battles to involve days of manoeuvring as one admiral strove to take the weather gage from his opponent in order to force him to action, as at the battles of
1262:
742:
fleet should be worn out by severe action, leaving
Britain with an unreachable numerical superiority. Therefore, they preferred to engage to leeward, a position which left them free to retreat before the wind. They allowed the British fleet to get to windward, and when it was parallel with them and bore up before the wind to attack, they moved onwards. The attacking fleet had then to advance, not directly before the wind with its ships moving along lines perpendicular to the line attacked, but in slanting or curving lines. The assailants would be thrown into "a bow and quarter line" â with the bow of the second level with the after part of the first and so on from end to end. In the case of a number of ships of various powers of sailing, it was a difficult formation to maintain.
31:
1417:, Douglas Allen argues the long period of British success fighting under sail depended on organizational rules surrounding officers and paying officers through prizes, which were designed to encourage officers to be at sea, to drill their crews to fight, and to engage the enemy. As a consequence, the Royal Navy did not depend on superior technology, geography, or luck. The rules were discarded with the introduction of steam which allowed for direct monitoring of captains and admirals. In contrast, Allen argues the French incentives did not encourage fighting and led to a Navy better trained in sailing.
540:
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1106:. Copper sheathing delayed the growth of weeds on the hull, improving the sailing performance of ships that had been long out of dock. This had significant strategic as well as tactical implications. Up to 1780, the British, who kept their ships at sea for longer periods, had almost always found that the clean French ships were faster and could therefore avoid battle if they wished. The introduction of copper sheathing meant that ships that had spent months on blockade were not necessarily at an immediate speed disadvantage to enemy ships coming freshly out of port.
887:
192:, often requiring only one or two men to handle them. They were designed to injure, kill or simply stun, shock and frighten the enemy prior to boarding. As guns were made more durable to withstand stronger gunpowder charges, they increased their potential to inflict critical damage to the vessel rather than just its crew. Since these guns were much heavier than the earlier anti-personnel weapons, they had to be placed lower in the ships, and fire from
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number of ships in action to windward against a smaller number to leeward by arranging them at a lesser distance than two-cables length. An enemy who took the simple and obvious course of closing his line could baffle the attack, and while the retreat to leeward remained open could still slip away. Like
Suffren, Rodney was a great tactician, but a difficult man to work with who failed to explain his intentions to his subordinates.
395:, navigator, master-gunner, and captain of marines presided over by an aristocrat. Drake saw no purpose in having a member of the aristocracy without specialist knowledge and established the principle that the captain of the ship would be in sole command based upon his skill and experience rather than social position. This transformation was never quite made in the
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to leeward slipped away. At all times a fleet advancing from windward was liable to injury in spars, even if the leeward fleet did not deliberately aim at them. The leeward ships would be leaning away from the wind, and their shot would always have a tendency to fly high. So long as the assailant remained to windward, the ships to leeward could always slip off.
252:. The previous solution was to make sailing ships fire backwards from the stern, as a defensive measure, or forward from the bow, as an offensive measure. The latter was only partially achieved either by canting (angling) the side guns towards the bow or stern as far as the ship's structure would allow, or by placing guns on the
224:, at least in theory. Guns in the 16th century were considered to be in fixed positions and were intended to be fired independently rather than in concerted volleys. It was not until the 1590s that the word "broadside" in English was commonly used to refer to gunfire from the side of a ship rather than the ship's side itself.
842:, in which political influence was brought to bear by Lestock's friends in Parliament, punished Mathews and those captains who had supported him in the battle, and vindicated Lestock. In several future actions, admirals who were tempted to deviate from the Admiralty's fighting instructions were reminded of Mathews's fate.
725:
reluctant to take tactical risks to achieve its strategic objectives. The navy was hampered by the timidity of its orders. French fleets and squadrons typically sought to avoid battle rather than risk a contest with a
British force, as De Ternay did in June 1780 on meeting a smaller British squadron under
1313:
in 1811. The tactics were justified because the reliance of admirals on the quality of their fleets was well based. A vessel, while bearing down on an enemy's line, could not be exposed to the fire of three enemies at once, when at a distance less than 950 yards, because the guns could not be trained
724:
and Bourde de
Villehuet, which developed the traditional code of practice and were all translated into other languages. During the 18th century, French governments developed the strategic doctrine of focusing on the mission, rather than fighting for command of the sea. The French government was often
231:
that were armed with forward-facing heavy guns in the bow, which were aimed by turning the entire ship against its target. Though far less seaworthy than sailing vessels and highly vulnerable to boarding by ships that rode higher in the water, the galleys were a serious threat due to their ability to
670:
and lightly-armed warships became less able to sustain their place in a pitched battle. In the line of battle, each ship had to stand and fight the opposing ship in the enemy line, however powerful she might be. A purpose-built warship large and powerful enough to stand in the line of battle came to
256:
and firing them in an arc on either side of the forecastle. Both solutions were problematic since they created a blind spot dead ahead and made it especially difficult to hit low-lying targets, like galleys. The method that was deemed most effective by contemporaries was to simply counter the threat
1396:
The defenders could expect to enjoy several advantages. As they would not need to manoeuvre under sail, most of the ships' crews could man the guns. If properly prepared, the ships would have "springs"; extra cables bound to the anchor cables, which they could haul in or let out to veer the ship to
1392:
Such battles tended to be decisive, as a wind which was fair to allow the attackers to enter a harbour or anchorage would let neither side out again. As it would normally be more profitable for the attackers to blockade the enemy until they were forced to sortie to accept battle in open water, such
745:
The result was often that the ships of the attacking line which were steering to attack the enemy's centre came into action first and were liable to be crippled in the rigging. If the same formation was to be maintained, the others were now limited to the speed of the injured vessels, and the enemy
741:
When the conflict came to be between the
British and the French in the 18th century, battles between equal or approximately equal forces became largely inconclusive. The French, who had fewer ships than the British throughout the century, were anxious to fight at the least possible cost, lest their
570:
to the commander of a fleet dispatched to the Indian Ocean suggests its use predated the written instructions. Portuguese fleets overseas deployed in line ahead, firing one broadside and then putting about in order to return and discharge the other, resolving battles by gunnery alone. In a treatise
187:
Since ancient times, war at sea had been fought much as on land: with melee weapons and bows and arrows, but on floating wooden platforms rather than battlefields. Though the introduction of guns was a significant change, it only slowly changed the dynamics of ship-to-ship combat. The first guns on
949:
The hypothesis which governed all of Clerk's demonstrations was that as the
British navy was superior in gunnery and seamanship to their enemy, it was in their interest to produce a mĂȘlĂ©e. He advanced various ingenious suggestions for concentrating superior forces on parts of the enemy's line â by
699:
Only in heavy weather could the windward gage become a disadvantage, because the lower gun ports on the leeward side of a ship would be awash, preventing her from opening her lower-deck ports to use the guns â or risking being swamped if she did. So, in strong winds, a ship attacking from windward
268:
meant that all guns allowed for considerable "windage", meaning that bore diameters were about 10 percent larger than their ammunition. Combined with inefficient gunpowder and the difficulties inherent in firing accurately from moving platforms meant that naval tactics for sailing ships throughout
882:
in the West Indies in 1780, tried to concentrate a superior force on part of his enemy's line by throwing a greater number of
British ships on the rear of the French line. But his directions were misunderstood and not properly executed. Moreover, he did not then go beyond trying to place a larger
809:
indecisive. Many admirals began to believe that a contest between two equally matched fleets could not produce a decisive result. The tactically decisive actions of the first four-fifths of the 18th century were all chase actions, where one fleet was clearly superior to the other, such as the two
362:
The man-of-war eventually rendered the galley obsolete except for operations close to shore in calm weather. With the development of the sailing man-of-war, and the beginning of the great sailing fleets capable of keeping at sea for long periods together, came the need for a new adaptation of old
1238:
escort gave
British captains plenty of opportunities to train their crews. British gun crews achieved a higher rate of fire than French or Spanish gun crews, contributing to the much higher casualties suffered by ships from those fleets. The better seamanship, faster gunnery and higher morale of
1059:
and introduced during the
American War of Independence in place of the traditional matches. Flintlocks enabled a higher rate of fire and greater accuracy as the gun captain could choose the exact moment of firing. Prior to this the Royal Navy introduced the use of goose quills filled with powder
687:
held the tactical initiative, able to accept battle by bearing down on his opponent or to refuse it by remaining upwind. The fleet with the lee gage could avoid battle by withdrawing to leeward, but could not force action. Even retreating downwind could be difficult once two fleets were at close
1308:
It has been argued both that the tactics of these
British admirals were too risky, and would have proved disastrous if tried against more skillful opponents; and also that this was an acceptable risk given the lack of a better alternative. That the tactics of British admirals during the wars of
905:
was induced, by a change in the wind and the resulting disorder in the French line, to break his own line and pass through the enemy line. The effect was decisive. The guns of the British ships were concentrated on a handful of French ships as the British broke through the French line in three
862:
condemned naval tactics as being little better than so many excuses for avoiding a real fight. He endeavoured to find a better method, by concentrating superior forces on parts of his opponent's line in some of his actions with the British fleet in the East Indies in 1782 and 1783, such as the
1226:
than any of her main enemies, and a much bigger reserve of professional seamen from which to man warships. Throughout the 18th century the French and, particularly, the Spanish navy suffered from serious manning difficulties and were often forced to complete the ships' crews with soldiers or
219:
Gunports cut in the hull of ships had been introduced as early as 1501. According to tradition the inventor was a Breton shipwright called Descharges, but it is just as likely to have been a gradual adaptation of loading ports in the stern of merchant vessels that had already been in use for
1401:), they could rely on boats from the shore to bring extra ammunition or replacements for casualties and if in range the defending ships could be aided by coastal gun batteries. The worst British naval reverse of the Napoleonic Wars occurred during an attack on a protected anchorage at the
359:. This meant that what had earlier been the hold of a ship that could be used either as a merchant ship or warship was now full with cannon and ammunition. Hence ships became specialised as warships, which would lead to a standing fleet instead of one based on placing temporary contracts.
402:
The Revolutionary French Navy made an opposite mistake in promoting seamen without sufficient experience or training, which worked well in the army, but not at sea. The Royal Navy by contrast was well served by many distinguished commanders of middle-class origin, such as
327:, while the ship being raked could not return fire with its broadsides. Moreover, the externally-mounted rudder was at the stern, and any hit there would render the ship essentially unsteerable and without the ability to maneuver, even with masts and sails intact.
833:
had been unable to draw level with the French fleet, but Mathews nevertheless ordered an attack, intending all the British ships to attack the French rear. He had no signals by which he could communicate his intentions, and the rear squadron under Vice Admiral
220:
centuries. Initially, the gunports were used to mount heavy so-called stern chasers pointing aft, but soon gunports migrated to the sides of ships. This made possible for the first time in history coordinated volleys from all the guns on one side of a ship,
330:
The third constraint was the difficulty of communicating at sea. Written communication was almost impossible in a moving fleet, while hailing was extremely difficult above the noise of wind and weather. Admirals were forced to rely on a pre-arranged set of
665:
was adopted, navies began to distinguish between vessels that were fit to form parts of the line in action, and smaller ships that were not. By the time the line of battle was firmly established as the standard tactical formation during the 1660s,
1221:
in 1793, technical innovations and the disorganization of the French navy wrought by the revolution, had combined to give British ships a distinct superiority over the ships of the French and Spanish navies. Britain had a far larger ocean
370:
A ship that depended on the wind for its motive power could not hope to ram. A sailing vessel could not ram unless it was running before a good breeze. In a light wind, the charge would be ineffective, and it could not be made at all from
660:
One consequence of the line of battle was that a ship had to be strong enough to stand in it. In the old type of mĂȘlĂ©e battle a small ship could seek out an opponent of her own size, or combine with others to attack a larger one. As the
355:. The adoption of heavy guns necessitated their being mounted lower down than on top of the fore and after castles as previously where anti-personnel weapons had been positioned through the later Middle Ages, due to the possibility of
850:
The unsatisfactory character of the accepted method of fighting battles at sea had begun to be obvious to naval officers, both French and British, by the later 18th century and began to be addressed during the numerous battles of the
1388:
Towards the end of the period of sailing navies, a number of fights took place between defending fleets or squadrons anchored close to the shore or in harbours, and attacking fleets forced to sail to within range while under fire.
375:. It could still board, and the Spanish did for long make it their main object to run their bow over an enemy's sides and invade the deck. In order to carry out this kind of attack they would naturally try to get to
700:
would not be able to bring her heavy lower-deck guns into action, while the enemy ship to leeward would have no such problem as the guns on her windward side would be raised by the heel. For this reason, Admiral
379:
and then bear down before the wind in line abreast ship upon ship. But an opponent to leeward could always baffle this attack by edging away, and in the meantime fire with his broadside to cripple his opponent's
1314:
to converge on a nearer point. The whole range of effective fire was only a thousand yards or a little over. The chance that a ship would be dismasted and stopped before reaching the enemy's line was small.
621:
during the first half of the 17th century soon led to the conclusion that the fleet had to fight in a single line to make the maximum use of its firepower without one ship's getting in the way of another.
855:. It was clear that the only way to produce decisive results was to concentrate the attack on part of the enemy's line, preferably the rear since the centre would have to turn to its support.
1632:
200:
planking made it difficult to cut ports in the hull; clinker-built (or clench-built) ships had much of their structural strength in the outer hull. The solution was the gradual adoption of
319:, but the stern, in particular, was fragile with a flimsy structure around the large windows of the officers' cabins. The bow and, particularly, the stern of the ship were vulnerable to
3323:
1074:
increased the range through which each cannon could be traversed, increasing the ship's field of fire. The new system was first tested at the Battle of the Saintes, in 1782, where the
204:-built ships that relied on an internal skeleton structure to bear the weight of the ship. The development of propulsion during the 15th century from single-masted, square-rigged
942:. He began developing a series of speculations and calculations which he initially published in pamphlets, distributing them among naval officers, and published in book form as
3024:
1393:
attacks were usually forced by lack of time, e.g. by shortage of supplies, the threatened onset of bad weather or the need to coordinate operations with an army on land.
303:
The second constraint was that the ships of the time carried their guns in two large batteries, one on each broadside, with only a few mounted to fire directly ahead or
579:, recognized that at sea, the Portuguese "fight at a distance, as if from walls and fortresses...". He recommended the single line ahead as the ideal combat formation.
1258:, so as to cut off their usual retreat. This had the effect of bringing his fleet into a melee in which the individual superiority of his ships would have free play.
323:. Raking another ship by firing the length of a ship from either the bow or stern caused tremendous damage, because a single shot would fly down the length of the
2247:
657:, and was codified in written 'fighting instructions'. These formed the basis of the whole tactical system of the 17th and 18th centuries in naval warfare.
296:. Most could sail not much closer than 70 degrees off the wind. This limited the maneuverability of a fleet during battles at close quarters. Holding the
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tactic that allowed efficient use of broadside fire was not put into general use until the mid 17th century, as was described by English General at Sea
1446:
614:, earlier in the same year. This early use of this strategy also consisted in its implementation, in both battles, on only one side of the contenders.
838:, his rival and second-in-command, obtusely remained at the prescribed intervals in line ahead, far to the rear of the action. A subsequent series of
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devoted their efforts to how to break the enemy's line in order to bring on the kind of pell mell battle that would bring decisive results. At the
17:
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and four other ships. The successful result of this departure from the old practice of keeping the line intact throughout the battle ruined the
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The wars of the 18th century produced a series of tactically indecisive naval battles between evenly matched fleets in line ahead, such as
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1804:
412:
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aim accurate heavy gunfire low in the hulls of larger sailing ships and to escape solely sail-powered opponents by rowing into the wind.
1573:
1070:: by the simple expedient of attaching the gun ropes at a greater distance from the gunports, the British gunnery innovator Captain Sir
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had combined to give the British fleet a distinct superiority over the ships of the French and Spanish navies. These innovations were:
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places, and the tactical cohesion of the French fleet was destroyed. By the end of the battle, Rodney had taken the French
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Naval tactics throughout the 16th century and well into the 17th century were focused on countering the oar-powered
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British naval innovation was further slowed by an unseemly dispute between two admirals in the aftermath of the
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Holding the weather, or windward, gage conferred several important tactical advantages. The admiral holding the
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fire also remained grossly inaccurate except at very close ranges. Difficulties in achieving standardization in
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107:
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grew bolder in the method they adopted for producing the desired mĂȘlĂ©e or pell-mell action at the battles of
1273:
Throughout the wars, which lasted, with a brief interval of peace, from 1793 to 1815, British admirals like
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1297:. The most radical tactic was the head-on approach in column used by Nelson at Trafalgar, which invited a
292:
The first constraint was that like all sailing vessels, sailing warships could not sail directly into the
30:
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where Suffren tried to double the rear of the British line. But his orders were ill obeyed, his opponent
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1602:
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1948:
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500:
143:
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598:, against a Muslim fleet. One of the earliest recorded deliberate uses is also documented in the
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2141:
1660:"The British Navy Rules: Monitoring and Incompatible Incentives in the Age of Fighting Sail"
1557:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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539:
196:, to avoid ships becoming unstable. In Northern Europe the technique of building ships with
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to which his own ships could not reply as they approached, but then produced a devastating
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bring its guns to bear over a wide arc. If close to a naval establishment (such as at the
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of 1653. One of the first documented deliberate uses seems to be somewhat earlier in the
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ordered his fleet to steer through the enemy, and then engage the French ships from the
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British ships not only had a higher proportion of seamen, but the long months at sea on
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720:, sailing tactics were developed by the treatises of the French tacticians Paul Hoste,
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to the mid-19th century, after which sailing warships were replaced with steam-powered
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giving an almost instantaneous burn time compared with earlier methods of detonation.
890:
Rodney's success in breaking the French line brought on a decisive engagement at the
790:
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221:
1042:: the carronade was a short-barrelled gun which threw a heavy ball developed by the
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preference on the rear, since the centre must lose time in turning to its support.
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672:
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where the "gentlemen" continued to obstruct operations throughout the Age of Sail.
69:
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704:
ordered his ships to attack the Spanish from leeward in the stormy weather at the
415:(son of a butcher) as well as by aristocrats who proved themselves at sea such as
300:, i.e. being upwind of one's opponent, conferred considerable tactical advantages.
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3183:
3143:
3081:
2184:
2119:
1973:
1636:
911:
835:
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307:. The sailing warship was immensely powerful on its sides, but very weak on its
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Naval Warfare in the Age of Sail. The Evolution of Fighting Tactics, 1650â1815.
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the 16th century remained focused on boarding as a means of decisive victory.
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2703:
2237:
2159:
1908:
1888:
1851:
1577:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 299â317.
1568:
1558:
1426:
902:
875:
871:
was competent, and the quality of his fleet was not superior to the British.
667:
650:
591:
391:. Prior to his leadership, a warship was typically run by a committee of the
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50:
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2623:
2259:
2194:
2052:
1990:
1913:
1871:
1775:
Rodger, Nicholas, "Image and Reality in Eighteenth-Century Naval Tactics."
1685:
931:
684:
396:
277:
189:
54:
4154:
1745:
The Command of the Ocean : a naval history of Great Britain 1649â1815
1098:
was found to be a practicable means of protecting the hulls of ships from
188:
ships were small wrought-iron pieces mounted on the open decks and in the
4468:
4051:
3990:
3809:
3763:
3748:
3676:
3404:
2883:
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2390:
2126:
2057:
1963:
1881:
1866:
1302:
1298:
717:
420:
324:
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39:
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2465:
2407:
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2242:
1958:
1838:
1145: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1103:
1055:: flintlock firing mechanisms for cannon were suggested by Captain Sir
1028:
in 1793, a series of technical innovations first introduced during the
845:
467: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
344:
308:
265:
205:
110: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3758:
284:
of the time. Three factors, in particular, constrained what a sailing
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2628:
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2189:
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2131:
1985:
1928:
1903:
1599:
The Cambridge Illustrated History of Warfare: The Triumph of the West
1051:
1038:
611:
339:. In the smoke of battle, these were often hard or impossible to see.
1782:
1327:
1120:
1086:, and perhaps other British ships, had adopted Douglas's new system.
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442:
85:
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2481:
2402:
2290:
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2011:
1968:
1933:
1898:
1846:
1309:
1793â1815 had themselves no such advantage was demonstrated at the
1231:
1099:
907:
376:
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sails that permitted tacking into the wind, and heavily armed with
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61:
employed by oared vessels. This article focuses on the period from
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2016:
1953:
1893:
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953:
730:
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285:
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1111:
Developments during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
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1235:
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545:
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213:
1730:
The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain 660â1649.
922:
The inconclusive results of so many battles at sea interested
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653:
against the Spanish. The tactic was used by both sides in the
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as the British ships passed through the Franco-Spanish line.
1223:
312:
1630:
site Cananor â 31 de Dezembro de 1501 a 2 de Janeiro de 1502
711:
2455:
2114:
2099:
2079:
1980:
1861:
630:
293:
2089:
575:, Portuguese theorist on naval warfare and shipbuilding,
1269:
produced a mĂȘlĂ©e that destroyed the Franco-Spanish fleet
1712:
Sealed by Time: The Loss and Recovery of the Mary Rose.
797:(1789). Although a few of these battles had important
2346:
846:
Developments during the American War of Independence
582:
An early line of battle tactic had been used by the
1718:, Volume 1. The Mary Rose Trust, Portsmouth. 2003.
387:An important organizational innovation was made by
1447:Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War
216:sails made ships nimbler and easier to manoeuvre.
678:
4533:
1515:Rodger (1996); Rodger (1997), pp. 206â208, 215.
419:and even members of the working-class, such as
315:. The sides of the ship were built with strong
954:Technical innovations in the late 18th century
1798:
343:The 16th century saw the development of the
1761:Tunstall, Brian and Tracy, Nicholas (ed.).
1732:W.W. Norton & Company, New York. 1997.
1356:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
992:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
810:battles of Finisterre (1747), and those at
737:Tactical stagnation in the mid-18th century
558:The first recorded mention of the use of a
4340:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle
4287:International Congress of Maritime Museums
4267:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology
3559:
1805:
1791:
1265:Nelson's unorthodox head-on attack at the
917:
805:which the British needed to win, all were
4400:
4355:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology
1675:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1376:Learn how and when to remove this message
1205:Learn how and when to remove this message
1012:Learn how and when to remove this message
712:Development of tactics in the French Navy
527:Learn how and when to remove this message
260:Despite the technical innovations, naval
170:Learn how and when to remove this message
4552:Naval warfare of the Early Modern period
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1260:
1239:British crews was a decisive advantage.
885:
692:(1778), St Lucia Channel (1780) and the
538:
347:, a truly ocean-going warship, carrying
29:
4557:Naval battles of the late modern period
4325:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
1408:
14:
4534:
4277:European Association of Archaeologists
1742:
1562:
280:and fighting qualities of the sailing
4399:
3558:
3533:Pompey's campaign against the pirates
3491:
3361:
3360:
2743:
2345:
1824:
1812:
1786:
1657:
1518:
1317:
250:Laws of War and Ordinances of the Sea
1354:adding citations to reliable sources
1321:
1143:adding citations to reliable sources
1114:
990:adding citations to reliable sources
957:
629:was traditionally attributed to the
465:adding citations to reliable sources
436:
108:adding citations to reliable sources
79:
4272:Archaeological Institute of America
914:of the orthodox system of tactics.
24:
1779:89, No. 3 (2003), pp. 281â96.
1769:
1442:Naval artillery in the Age of Sail
1242:The leading British admirals like
829:. The British fleet under Admiral
562:tactic is attested from 1500. The
235:
25:
4578:
4282:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
3672:Coastal defence and fortification
3047:Roman circumnavigation of Britain
2347:Navigation, and ports and harbors
1452:Naval tactics in the Age of Steam
643:Sailing and Fighting Instructions
637:and especially to General at Sea
426:
276:were primarily determined by the
4516:
4382:
4307:Society for American Archaeology
3541:
3474:
3343:
2726:
2328:
1664:Explorations in Economic History
1601:â Geoffrey Parker, pp. 125â130,
1550:
1415:Explorations in Economic History
1326:
1119:
962:
926:(1728â1812), a gentleman of the
441:
182:
84:
18:Naval tactics in the Age of Sail
3739:Phoenician discovery of America
1651:
1642:
1621:
1608:
1130:needs additional citations for
874:Similarly, the British admiral
548:and Dutch man-of-war off a port
452:needs additional citations for
257:of galleys with other galleys.
95:needs additional citations for
3431:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1590:
1581:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1473:
1464:
679:Importance of the weather gage
584:Fourth Portuguese India Armada
27:Naval tactics of sailing ships
13:
1:
4350:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa
3025:Phoenician maritime expansion
1704:
604:Third Portuguese India Armada
335:hoisted aboard the admiral's
288:could order his fleet to do.
62:
4292:Nautical Archaeology Society
1506:Rodger (1996), pp. 312, 316.
1479:Marsden (2003), pp. 137â142.
1470:Rodger (1997), pp. 205â206 .
1030:American War of Independence
853:American War of Independence
649:by Dutch Lieutenant-Admiral
7:
4345:Museum of Ancient Seafaring
3722:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion
3528:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar
3385:IndusâMesopotamia relations
2744:
1825:
1420:
1248:Battle of the First of June
930:, illustrator of geologist
647:action of 18 September 1639
75:
35:The Battle of Cape Passaro:
10:
4583:
4201:Phoenician Ship Expedition
3492:
3042:Pytheas' voyage to Britain
3035:Circumnavigation of Africa
1648:Rodger (2004), pp. 243â245
1603:Cambridge University Press
1488:Rodger (1997), pp. 71â72 .
706:Battle of Cape St. Vincent
430:
4514:
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3727:Samothrace temple complex
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2213:
2150:
2035:
2004:
1837:
1833:
1820:
1743:Rodger, N. A. M. (2004).
1658:Allen, Douglas W (2002).
1219:French Revolutionary Wars
1026:French Revolutionary Wars
944:An Essay on Naval Tactics
858:The great French admiral
600:First Battle of Cannanore
566:provided in 1500 by King
212:with a mix of square and
3015:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
1728:Rodger, Nicholas A. M.,
1457:
946:in 1790, 1797 and 1804.
610:and the naval forces of
411:(son of a solicitor) or
4562:Age of Sail naval ships
4297:RPM Nautical Foundation
4034:Surviving ancient ships
3953:Marsala Punic shipwreck
1714:The Archaeology of the
1616:The Military Revolution
1574:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1563:Hannay, David (1911). "
1217:By the outbreak of the
1024:By the outbreak of the
924:Sir John Clerk of Eldin
918:Sir John Clerk of Eldin
635:Commonwealth of England
617:The evolution of naval
554:, painted 17th century.
4547:19th-century conflicts
4330:Giza Solar boat museum
3784:Underwater exploration
3779:Underwater archaeology
3744:Pre-Columbian theories
3599:John Sinclair Morrison
3560:Research and education
3010:Austronesian Expansion
1686:10.1006/exeh.2002.0783
1497:Rodger (1997), p. 207.
1270:
1154:"Sailing ship tactics"
928:Scottish Enlightenment
894:
555:
476:"Sailing ship tactics"
119:"Sailing ship tactics"
43:
4542:Naval warfare tactics
4401:Legend and literature
4359:Viking ship museums:
4335:Grand Egyptian Museum
4095:Austronesian replicas
4070:Heyerdahl expeditions
3980:Caligula's Giant Ship
3840:Dover Bronze Age Boat
2502:Berenice Troglodytica
1587:Rodger (2004), p. 205
1264:
1094:: after many trials,
1068:A wider field of fire
938:, and great-uncle of
899:Battle of the Saintes
892:Battle of the Saintes
889:
573:The Art of War at Sea
542:
272:Naval tactics in the
33:
4302:Sea Research Society
3704:Maritime archaeology
3513:Ameinias the Phocian
3508:Mediterranean piracy
1409:Rules and incentives
1403:Battle of Grand Port
1399:Battle of Copenhagen
1350:improve this section
1139:improve this article
986:improve this section
880:Battle of Martinique
568:Manuel I of Portugal
461:improve this article
104:improve this article
47:Sailing ship tactics
3395:Maritime Jade Route
2548:Kaveri Poompattinam
1747:. Penguin History.
1267:Battle of Trafalgar
940:James Clerk Maxwell
936:Theory of the Earth
801:consequences, like
407:(son of a parson),
3943:Bajo de la Campana
3645:Peter Throckmorton
3630:Jean-Yves Empereur
3604:William L. Rodgers
3425:Maritime Silk Road
1635:2016-08-20 at the
1627:Marinha.pt, 2009,
1318:Fighting at anchor
1271:
901:on 12 April 1782,
895:
577:FernĂŁo de Oliveira
556:
44:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4391:
4390:
4378:
4377:
3998:Madrague de Giens
3717:Temple of Isthmia
3713:Maritime temples
3699:Marine navigation
3658:
3657:
3650:Shelley Wachsmann
3640:J. Richard Steffy
3550:
3549:
3483:
3482:
3352:
3351:
3339:
3338:
3290:
3289:
3020:Ocean exploration
2735:
2734:
2722:
2721:
2381:Rutter (nautical)
2337:
2336:
2324:
2323:
2180:Mortise and tenon
1814:Ancient seafaring
1614:Geoffrey Parker,
1386:
1385:
1378:
1281:and particularly
1215:
1214:
1207:
1189:
1022:
1021:
1014:
869:Sir Edward Hughes
722:Bigot de Morogues
588:Battle of Calicut
552:Abraham Willaerts
537:
536:
529:
511:
389:Sir Francis Drake
180:
179:
172:
154:
16:(Redirected from
4574:
4520:
4519:
4414:Ark of bulrushes
4397:
4396:
4386:
4385:
4024:Oldest surviving
3734:Nusantao network
3609:Chester G. Starr
3574:
3573:
3567:
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3556:
3555:
3545:
3544:
3518:Cilician pirates
3489:
3488:
3478:
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3415:Sa Huynh-Kalanay
3410:Iron Age Britain
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2644:Ptolemais Theron
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1924:Single-outrigger
1835:
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1807:
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1793:
1784:
1783:
1777:Mariner's Mirror
1758:
1710:Marsden, Peter,
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1471:
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1437:Ship of the line
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1330:
1322:
1287:Cape St. Vincent
1210:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1188:
1147:
1123:
1115:
1091:Copper sheathing
1062:Seven Years' War
1017:
1010:
1006:
1003:
997:
966:
958:
865:Battle of Sadras
827:Battle of Toulon
820:Cape St. Vincent
673:ship of the line
655:Anglo-Dutch Wars
532:
525:
521:
518:
512:
510:
469:
445:
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208:to three-masted
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4259:
4258:Institutes and
4253:
4208:Viking replicas
4149:Balangay Voyage
4062:
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4040:
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3788:
3664:
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3613:
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2731:
2727:
2718:
2594:Mueang Phra Rot
2448:
2439:
2348:
2333:
2329:
2320:
2274:
2248:Triangular sail
2209:
2146:
2120:Sail components
2031:
2000:
1974:Tessarakonteres
1829:
1816:
1811:
1772:
1770:Further reading
1765:(London, 1990).
1755:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1637:Wayback Machine
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1311:Battle of Lissa
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1124:
1113:
1072:Charles Douglas
1057:Charles Douglas
1018:
1007:
1001:
998:
983:
967:
956:
920:
912:moral authority
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836:Richard Lestock
739:
714:
681:
533:
522:
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513:
470:
468:
458:
446:
435:
429:
417:Thomas Cochrane
238:
236:Initial tactics
185:
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101:
89:
78:
65:
57:in contrast to
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4227:
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4205:
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4203:
4198:
4191:
4183:Mediterranean
4181:
4180:
4179:
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4158:
4151:
4146:
4139:
4136:Alingano Maisu
4132:
4125:
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4057:
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4036:
4031:
4026:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3985:De Meern ships
3982:
3977:
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3957:
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3955:
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3940:
3932:
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3862:
3857:
3855:Cape Gelidonya
3852:
3847:
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3656:
3655:
3653:
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3647:
3642:
3637:
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3627:
3621:
3619:
3618:Archaeologists
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3584:David Blackman
3580:
3578:
3571:
3563:
3562:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3523:Jewish pirates
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3485:
3484:
3481:
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3473:
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3454:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3209:Lake Trasimene
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3110:Mediterranean:
3106:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3004:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2750:
2749:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2413:Maritime pilot
2410:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2383:
2378:
2376:Portolan chart
2373:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2350:
2349:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1949:Oared warships
1946:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1831:
1830:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1753:
1740:
1726:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1677:10.1.1.549.930
1670:(2): 204â231.
1650:
1641:
1620:
1607:
1589:
1580:
1569:Chisholm, Hugh
1517:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1481:
1472:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1432:Naval strategy
1429:
1422:
1419:
1413:In a paper in
1410:
1407:
1384:
1383:
1334:
1332:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1213:
1212:
1127:
1125:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1087:
1065:
1047:
1044:Carron Company
1020:
1019:
970:
968:
961:
955:
952:
919:
916:
847:
844:
840:courts-martial
831:Thomas Mathews
803:the Chesapeake
787:the Chesapeake
738:
735:
713:
710:
680:
677:
671:be known as a
668:merchant ships
663:line of battle
641:who wrote the
627:line of battle
594:in 1502, near
560:line of battle
535:
534:
449:
447:
440:
433:Line of battle
431:Main article:
428:
427:Line of battle
425:
405:Horatio Nelson
393:sailing master
363:principles of
341:
340:
328:
301:
242:line of battle
237:
234:
184:
181:
178:
177:
92:
90:
83:
77:
74:
59:galley tactics
38:broadside and
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4579:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4484:Metamorphoses
4481:
4479:
4477:
4476:The Histories
4473:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4454:The Histories
4451:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4398:
4394:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4256:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4169:Marumaru Atua
4166:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4129:Samudra Raksa
4126:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4115:Te Au o Tonga
4112:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3975:Blackfriars I
3973:
3971:
3970:Arles RhĂŽne 3
3968:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3774:Thalassocracy
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3759:Shell middens
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3709:Naval warfare
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3661:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3589:Lionel Casson
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3553:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3490:
3486:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3420:Incense trade
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3355:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3324:South America
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3272:Sailing ships
3270:
3268:
3267:Oared vessels
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3189:Cape Hermaeum
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3000:Migration and
2997:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2807:Ancient Egypt
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:Civilizations
2798:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2340:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2175:Clinker built
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:Boat building
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1909:Navis lusoria
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1754:0-14-102690-1
1750:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1738:0-393-04579-X
1735:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1724:0-9544029-0-1
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1611:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1584:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1559:public domain
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1476:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1427:Naval tactics
1425:
1424:
1418:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1390:
1380:
1377:
1369:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1335:This section
1333:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1209:
1206:
1198:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1156: â
1155:
1151:
1150:Find sources:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1128:This section
1126:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1105:
1101:
1100:marine growth
1097:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1016:
1013:
1005:
995:
991:
987:
981:
980:
976:
971:This section
969:
965:
960:
959:
951:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
915:
913:
909:
904:
900:
893:
888:
884:
881:
877:
872:
870:
866:
861:
856:
854:
843:
841:
837:
832:
828:
823:
821:
817:
813:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
747:
743:
734:
732:
728:
723:
719:
709:
707:
703:
697:
695:
694:First of June
691:
686:
676:
674:
669:
664:
658:
656:
652:
651:Maarten Tromp
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
620:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
592:Vasco da Gama
589:
585:
580:
578:
574:
569:
565:
561:
553:
549:
547:
541:
531:
528:
520:
509:
506:
502:
499:
495:
492:
488:
485:
481:
478: â
477:
473:
472:Find sources:
466:
462:
456:
455:
450:This section
448:
444:
439:
438:
434:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
400:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
378:
374:
368:
366:
365:naval tactics
360:
358:
354:
350:
349:square-rigged
346:
338:
334:
329:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
299:
295:
291:
290:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
270:
267:
263:
258:
255:
251:
247:
243:
233:
230:
225:
223:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:fighting tops
183:Early history
174:
171:
163:
152:
149:
145:
142:
138:
135:
131:
128:
124:
121: â
120:
116:
115:Find sources:
109:
105:
99:
98:
93:This section
91:
87:
82:
81:
73:
71:
60:
56:
55:sailing ships
52:
51:naval tactics
48:
41:
36:
32:
19:
4505:
4496:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4467:
4462:On the Ocean
4460:
4453:
4445:
4442:Literature:
4230:
4212:
4193:
4186:
4176:Aotearoa One
4174:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4086:
4082:
4074:
4061:Experimental
4029:Museum ships
3996:
3989:
3962:
3934:Phoenician:
3925:
3920:Leontophoros
3918:
3882:Butuan boats
3877:Pontian boat
3815:Dufuna canoe
3754:Shipbuilding
3665:and theories
3635:Boris Rankov
3429:
3362:Economy and
3271:
3262:Incendiaries
3109:
2896:Indus Valley
2864:Tarumanagara
2791:Ubaid period
2709:Wadi al-Jarf
2624:Ostia Antica
2228:Fore-and-aft
2195:Shipbuilding
2170:Carvel built
2152:Construction
2110:Steering oar
1991:Sailing ship
1914:Obelisk ship
1872:Dugout canoe
1776:
1762:
1744:
1729:
1715:
1711:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1644:
1628:
1623:
1615:
1610:
1598:
1592:
1583:
1572:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1484:
1475:
1466:
1414:
1412:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1372:
1363:
1348:Please help
1336:
1307:
1272:
1255:
1241:
1229:
1216:
1201:
1192:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1161:
1149:
1137:Please help
1132:verification
1129:
1089:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1049:
1036:
1023:
1008:
999:
984:Please help
972:
948:
943:
935:
932:James Hutton
921:
896:
873:
857:
849:
824:
816:Quiberon Bay
806:
798:
748:
744:
740:
715:
698:
685:weather gage
682:
659:
642:
639:Robert Blake
624:
616:
608:JoĂŁo da Nova
602:between the
581:
572:
564:Instructions
563:
559:
557:
543:
523:
514:
504:
497:
490:
483:
471:
459:Please help
454:verification
451:
401:
397:Spanish Navy
386:
369:
361:
342:
333:signal flags
298:weather gage
271:
259:
249:
246:Robert Blake
239:
226:
218:
186:
166:
157:
147:
140:
133:
126:
114:
102:Please help
97:verification
94:
53:employed by
46:
45:
34:
4567:Age of Sail
4469:Argonautica
4456:(Herodotus)
4419:Flood myths
4316:Museums and
4260:conferences
4225:Vital Alsar
4063:archaeology
3872:Austronesia
3865:Hjortspring
3860:Rochelongue
3810:Pesse canoe
3764:Ship burial
3749:Sea Peoples
3682:Lighthouses
3677:Grave goods
3625:George Bass
3405:Spice trade
3002:exploration
2824:Philippines
2819:Austronesia
2812:Old Kingdom
2689:Trincomalee
2639:Prosphorion
2584:Myos Hormos
2428:Micronesian
2419:By region:
2391:Lighthouses
2199:By region:
1964:Quinquereme
1889:Kunlun ship
1882:Penteconter
1867:Dragon boat
1303:raking fire
1299:raking fire
1060:during the
818:(1759) and
793:(1788) and
783:Dogger Bank
775:Pondicherry
718:French Navy
421:John Benbow
413:Collingwood
321:raking fire
274:Age of Sail
254:sterncastle
66: 1500
4536:Categories
4478:(Polybius)
4122:Hawaiʻiloa
4004:Nemi ships
3889:Black Seaâ
3835:Khufu ship
3796:and relics
3694:Marine art
3687:Alexandria
3594:Fik Meijer
3577:Historians
3464:Indo-Roman
3277:Greek navy
3179:Salamis II
3169:Hellespont
3129:Artemisium
3119:Nile Delta
3082:Achaemenid
2975:Achaemenid
2844:Langkasuka
2839:Micronesia
2757:Prehistory
2684:Sounagoura
2512:Chittagong
2487:Barbarikon
2466:Alexandria
2408:Pilot boat
2358:Navigation
2190:Sewn-plank
2185:Lashed-lug
2063:Figurehead
2036:Components
2005:Propulsion
1959:Quadrireme
1940:Polyremes
1919:Outriggers
1705:References
1291:Camperdown
1227:landsmen.
1165:newspapers
1080:Formidable
807:tactically
727:Cornwallis
487:newspapers
345:man-of-war
266:metallurgy
222:broadsides
130:newspapers
4491:Geography
4429:Gilgamesh
4318:memorials
4242:Viracocha
4155:Faʻafaite
4108:Sarimanok
4014:Yassi Ada
3927:Syracusia
3850:Canaanite
3825:Moor Sand
3295:By region
3257:Grappling
3229:Naulochus
3219:Myonessus
3174:Echinades
3159:Arginusae
3154:Cynossema
3139:Naupactus
3134:Eurymedon
2968:Classical
2943:Phoenicia
2938:Mycenaean
2901:Tamilakam
2884:Polynesia
2874:Srivijaya
2669:Satingpra
2629:Palembang
2613:Cattigara
2555:(Kadaram)
2538:Jambukola
2532:Guangzhou
2473:(Podouke)
2471:Arikamedu
2433:Polynesia
2366:Celestial
2279:Armaments
2265:Spritsail
2223:Crab claw
2165:Careening
2132:Sternpost
1986:Reed boat
1929:Catamaran
1904:Multihull
1716:Mary Rose
1672:CiteSeerX
1366:July 2021
1337:does not
1295:Trafalgar
1252:Lord Howe
1250:in 1794,
1195:July 2021
1052:flintlock
1039:carronade
1002:July 2021
973:does not
878:, in the
799:strategic
771:Cuddalore
767:Negapatam
708:in 1780.
571:of 1555,
544:A French
517:July 2021
357:capsizing
160:July 2021
70:ironclads
49:were the
40:rake fire
4507:TÄkitimu
4410:Legend:
4368:Roskilde
4247:Tangaroa
4188:Olympias
4162:Gaualofa
4101:HĆkĆ«leÊ»a
4076:Kon-Tiki
3909:Ashkelon
3845:Uluburun
3804:Earliest
3570:Scholars
3452:shipping
3252:Boarding
3164:Mytilene
3149:Syracuse
3114:Alashiya
3077:Egyptian
3061:Military
3052:Timeline
3030:Sardinia
2953:Carthage
2869:Kalingga
2829:Sa Huỳnh
2764:Timeline
2714:Zanzibar
2664:Sarapion
2659:Rhacotis
2589:Martaban
2534:(Canton)
2527:Godavaya
2522:Giao Chá»
2492:Barygaza
2482:Avalites
2403:Piloting
2291:Catapult
2286:Ballista
2260:Mast-aft
2073:Planking
2012:Paddling
1969:Hexareme
1934:Trimaran
1899:Longship
1847:Balangay
1633:Archived
1421:See also
1232:blockade
1084:Arrogant
908:flagship
822:(1780).
814:(1759),
789:(1781),
785:(1781),
781:(1778),
777:(1759),
773:(1758),
769:(1758),
765:(1756),
761:(1744),
757:(1715),
753:(1704),
696:(1794).
590:, under
377:windward
337:flagship
282:warships
210:carracks
194:gunports
76:Overview
4447:Odyssey
4424:Genesis
4221:Others
4020:Lists:
4009:Marausa
3959:Roman:
3949:Punic:
3914:Kyrenia
3905:Greek:
3901:Marsala
3894:Sinop D
3769:Tacking
3503:History
3390:Meluhha
3380:Fishing
3375:Whaling
3282:Ramming
3204:Aegates
3199:Drepana
3194:Ecnomus
3124:Salamis
3112:
3102:Battles
2980:Nabatea
2963:Archaic
2933:Nuragic
2923:Somalia
2774:Oceania
2769:Britain
2746:History
2679:Socotra
2649:Qandala
2634:Piraeus
2604:Muziris
2574:Madurai
2569:Manthai
2507:Canopus
2477:Arsinoe
2449:harbors
2398:History
2386:Coastal
2316:Sambuca
2301:Dolphin
2215:Rigging
2027:Poling
2017:Sailing
1954:Trireme
1894:Liburna
1857:Coracle
1827:Vessels
1694:1578277
1618:, p. 94
1571:(ed.).
1561::
1358:removed
1343:sources
1256:leeward
1179:scholar
1104:fouling
994:removed
979:sources
897:At the
860:Suffren
791:Hogland
763:Minorca
731:Bermuda
716:In the
633:of the
619:cannons
612:Calicut
596:Malabar
586:in the
501:scholar
373:leeward
353:cannons
317:timbers
286:admiral
278:sailing
248:in his
229:galleys
198:clinker
144:scholar
42:tactics
4498:Aeneid
4214:Viking
4195:Regina
3964:Alkedo
3820:Abydos
3794:Wrecks
3663:Topics
3493:Piracy
3447:Greece
3307:Odisha
3239:Actium
3234:Mycale
3069:Navies
2958:Greece
2948:Olmecs
2916:Pandya
2891:Minoan
2854:Champa
2834:Lapita
2779:Remote
2699:Tyndis
2654:Quilon
2599:Muscat
2564:Lothal
2559:Korkai
2543:Jeddah
2517:Essina
2461:Adulis
2371:Charts
2306:Harpax
2296:Corvus
2270:Square
2238:Settee
2233:Lateen
2142:Tiller
2137:Strake
2105:Rudder
2095:Paddle
2043:Anchor
2022:Towing
1944:Bireme
1877:Galley
1852:Bangka
1751:
1736:
1722:
1692:
1674:
1605:, 1995
1567:". In
1555:
1283:Nelson
1279:Duncan
1275:Jervis
1236:convoy
1181:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1152:
1096:copper
903:Rodney
876:Rodney
779:Ushant
759:Toulon
751:MĂĄlaga
702:Rodney
690:Ushant
606:under
546:galley
503:
496:
489:
482:
474:
409:Jervis
305:astern
262:cannon
214:lateen
202:carvel
146:
139:
132:
125:
117:
4434:Greek
4237:Abora
4231:Ivlia
4143:Saina
4087:Ra II
4045:Sites
3830:Dokos
3442:Egypt
3364:trade
3329:Rafts
3314:Japan
3302:India
3214:Chios
3184:Mylae
3144:Olpae
3092:Roman
3087:Greek
2985:Aksum
2911:Chera
2906:Chola
2879:Sunda
2859:Kutai
2849:Kedah
2694:Tulum
2674:Sidon
2619:Opone
2609:Ăc Eo
2579:Malao
2553:Kedah
2497:Basra
2445:Ports
2423:Inuit
2243:Tanja
2203:Egypt
2053:Cabin
1996:Tomol
1839:Types
1690:S2CID
1458:Notes
1224:trade
1186:JSTOR
1172:books
812:Lagos
795:Ăland
755:RĂŒgen
508:JSTOR
494:books
382:spars
325:decks
313:stern
151:JSTOR
137:books
4363:Oslo
4085:and
3991:Isis
3938:Gozo
3459:Rome
3437:Maya
3319:Rome
3224:Nile
2990:Rome
2928:Maya
2784:Near
2704:Tyre
2456:Aden
2255:Junk
2127:Stem
2115:Sail
2100:Rope
2085:Mast
2080:Keel
2068:Hull
2058:Deck
1981:Raft
1862:Dhow
1749:ISBN
1734:ISBN
1720:ISBN
1565:Navy
1341:any
1339:cite
1293:and
1244:Howe
1158:news
1102:and
1082:and
1076:Duke
1050:The
1037:The
977:any
975:cite
729:off
631:navy
625:The
480:news
311:and
294:wind
240:The
206:cogs
123:news
3400:Tin
2447:and
2311:Ram
2090:Oar
2048:Bow
1682:doi
1352:by
1234:or
1141:by
988:by
934:'s
550:by
463:by
309:bow
106:by
4538::
4083:Ra
4052:H3
3806::
1688:.
1680:.
1668:39
1666:.
1662:.
1520:^
1405:.
1289:,
1277:,
1078:,
675:.
423:.
384:.
367:.
72:.
63:c.
2615:)
2611:(
1806:e
1799:t
1792:v
1757:.
1696:.
1684::
1379:)
1373:(
1368:)
1364:(
1360:.
1346:.
1208:)
1202:(
1197:)
1193:(
1183:·
1176:·
1169:·
1162:·
1135:.
1015:)
1009:(
1004:)
1000:(
996:.
982:.
530:)
524:(
519:)
515:(
505:·
498:·
491:·
484:·
457:.
173:)
167:(
162:)
158:(
148:·
141:·
134:·
127:·
100:.
20:)
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