3759:
that under God I have placed my chiefest strength and safeguard in the loyal hearts and goodwill of my subjects; and, therefore, I am come amongst you as you see at this time, not for my recreation and disport, but being resolved, in the midst and heat of battle, to live or die amongst you all â to lay down for my God, and for my kingdoms, and for my people, my honour and my blood even in the dust. I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman; but I have the heart and stomach of a king â and of a King of
England too, and think foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any prince of Europe, should dare to invade the borders of my realm; to which, rather than any dishonour should grow by me, I myself will take up arms â I myself will be your general, judge, and rewarder of every one of your virtues in the field. I know already, for your forwardness, you have deserved rewards and crowns, and, we do assure you, on the word of a prince, they shall be duly paid you. In the mean time, my lieutenant general shall be in my stead, than whom never prince commanded a more noble or worthy subject; not doubting but by your obedience to my general, by your concord in the camp, and your valour in the field, we shall shortly have a famous victory over those enemies of my God, of my kingdom, and of my people.
3360:
3201:
2846:. Thus England lost her last possession in France, which she had held for over 500 years. This was undoubtedly a huge blow to Mary's prestige, who is reported as stating "When I am dead and opened, you shall find 'Calais' lying in my heart." England's wealth further suffered, not just from the cost of the war, but also from the reduced revenues from Alum and the Antwerp Cloth Trade, caused by the loss of the port. The Kingdom of Spain had strengthened its hold on the Low Countries, weakening France with no cost to itself, but at great cost to England. Just before Mary's death, Philip and Elizabeth looked to come to an alliance & settlement, between England & Spain, and there is evidence even marriage between Philip & Elizabeth was explored, but the question of faith, and the unequal relationship between the two Kingdoms made this extremely unlikely. Up until now Spain & England had remained in an alliance â one that had lasted for over 70 years.
3189:
3177:
3917:
3165:
3499:
5293:"If the Armada is not as successful as we hoped but yet not entirely defeated, then you may offer England peace on the following terms. The first is that in England the free use and exercise of our Holy Catholic faith shall be permitted to all Catholics, native and foreign, and that those that are in exile shall be permitted to return. The second is that all the place in my Netherlands which the English hold shall be restored to me and the third that they shall recompense me for the injury they have done me, my dominions and my subjects, which will amount to an exceeding great sum. With regard the free exercise of Catholicism, you may point out to them that since freedom of worship is permitted to the huguenots of France, there will be no sacrifice of dignity in allowing the same privilege to Catholics in England." April 1588, Philip II to the Duke of Parma.
4605:
4407:. Their tactics were to fire one cannon volley, ram and grapple the enemy ship, board, then engage in hand-to-hand combat. In contrast, the English style was taking advantage of the wind (the "weather gage") and line-to-line cannon fire from windward, which exposed the opponent ship's hull and rudder as targets. Also instilled was the use of naval cannon to damage enemy ships without the need to board. Until then, the cannon had played a supporting role to the main tactic of ramming and boarding enemy ships. The failure of the Spanish Armada vindicated the English strategy and caused a revolution in naval tactics. The English also had the advantage of fighting close to home, whence they could be easily and frequently resupplied so as not to be weighed down, unlike the Armada ships which were loaded with all the
3348:
3372:
2924:
3523:
3487:
4257:
Spanish commanders also died, many after having arrived in port. Vice
Admiral of the fleet and commander of the Guipuzcoa Squadron, Miguel de Oquendo, suffering from battle wounds and a fever, died at Coruña two days after arriving. Another was the Biscayan squadron commander Juan MartĂnez de Recalde, who also succumbed the same way. The Duke of Medina Sidonia also fell ill on his return and nearly succumbed; he was not blamed by Philip, who allowed him to return home to convalesce. Hutchinson claimed that the number of survivors was just over 50%, but these numbers do not include the Portuguese, the Neapolitans and the galley slaves; while Hanson claimed that fewer than 10,000 men (38%) survived the expedition.
4389:
3217:
4554:
3772:
3572:. The English learned of the Armada's weaknesses during the skirmishes in the English Channel, and concluded it was possible to close in to within 100 yards (90 m) to be able to penetrate the oak hulls of the Spanish warships. They had spent most of their gunpowder in the first engagements and had, after the Isle of Wight, been forced to conserve their heavy shot and powder for an anticipated attack near Gravelines. During all the engagements, the Spanish heavy guns could not easily be reloaded because of their close spacing and the quantities of supplies stowed between decks, as Drake had discovered on capturing the
2905:
3511:
3738:
4578:
338:
4667:, to reject the Whig views and turn attention to the professionalization of the Royal Navy as a critical factor. Twentieth-century historians have focused on technical issues, such as the comparative power of English and Spanish naval guns and the degree of credit for naval battle tactics that is owed to Francis Drake and Charles Howard. Inclement weather in the English Channel and on the oceans at the time has always been cited as a major factor to the outcome. Historian Knerr has reviewed the main trends in
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3388:
320:
300:
280:
260:
248:
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3546:
157:
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3118:, where it was proposed to ride into the harbour on the tide and incapacitate the defending ships at anchor. From Plymouth Harbour the Spanish would attack England, but Philip explicitly forbade Medina Sidonia from engaging, leaving the Armada to sail on to the east and towards the Isle of Wight. As the tide turned, 55 English ships set out to confront the Armada from Plymouth under the command of Lord Howard of Effingham, with Sir Francis Drake as vice admiral. The
4415:, the Armada was outnumbered 10:1, and during the 8-hour fight, the English managed to sink one carrack and forced two galleons, a pinnace and an armed merchant, to run aground. Despite those odds, not once did the Armada turn away from a fight; each time it challenged the English fleet, the latter raised its sails to keep its distance. After the final engagement with the English fleet, the Spanish fleet sailed away, retaining its ability to effectively wage war.
4215:
that were unaccounted for. Other historians have done further research; Neil Hanson, Robert
Hutchinson, Colin Martin and Geoffrey Parker all researched the Armada ships that had returned, coming to the same conclusion of between 44 and 51 ships being lost overall, with more detailed breakdowns in the number of ships that set sail along with their fate. That figure represents a third of the fleet having been sunk, captured, wrecked, or scuttled. American historian
330:
3142:, a significant advantage. At daybreak on 31 July, the English fleet engaged the Armada off Plymouth near the Eddystone Rocks. The Armada was in a crescent-shaped defensive formation, convex towards the east. The galleons and great ships were concentrated in the centre and at the tips of the crescent's horns, giving cover to the transports and supply ships in between. Opposing them, the English were in two sections, with Drake to the north in
218:
206:
194:
3843:. Because so many anchors had been abandoned during the escape from the English fireships off Calais, many of the ships were incapable of securing shelter as the fleet reached the coast of Ireland and were driven onto the rocks; local inhabitants looted the ships. The late sixteenth century and especially 1588 was marked by unusually strong North Atlantic storms, perhaps associated with a high accumulation of polar ice off the coast of
3600:
sailors on the upper decks of the
English and Spanish ships to exchange musket fire. A couple of hours into the battle, a few more Armada warships closed in to form wings on either side of the five ships already under attack. After eight hours, the English ships began to run out of ammunition, and some gunners began loading objects such as chains into their cannons. Around 4 pm, the English fired their last shots and pulled back.
4792:
124:
230:
4778:
138:
4443:
and seamanship had foiled the invasion. The
English also benefited from Spain's unworkable strategy that required coordination between the invasion fleet and the Spanish army on shore. The outdated design of the Spanish cannon meant that they were much slower in reloading in a close-range battle, allowing the English to take control. Spain still had numerically larger fleets, but England was catching up.
63:
6021:
5330:"...the widespread suffering and irritation caused by the religious wars Elizabeth fomented, and the indignation caused by her religious persecution, and the execution of Mary Stuart, caused Catholics everywhere to sympathize with Spain and to regard the Armada as a crusade against the most dangerous enemy of the faith," and "Pope Sixtus V agreed to renew the
3401:(Farnese only learned of this on that same afternoon) where Parma's army, reduced by disease to 16,000, was expected to be waiting, ready to join the fleet in barges sent from ports along the Flemish coast. An essential element of the plan of invasion, as it was eventually implemented, was the transportation of a large part of Parma's
6030:, p. 349: "an objective observer would have seen no more than a battered, rather scraggy spinster in her middle fifties perched on a fat white horse, her teeth black, her red wig slightly askew, dangling a toy sword and wearing an absurd little piece of parade armor like something out of a theatrical property box".
4659:, rejected Hume's interpretation and argued that Elizabeth was vacillating and almost lost the conflict by her unwillingness to spend enough to maintain and supply the Royal Navy's fleet of ships. Scientific modern historiography came of age with the publication of two volumes of primary documents by
4256:
Even after arrival the men were near death from disease, as the conditions were very cramped, and most of the ships had run out of food and water. More Armada survivors later died in Spain or on hospital ships in
Spanish harbours from diseases contracted during the voyage. A large number of prominent
3859:
ordered the
English soldiers in Ireland to kill any Spanish prisoners, which was done on several occasions instead of asking for ransom as was common during that period. Reports of the passage of the remnants of the Spanish Armada around Ireland abound with onerous accounts of hardships and survival.
3594:
While Medina
Sidonia was gathering the Armada ships together into their traditional crescent formation the English fleet moved in, and at dawn the flagship with four other ships found themselves facing the entire English fleet. The English provoked Spanish fire while staying out of range. The English
4054:
had just one living from the crew that it had sailed with. Howard wrote to
Burghley, "it would grieve any man's heart to see them that have served so valiantly die so miserably". Hawkins also weighed in and accused Burghley "that by death, by discharging of sick men, and such like, that there may be
3829:
The
Spanish ships were beginning to show wear from the long voyage, and some were kept together by strengthening their damaged hulls with cables. Supplies of food and water ran short. The intention would have been to keep to the west of the coasts of Scotland and Ireland, seeking the relative safety
3758:
My loving people, we have been persuaded by some that are careful of our safety, to take heed how we commit ourselves to armed multitudes for fear of treachery; but, I do assure you, I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving people. Let tyrants fear, I have always so behaved myself,
3638:
which had been holed below the waterline, was forced to run aground at Calais to avoid sinking. On sight of this, Howard ordered a flotilla of ship's boats to carry her by boarding. Moncada was killed during an exchange of small arms fire, a shot to his head from an arquebus. The ship was then taken
3054:
for repairs, leaving 137 ships that sailed for the English Channel. Nearly half of the ships were not built as warships and were used for duties such as scouting and dispatch work, or for carrying supplies, animals and troops. It included 24 purpose-built warships, 44 armed merchantmen, 38 auxiliary
3015:
The appointed commander of the naval forces of the Armada was the highly experienced Marquis of Santa Cruz while Alexander Farnese would be in command of the invasion forces. Unfortunately, Santa Cruz died in February 1588 and the Duke of Medina Sidonia, a high-born courtier, took his place. While a
2991:
was initially consulted by Philip II in 1583. Alexander stressed that three conditions would need to be met to achieve success; absolute secrecy, secure possession and defense of the Dutch provinces, and keep the French from interfering either with a peace agreement or by sowing division between the
4442:
in 1573, that allowed the ships to sail faster, manoeuvre better, and carry more and heavier guns. Whereas before warships had tried to grapple with each other so soldiers could board the enemy ship, they were able to stand off and fire broadside cannonades that could sink the vessel. English ships
4219:
noted that only 66 ships returned to Spain, with another returning later in the year. The losses did not include the smaller vulnerable ships like the pataches and zarbas, of which around seventeen were lost. Even though most of the ships had returned, many of them were severely damaged from either
4214:
examined the fate of each ship creating individual dossiers and claimed that 35 ships were lost. In addition it was noted that of the 122 Armada ships that entered the English Channel, 87 returned from their voyage through the Channel and around the British isles. These figures do not include eight
4079:
took place on 29 November. A second and final thanksgiving took place five days later which saw a royal procession of the Queen in a chariot through the streets of London. Twelve Spanish standards and other trophies which had been captured from the ships of the armada decorated the choir of St Paul
3599:
Armada hulls were exposed to damage below the water line when they changed course later. Many of the Spanish gunners were killed or wounded by the English broadsides, and the task of manning the cannon often fell to foot soldiers who did not know how to operate them. The ships were close enough for
3038:
in 1571. On 21 July 1588 (N.S), the Armada set sail from Lisbon and headed for the English Channel. When it left Lisbon, the fleet was composed of 141 ships, with 10,138 sailors and 19,315 soldiers. There were also 1,545 non-combatants (volunteers, officers' servants, friars, artillerists etc.) The
5334:
of the Queen, and to grant a large subsidy to the Armada but, given the time needed for preparation and actual sailing of the fleet, would give nothing until the expedition should land in England. In this way, he eventually was saved the million crowns, and did not take any proceedings against the
4327:
During the course of the war, the Spanish struggled to gain control of the English Channel or stop the English intervention in Flanders or English privateer transatlantic raids. From their base in Brittany, Spanish corsairs did make several incursions on the English coast and plundered English and
4191:
The news of the disaster brought shock and despair and the nation went into mourning. Its defeat was even more devastating because hopes of its success had been raised by false rumours. These included Drake and Howard being taken prisoner, the Isle of Wight and Plymouth taken and Parma's army even
4025:
The day after her Tilbury speech, Elizabeth ordered the army disbanded, the camp at Tilbury dissolved five days later, then discharged the navy, sending them home without pay. All the while, the costs of this defensive effort were mounting â the total was nearly ÂŁ400,000 â and measures were put in
3962:
By mid-October it was becoming more apparent for the Spanish that few if any more of the remaining missing ships of the armada would return. Even in November three months after the battles through the Channel, a few Spanish ships were still attempting the journey home. One of the last, the Spanish
3940:
upon landing of troops. In France, the Spanish and English ambassadors promoted contradictory narratives in the press, and a Spanish victory was incorrectly celebrated in Paris, Prague, and Venice. It was not until late August that reliable reports of the Spanish defeat arrived in major cities and
3157:
Given the Spanish advantage in close-quarter fighting, the English kept beyond grappling range and bombarded the Spanish ships from a distance with cannon fire. The distance was too great for the manoeuvre to be effective and, at the end of the first day's fighting neither fleet had lost a ship in
3098:
In the beginning of June, Parma had sent Captain Moresin with some pilots to Admiral Sedonia. Upon Moresin's return on 22 June, the report he made to Farnese caused him distress. Medina Sedonia was under the impression that Farnese could simply sail out into the channel with his barges filled with
3086:
had left the fleet before the first encounter with the English fleet. An additional 5 pataches, dispatched to deliver messages to Parma, should be deducted which brings the number to 117 Spanish ships facing the roughly 226-strong English fleet. The Spanish fleet outgunned that of the English with
3801:
On the day after the battle at Gravelines, the disorganized and unmanouvreable Spanish fleet was at risk of running onto the sands of Zeeland because of the prevailing wind. The wind then changed to the south, enabling the fleet to sail north. The English ships under Howard pursued to prevent any
3058:
In the Spanish Netherlands, Alexander Farnese had mustered 30,000 soldiers and ordered hundreds of flyboats built to carry them across the channel while awaiting the arrival of the Armada. Since the element of surprise was long gone, the new plan was to use the cover of the warships to convey the
4305:
None of the objectives were achieved. The attempt to restore the Portuguese Crown from Spain was unsuccessful, and the opportunity to strike a decisive blow against the weakened Spanish Navy was lost. The expedition depleted the financial resources of England's treasury, which had been carefully
3944:
The first rumours of a setback for the armada began to reach Spain when news of the English fireships breaking the Spanish formation at Calais was received, but this was disbelieved. The King noted "I hope God has not permitted so much evil". Nothing was heard for nearly two weeks and it was not
3435:
The Dutch enjoyed an unchallenged naval advantage in these waters, even though their navy was inferior in naval armament. Because Medina Sidonia did not attempt to break the Dutch blockade and Parma would not risk attempting the passage unescorted, the Army of Flanders escaped the trap that Van
3410:
with the Dutch Republic. This problem seems to have been overlooked by the Armada commanders, but it was insurmountable. Communication was more difficult than anticipated, and word came too late that Parma's army had yet to be equipped with sufficient transport or to be assembled in the port, a
3087:
50% more available firepower than the English. The English fleet consisted of the 34 ships of the Royal Fleet, 21 of which were galleons of 200 to 400 tons, and 163 other ships, 30 of which were of 200 to 400 tons and carried up to 42 guns each. Twelve of the ships were privateers owned by
3582:
enemy ships, as had been the practice in naval warfare at the time. Evidence from Armada wrecks in Ireland shows that much of the fleet's ammunition was unused. Their determination to fight by boarding, rather than employing cannon fire at a distance, proved a disadvantage for the Spanish. The
3431:
to drive away the Dutch, but Medina Sidonia would not send them because he feared he would need these ships for his own protection. There was no deep-water port where the fleet might shelter, which had been acknowledged as a major difficulty for the expedition, and the Spanish found themselves
4001:
After the Duke of Parma was certain that the Armada had sailed away from the coast of Flanders and his participation in the invasion project was no longer feasible, he ordered his soldiers to disembark so as to avoid an epidemic of disease. He then assembled his council of war to discuss what
3733:
against any incursion up-river towards London. The result of the English fireship attack and the sea battle of Gravelines had not yet reached England, so Elizabeth went to Tilbury on 18 August to review her forces, arriving on horseback in ceremonial armor to imply to the militia that she was
3854:
Most of the 28 ships lost in the storms were along the jagged steep rocks of the western coast of Ireland. About 5,000 men died by drowning, starvation and slaughter by local inhabitants after their ships were driven ashore on the west coasts of Scotland and Ireland. The English Lord Deputy
3639:
after murderous fighting between the crew, galley slaves and the English. The French meanwhile could do little except to watch as the ship was plundered, but they opened fire to ward off the English who quickly left to join the rest of the fight. The next day, the severely crippled galleon
3016:
competent soldier and distinguished administrator, Medina Sidonia had no naval experience. He wrote to Philip expressing grave doubts about the planned campaign, but his message was prevented from reaching the King by courtiers on the grounds that God would ensure the Armada's success.
4164:
which had run aground were both found to be riddled with holes by cannonballs that had struck below the waterline. Both ships were too damaged to be salvaged and were therefore broken up; the cannons were used by the Dutch in nearby fortresses. The main-topmast rigging banner from the
3000:. Secrecy couldn't be maintained which made the enterprise vastly more complicated. Philip ultimately combined Parma's plan with that of Santa Cruz, initially entertaining a triple attack, starting with a diversionary raid on Scotland, while the main Armada would capture either the
4423:, by 1588, "the capital ships of the Elizabethan navy constituted the most powerful battlefleet afloat anywhere in the world". The English navy yards were leaders in technical innovation, and the captains devised new battle formations and tactics. The sleeker and more manoeuvrable
3405:
as the main invasion force in unarmed barges across the English Channel. These barges would be protected by the large ships of the Armada. However, to get to the Armada, they would have to cross the zone dominated by the Dutch navy, where the Armada could not go due to the ongoing
3447:
as a reinforcement for the Dutch should Parma make any independent move. His arrival gave Howard a total of 140 ships. He also received a small amount of powder and shot, which the Earl of Sussex had collected from fortresses and garrisons on the South Coast, and some victuals.
3838:
was carrying them north and east as they tried to move west, and they eventually turned south much closer to the coast than they thought. Off Scotland and Ireland, the fleet ran into a series of powerful westerly winds which drove many of the damaged ships further towards the
4418:
Most military historians hold that the battle of Gravelines reflected a lasting shift in the balance of naval power in favour of the English, in part because of the gap in naval technology and cannon armament which continued into the next century. In the words of historian
3567:
Before dawn on 8 August, Medina Sidonia struggled to regather his fleet after the fireships scattered it, and was reluctant to sail further east than Gravelines, knowing the danger of running aground on the shoals off Flanders, from which his Dutch enemies had removed the
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4192:
approaching London. The King took the news hard and shut himself away for days. The daily business of government was also brought to an abrupt halt. The King is claimed to have said: "I sent the Armada against men, not God's winds and waves". News of the loss of
2732:, of Spain. Whilst the threat from France remained, England & Spain enjoyed many decades of peace which included a number of strategic marriages to retain the alliance. There were many causes of jealousy between the two royal houses over the years, but the "
2616:. Up to 24 ships were wrecked along the way before the rest managed to get home. Among the factors contributing to the defeat and withdrawal of the Armada were bad weather conditions and the better employment of naval guns and battle tactics by the English.
4247:
Furthermore, Spanish sources state that no more than 11,000 perished. Philip's administrators, bureaucrats and secretaries documented, dated and filed everything that went on in all corners of the Spanish empire, and all those records are still kept in the
4062:
It took some time for the scale of the victory to be realized as news began to filter through by the end of August and beginning of September. As a result, a number of thanksgiving services were held at cathedrals and churches throughout England. At
2972:, led by privateer Francis Drake in April 1587, had captured or destroyed about 30 ships and great quantities of supplies, setting preparations back by a year. There is also evidence that a letter from Elizabeth's security chief and spymaster, Sir
5564:, Whitehall 23 July 1588, Imprinted at London by Chriss Barker, Her Highnesse's Printer, 1588, otherwise states fairly accurately, p. 3, "all the Spanish troops in the Netherlands, and consists of thirty thousand Foot and eighteen hundred Horse."
3320:, the strait separating the Isle of Wight from the English mainland, it could wait there for word from Parma's army; Farnese did not get news of this until 6 August. However, in a full-scale attack, the English fleet broke into four groups with
3287:. Drake had been guiding the English fleet by means of a lantern, which he snuffed out to slip away from the Spanish ships, causing the rest of his fleet to become scattered and disarrayed by dawn. At one point, Howard formed his ships into a
4055:
spared something in the general pay". The men had to rely on the charity of their officers, and Howard set an example by doing what he could out of his own purse to help the sailors. Nevertheless, upwards of 3,000 perished. As a result, the
3670:
Many other Spanish ships were severely damaged, especially the Portuguese and some Spanish Atlantic-class galleons, including some Neapolitan galleys, which bore the brunt of the fighting during the early hours of the battle: the Spanish
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2857:
and illegitimate ruler of England. In the eyes of the Catholic Church, Henry had never officially divorced Catherine, making Elizabeth illegitimate. Philip supported plots to have Elizabeth overthrown in favour of her Catholic cousin and
4553:
3475:
and the principal warships held their positions, but the rest of the fleet cut their anchor cables and scattered in confusion. No Spanish ships were burnt, but the crescent formation had been broken, and the fleet found itself too far
4318:
river. The English and Dutch ultimately failed to disrupt the various fleets of the Indies despite the great number of military personnel mobilized every year. Thus, Spain remained the predominant power in Europe for several decades.
4002:
endeavours his forces could be used for before the onset of winter. In late September, he divided them into three groups; one was sent to the Rhine, one was to remain in the coastal region and one was led by Parma himself against
2944:
In retaliation, Philip planned an expedition to invade England to overthrow Elizabeth and, if the Armada was not entirely successful, at least negotiate freedom of worship for Catholics and financial compensation for war in the
2790:
In comparison, England was only a minor European power with no empire, and it could exercise little influence outside of its shores â although, in alliance with Spain, it had gone to war three times against France during
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3176:
3099:
troops. Parma had continually informed the king that his passage to the channel was blocked by English and Dutch ships, and the only way he could bring his boats out was if the Armada cleared the blockade.
7861:
The International Emblem From Incunabula to the Internet : Selected Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference of the Society for Emblem Studies, 28th Julyâ1st August, 2008, Winchester College
4252:
and the Escorial. The number of men lost was extracted from the paymaster distribution lists. A detailed analysis of the human cost of the campaign reveals that 25,696 men left Coruña and 13,399 returned.
2603:
and forced to scatter. The Armada suffered further losses in the ensuing Battle of Gravelines and was in danger of running aground on the Dutch coast when the wind changed, allowing it to escape into the
5037:, printed for the Navy Records Society, MDCCCXCV, Vol. II, pp. 8â9, Wynter to Walsyngham: indicates that the ships used as fire-ships were drawn from those at hand in the fleet and not hulks from Dover.
4604:
4651:
additionally pointed to elements of English nationalism and the private enterprise of the sea dogs. He also emphasized that the Duke of Medina Sidonia was an incompetent seaman. In the 18th century,
2965:, with the promise of a subsidy should the Armada make land. Substantial support for the invasion was also expected from English Catholics, including wealthy and influential aristocrats and traders.
6952:"In the end as many as two-thirds of the armada's original complement of 30,000 died and for every one killed in battle or perishing of their wounds another six or eight died due to ". Hanson p. 563
3164:
4844:
Although the English attempted the same tactic in Portugal the following year, the army under Norris' command marching on Lisbon expecting Drake to simultaneously attack the city with his ships.
3341:
Starting on 1 August, Sidonia began sending Farnese messages detailing his position and movements. It was not until the following day that Alexander received the first report from the Admiral.
4403:
The Spanish had 117 ships to go up against more than 200 English ships. The opposing forces were experienced in completely different fighting styles. The Spanish style can be studied from the
3498:
3059:
army on barges to a place near London. In all, 55,000 men were to have been mustered, a huge army for that time. On the day the Armada set sail, Elizabeth's ambassador in the Netherlands,
3932:
Continental Europe had been anxiously awaiting news of the Armada all summer. The Spanish postmaster and Spanish agents in Rome promoted reports of Spanish victory in hopes of convincing
4455:
propaganda offensive, and its exploitation boosted national pride which lasted for years. Elizabeth's legend persisted and grew long after her death. It also may have given heart to the
4152:
The Dutch also celebrated the victory and their artists were quick to take on commemorative medals and paintings which were soon circulated within the year. The wrecked Spanish galleons
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4075:
was preached, followed by another on 18 September. As news of the full scale of the disaster came through, and also news of England's victory against Parma at Bergen-op-Zoom, a bigger
4244:
were broken up, the guns and the timber being sold off. As many as half of the fleet were unfit for further service and as a result a number were scuttled, broken up or left to rot.
2881:
Elizabeth finally had Mary executed in February 1587, due to constant plots against the queen carried out in Mary's name. Elizabeth also retaliated against Philip by supporting the
2923:
4577:
4360:
to Spain, where they seized and held Cadiz for two weeks causing economic losses, but failed to seize the treasure fleet. After this, three more armadas were sent by Spain â the
3347:
10810:
7234:
3330:
given command over a squadron, and Drake coming with a large force from the south. Medina Sidonia sent reinforcements south and ordered the Armada back to open sea to avoid the
2853:
taking the throne. Unlike Mary, Elizabeth was firmly in the reformist camp and quickly re-implemented many of Edward's reforms. Philip, no longer co-monarch, deemed Elizabeth a
3371:
3258:
and setting in motion a series of mishaps. She began to drift, and was taken off by the current in the opposite direction to the fleet and closer to the English. Drake in the
10648:
4451:
In England, the battle was followed by the distribution of flyers, pamphlets, the striking of victory medals, and numerous joyous celebrations. The victory prompted a huge
3877:
4459:
cause across Europe and the belief that God was behind the Protestants. This was shown by the striking of commemorative medals that bore variations on the inscription, "
4145:
for five years, until his ransom was paid by his family for his release back to Spain. He was not blamed for the loss of his ship and was appointed colonial governor of
2133:
5306:, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1922, pp. 28â32, describes a large privateer fleet of 25 ships commanded by Drake in 1585 that raided about the Spanish Caribbean colonies.
4306:
restored during the long reign of Elizabeth I. Through this lost opportunity, Philip was able to revive his navy the very next year, sending 37 ships with 6,420 men to
2270:
1404:
4204:
3734:
prepared to lead them in the ensuing battle. She gave them her royal address, which survives in at least six slightly different versions. One version is as follows:
4022:
Even though the Spanish armada had failed to invade England it had demonstrated its feasibility and shown that the British Isles overall were vulnerable to attack.
2838:
Philip now persuaded Mary to enter into a disastrous war against France. England landed forces in the Low Countries and with the failing support of Spain, won the
2720:
England had been strategically in alliance with Spain for many decades prior to England and Spain entering into war. In the mid to late 15th century, France under
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until 21 September that the first of the ships of the Armada began to arrive into Spain â the first of eight entered into Coruña which included Medina Sidonia's
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landing on English soil, although by this time his ships were almost out of shot. On 12 August, Howard called a halt to the pursuit at about the latitude of the
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252:
4705:, one of the key figures in the Spanish Golden Age of Baroque literature, and one of the most prolific authors in the history of literature, served in the ship
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in 1968. It was the greatest treasure salvaged up until that time. Gold and silver coins, jewelry, armaments and other objects are on permanent display at the
3242:, and they sought to close with the English, but were foiled by the smaller ships' greater manoeuvrability. While the Spanish center manoeuvred to support the
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that had been constructed along the south coast. The same day the English fleet was trapped in Plymouth Harbour by the incoming tide. The Spanish convened a
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to attack at close range, bringing all his guns to bear, but he did not follow through with the manoeuvre and little was achieved. During a lull in battle,
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Alcalå-Zamora, José N. (2004). La empresa de Inglaterra: (la "Armada invencible" : fabulación y realidad). Taravilla: Real Academia de la Historia
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where larger warships with a deeper draught, like the Spanish and English galleons, could not safely enter. Parma expected the Armada to send its light
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off Scotland. The only option left to the Spanish ships was to return to Spain by sailing round the north of Scotland and home via the Atlantic or the
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was the strongest power in western Europe. England still had possessions in what today is called Northern France, and Spain was under constant threat.
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by the Anglo-Dutch garrison, which, in combination with poor weather, forced him to abandon the siege. An attempt to take the Dutch-held island of
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3067:. On 6 July, negotiations were abandoned, and the English fleet stood prepared, if ill-supplied, at Plymouth, awaiting news of Spanish movements.
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of Calais in the rising southwesterly wind to recover its position. The English closed in for battle. Farnese learned of this the following day.
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Casado Soto, JosĂ© L (1991). "Atlantic shipping in sixteenth-century Spain and the 1588 Armada". In RodrĂguez-Salgado, M J; Adams, Simon (eds.).
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2866:. These plans were thwarted when Elizabeth had Mary imprisoned in 1567. Mary was forced to abdicate the crown of Scotland in favour of her son
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2953:, the part of the Low Countries that had successfully seceded from Spanish rule, and English attacks on Spanish trade and settlements in the
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3786:. A stylised depiction of key elements of the Armada story: the alarm beacons, Queen Elizabeth at Tilbury, and the sea battle at Gravelines.
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against Spain, as well as funding privateers to raid Spanish ships across the Atlantic. She also negotiated an enduring trade and political
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2630:", and sometimes called the "counter-Armada of 1589", which failed. Three further Spanish armadas were sent against England and Ireland in
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3463:, and cast them downwind among the closely anchored vessels of the Armada. The Spanish feared that these uncommonly large fireships were "
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RodrĂguez-Salgado, M. J. (1991). "Pilots, navigation and strategy in the Gran Armada". In RodrĂguez-Salgado, M. J. and Simon Adams, eds.
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Israel, J. I. and Parker, G. (1991). "Of Providence and Protestant Winds: the Spanish Armada of 1588 and the Dutch armada of 1688". In
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17:
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on 7 November, the commander trying to find a suitable place to ground her. The crew were taken prisoner and the sick were treated in
3279:(commander of the Squadron of Andalusia) surrendered along with his entire crew. On board, the English seized supplies of much-needed
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Lambert, Andrew (2010). "2 The Defeat of the Spanish Armada 1588. Prose Epic of the modern English nation". In McKeown, Simon (ed.).
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was a dominant political and military power in Europe, with a global empire which became the source of her wealth. It championed the
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4356:, also in Cornwall, took place the following year but ended in failure. In June 1596, England and the United Dutch Provinces sent a
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bore more despair for Philip: not only De Leiva but also his followers from almost every noble house in Spain had drowned with it.
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on the night of 26 October. Of the estimated 1,300 people on board, there were nine survivors. 260 bodies washed ashore, including
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was part of Flanders in the Spanish Netherlands close to the border with France, and was the closest Spanish territory to England.
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2587:, its ships were able to attack the Armada as it sailed up the Channel. Several subordinates advised Medina Sidonia to anchor in
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7243:, p. 68: "The 1588 campaign was a major English propaganda victory, but in strategic terms it was essentially indecisive".
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Tenace, Edward (2003), "A Strategy of Reaction: The Armadas of 1596 and 1597 and the Spanish Struggle for European Hegemony",
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Spanish Armada Prisoners The Story of the Nuestra Señora Del Rosario and Her Crew, and of Other Prisoners in England, 1587â97
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was also repelled. From the armada campaign to Bergen, Parma's forces had lost some 10,000 men killed or dead from disease.
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In the middle of the night of 7â8 August, the English set alight eight fireships, sacrificing warships by filling them with
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three months later. The conflict then wound down with diminishing military actions, finally ending with the signing of the
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3649:. The captain, Don Diego Pimmental, surrendered along with the survivors of his crew. Later that day, the equally crippled
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2842:. Though this brought victory for Spain, England had neglected her French defenses, and France took English Calais in the
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needed for their invasion force to wage a ground-based war. Nevertheless, when the fleets actually came to blows at the
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on 23 September, but was later destroyed by an English agent sent by Francis Walsingham with most of the crew on board.
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depicts an alternate history where the Spanish Armada prevailed against England, leading to a global Spanish empire.
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then closed, firing damaging broadsides into the enemy ships, all the while maintaining a windward position, so the
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3810:. As the Spanish fleet rounded Scotland it on 20 August, it consisted of 110 vessels and most made it around. The
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ran aground in between Sluis and Ostend; it was taken by a combination of Dutch ships and English troops led by
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which had been part of Don Diego Flores de Valdes' Castile Squadron which had attempted to surrender to Captain
3471:. Three were intercepted by pataches and towed away, but the remainder bore down on the fleet. Medina Sidonia's
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Martin & Parker give 30,500 and raised to 30,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry on p. 96. Also, the hoax paper
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was accidentally burned within a few days of entering San Sebastian. In addition the severely damaged galleons
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This article is about the Spanish fleet that sailed against England in 1588. For the modern navy of Spain, see
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in the Channel. Instead, the Spanish gunners fired once and then transferred to their main task, which was to
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English translation of Francisco de Cuellar's account of his service in the Armada and on the run in Ireland
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4290:, Portugal, and raise a revolt there against King Philip II (Philip I of Portugal) installing the pretender
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fleet carried 1,500 brass guns and 1,000 iron guns. The full body of the fleet took two days to leave port.
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The Battle of Gravelines and the subsequent chase around the northern coast of Scotland form the climax of
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On 7 August, the Armada anchored off Calais in a tightly packed defensive crescent formation, not far from
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then took possession of the ship. A pinnace was also run aground by her crew to prevent her from sinking.
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to the wreck, attacked the stricken vessel, and took the crew prisoners. A Dutch force of flyboats led by
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earlier in the decade, but the English were aware of it and sought to avoid it by keeping their distance.
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Thompson, I. A. A. "The Appointment of the Duke of Medina Sidonia to the Command of the Spanish Armada",
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History of the United Netherlands: from the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Years' Truce â 1609
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in Plymouth was constructed in 1888 to celebrate the tercentenary of the defeat of the Spanish Armada.
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Armada: A Celebration of the Four Hundredth Anniversary of the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588â1988
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3034:. The blessing of the Armada's banner on 25 April 1588, was similar to the ceremony used prior to the
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2007:
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where they were held prisoner in a barn (today called the 'Spanish Barn') and spared execution. The
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The English and Spanish fleets between Portland Bill and the Isle of Wight on 2â3 August 1588 (N.S.)
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Prior to the undertaking, Pope Sixtus V allowed Philip to collect crusade taxes and granted his men
2626:. The following year, England organized a similar large-scale campaign against Spain, known as the "
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was wrecked on the coast of Ireland and gave a remarkable account of his experiences in the fleet,
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3012:. Farnese would then follow with a large army from the Low Countries crossing the English Channel.
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3538:"Battle of Gravelines (1588)" redirects here. For the battle in the Italian War of 1551â1559, see
2595:, but he refused to deviate from his instructions to join with Parma. Although the Armada reached
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fleet manoeuvres to harass the Spaniards, but there is no evidence for the success of that plan.
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Destroy the battered Spanish Atlantic fleet, which was being repaired in ports of northern Spain
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The Armada has often featured in fictional accounts of the reign of Elizabeth I. Examples are:
4647:) (1590), which argued that God decisively favoured the Protestant cause. In the 17th century,
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2012:
1962:
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contains a heavily fictionalized retelling of the Spanish Armada and the Battle of Gravelines.
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noting that it held 397 Spanish prisoners of war for fourteen days during the Armada campaign
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largely intact, while awaiting communication from Parma, it was attacked at night by English
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2118:
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1982:
1967:
1887:
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1583:
1371:
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1264:
1254:
1175:
1160:
1110:
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622:
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Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545â1592): v. III
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with the loss of 275 men â the Spanish only managing to rescue a boatload of survivors. The
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History of the United Netherlands from the Death of William the Silent to the Synod of Dort
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4171:, part of which depicts Christ on the cross, was taken, hung and displayed in the choir of
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process that would take at least six days. As Medina Sidonia waited at anchor, Dunkirk was
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The Return of the Armadas: the Later Years of the Elizabethan War against Spain, 1595â1603
8157:
After the Armada: Elizabethan England and the Struggle for Western Europe : 1588â1595
7956:
Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545â1592): v. V
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8:
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9210:
8981:
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8832:
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8450:
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7376:. Publications of the Navy Records Society; v. 1â2. Printed for the Navy Records Society.
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coast forced four galleys and one galleon to turn back, and other ships had to put in to
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Knerr, Douglas. "Through the "Golden Mist": a Brief Overview of Armada Historiography."
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7327:
7307:
4357:
3818:, heavily damaged during the Gravelines engagement, had struggled North and limped into
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Douglas Knerr, "Through the "Golden Mist": a Brief Overview of Armada Historiography."
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The number of ships lost has been debated. A detailed study by Spanish naval historian
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The English pursue the Spanish fleet east of Plymouth on 31 July â 1 August 1588 (N.S.)
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2752:
2737:
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2553:
2537:
2390:
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1598:
1518:
1493:
894:
889:
217:
205:
193:
129:
9839:
9768:
8365:
5842:
3851:". More ships and sailors were lost to cold and stormy weather than in direct combat.
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Newman, Aubrey N.; Johnson, David T.; Jones, P. M. (1985). "The Eighteenth Century".
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Historical Dictionary of the Elizabethan World; Britain, Ireland, Europe, and America
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4498:
4467:'. There were also more lighthearted medals struck, such as the one with the play on
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Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545â1592)
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Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545â1592)
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Late on 7 August, Howard was reinforced by a squadron under Lord Edward Seymour and
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Drake and the Tudor Navy: With a History of the Rise of England as a Maritime Power
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addressed the suggestion to Philip II of taking advantage of it to attack England.
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308:
304:
288:
268:
10706:
8738:
7371:
4101:
became known as the "Great Spaniard" but was lost in a wreck in November 1588 off
2779:, greatly expanding the empire. Philip became the first monarch who ruled over an
329:
10771:
Law of coartaciĂłn (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
10521:
10461:
10375:
10283:
10157:
10137:
10102:
9884:
9854:
9793:
9403:
9393:
9289:
9174:
9066:
9023:
8783:
8691:
8562:
8377:
7280:
7137:
Parker, Geoffrey (August 1996). "The 'Dreadnought' Revolution of Tudor England".
6600:
5762:
5331:
4805:
4502:
4490:
4482:
4479:('he came, he saw, he fled'). The wind that scattered the Armada has been called
4142:
4038:
swept through the crews and many died of disease and starvation after landing at
3819:
3746:
3468:
3131:
3047:
2874:
was in the summer of 1583 when, flushed with pride of his victory in the Azores,
2828:
2541:
2306:
2281:
2103:
1800:
1780:
1770:
1655:
1635:
1568:
1319:
1314:
1244:
1055:
1035:
950:
780:
703:
88:
10430:
8384:
The story of the Armada battles with pictures from the House of Lords tapestries
7356:
A discourse concerninge the Spanishe fleete inuadinge Englande in the yeare 1588
4655:
praised the leadership of Queen Elizabeth. However, the Whig historians, led by
4645:
A discourse concerninge the Spanishe fleete inuadinge Englande in the yeare 1588
4508:
One of the greatest finds of the Spanish Armada was the remains of the wreck of
4497:, when Britain again faced a substantial danger of foreign invasion. During the
3737:
3387:
2823:
ascended the throne in 1553. Three years later Mary married Philip II, becoming
541:
10365:
10162:
9914:
9737:
9623:
9597:
9582:
9463:
9058:
9052:
8956:
8723:
8637:
8587:
8465:
8419:
5134:. In RodrĂguez-Salgado, M. J. and Adams, Simon (eds.). "England, Spain and the
4797:
4734:, which in 1925 became the first novel to be adapted into a radio drama by the
4668:
4664:
4648:
4584:
4517:
4463:" â with "Jehovah" in Hebrew letters ('God blew, and they are scattered'), or '
4349:
4272:
4266:
4068:
4003:
3993:
3848:
3803:
3730:
3596:
3579:
3440:
3288:
3115:
3060:
2981:
2950:
2867:
2748:
2669:
2627:
2620:
2565:
2525:
2048:
1533:
1289:
930:
830:
790:
337:
229:
161:
143:
8870:
8138:
6710:
5781:
The Anglo-Dutch moment. Essays on the Glorious Revolution and its world impact
4328:
Dutch ships. The Spanish launched a number of small scale attacks such as the
3545:
2831:
influence over church affairs. Her attempts led to more than 260 people being
10794:
9929:
8779:
8696:
8505:
8323:
8320:. 'The Dreadnought Revolution of Tudor England', 82 (1996): pp. 269â300.
4592:
4521:
4472:
4456:
4071:
a series of thanksgiving services took place, the first on 30 August where a
4056:
3952:
3933:
3873:
3863:
3452:
3158:
action. The English caught up with the Spanish fleet after a day of sailing.
3064:
3043:
3001:
2958:
2946:
2824:
2776:
2592:
1382:
210:
173:
4501:
RAF fighter pilots attracted world attention as the "new Elizabethans". The
10701:
10691:
10420:
9959:
9813:
9638:
9154:
8930:
8612:
8460:
7473:
Elizabeth's Sea Dogs: How England's Mariners Became the Scourge of the Seas
5766:
5758:
5423:
4783:
4702:
4494:
3823:
3750:
3726:
3646:
3622:
3316:
If the Armada could create a temporary base in the protected waters of the
3301:
exploded, lighting a portion of the ship on fire. The Spanish attempted to
3239:
3139:
3119:
2882:
2760:
2709:
1957:
1453:
31:
10012:
9602:
9428:
8997:
8875:
4752:
4568:
4564:
4525:
4116:
3835:
3764:
3742:
3464:
3005:
2850:
2812:
2784:
2768:
2741:
2557:
1745:
9592:
7745:
The Confident Hope of a Miracle: The True History of the Spanish Armada'
7040:
6955:
4868:
Mattingly p. 401: "the defeat of the Spanish armada really was decisive"
4430:
English shipwrights introduced novel designs, first demonstrated in the
4372:(33 ships) sent in October 1601 to Ireland, ended with the surrender at
3194:
The English engage the Spanish fleet near Plymouth on 31 July 1588 (N.S)
3102:
The fleet was sighted in England on 29 July (N.S), when it appeared off
3051:
2652:
10466:
9200:
8480:
8149:
8093:
6718:
4652:
3660:
3561:
3331:
3134:
with the Armada upwind to the west. To execute its attack, the English
3103:
3031:
3009:
2800:
2792:
2588:
8060:
The Spanish Armada of 1588: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography.
6694:
4368:(140 ships), with a number captured or sunk by the English fleet. The
3182:
The Spanish and English fleets near Plymouth on 30â31 July 1588 (N.S.)
9433:
9190:
9090:
8865:
8767:
8701:
8287:. Souvenir Press, London, 1963. 2nd ed., Grafton Books, London, 1988.
5317:
4489:
The memory of the victory over the Armada was evoked during both the
4345:
4035:
3970:
3956:
3844:
3840:
3831:
3807:
3656:
3302:
3280:
3223:(commander of the Squadron of Andalusia) to Francis Drake aboard the
2997:
2954:
2605:
2600:
2569:
476:
92:
7630:. Vol. II. Madrid: Est. tipogrĂĄfico "Sucesores de Rivadeneyra".
7159:
7028:
6861:
6463:
State papers relating to the defeat of the Spanish Armada, anno 1588
6448:
State papers relating to the defeat of the Spanish Armada, anno 1588
6374:
6175:
5035:
State Papers Relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, Anno 1588
3234:
The English fleet and the Armada engaged once more on 1 August, off
3070:
Only 122 ships from the Spanish fleet entered the Channel; the four
2815:
taking place in Europe, especially during the reign of Henry's son,
9607:
8485:
7619:. Vol. I. Madrid: Est. tipogrĂĄfico "Sucesores de Rivadeneyra".
7076:
6788:
4408:
4337:
4333:
4307:
4134:
4102:
3982:
3860:
One of the costliest wrecks was that of the ship Spanish galleass
3626:
3569:
3472:
3424:
3412:
3255:
3107:
2962:
2807:
as a political exercise over his desire to divorce his first wife,
2756:
2721:
2609:
2580:
2573:
2549:
6885:
6196:"Captain Cuellar's adventures in Connacht & Ulster, A.D. 1588"
6077:"Elizabeth I and the Spanish Armada: A Painting and its Afterlife"
5932:
5930:
4271:
The following year the English with Dutch conscripts launched the
3707:. The Spanish plan to join with Parma's army had been frustrated.
3516:
English fireships launched at the Spanish armada off Calais (N.S.)
3170:
The Spanish fleet off the coast of Cornwall on 29 July 1588 (N.S.)
10765:
10736:
9246:
9231:
8388:
8380:â a learning resource and teachers notes from the British Library
7309:
History of Plymouth: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time
7000:
Armada Española desde la Unión de los Reinos de Castilla y Aragón
6800:
4696:
4596:
4529:
4513:
4486:, a phrase also used for later invasions of England that failed.
4373:
4120:
4059:
was set up, its purpose to help pay pensions to disabled seamen.
4039:
3955:
harbour and Miguel de Oquendo brought five more into the port of
3610:
3428:
3420:
3398:
3083:
3079:
3075:
2613:
2584:
369:
8214:
El Duque de Lerma: realeza y privanza en la España de Felipe III
7198:
7088:
6764:
5419:
Why we must thank the Turks, not Drake, for defeating the Armada
9702:
9256:
9251:
9028:
7726:
Francis Drake, privateer: contemporary narratives and documents
6661:
5927:
5915:
5075:
The Eighteenth Century Annual Bulletin of Historical Literature
4975:
4973:
4619:
4341:
4315:
4298:
4287:
4203:
in the mid-1880s claimed that 63 in total were lost. Historian
4176:
4072:
4031:
4027:
4011:
3978:
3504:
The fireship attack on the Spanish Armada, 7 August 1588 (N.S.)
3456:
3419:. The Dutch flyboats mainly operated in the shallow waters off
3335:
3317:
3111:
3071:
2854:
2596:
2536:, an aristocrat without previous naval experience appointed by
2529:
7666:
English Armada: The Greatest Naval Disaster in English History
7186:
6934:
6873:
6740:
6649:
6565:
6405:
6403:
6401:
5722:
The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain, 660â1649
5623:
5621:
5606:
5500:
3211:
2608:. Pursued by the English, the Spanish ships returned home via
62:
10743:
9017:
8681:
8108:
Elizabeth I's Final Years Her Favourites and Her Fighting Men
8090:
The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain 660â1649
7842:
The Spanish Armada: The Great Enterprise against England 1588
6386:
6280:
6011:
6009:
6007:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5836:"Military Science in Western Europe in the Sixteenth Century"
5346:
10 things you (probably) didn't know about the Spanish Armada
5005:
5003:
4964:
The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 13, Companion Volume
4688:
4587:
on carriage and other armament from the Spanish Armada ship,
4138:
3974:
3937:
3284:
2988:
319:
299:
279:
259:
247:
8053:
Commander of the Armada: The Seventh Duke of Medina Sidonia.
7953:
7934:
7064:
6493:
5980:
5875:
5733:
5708:
5687:
5651:
5639:
5600:
5585:
5573:
5460:
5448:
5436:
5264:
4970:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4909:
4907:
4894:
4892:
4663:
in 1894. This enabled the leading naval scholar of the day,
3909:, flight through Scotland, surviving a second shipwreck and
3830:
of the open sea. There being no way of accurately measuring
9086:
9001:
7328:"Girona gold: How a diver discovered 400-year-old treasure"
6529:
6398:
6343:
6306:
6238:
6125:
5942:
5618:
5394:"The Spanish Armada in Lisbon: preparing to invade England"
4146:
2949:. Through this endeavour, English material support for the
8979:
7052:
6967:
6903:
Gracia Rivas, Manuel (1991). "The Medical Services of the
6609:
6505:
6465:. Vol. II. London: Navy Records Society. p. 163.
6081:
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society: Sixth Series
6004:
5852:
5524:
5088:
5000:
3969:, carrying some 200 sick and wounded survivors, came into
2811:. Over time, England became increasingly aligned with the
2736:" was the ultimate cause of the alliance breaking between
2728:
of England therefore formed a strategic relationship with
8285:
From Merciless Invaders: The Defeat of the Spanish Armada
7373:
State papers relating to the defeat of the Spanish Armada
6824:
6776:
6752:
6481:
6450:. Vol. II. London: Navy Records Society. p. 96.
6427:
5479:. London: Simon & Schuster UK Ltd. pp. 248â252.
5173:
5045:
5043:
4919:
4904:
4889:
4735:
3603:
Five Spanish and Portuguese ships were lost: the 605 ton
3460:
3415:
by a Dutch fleet of 30 flyboats under Lieutenant-Admiral
2870:. The first documented suggestion of what was called the
7210:
6517:
6415:
6150:
5551:(Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press), pp. 12â13.
5348:". BBC History Extra, April 2005. Retrieved 5 April 2020
5149:
5100:
5073:
Aubrey N. Newman, David T. Johnson, P. M. Jones (1985).
4886:
Vego p. 148: "the decisive defeat of the Spanish armada"
4226:, sank after they had cast anchor in Santander, and the
3951:. Over the next few days Diego Flores took 22 more into
3721:
Because of the potential invasion from the Netherlands,
3377:
The battle off the Isle of Wight on 4 August 1588 (N.S.)
3353:
The English and Spanish fleets on 1â2 August 1588 (N.S.)
8271:
England & the Spanish Armada: The Necessary Quarrel
7282:
The Good Fight Battle of Britain Propaganda and The Few
7016:
6979:
6605:. Vol. 1. Harper & Brothers. pp. 534â536.
6469:
5279:
Spain 1474â1700:The Triumphs and Tribulations of Empire
3338:, without being able to wait for word of Parma's army.
2583:. Faster and more maneuverable than the larger Spanish
7178:
Parker, Geoffrey (May 1988). "Why the Armada Failed".
6637:
6577:
6250:
6145:
The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History 1300â1850
5669:
5657:
5512:
5040:
4524:(part of the National Museums of Northern Ireland) in
4393:
Day seven of the battle with the Armada, 7 August 1588
3268:
during the night and she was taken in action; Admiral
2579:
The Spanish were opposed by an English fleet based in
8734:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
7899:
England and the Spanish Armada: The Necessary Quarrel
7222:
6922:
6907:". In RodrĂguez-Salgado, M. J. and Simon Adams, eds.
6812:
6553:
6541:
6362:
6262:
5992:
5968:
5161:
3042:
The Armada was delayed by bad weather. Storms in the
7991:
Martin, Colin (with appendices by Wignall, Sydney):
7663:
7165:
7082:
7046:
7034:
6961:
6867:
6847:(in Spanish). Madrid: Editorial Naval. p. 320.
6325:
5234:
Sovereign Ladies: The Six Reigning Queens of England
5112:
5055:
5015:
4845:
4773:
7511:
Early modern England 1485â1714: a narrative history
6845:
La sanidad en la jornada de Ingblaterra (1587â1588)
6348:. Vol. V. Los Angeles: MJV. pp. 242â243.
4877:
Parker & Martin p. 5: "an unmitigated disaster"
4641:
Expeditionis Hispaniorum in Angliam vera Descriptio
10811:Naval battles of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585â1604)
8217:(in Spanish). Marcial Pons Historia. p. 305.
8067:
7707:Time to Finish the Game The English and the Armada
7106:
3309:came up. The Spanish evacuated the vessel and the
3227:during the attack of the Spanish Armada, 1588, by
2771:. This was expanded further in 1580 when Portugal
2552:, and escort an invasion force that would land in
7995:(with appendices by Sydney Wignall), Viking, 1975
7636:The Spanish Story of the Armada, and Other Essays
7596:The Spanish Armada: The Experience of War in 1588
7593:
6806:
6695:"The Spanish Story of the 1588 Armada Reassessed"
6692:
6380:
6181:
6168:Winston S. Churchill, "The New World", vol. 3 of
5891:Drake: The Life and Legend of an Elizabethan Hero
5699:Mcdermott. England and the Spanish Armada. p. 260
5476:Drake, The Life and Legend of an Elizabethan Hero
5328:. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
4756:(1971) is an account of the defeat of the Armada.
4364:(126â140 ships) was scattered by a storm, as was
3790:
3110:. The news was conveyed to London by a system of
2744:, and this led to war between the two countries.
2619:The expedition was the largest engagement of the
571:
10792:
8098:Rodriguez-Salgado, M. J. and Adams, Simon, eds.
7783:A Guide to Battles Decisive Conflicts in History
6172:, (1956) Dodd, Mead & Co., New York, p. 130.
4301:if possible so as to establish a permanent base.
3887:, knight and member of the Council of Thirteen (
9278:
7492:European Warfare, 1494â1660 Warfare and History
7132:
7130:
5805:. Vol. 1586â89. London: John Murray. 4194.
4949:Artillery: An Illustrated History of Its Impact
4465:He blew with His winds, and they were scattered
4048:'s crew of 500, more than 200 had died and the
3583:manoeuver had been effective in the battles of
3528:The battle off Gravelines, 8 August 1588 (N.S.)
2524:'Great and Most Fortunate Navy') was a
414:19,315 soldiers (90% Spaniards, 10% Portuguese)
8100:England, Spain, and the Gran Armada, 1585â1604
7993:Full Fathom Five: Wrecks of the Spanish Armada
7623:
7612:
7436:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 63.
6891:
6879:
6655:
6628:"Queen Elizabeth â Against the Spanish Armada"
6311:. Vol. V. Los Angeles: MJV. p. 229.
5364:. Oxford and New York: Routledge. p. 45.
4220:the storms or English gunfire. One hulk, the
4017:
2795:'s reign. The last of these conflicts was the
1412:
8923:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
8404:
8341:The Enterprise of England: The Spanish Armada
7008:
6998:
6909:England, Spain and the Gran Armada, 1585â1604
6681:England, Spain and the Gran Armada, 1585â1604
5894:. London: Simon & Schuster. p. 259.
5548:The Invincible Armada and Elizabethan England
4706:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4221:
4166:
4159:
4153:
4124:
4106:
4096:
4090:
4084:
3964:
3946:
3888:
3861:
3811:
3710:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3650:
3640:
3629:
3604:
3573:
3492:The pursuit to Calais, 4â6 August 1588 (N.S.)
3292:
3263:
3243:
2819:. Edward died childless, and his half-sister
2703:
1398:
557:
8598:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
8176:Naval Strategy and Operations in Narrow Seas
8148:, Vol. 12, No. 2. (1969), pp. 197â216.
7972:
7954:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020e).
7935:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020c).
7638:(1899), by a leading historian of the 1890s
7558:England, Spain and the Gran Armada 1585â1604
7204:
7127:
7094:
7070:
6919:. p. 212. The lowest estimate is 9,000 dead.
6842:
6770:
6571:
6535:
6499:
6409:
6244:
6131:
5948:
5936:
5921:
5627:
5562:The English Mercurie published by Authoritie
5009:
4979:
4913:
4898:
3254:collided with a number of ships, losing her
2849:Mary's death in 1558 led to her half-sister
8250:The Voyage of the Armada: The Spanish Story
8036:Parker, Geoffrey. "Why the Armada Failed."
7958:. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc.
7939:. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc.
7555:
7182:. Vol. 38, no. 5. pp. 26â33.
6667:
6344:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020).
6307:Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020).
6224:. Yale University Press. pp. 153â154.
6056:The Longman Anthology of British Literature
6015:
5863:
5801:Motley, John Lothrop (1860). "XVII. 1587".
5612:
5530:
5506:
5094:
4934:
4383:
4141:. Pedro de Valdés was held prisoner in the
3702:
3696:
3690:
3550:Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 8 August 1588
3212:Actions off Portland Bill and Isle of Wight
2759:cause and its global possessions stretched
2677:
2568:, and prevent attacks by English and Dutch
2519:
8411:
8397:
8361:The Story of the Tobermory Spanish Galleon
7799:
7508:
7454:Armada 1588 The Spanish Assault on England
7192:
6973:
6940:
6794:
6746:
6615:
6433:
6392:
5296:
4741:John Brunner's 1962 science fiction novel
3148:with 11 ships, and Howard to the south in
2835:, earning her the nickname "Bloody Mary".
1405:
1391:
564:
550:
10717:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
8017:
7896:
6830:
6782:
6487:
6460:
6445:
6421:
6219:
6170:A History of the English-Speaking Peoples
6156:
6027:
5986:
5541:
5539:
5106:
4695:becoming one of the first of few Western
4631:For 150 years, writers relied heavily on
4352:were raided and torched. Another smaller
4260:
2783:, and he did so from his chambers in the
2708:is still the Spanish term for the modern
120:
10722:Colonial universities in the Philippines
8264:Ireland: Graveyard of the Spanish Armada
7973:Martin, Colin; Parker, Geoffrey (1999).
7901:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
7820:Ireland: Graveyard of the Spanish Armada
7701:
7369:
7109:Annual Bulletin of Historical Literature
6523:
6070:
6068:
5385:
5276:
5270:
5237:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p.
4387:
3992:
3915:
3770:
3736:
3544:
3386:
3238:. A change of wind gave the Spanish the
3215:
2534:Alonso de GuzmĂĄn, Duke of Medina Sidonia
9713:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
8154:
8105:
8070:The Guinness Book of Military Anecdotes
7858:
7839:
7723:
7574:
7543:Invasion: Defending Britain from Attack
7470:
7451:
7401:
7278:
7022:
6985:
6368:
6256:
5998:
5827:
5675:
5663:
5576:, v. V pp. 164, 167, 199â200.
5224:
5132:The Medical Services of the Gran Armada
5049:
4994:Spain, 1469â1714: A Society of Conflict
4674:
3533:
3138:upwind of the Armada, thus gaining the
2976:, to her ambassador in Constantinople,
2642:, but these likewise ended in failure.
14:
10793:
10666:
8124:
7998:
7915:
7780:
7742:
7644:
7431:
7352:
7240:
7228:
7216:
7177:
7136:
7058:
7013:, vol. III, chapter III. Madrid. p. 51
6643:
6595:
6583:
6559:
6547:
6511:
6268:
6062:. Third ed. New York: Pearson Longman.
5974:
5800:
5745:
5536:
5398:British Historical Society of Portugal
5357:
5351:
5315:
5230:
5205:
5179:
5167:
4544:Armada Medal, bearing the inscription
4461:1588. Flavit Jehovah et Dissipati Sunt
4336:on 26 July 1595, where over two days,
3936:to release his promise of one million
3923:by Spanish painter Jose Gartner (1892)
3834:, the Spanish were not aware that the
3725:assembled a force of 4,500 militia at
3382:
3130:On 30 July, the English fleet was off
3125:
2876:Ălvaro de BazĂĄn, Marquis of Santa Cruz
10665:
10561:
10560:
9684:
9562:
9277:
9136:
9104:
9041:
8978:
8893:
8816:
8756:
8670:
8659:
8431:
8430:
8392:
8210:
8065:
7877:
7761:
7489:
7305:
7010:Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval
6928:
6818:
6758:
6337:
6331:
6074:
6065:
5887:
5518:
5472:
5466:
5427:, 1 June 2004. Retrieved 5 April 2020
5155:
5118:
5061:
5021:
4991:
4715:
2781:empire upon which the sun did not set
1386:
545:
27:Fleet sailing against England in 1588
8994:Captaincy General of the Philippines
8486:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
8173:
7285:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 7.
6193:
5391:
5210:. New York: Basic Books. p. 3.
4750:The fifth episode of the BBC series
4322:
3921:Destruction of the Invincible Armada
10697:Indochristian painting in New Spain
8817:
7682:
7668:. Oxford: Bloomsbury. p. 253.
7664:Gorrochategui Santos, Luis (2018).
6475:
6281:Historic England Research Records.
6087:. Cambridge University Press: 129.
5833:
5281:. Bristol: Heinemann. p. 286.
3782:painting, previously attributed to
3305:the ship, but this failed when the
3026:List of ships of the Spanish Armada
2957:would end. Philip was supported by
2787:by means of written communication.
24:
9664:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
9137:
8418:
8371:Elizabeth I and the Spanish Armada
8204:
7594:FernĂĄndez-Armesto, Felipe (1988).
7509:Bucholz, R O; Key, Newton (2009).
7121:10.1111/j.1467-8314.1985.tb00698.x
5138:, 1585â1604". Barnes & Noble.
4946:
3927:
3776:Elizabeth I and the Spanish Armada
3659:. The English troops sortied from
25:
10862:
8894:
8757:
8638:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
8354:
7920:. Durham: Duke University Press.
5965:, Episode 4, "The Spanish Armada"
5876:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
5734:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
5709:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
5688:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
5652:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
5640:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
5601:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
5586:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
5574:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
5461:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
5449:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
5437:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020c
5265:Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020e
4961:
4626:
4366:the third sent the following year
4137:and eventually sunk to support a
4095:were studied by the English. The
3997:Route taken by the Spanish Armada
3008:to establish a safe anchorage in
2572:against Spanish interests in the
2540:. His orders were to sail up the
10749:Criollos in the colonial society
10677:Spanish missions in the Americas
9799:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
8343:(1988) Sutton Publishing (1995)
8296:The Defeat of the Spanish Armada
7863:. Cambridge Scholars Publisher.
7624:FernĂĄndez Duro, CesĂĄreo (1885).
7613:FernĂĄndez Duro, CesĂĄreo (1884).
7425:
7404:"The real 'John Blackthorne' of
7395:
7380:
7363:
7346:
7320:
7312:. Plymouth: W. Benden. pp.
7299:
7272:
7246:
7171:
7100:
6997:FernĂĄndez Duro, CesĂĄreo (1972).
6991:
6946:
6897:
6836:
6693:RodrĂguez-Salgado, M. J (1990).
6686:
6673:
6621:
6589:
6454:
6439:
5753:. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd.
5322:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
5316:Pollen, John Hungerford (1907).
5083:10.1111/j.1467-8314.1985.tb00698
4838:
4790:
4776:
4610:Banner from the Spanish galleon
4603:
4576:
4552:
4546:Flavit Jehovah et Dissipati Sunt
4537:
4077:national service of thanksgiving
3723:Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester
3521:
3509:
3497:
3485:
3370:
3358:
3346:
3221:The Surrender of Pedro de Valdés
3199:
3187:
3175:
3163:
2961:, who treated the invasion as a
2922:
2903:
2668:. It is originally derived from
2664:, which is cognate with English
2564:in England, end support for the
336:
328:
318:
298:
278:
258:
246:
228:
216:
204:
192:
167:
155:
136:
122:
61:
10776:Great PotosĂ Mint Fraud of 1649
8660:
8048:. Summary by leading historian.
7977:. Manchester University Press.
7444:
7402:Ridgway, Claire (16 May 2020).
6300:
6274:
6213:
6187:
6162:
6137:
6108:
6054:Damrosh, David, et al. (2006).
6048:
6033:
5954:
5881:
5818:
5809:
5794:
5773:
5739:
5714:
5693:
5554:
5439:, v. III pp. 161â162.
5411:
5338:
5309:
5199:
5185:
5124:
5067:
5027:
4985:
4693:United East India Company (VOC)
3717:Speech to the Troops at Tilbury
2827:of Spain and began to reassert
2560:. Its purpose was to reinstate
2532:in late May 1588, commanded by
9105:
8828:Captaincy General of Guatemala
8536:Franco-Spanish War (1635â1659)
7685:Elizabeth: The Forgotten Years
7434:The BBC: The First Fifty Years
7153:10.1080/00253359.1996.10656603
6042:Elizabeth: The Forgotten Years
5783:. Cambridge University Press,
4955:
4940:
4880:
4871:
4862:
4083:The captured Spanish galleons
3791:Armada in Scotland and Ireland
3443:, which had been stationed in
13:
1:
10727:General Archive of the Indies
9988:Francisco VĂĄzquez de Coronado
9659:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
9644:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
8593:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
8546:War of the Spanish Succession
8511:Anglo-Spanish War (1585â1604)
7804:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
6843:Gracia Rivas, Manuel (1988).
5878:, v. V pp. 226â227.
5642:, v. V pp. 218â219.
5588:, v. V pp. 206â207.
5451:, v. V pp. 165â166.
5267:, v. V pp. 157â158.
5130:Gracia Rivas, Manuel (1991).
4855:
4115:. The 397 crew were taken to
4006:. There, in November, he was
3436:Nassau had in mind for them.
3432:vulnerable as night drew on.
3055:vessels and 34 supply ships.
2747:By the mid sixteenth century
2715:
575:Anglo-Spanish War (1585â1604)
524:
51:Anglo-Spanish War (1585â1604)
9685:
8799:Captaincy General of Yucatan
8729:Union with Holy Roman Empire
8708:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
8623:GermanâSpanish Treaty (1899)
7975:The Spanish Armada (Revised)
7579:. Cornell University Press.
6683:. Barnes & Noble. p. 161
6461:John Knox, Laughton (1894).
6446:John Knox, Laughton (1894).
4275:under Sir Francis Drake and
3988:
3905:, defeat of an English army
3554:Philip James de Loutherbourg
3154:with the bulk of the fleet.
3019:
2682:, 'to arm', used in
2645:
628:Cavendish's circumnavigation
7:
10836:Maritime history of England
9563:
9279:Administrative subdivisions
8476:War of the League of Cognac
8018:Mattingly, Garrett (2005).
7918:The Black Legend in England
7800:Hutchinson, Robert (2013).
7598:. Oxford University Press.
6143:Brian Fagan, Brian (2000),
4769:
4292:Dom AntĂłnio, Prior of Crato
4018:England and the Netherlands
3907:besieging Rosclogher castle
3540:Battle of Gravelines (1558)
822:Spanish Armada (1st Calais
587:Caribbean and South America
514:Five ships sunk or captured
67:Route of the Spanish Armada
10:
10867:
10851:1588 in the Spanish Empire
9993:Diego Velåzquez de Cuéllar
9978:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
9880:Ălvar NĂșñez Cabeza de Vaca
9042:
8778:), Western United States (
8671:
8541:Portuguese Restoration War
7916:Maltby, William S (1971).
7577:Europe Divided (1559â1598)
7370:Laughton, John K. (1894).
7353:Ryther, Augustine (1590).
6220:Pettegree, Andrew (2015).
6116:"The Battle of Gravelines"
5751:Life of Sir Walter Raleigh
5720:Rodgers, N. A. M. (2004),
5545:Garrett Mattingly (1963),
4711:during the Spanish Armada.
4264:
4250:National Archives of Spain
4108:Nuestra Señora del Rosario
4086:Nuestra Señora del Rosario
4008:repelled with heavy losses
3794:
3714:
3711:Elizabeth's Tilbury speech
3674:Nuestra Señora del Rosario
3575:Nuestra Señora del Rosario
3537:
3251:Nuestra Señora del Rosario
3023:
2934:Trinity College, Cambridge
2515:Grande y FelicĂsima Armada
598:Drake's 1572-73 expedition
363:163 armed merchant vessels
253:7th Duke of Medina Sidonia
29:
18:Naval battle of Gravelines
10831:History of the Royal Navy
10761:Slavery in Spanish Empire
10672:
10661:
10567:
10556:
10454:
10348:
10341:
10226:
10075:
10068:
10061:
10048:Pere d'AlbernĂ i Teixidor
9958:
9827:
9789:Ălvaro de BazĂĄn the Elder
9751:
9695:
9691:
9680:
9649:Barcelona Trading Company
9616:
9573:
9569:
9558:
9462:
9414:New Andalusia (1501â1513)
9384:
9326:
9288:
9284:
9273:
9224:
9183:
9147:
9143:
9132:
9111:
9048:
8989:
8921:Venezuela, part of Guyana
8900:
8823:
8774:, Central United States (
8763:
8677:
8666:
8655:
8506:BruneianâSpanish conflict
8491:Expulsion of the Moriscos
8437:
8426:
8127:English Historical Review
7897:Mcdermott, James (2005).
7687:. Penguin Books Limited.
7456:. Pen & Sword Books.
7166:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
7083:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
7047:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
7035:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
7009:
6962:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
6868:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
6711:10.1017/S0018246X00013431
5304:Admirals of the Caribbean
5206:Parker, Geoffrey (2002).
5193:Oxford English Dictionary
4996:. Routledge. p. 123.
4846:Gorrochategui Santos 2018
4762:Elizabeth: The Golden Age
4446:
4310:where they established a
4080:during the huge service.
3868:, which was driven on to
3797:Spanish Armada in Ireland
2915:National Portrait Gallery
2676:, the past participle of
1424:
920:Low Countries and Germany
583:
447:
351:
182:
111:
71:
60:
48:
43:
10702:Quito painting tradition
10692:Cusco painting tradition
10053:GarcĂa LĂłpez de CĂĄrdenas
10043:JerĂłnimo Luis de Cabrera
9950:Felipe GonzĂĄlez de Ahedo
9870:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
8447:Conquest of the Americas
8376:19 February 2020 at the
8106:Stedall, Robert (2022).
8066:Regan, Geoffrey (1992).
8003:. University of Exeter.
7781:Holmes, Richard (2006).
7728:. Taylor & Francis.
7645:Graham, Winston (1972).
7205:Martin & Parker 1999
7095:Martin & Parker 1999
7071:Martin & Parker 1999
6797:, pp. 202, 276â288.
6771:Martin & Parker 1999
6572:Martin & Parker 1999
6536:Martin & Parker 1999
6500:Martin & Parker 1999
6410:Martin & Parker 1999
6245:Martin & Parker 1999
6194:Hugh, Allingham (1897).
6132:Martin & Parker 1999
5949:Martin & Parker 1999
5937:Martin & Parker 1999
5922:Martin & Parker 1999
5736:, v. V p. 224.
5711:, v. V p. 221.
5690:, v. V p. 223.
5654:, v. V p. 220.
5628:Martin & Parker 1999
5603:, v. V p. 225.
5463:, v. V p. 170.
5277:Pendrill, Colin (2002).
5231:Waller, Maureen (2006).
5010:Martin & Parker 1999
4980:Martin & Parker 1999
4914:Martin & Parker 1999
4899:Martin & Parker 1999
4831:
4516:divers off the coast of
4397:Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom
4384:Technological revolution
4294:to the Portuguese throne
4186:
4179:. It now resides in the
3911:ultimate return to Spain
3878:Alonso MartĂnez de Leiva
3089:Lord Howard of Effingham
831:English Armada (Corunna
603:Drake's circumnavigation
10487:Comuneros (New Granada)
10264:Balearic Islands (1558)
9983:HernĂĄn PĂ©rez de Quesada
9910:Ruy LĂłpez de Villalobos
9865:Miguel LĂłpez de Legazpi
9779:GarcĂa de Toledo Osorio
8643:Western Sahara conflict
8633:Independence of Morocco
8573:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
8516:Piracy in the Caribbean
8501:French Wars of Religion
8211:Feros, Antonio (2002).
8139:10.1093/ehr/118.478.855
8094:excerpt and text search
7878:Lewis, Michael (1960).
7840:Konstam, Angus (2009).
7822:, Anvil Books Ltd, 1967
7764:Survivors of the Armada
7634:Froude, James Anthony.
7513:. John Wiley and Sons.
7471:Bicheno, Hugh. (2012).
7306:Worth, Richard (1890).
6147:, New York: Basic Books
6060:The Early Modern Period
5888:Coote, Stephen (2003).
5473:Coote, Stephen (2003).
4042:. For instance, of the
4026:motion to mitigate it.
3729:, Essex, to defend the
3313:promptly captured her.
3095:and Sir Francis Drake.
2734:French Wars of Religion
2528:fleet that sailed from
530:ships lost(10 scuttled)
490:English Channel actions
454:English Channel actions
365:(30 more than 200 tons)
10732:Colonial Spanish Horse
10406:Colonia del Sacramento
9629:Spanish treasure fleet
9206:Royal Decree of Graces
8174:Vego, Milan N (2013).
8146:The Historical Journal
8040:1988 38 (May): 26â33.
7999:Martin, Paula (1988).
7762:Hardy, Evelyn (1966).
7724:Hampden, John (1972).
7560:. Barnes & Noble.
7490:Black, Jeremy (2005).
7452:Barratt, John (2006).
7254:"Europe â MSN Encarta"
7005:Naval Museum of Madrid
6999:
6974:Bucholz & Key 2009
6911:. Barnes & Noble.
6807:RodrĂguez-Salgado 1990
6699:The Historical Journal
6381:FernĂĄndez-Armesto 1988
6182:FernĂĄndez-Armesto 1988
5747:Tytler, Patrick Fraser
5724:, Penguin, pp. 263â269
5319:"Spanish Armada"
5208:Success is never final
4707:
4400:
4261:English Counter-Armada
4240:
4234:
4228:
4222:
4167:
4160:
4154:
4125:
4107:
4097:
4091:
4085:
3998:
3965:
3947:
3941:were widely believed.
3924:
3889:
3862:
3812:
3787:
3769:
3754:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3651:
3641:
3634:, the flagship of Don
3630:
3605:
3574:
3557:
3394:
3293:
3264:
3244:
3231:
3082:and the 10 Portuguese
2844:Siege of Calais (1558)
2813:Protestant reformation
2704:
2678:
2673:
2661:
2514:
408:2,431 artillery pieces
183:Commanders and leaders
9890:Vasco NĂșñez de Balboa
9850:Juan SebastiĂĄn Elcano
9165:Council of the Indies
8526:SpanishâMoro conflict
8496:OttomanâHabsburg wars
8456:Treaty of Tordesillas
8235:(1972; reprint 2001)
8155:Wernham, R.B (1984).
8092:vol 1 (1999) 691 pp;
7743:Hanson, Neil (2011).
7575:Elliott, J H (1982).
7537:online edition vol. 2
7533:online edition vol. 1
6222:The Invention of News
6075:Hearn, Karen (2005).
5358:Wagner, John (1999).
5344:Hutchinson, Robert. "
5325:Catholic Encyclopedia
5302:Hart, Francis RuĂel,
4992:Kamen, Henry (2014).
4671:over five centuries.
4512:, found by a team of
4391:
4205:José Luis Casado Soto
3996:
3919:
3903:on the run in Ireland
3774:
3756:
3740:
3695:; and the Portuguese
3548:
3390:
3219:
2980:, sought to initiate
2887:alliance with Morocco
2872:Enterprise of England
2840:Battle of St. Quentin
2511:Enterprise of England
503:Battle of Gravelines:
464:Battle of Gravelines:
448:Casualties and losses
10841:Invasions of England
10687:Mesoamerican Codices
10411:Comuneros (Paraguay)
10249:Siege of Castelnuovo
9835:Christopher Columbus
9654:Consulate of the Sea
9634:Casa de ContrataciĂłn
9225:Titles and positions
8618:SpanishâAmerican War
8608:Liberal constitution
8451:Asia and the Pacific
8022:. Houghton Mifflin.
7703:Hadfield, Alice Mary
7627:La Armada invencible
7616:La Armada invencible
7545:, Boxtree Ltd, 2002
7432:Briggs, Asa (1985).
6597:Motley, John Lothrop
6283:"San Pedro El Mayor"
6114:Hilliard, Nicholas.
5848:on 28 February 2007.
5834:Swanger, W. Jherek.
5033:John Knox Laughton,
4826:The English Mercurie
4744:Times Without Number
4675:Notable participants
4413:Battle of Gravelines
3899:Francisco de Cuéllar
3847:, a feature of the "
3534:Battle of Gravelines
2864:Mary, Queen of Scots
2364:2nd Cape St. Vincent
2254:2nd 's-Hertogenbosch
2166:1st Cape St. Vincent
2109:1st 's-Hertogenbosch
2025:1st English Channel
1841:Ten Years, 1588â1598
850:2nd Gibraltar Strait
845:1st Gibraltar Strait
741:Vila Franca do Campo
402:38 auxiliary vessels
399:44 armed merchantmen
10416:Cartagena de Indias
10038:Diego de Mazariegos
10008:Pere Fages i Beleta
9875:SebastiĂĄn de Ocampo
9356:Provincias Internas
9328:Captaincies General
9242:Municipal president
9211:School of Salamanca
8982:Spanish East Indies
8961:Misiones Orientales
8833:Spanish West Indies
8797:, Central America (
8744:Pyrénées-Orientales
8697:Union with Portugal
8588:Napoleonic invasion
8568:War of Jenkins' Ear
8306:. Gollancz (1988).
8266:(Anvil Books, 1967)
8233:The Spanish Armadas
8159:. Clarendon Press.
7647:The Spanish Armadas
7527:Corbett, Julian S.
7279:Campion, G (2016).
7207:, pp. 253â254.
7195:, pp. 217â224.
7097:, pp. 213â214.
7061:, pp. 855â882.
7049:, pp. 258â259.
6964:, pp. 245â246.
6943:, pp. 203â204.
6894:, pp. 137â138.
6892:FernĂĄndez Duro 1884
6880:FernĂĄndez Duro 1884
6773:, pp. 258â259.
6761:, pp. 228â230.
6749:, pp. 276â288.
6670:, pp. 120â122.
6656:FernĂĄndez Duro 1884
6514:, pp. 526â527.
6478:, pp. 144â148.
6395:, pp. 215â216.
6383:, pp. 268â269.
6184:, pp. 255â263.
5989:, pp. 328â329.
5962:Battlefield Britain
5939:, pp. 190â191.
5924:, pp. 189â190.
5824:Lewis (1960), p.164
5815:Lewis (1960), p.166
5615:, pp. 114â116.
5509:, pp. 113â117.
5182:, pp. 258â261.
5158:, pp. 208â209.
4477:Venit, Vidit, Fugit
4362:second sent in 1596
4354:raid on Cawsand bay
4330:Raid on Mount's Bay
4149:from 1602 to 1608.
4065:St Paul's Cathedral
3857:William FitzWilliam
3814:San Juan de Sicilia
3665:Justinus van Nassau
3417:Justinus van Nassau
3392:Justinus van Nassau
3383:Fireships at Calais
3126:Action off Plymouth
2833:burned at the stake
2809:Catherine of Aragon
2805:English Reformation
2354:3rd English Channel
2179:Twelve Years' Truce
2161:2nd English Channel
2069:1st Schenckenschans
1923:3rd Geertruidenberg
1858:2nd Geertruidenberg
1564:1st Geertruidenberg
1131:3rd Geertruidenberg
1081:2nd Geertruidenberg
946:1st Geertruidenberg
724:2nd Puerto Caballos
652:1st Puerto Caballos
633:Spanish West Indies
495:2 galleons captured
419:Spanish Netherlands
235:Justinus van Nassau
103:Anglo-Dutch victory
10846:Invasions by Spain
10712:Academia AntĂĄrtica
10667:Other civil topics
10033:PĂĄnfilo de NarvĂĄez
9935:SebastiĂĄn VizcaĂno
9900:Andrés de Urdaneta
9860:Juan Ponce de LeĂłn
9845:Ferdinand Magellan
9819:Bernardo de GĂĄlvez
9718:Indian auxiliaries
9216:Trial of residence
9196:Laws of the Indies
8980:Asia and Oceania (
8841:Dominican Republic
8291:Mattingly, Garrett
8283:McKee, Alexander.
8269:McDermott, James.
7829:1989 49(1): 5â13.
7818:Kilfeather T. P.:
7802:The Spanish Armada
7683:Guy, John (2016).
7260:on 28 October 2009
6039:Guy, John (2016).
5392:Shepherd, Andrew.
4821:The Armada Service
4716:In popular culture
4661:John Knox Laughton
4637:Petruccio Ubaldini
4635:'s translation of
4616:Museum De Lakenhal
4401:
4312:base of operations
4286:Make a landing at
4279:with three tasks:
4181:Museum De Lakenhal
4129:was later sent to
3999:
3966:San Pedro El Mayor
3925:
3788:
3755:
3560:The small port of
3558:
3395:
3232:
3229:John Seymour Lucas
3122:was John Hawkins.
2974:Francis Walsingham
2911:Philip II of Spain
2895:Opposing monarchs
2538:Philip II of Spain
2287:2nd Schenkenschans
2229:2nd Bergen op Zoom
1853:1st Bergen op Zoom
533:11,000â20,000 dead
508:More than 600 dead
79:July â August 1588
10806:Conflicts in 1588
10788:
10787:
10784:
10783:
10657:
10656:
10562:Spanish conquests
10552:
10551:
10548:
10547:
10544:
10543:
10540:
10539:
10337:
10336:
10018:Pedro de Alvarado
10003:Gaspar de PortolĂ
9998:Pedro de Valdivia
9973:Francisco Pizarro
9925:NicolĂĄs de Ovando
9920:Alonso de Ercilla
9895:Alonso de Salazar
9728:Ships of the line
9676:
9675:
9672:
9671:
9554:
9553:
9550:
9549:
9269:
9268:
9265:
9264:
9128:
9127:
9124:
9123:
9100:
9099:
9057:Northern Africa (
9053:Equatorial Guinea
9037:
9036:
8974:
8973:
8889:
8888:
8812:
8811:
8803:Spanish Caribbean
8776:Spanish Louisiana
8752:
8751:
8687:Crown of Castille
8651:
8650:
8628:Spanish Civil War
8603:AdamsâOnĂs Treaty
8583:Nootka Convention
8531:Thirty Years' War
8521:Eighty Years' War
8442:Catholic Monarchs
8432:Timelineâimmersed
8339:Whiting J. R. S.
8316:Parker, Geoffrey
8302:Padfield, Peter.
8262:Kilfeather T. P.
8231:Graham, Winston.
8110:. Pen and Sword.
8088:Rodger, N. A. M.
8058:Rasor, Eugene L.
7709:. Phoenix House.
7541:Cruikshank, Dan:
7412:The Tudor Society
7392:1989 49(1): 5â13.
7219:, pp. 75â87.
6574:, pp. 87â92.
6045:. Viking. p. 119.
5521:, pp. 87â91.
4982:, pp. 60â63.
4811:Armada Tapestries
4685:Richarde Dyffylde
4499:Battle of Britain
4405:Battle of Lepanto
4323:Course of the war
4217:Garrett Mattingly
3895:Order of Santiago
3784:Nicholas Hilliard
3689:; the Neapolitan
3408:Eighty Years' War
3036:Battle of Lepanto
2942:
2941:
2930:Queen Elizabeth I
2797:Siege of Boulogne
2775:thus forming the
2684:Romance languages
2624:Anglo-Spanish War
2523:
2507:Invincible Armada
2496:
2495:
1416:Eighty Years' War
1380:
1379:
540:
539:
405:31 supply vessels
343:Alexander Farnese
285:Miguel de Oquendo
107:
106:
55:Eighty Years' War
16:(Redirected from
10858:
10663:
10662:
10629:Chibchan Nations
10558:
10557:
10527:Santiago de Cuba
10386:Guadalupe Island
10346:
10345:
10073:
10072:
10066:
10065:
10028:Diego de Almagro
9905:Antonio de Ulloa
9809:Ambrosio Spinola
9804:Pedro de Zubiaur
9774:Alfonso d'Avalos
9764:Antonio de Leyva
9708:Army of Flanders
9693:
9692:
9682:
9681:
9571:
9570:
9560:
9559:
9286:
9285:
9275:
9274:
9145:
9144:
9134:
9133:
9102:
9101:
9075:Peñón of Algiers
9039:
9038:
8976:
8975:
8891:
8890:
8814:
8813:
8796:
8754:
8753:
8668:
8667:
8657:
8656:
8578:Seven Years' War
8551:Queen Anne's War
8428:
8427:
8413:
8406:
8399:
8390:
8389:
8318:Mariner's Mirror
8228:
8189:
8170:
8141:
8133:(478): 855â882,
8121:
8085:
8074:. Canopy Books.
8073:
8051:Pierson, Peter.
8033:
8014:
7988:
7969:
7950:
7931:
7912:
7893:
7874:
7855:
7827:American Neptune
7815:
7796:
7777:
7758:
7747:. Random House.
7739:
7720:
7698:
7679:
7660:
7640:full text online
7631:
7620:
7609:
7590:
7571:
7524:
7505:
7486:
7467:
7438:
7437:
7429:
7423:
7422:
7420:
7418:
7399:
7393:
7389:American Neptune
7384:
7378:
7377:
7367:
7361:
7360:
7350:
7344:
7343:
7341:
7339:
7324:
7318:
7317:
7303:
7297:
7296:
7276:
7270:
7269:
7267:
7265:
7256:. Archived from
7250:
7244:
7238:
7232:
7226:
7220:
7214:
7208:
7202:
7196:
7190:
7184:
7183:
7175:
7169:
7163:
7157:
7156:
7140:Mariner's Mirror
7134:
7125:
7124:
7104:
7098:
7092:
7086:
7080:
7074:
7068:
7062:
7056:
7050:
7044:
7038:
7032:
7026:
7020:
7014:
7012:
7011:
7002:
6995:
6989:
6983:
6977:
6971:
6965:
6959:
6953:
6950:
6944:
6938:
6932:
6926:
6920:
6901:
6895:
6889:
6883:
6877:
6871:
6865:
6859:
6858:
6840:
6834:
6828:
6822:
6816:
6810:
6804:
6798:
6792:
6786:
6780:
6774:
6768:
6762:
6756:
6750:
6744:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6733:
6690:
6684:
6677:
6671:
6668:Casado Soto 1991
6665:
6659:
6653:
6647:
6641:
6635:
6625:
6619:
6613:
6607:
6606:
6593:
6587:
6581:
6575:
6569:
6563:
6557:
6551:
6545:
6539:
6533:
6527:
6521:
6515:
6509:
6503:
6497:
6491:
6485:
6479:
6473:
6467:
6466:
6458:
6452:
6451:
6443:
6437:
6431:
6425:
6419:
6413:
6407:
6396:
6390:
6384:
6378:
6372:
6366:
6360:
6359:
6341:
6335:
6329:
6323:
6322:
6304:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6293:
6287:Heritage Gateway
6278:
6272:
6266:
6260:
6254:
6248:
6242:
6236:
6235:
6217:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6206:
6191:
6185:
6179:
6173:
6166:
6160:
6154:
6148:
6141:
6135:
6129:
6123:
6112:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6101:
6072:
6063:
6052:
6046:
6037:
6031:
6025:
6019:
6016:Casado Soto 1991
6013:
6002:
5996:
5990:
5984:
5978:
5972:
5966:
5958:
5952:
5946:
5940:
5934:
5925:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5885:
5879:
5873:
5867:
5864:Casado Soto 1991
5861:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5841:. Archived from
5840:
5831:
5825:
5822:
5816:
5813:
5807:
5806:
5798:
5792:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5743:
5737:
5731:
5725:
5718:
5712:
5706:
5700:
5697:
5691:
5685:
5679:
5673:
5667:
5661:
5655:
5649:
5643:
5637:
5631:
5625:
5616:
5613:Casado Soto 1991
5610:
5604:
5598:
5589:
5583:
5577:
5571:
5565:
5558:
5552:
5543:
5534:
5531:Casado Soto 1991
5528:
5522:
5516:
5510:
5507:Casado Soto 1991
5504:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5470:
5464:
5458:
5452:
5446:
5440:
5434:
5428:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5404:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5378:
5355:
5349:
5342:
5336:
5329:
5321:
5313:
5307:
5300:
5294:
5292:
5274:
5268:
5262:
5253:
5252:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5203:
5197:
5189:
5183:
5177:
5171:
5165:
5159:
5153:
5147:
5128:
5122:
5116:
5110:
5104:
5098:
5095:Casado Soto 1991
5092:
5086:
5071:
5065:
5059:
5053:
5047:
5038:
5031:
5025:
5019:
5013:
5007:
4998:
4997:
4989:
4983:
4977:
4968:
4967:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4944:
4938:
4935:Casado Soto 1991
4932:
4917:
4911:
4902:
4896:
4887:
4884:
4878:
4875:
4869:
4866:
4849:
4842:
4816:Invisible armada
4800:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4786:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4726:Charles Kingsley
4710:
4633:Augustine Ryther
4607:
4580:
4556:
4541:
4495:Second World War
4453:David vs Goliath
4436:in 1570 and the
4425:full-rigged ship
4380:in August 1604.
4378:Treaty of London
4243:
4237:
4231:
4225:
4213:
4173:St Peters Church
4170:
4163:
4157:
4128:
4110:
4100:
4094:
4088:
3968:
3950:
3892:
3886:
3867:
3817:
3767:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3676:
3654:
3644:
3633:
3608:
3577:
3525:
3513:
3501:
3489:
3469:Siege of Antwerp
3459:, gunpowder and
3403:Army of Flanders
3374:
3362:
3350:
3322:Martin Frobisher
3296:
3283:and 50,000 gold
3278:
3267:
3247:
3203:
3191:
3179:
3167:
2978:William Harborne
2951:United Provinces
2926:
2907:
2892:
2891:
2860:heir presumptive
2707:
2681:
2544:, join with the
2521:
2518:
2505:(often known as
2462:2nd San Salvador
2457:1st San Salvador
2430:2nd Saint Martin
2405:1st Saint Martin
1419:
1417:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1384:
1383:
1362:Irish West Coast
1250:'s-Hertogenbosch
729:Santiago de Cuba
593:San Juan de UlĂșa
578:
576:
566:
559:
552:
543:
542:
529:
526:
486:2,000â3,000 dead
341:
340:
332:
323:
322:
313:
305:Diego de Medrano
303:
302:
293:
283:
282:
273:
263:
262:
251:
250:
233:
232:
221:
220:
209:
208:
197:
196:
172:
171:
170:
160:
159:
158:
142:
140:
139:
132:
128:
126:
125:
73:
72:
65:
41:
40:
21:
10866:
10865:
10861:
10860:
10859:
10857:
10856:
10855:
10821:1588 in England
10791:
10790:
10789:
10780:
10756:Old inquisition
10668:
10653:
10563:
10536:
10492:Trinidad (1797)
10462:La Noche Triste
10450:
10446:San Juan (1797)
10396:San Juan (1595)
10333:
10222:
10062:Notable battles
10057:
10023:MartĂn de UrsĂșa
9954:
9885:Alonso de Ojeda
9855:Juan de la Cosa
9840:PinzĂłn brothers
9823:
9794:John of Austria
9769:MartĂn de Goiti
9747:
9687:
9668:
9612:
9565:
9546:
9458:
9454:Terra Australis
9449:RĂo de la Plata
9394:Castilla de Oro
9380:
9322:
9318:RĂo de la Plata
9280:
9261:
9220:
9179:
9175:Santa Hermandad
9139:
9120:
9116:Terra Australis
9107:
9096:
9063:Spanish Morocco
9044:
9033:
9024:Northern Taiwan
8985:
8970:
8941:RĂo de la Plata
8896:
8885:
8819:
8818:Central America
8808:
8790:
8759:
8748:
8692:Crown of Aragon
8673:
8662:
8647:
8563:Bourbon Reforms
8433:
8422:
8417:
8378:Wayback Machine
8357:
8225:
8207:
8205:Further reading
8202:
8186:
8167:
8118:
8082:
8062:(1992). 277 pp.
8055:(1989). 304 pp.
8030:
8011:
7985:
7966:
7947:
7928:
7909:
7890:
7871:
7852:
7812:
7793:
7774:
7755:
7736:
7717:
7695:
7676:
7657:
7606:
7587:
7568:
7521:
7502:
7483:
7464:
7447:
7442:
7441:
7430:
7426:
7416:
7414:
7400:
7396:
7385:
7381:
7368:
7364:
7351:
7347:
7337:
7335:
7326:
7325:
7321:
7304:
7300:
7293:
7277:
7273:
7263:
7261:
7252:
7251:
7247:
7239:
7235:
7227:
7223:
7215:
7211:
7203:
7199:
7193:Hutchinson 2013
7191:
7187:
7176:
7172:
7164:
7160:
7135:
7128:
7105:
7101:
7093:
7089:
7081:
7077:
7069:
7065:
7057:
7053:
7045:
7041:
7033:
7029:
7021:
7017:
6996:
6992:
6984:
6980:
6972:
6968:
6960:
6956:
6951:
6947:
6941:Hutchinson 2013
6939:
6935:
6927:
6923:
6902:
6898:
6890:
6886:
6878:
6874:
6866:
6862:
6855:
6841:
6837:
6829:
6825:
6817:
6813:
6805:
6801:
6795:Hutchinson 2013
6793:
6789:
6781:
6777:
6769:
6765:
6757:
6753:
6747:Hutchinson 2013
6745:
6741:
6731:
6729:
6691:
6687:
6678:
6674:
6666:
6662:
6654:
6650:
6642:
6638:
6626:
6622:
6616:Hutchinson 2013
6614:
6610:
6594:
6590:
6582:
6578:
6570:
6566:
6558:
6554:
6546:
6542:
6534:
6530:
6522:
6518:
6510:
6506:
6498:
6494:
6486:
6482:
6474:
6470:
6459:
6455:
6444:
6440:
6434:Hutchinson 2013
6432:
6428:
6420:
6416:
6408:
6399:
6393:Hutchinson 2013
6391:
6387:
6379:
6375:
6367:
6363:
6356:
6342:
6338:
6330:
6326:
6319:
6305:
6301:
6291:
6289:
6279:
6275:
6267:
6263:
6255:
6251:
6243:
6239:
6232:
6218:
6214:
6204:
6202:
6192:
6188:
6180:
6176:
6167:
6163:
6155:
6151:
6142:
6138:
6130:
6126:
6113:
6109:
6099:
6097:
6095:
6073:
6066:
6053:
6049:
6038:
6034:
6026:
6022:
6014:
6005:
5997:
5993:
5985:
5981:
5973:
5969:
5959:
5955:
5947:
5943:
5935:
5928:
5920:
5916:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5886:
5882:
5874:
5870:
5862:
5853:
5845:
5838:
5832:
5828:
5823:
5819:
5814:
5810:
5799:
5795:
5778:
5774:
5744:
5740:
5732:
5728:
5719:
5715:
5707:
5703:
5698:
5694:
5686:
5682:
5674:
5670:
5662:
5658:
5650:
5646:
5638:
5634:
5626:
5619:
5611:
5607:
5599:
5592:
5584:
5580:
5572:
5568:
5559:
5555:
5544:
5537:
5529:
5525:
5517:
5513:
5505:
5501:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5471:
5467:
5459:
5455:
5447:
5443:
5435:
5431:
5416:
5412:
5402:
5400:
5390:
5386:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5356:
5352:
5343:
5339:
5335:heretic queen."
5332:excommunication
5314:
5310:
5301:
5297:
5289:
5275:
5271:
5263:
5256:
5249:
5229:
5225:
5218:
5204:
5200:
5190:
5186:
5178:
5174:
5166:
5162:
5154:
5150:
5129:
5125:
5117:
5113:
5105:
5101:
5093:
5089:
5072:
5068:
5060:
5056:
5048:
5041:
5032:
5028:
5020:
5016:
5008:
5001:
4990:
4986:
4978:
4971:
4960:
4956:
4945:
4941:
4933:
4920:
4912:
4905:
4897:
4890:
4885:
4881:
4876:
4872:
4867:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4852:
4843:
4839:
4834:
4806:Armada Memorial
4796:
4791:
4789:
4782:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4718:
4677:
4657:James A. Froude
4629:
4622:
4608:
4599:
4581:
4572:
4557:
4548:
4542:
4503:Armada Memorial
4491:Napoleonic Wars
4483:Protestant Wind
4449:
4421:Geoffrey Parker
4386:
4325:
4277:Sir John Norris
4269:
4263:
4207:
4189:
4143:Tower of London
4111:was brought to
4051:Elizabeth Jonas
4020:
3991:
3930:
3928:Return to Spain
3880:
3799:
3793:
3768:
3763:
3747:Armada Portrait
3719:
3713:
3636:Hugo de Moncada
3543:
3536:
3529:
3526:
3517:
3514:
3505:
3502:
3493:
3490:
3385:
3378:
3375:
3366:
3363:
3354:
3351:
3272:
3270:Pedro de Valdés
3214:
3207:
3204:
3195:
3192:
3183:
3180:
3171:
3168:
3132:Eddystone Rocks
3128:
3028:
3022:
2994:Catholic League
2936:
2927:
2918:
2908:
2785:Escorial Palace
2718:
2705:Armada Española
2648:
2591:and occupy the
2542:English Channel
2499:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2476:
2386:Bay of Matanzas
2323:European waters
2208:
2175:
2145:European waters
2053:
2039:Gulf of AlmerĂa
2019:European waters
1837:
1827:European waters
1680:
1640:
1605:European waters
1503:
1438:
1435:
1433:List of battles
1420:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1381:
1376:
1300:ChĂąteau-Laudran
1211:Schenckenschans
890:Cape Finisterre
860:Gulf of AlmerĂa
797:European waters
647:Bay of Honduras
579:
574:
572:
570:
536:
527:
517:
501:
482:
462:
443:
424:31,800 soldiers
387:
364:
347:
335:
325:Pedro de Valdés
317:
309:
297:
289:
277:
269:
265:Juan de Recalde
257:
245:
239:
227:
215:
203:
191:
178:
168:
166:
156:
154:
148:
137:
135:
123:
121:
95:
89:English Channel
66:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10864:
10854:
10853:
10848:
10843:
10838:
10833:
10828:
10823:
10818:
10816:1588 in Europe
10813:
10808:
10803:
10801:Spanish Armada
10786:
10785:
10782:
10781:
10779:
10778:
10773:
10768:
10763:
10758:
10753:
10752:
10751:
10741:
10740:
10739:
10729:
10724:
10719:
10714:
10709:
10704:
10699:
10694:
10689:
10684:
10679:
10673:
10670:
10669:
10659:
10658:
10655:
10654:
10652:
10651:
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10641:
10636:
10631:
10626:
10621:
10616:
10611:
10610:
10609:
10604:
10599:
10594:
10584:
10579:
10574:
10572:Canary Islands
10568:
10565:
10564:
10554:
10553:
10550:
10549:
10546:
10545:
10542:
10541:
10538:
10537:
10535:
10534:
10529:
10524:
10519:
10514:
10509:
10504:
10499:
10494:
10489:
10484:
10479:
10474:
10469:
10464:
10458:
10456:
10452:
10451:
10449:
10448:
10443:
10438:
10433:
10428:
10426:TĂșpac Amaru II
10423:
10418:
10413:
10408:
10403:
10398:
10393:
10388:
10383:
10378:
10373:
10371:BogotĂĄ savanna
10368:
10363:
10358:
10352:
10350:
10343:
10339:
10338:
10335:
10334:
10332:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10311:
10306:
10301:
10296:
10291:
10286:
10281:
10279:Spanish Armada
10276:
10271:
10266:
10261:
10256:
10251:
10246:
10241:
10236:
10230:
10228:
10224:
10223:
10221:
10220:
10215:
10210:
10205:
10200:
10195:
10190:
10185:
10180:
10175:
10173:White Mountain
10170:
10168:Cape Celidonia
10165:
10163:English Armada
10160:
10155:
10150:
10145:
10140:
10135:
10130:
10125:
10120:
10115:
10110:
10105:
10100:
10095:
10090:
10085:
10079:
10077:
10070:
10063:
10059:
10058:
10056:
10055:
10050:
10045:
10040:
10035:
10030:
10025:
10020:
10015:
10010:
10005:
10000:
9995:
9990:
9985:
9980:
9975:
9970:
9964:
9962:
9956:
9955:
9953:
9952:
9947:
9942:
9940:Juan FernĂĄndez
9937:
9932:
9927:
9922:
9917:
9915:Diego Columbus
9912:
9907:
9902:
9897:
9892:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9872:
9867:
9862:
9857:
9852:
9847:
9842:
9837:
9831:
9829:
9825:
9824:
9822:
9821:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9801:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9755:
9753:
9749:
9748:
9746:
9745:
9743:Army of Africa
9740:
9735:
9730:
9725:
9723:Spanish Armada
9720:
9715:
9710:
9705:
9699:
9697:
9689:
9688:
9678:
9677:
9674:
9673:
9670:
9669:
9667:
9666:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9646:
9641:
9636:
9631:
9626:
9624:Manila galleon
9620:
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9613:
9611:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9595:
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9451:
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9294:
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9259:
9254:
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9239:
9234:
9228:
9226:
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9219:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9193:
9187:
9185:
9181:
9180:
9178:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9151:
9149:
9141:
9140:
9138:Administration
9130:
9129:
9126:
9125:
9122:
9121:
9119:
9118:
9112:
9109:
9108:
9098:
9097:
9095:
9094:
9059:Western Sahara
9055:
9049:
9046:
9045:
9035:
9034:
9032:
9031:
9026:
9021:
8990:
8987:
8986:
8972:
8971:
8969:
8968:
8957:Banda Oriental
8938:
8924:
8901:
8898:
8897:
8887:
8886:
8884:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8830:
8824:
8821:
8820:
8810:
8809:
8807:
8806:
8772:Coastal Alaska
8764:
8761:
8760:
8750:
8749:
8747:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8706:
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8704:
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8694:
8689:
8678:
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8674:
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8663:
8653:
8652:
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8646:
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8508:
8503:
8498:
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8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8444:
8438:
8435:
8434:
8424:
8423:
8420:Spanish Empire
8416:
8415:
8408:
8401:
8393:
8387:
8386:
8381:
8368:
8363:
8356:
8355:External links
8353:
8352:
8351:
8337:
8321:
8314:
8300:
8288:
8281:
8267:
8260:
8246:Howarth, David
8243:
8229:
8224:978-8495379399
8223:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8200:
8198:978-8495983374
8190:
8185:978-1136317941
8184:
8171:
8166:978-0198227533
8165:
8152:
8142:
8122:
8117:978-1399083188
8116:
8103:
8102:(1991) 308 pp.
8096:
8086:
8081:978-1558594418
8080:
8063:
8056:
8049:
8034:
8029:978-0618565917
8028:
8015:
8010:978-0859893053
8009:
7996:
7989:
7984:978-1901341140
7983:
7970:
7965:979-8689560397
7964:
7951:
7946:979-8688759655
7945:
7932:
7927:978-0822302506
7926:
7913:
7908:978-0300106985
7907:
7894:
7889:978-7240009789
7888:
7880:Spanish Armada
7875:
7870:978-1443820066
7869:
7856:
7851:978-1846034961
7850:
7844:. Bloomsbury.
7837:
7823:
7816:
7811:978-0297866374
7810:
7797:
7792:978-0191501173
7791:
7785:. OUP Oxford.
7778:
7773:978-7240009727
7772:
7759:
7754:978-1446423226
7753:
7740:
7735:978-0817357030
7734:
7721:
7716:978-7240009710
7715:
7699:
7694:978-0241963647
7693:
7680:
7675:978-1350016996
7674:
7661:
7656:978-0002218429
7655:
7642:
7632:
7621:
7610:
7604:
7591:
7586:978-8484326694
7585:
7572:
7566:
7553:
7539:
7525:
7520:978-1405162753
7519:
7506:
7501:978-1134477081
7500:
7487:
7482:978-1844861743
7481:
7468:
7463:978-1781597033
7462:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7440:
7439:
7424:
7394:
7379:
7362:
7345:
7319:
7298:
7292:978-0230291645
7291:
7271:
7245:
7233:
7221:
7209:
7197:
7185:
7170:
7168:, p. 123.
7158:
7147:(3): 269â300.
7126:
7099:
7087:
7075:
7073:, p. 201.
7063:
7051:
7039:
7037:, p. 253.
7027:
7025:, p. 333.
7015:
6990:
6988:, p. 254.
6978:
6976:, p. 145.
6966:
6954:
6945:
6933:
6931:, p. 168.
6921:
6896:
6884:
6882:, p. 138.
6872:
6870:, p. 246.
6860:
6853:
6835:
6833:, p. 333.
6831:Mattingly 2005
6823:
6821:, p. 230.
6811:
6809:, p. 474.
6799:
6787:
6785:, p. 367.
6783:Mattingly 2005
6775:
6763:
6751:
6739:
6705:(2): 461â478.
6685:
6672:
6660:
6658:, p. 140.
6648:
6646:, p. 480.
6636:
6620:
6618:, p. 205.
6608:
6588:
6586:, p. 454.
6576:
6564:
6552:
6540:
6528:
6526:, p. 198.
6516:
6504:
6502:, p. 237.
6492:
6490:, p. 259.
6488:Mattingly 2005
6480:
6468:
6453:
6438:
6436:, p. 216.
6426:
6424:, p. 216.
6422:Mattingly 2005
6414:
6412:, p. 254.
6397:
6385:
6373:
6361:
6355:979-8689560397
6354:
6336:
6334:, p. 111.
6324:
6318:979-8689560397
6317:
6299:
6273:
6271:, p. 494.
6261:
6259:, p. 172.
6249:
6247:, p. 239.
6237:
6231:978-0300212761
6230:
6212:
6186:
6174:
6161:
6159:, p. 369.
6157:Mattingly 2005
6149:
6136:
6134:, p. 244.
6124:
6107:
6094:978-0521849951
6093:
6064:
6047:
6032:
6028:Mattingly 2005
6020:
6018:, p. 120.
6003:
5991:
5987:Mattingly 2005
5979:
5977:, p. 453.
5967:
5953:
5951:, p. 188.
5941:
5926:
5914:
5901:978-0743220071
5900:
5880:
5868:
5866:, p. 119.
5851:
5826:
5817:
5808:
5793:
5772:
5738:
5726:
5713:
5701:
5692:
5680:
5678:, p. 151.
5668:
5666:, p. 150.
5656:
5644:
5632:
5630:, p. 185.
5617:
5605:
5590:
5578:
5566:
5553:
5535:
5533:, p. 116.
5523:
5511:
5499:
5486:978-0743220071
5485:
5465:
5453:
5441:
5429:
5417:Ezard, John. "
5410:
5384:
5371:978-1579582692
5370:
5350:
5337:
5308:
5295:
5288:978-0435327330
5287:
5269:
5254:
5248:978-0312338015
5247:
5223:
5216:
5198:
5184:
5172:
5170:, p. 563.
5160:
5148:
5123:
5121:, p. 208.
5111:
5109:, p. 426.
5107:Mattingly 2005
5099:
5097:, p. 122.
5087:
5066:
5064:, p. 182.
5054:
5052:, p. 262.
5039:
5026:
5024:, p. 184.
5014:
4999:
4984:
4969:
4962:Burke, Peter.
4954:
4947:Kinard, Jeff.
4939:
4937:, p. 117.
4918:
4903:
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4808:
4802:
4801:
4798:England portal
4787:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4759:The 2007 film
4757:
4748:
4739:
4728:'s 1855 novel
4717:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4700:
4691:via the Dutch
4683:served on the
4676:
4673:
4669:historiography
4665:Julian Corbett
4649:William Camden
4628:
4627:Historiography
4625:
4624:
4623:
4609:
4602:
4600:
4582:
4575:
4573:
4558:
4551:
4549:
4543:
4536:
4518:Portballintrae
4448:
4445:
4385:
4382:
4324:
4321:
4303:
4302:
4295:
4284:
4273:Counter-Armada
4267:English Armada
4265:Main article:
4262:
4259:
4201:Fernandez Duro
4188:
4185:
4133:where she was
4019:
4016:
4004:Bergen-op-Zoom
3990:
3987:
3963:hospital ship
3929:
3926:
3849:Little Ice Age
3804:Firth of Forth
3795:Main article:
3792:
3789:
3761:
3753:, Bedfordshire
3731:Thames Estuary
3715:Main article:
3712:
3709:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3484:
3441:William Wynter
3384:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3345:
3289:line of battle
3262:sailed to the
3213:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3186:
3184:
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3174:
3172:
3169:
3162:
3127:
3124:
3116:council of war
3061:Valentine Dale
3021:
3018:
2987:The Prince of
2982:Ottoman Empire
2940:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2928:
2921:
2919:
2909:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2829:Roman Catholic
2753:King Philip II
2749:Habsburg Spain
2717:
2714:
2686:as a noun for
2647:
2644:
2628:English Armada
2566:Dutch Republic
2556:and overthrow
2503:Spanish Armada
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2488:Historiography
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2425:Southern Chile
2422:
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2284:
2279:
2274:
2263:2nd Maastricht
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2218:Western Europe
2215:
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2207:
2206:
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2186:Western Europe
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2063:Western Europe
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2046:
2041:
2036:
2034:Bayona Islands
2031:
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2020:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
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1847:Western Europe
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1696:1st Maastricht
1690:Western Europe
1687:
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1679:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1650:Western Europe
1647:
1646:
1639:
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1633:
1628:
1623:
1621:Haarlemmermeer
1618:
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1513:Western Europe
1510:
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1448:Western Europe
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1242:
1236:3rd Rheinberg
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1076:Bergen op Zoom
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625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
589:
588:
584:
581:
580:
569:
568:
561:
554:
546:
538:
537:
535:
534:
531:
521:
516:
515:
512:
509:
505:
500:
499:
496:
492:
487:
481:
480:
473:
470:
466:
461:
460:
456:
450:
449:
445:
444:
442:
441:
438:
429:
428:
425:
416:
415:
412:
411:10,138 sailors
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
390:
388:
386:
385:
382:
373:
372:
366:
361:
357:
354:
353:
349:
348:
346:
345:
333:
315:
295:
275:
255:
242:
240:
238:
237:
225:
213:
201:
199:Charles Howard
188:
185:
184:
180:
179:
177:
176:
164:
151:
149:
147:
146:
144:Dutch Republic
133:
117:
114:
113:
109:
108:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
87:
85:
81:
80:
77:
69:
68:
58:
57:
46:
45:
44:Spanish Armada
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10863:
10852:
10849:
10847:
10844:
10842:
10839:
10837:
10834:
10832:
10829:
10827:
10826:Tudor England
10824:
10822:
10819:
10817:
10814:
10812:
10809:
10807:
10804:
10802:
10799:
10798:
10796:
10777:
10774:
10772:
10769:
10767:
10764:
10762:
10759:
10757:
10754:
10750:
10747:
10746:
10745:
10742:
10738:
10735:
10734:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10725:
10723:
10720:
10718:
10715:
10713:
10710:
10708:
10707:Tapada limeña
10705:
10703:
10700:
10698:
10695:
10693:
10690:
10688:
10685:
10683:
10680:
10678:
10675:
10674:
10671:
10664:
10660:
10650:
10647:
10645:
10642:
10640:
10637:
10635:
10632:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10622:
10620:
10617:
10615:
10612:
10608:
10605:
10603:
10600:
10598:
10595:
10593:
10590:
10589:
10588:
10585:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10575:
10573:
10570:
10569:
10566:
10559:
10555:
10533:
10530:
10528:
10525:
10523:
10520:
10518:
10515:
10513:
10510:
10508:
10505:
10503:
10500:
10498:
10495:
10493:
10490:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10460:
10459:
10457:
10453:
10447:
10444:
10442:
10439:
10437:
10434:
10432:
10429:
10427:
10424:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10414:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10404:
10402:
10399:
10397:
10394:
10392:
10389:
10387:
10384:
10382:
10379:
10377:
10374:
10372:
10369:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10357:
10354:
10353:
10351:
10347:
10344:
10340:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10317:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10307:
10305:
10302:
10300:
10299:Montes Claros
10297:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10282:
10280:
10277:
10275:
10272:
10270:
10267:
10265:
10262:
10260:
10257:
10255:
10252:
10250:
10247:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10239:Vienna (1529)
10237:
10235:
10232:
10231:
10229:
10225:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10209:
10206:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10194:
10191:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10181:
10179:
10176:
10174:
10171:
10169:
10166:
10164:
10161:
10159:
10156:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10146:
10144:
10141:
10139:
10136:
10134:
10131:
10129:
10126:
10124:
10121:
10119:
10116:
10114:
10111:
10109:
10106:
10104:
10101:
10099:
10096:
10094:
10091:
10089:
10086:
10084:
10081:
10080:
10078:
10074:
10071:
10067:
10064:
10060:
10054:
10051:
10049:
10046:
10044:
10041:
10039:
10036:
10034:
10031:
10029:
10026:
10024:
10021:
10019:
10016:
10014:
10011:
10009:
10006:
10004:
10001:
9999:
9996:
9994:
9991:
9989:
9986:
9984:
9981:
9979:
9976:
9974:
9971:
9969:
9968:Hernån Cortés
9966:
9965:
9963:
9961:
9960:Conquistadors
9957:
9951:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9941:
9938:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9930:Juan de Ayala
9928:
9926:
9923:
9921:
9918:
9916:
9913:
9911:
9908:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9896:
9893:
9891:
9888:
9886:
9883:
9881:
9878:
9876:
9873:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9841:
9838:
9836:
9833:
9832:
9830:
9826:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9807:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9784:Duke of Savoy
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9756:
9754:
9750:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9700:
9698:
9694:
9690:
9683:
9679:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9621:
9619:
9615:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9583:Dollar (Peso)
9581:
9580:
9578:
9576:
9572:
9568:
9561:
9557:
9543:
9542:Santo Domingo
9540:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9525:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9469:
9467:
9465:
9461:
9455:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9422:
9420:
9419:New Andalusia
9417:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9391:
9389:
9387:
9383:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9367:
9366:Santo Domingo
9364:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9333:
9331:
9329:
9325:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9295:
9293:
9291:
9290:Viceroyalties
9287:
9283:
9276:
9272:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9245:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9229:
9227:
9223:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9188:
9186:
9182:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9152:
9150:
9146:
9142:
9135:
9131:
9117:
9114:
9113:
9110:
9103:
9092:
9088:
9084:
9080:
9076:
9072:
9068:
9064:
9060:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9050:
9047:
9040:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9019:
9015:
9011:
9007:
9003:
8999:
8995:
8992:
8991:
8988:
8983:
8977:
8966:
8962:
8958:
8954:
8950:
8946:
8942:
8939:
8936:
8932:
8928:
8925:
8922:
8918:
8914:
8910:
8906:
8903:
8902:
8899:
8895:South America
8892:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8846:
8842:
8838:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8825:
8822:
8815:
8804:
8800:
8794:
8789:
8785:
8781:
8780:Spanish Texas
8777:
8773:
8769:
8766:
8765:
8762:
8758:North America
8755:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8739:Franche-Comté
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8719:
8715:
8711:
8707:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8684:
8683:
8680:
8679:
8676:
8669:
8665:
8658:
8654:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8552:
8549:
8548:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8439:
8436:
8429:
8425:
8421:
8414:
8409:
8407:
8402:
8400:
8395:
8394:
8391:
8385:
8382:
8379:
8375:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8358:
8350:
8346:
8342:
8338:
8336:
8332:
8328:
8325:
8324:Wernham A. B.
8322:
8319:
8315:
8313:
8309:
8305:
8301:
8298:
8297:
8292:
8289:
8286:
8282:
8280:
8276:
8272:
8268:
8265:
8261:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8238:
8234:
8230:
8226:
8220:
8216:
8215:
8209:
8208:
8199:
8195:
8191:
8187:
8181:
8178:. Routledge.
8177:
8172:
8168:
8162:
8158:
8153:
8151:
8147:
8143:
8140:
8136:
8132:
8128:
8123:
8119:
8113:
8109:
8104:
8101:
8097:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8077:
8072:
8071:
8064:
8061:
8057:
8054:
8050:
8047:
8043:
8039:
8038:History Today
8035:
8031:
8025:
8021:
8016:
8012:
8006:
8002:
7997:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7980:
7976:
7971:
7967:
7961:
7957:
7952:
7948:
7942:
7938:
7933:
7929:
7923:
7919:
7914:
7910:
7904:
7900:
7895:
7891:
7885:
7881:
7876:
7872:
7866:
7862:
7857:
7853:
7847:
7843:
7838:
7836:
7832:
7828:
7824:
7821:
7817:
7813:
7807:
7803:
7798:
7794:
7788:
7784:
7779:
7775:
7769:
7766:. Constable.
7765:
7760:
7756:
7750:
7746:
7741:
7737:
7731:
7727:
7722:
7718:
7712:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7696:
7690:
7686:
7681:
7677:
7671:
7667:
7662:
7658:
7652:
7648:
7643:
7641:
7637:
7633:
7629:
7628:
7622:
7618:
7617:
7611:
7607:
7601:
7597:
7592:
7588:
7582:
7578:
7573:
7569:
7563:
7559:
7554:
7552:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7538:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7516:
7512:
7507:
7503:
7497:
7494:. Routledge.
7493:
7488:
7484:
7478:
7474:
7469:
7465:
7459:
7455:
7450:
7449:
7435:
7428:
7413:
7409:
7407:
7398:
7391:
7390:
7383:
7375:
7374:
7366:
7358:
7357:
7349:
7334:. 27 May 2017
7333:
7329:
7323:
7315:
7311:
7310:
7302:
7294:
7288:
7284:
7283:
7275:
7259:
7255:
7249:
7242:
7237:
7231:, p. 75.
7230:
7225:
7218:
7213:
7206:
7201:
7194:
7189:
7181:
7180:History Today
7174:
7167:
7162:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7142:
7141:
7133:
7131:
7122:
7118:
7115:(1): 93â109.
7114:
7110:
7103:
7096:
7091:
7085:, p. 27.
7084:
7079:
7072:
7067:
7060:
7055:
7048:
7043:
7036:
7031:
7024:
7019:
7006:
7001:
6994:
6987:
6982:
6975:
6970:
6963:
6958:
6949:
6942:
6937:
6930:
6925:
6918:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6900:
6893:
6888:
6881:
6876:
6869:
6864:
6856:
6850:
6846:
6839:
6832:
6827:
6820:
6815:
6808:
6803:
6796:
6791:
6784:
6779:
6772:
6767:
6760:
6755:
6748:
6743:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6689:
6682:
6676:
6669:
6664:
6657:
6652:
6645:
6640:
6633:
6629:
6624:
6617:
6612:
6604:
6603:
6598:
6592:
6585:
6580:
6573:
6568:
6562:, p. 36.
6561:
6556:
6550:, p. 38.
6549:
6544:
6538:, p. 38.
6537:
6532:
6525:
6524:Hadfield 1964
6520:
6513:
6508:
6501:
6496:
6489:
6484:
6477:
6472:
6464:
6457:
6449:
6442:
6435:
6430:
6423:
6418:
6411:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6394:
6389:
6382:
6377:
6371:, p. 48.
6370:
6365:
6357:
6351:
6347:
6340:
6333:
6328:
6320:
6314:
6310:
6303:
6288:
6284:
6277:
6270:
6265:
6258:
6253:
6246:
6241:
6233:
6227:
6223:
6216:
6201:
6197:
6190:
6183:
6178:
6171:
6165:
6158:
6153:
6146:
6140:
6133:
6128:
6121:
6117:
6111:
6096:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6071:
6069:
6061:
6058:, Volume 1B:
6057:
6051:
6044:
6043:
6036:
6029:
6024:
6017:
6012:
6010:
6008:
6001:, p. 41.
6000:
5995:
5988:
5983:
5976:
5971:
5964:
5963:
5957:
5950:
5945:
5938:
5933:
5931:
5923:
5918:
5903:
5897:
5893:
5892:
5884:
5877:
5872:
5865:
5860:
5858:
5856:
5844:
5837:
5830:
5821:
5812:
5804:
5797:
5791:. pp. 349â351
5790:
5786:
5782:
5776:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5742:
5735:
5730:
5723:
5717:
5710:
5705:
5696:
5689:
5684:
5677:
5672:
5665:
5660:
5653:
5648:
5641:
5636:
5629:
5624:
5622:
5614:
5609:
5602:
5597:
5595:
5587:
5582:
5575:
5570:
5563:
5557:
5550:
5549:
5542:
5540:
5532:
5527:
5520:
5515:
5508:
5503:
5488:
5482:
5478:
5477:
5469:
5462:
5457:
5450:
5445:
5438:
5433:
5426:
5425:
5420:
5414:
5399:
5395:
5388:
5373:
5367:
5363:
5362:
5354:
5347:
5341:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5320:
5312:
5305:
5299:
5290:
5284:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5261:
5259:
5250:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5235:
5227:
5219:
5217:0-465-05477-3
5213:
5209:
5202:
5195:
5194:
5188:
5181:
5176:
5169:
5164:
5157:
5152:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5127:
5120:
5115:
5108:
5103:
5096:
5091:
5084:
5080:
5077:69 (1), 108.
5076:
5070:
5063:
5058:
5051:
5046:
5044:
5036:
5030:
5023:
5018:
5012:, p. 94.
5011:
5006:
5004:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4976:
4974:
4965:
4958:
4951:. p. 92.
4950:
4943:
4936:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4916:, p. 65.
4915:
4910:
4908:
4901:, p. 40.
4900:
4895:
4893:
4883:
4874:
4865:
4861:
4848:, p. 123
4847:
4841:
4837:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4788:
4785:
4774:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4709:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4681:William Adams
4679:
4678:
4672:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4606:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4593:Ulster Museum
4590:
4586:
4579:
4574:
4570:
4567:â it holds a
4566:
4562:
4555:
4550:
4547:
4540:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4522:Ulster Museum
4519:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4478:
4474:
4473:Julius Caesar
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4434:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4358:second Armada
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4320:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4245:
4242:
4241:San Francisco
4236:
4230:
4224:
4218:
4211:
4206:
4202:
4197:
4195:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4162:
4156:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4058:
4057:Chatham Chest
4053:
4052:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4005:
3995:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3967:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3934:Pope Sixtus V
3922:
3918:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3874:County Antrim
3871:
3866:
3865:
3858:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3816:
3815:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3766:
3760:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3718:
3708:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3686:La MarĂa Juan
3681:
3675:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3615:Robert Crosse
3612:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3592:
3590:
3589:Ponta Delgada
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3555:
3552:, painted by
3551:
3547:
3541:
3524:
3519:
3512:
3507:
3500:
3495:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3393:
3389:
3373:
3368:
3361:
3356:
3349:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3297:'s gunpowder
3295:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3202:
3197:
3190:
3185:
3178:
3173:
3166:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3066:
3065:Bay of Biscay
3062:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3044:Bay of Biscay
3040:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3017:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3003:
3002:Isle of Wight
2999:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2970:raid on CĂĄdiz
2966:
2964:
2960:
2959:Pope Sixtus V
2956:
2952:
2948:
2947:Low Countries
2935:
2931:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2825:queen consort
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2777:Iberian Union
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2713:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2593:Isle of Wight
2590:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2546:Duke of Parma
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:2nd Gibraltar
2327:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:5th Rheinberg
2275:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2244:2nd Oldenzaal
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2171:1st Gibraltar
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:4th Rheinberg
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2099:3rd Rheinberg
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:1st Oldenzaal
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1978:2nd Rheinberg
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1938:2nd Luxemburg
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1928:2nd Coevorden
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1918:1st Luxemburg
1916:
1914:
1913:1st Coevorden
1911:
1909:
1908:2nd Steenwijk
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1833:Ponta Delgada
1831:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1811:1st Rheinberg
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1711:1st Steenwijk
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1171:2nd Rheinberg
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1136:2nd Coevorden
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1126:1st Coevorden
1124:
1122:
1121:2nd Steenwijk
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1061:1st Rheinberg
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
991:1st Steenwijk
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
919:
918:
915:
914:Gulf of CĂĄdiz
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
898:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
870:Bay of Biscay
868:
866:
865:Barbary Coast
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
834:
829:
827:
825:
820:
818:
816:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
800:
796:
795:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
734:
733:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
683:
679:
674:
672:
670:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
646:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
623:St. Augustine
621:
619:
616:
614:
613:Santo Domingo
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
586:
585:
582:
577:
567:
562:
560:
555:
553:
548:
547:
544:
532:
523:
522:
520:
513:
510:
507:
506:
504:
497:
494:
493:
491:
488:
485:
478:
474:
471:
468:
467:
465:
459:No ships lost
458:
457:
455:
452:
451:
446:
439:
436:
435:
434:
433:
426:
423:
422:
421:
420:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
394:
393:
389:
383:
380:
379:
378:
377:
371:
367:
362:
359:
358:
356:
355:
350:
344:
339:
334:
331:
326:
321:
316:
314:
312:
306:
301:
296:
294:
292:
286:
281:
276:
274:
272:
266:
261:
256:
254:
249:
244:
243:
241:
236:
231:
226:
224:
219:
214:
212:
211:Francis Drake
207:
202:
200:
195:
190:
189:
187:
186:
181:
175:
165:
163:
153:
152:
150:
145:
134:
131:
119:
118:
116:
115:
110:
102:
99:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:
82:
78:
75:
74:
70:
64:
59:
56:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
10682:Architecture
10577:The Americas
10441:Newfoundland
10431:TĂșpac Katari
10421:Cuerno Verde
10356:Tenochtitlan
10278:
10188:Valenciennes
9945:Luis Fajardo
9814:Blas de Lezo
9759:Duke of Alba
9722:
9639:Spanish Road
9477:Buenos Aires
9386:Governorates
9155:Ayuntamiento
9148:Organization
8613:Carlist Wars
8461:Italian Wars
8340:
8326:
8317:
8303:
8294:
8284:
8270:
8263:
8249:
8232:
8213:
8175:
8156:
8145:
8130:
8126:
8107:
8099:
8089:
8069:
8059:
8052:
8037:
8019:
8000:
7992:
7974:
7955:
7936:
7917:
7898:
7882:. Batsford.
7879:
7860:
7841:
7826:
7819:
7801:
7782:
7763:
7744:
7725:
7706:
7684:
7665:
7646:
7635:
7626:
7615:
7595:
7576:
7557:
7542:
7528:
7510:
7491:
7472:
7453:
7445:Bibliography
7433:
7427:
7415:. Retrieved
7411:
7405:
7397:
7387:
7382:
7372:
7365:
7355:
7348:
7336:. Retrieved
7331:
7322:
7308:
7301:
7281:
7274:
7262:. Retrieved
7258:the original
7248:
7236:
7224:
7212:
7200:
7188:
7179:
7173:
7161:
7144:
7138:
7112:
7108:
7102:
7090:
7078:
7066:
7054:
7042:
7030:
7023:Elliott 1982
7018:
6993:
6986:Hampden 1972
6981:
6969:
6957:
6948:
6936:
6924:
6908:
6904:
6899:
6887:
6875:
6863:
6844:
6838:
6826:
6814:
6802:
6790:
6778:
6766:
6754:
6742:
6730:. Retrieved
6702:
6698:
6688:
6680:
6675:
6663:
6651:
6639:
6631:
6623:
6611:
6601:
6591:
6579:
6567:
6555:
6543:
6531:
6519:
6507:
6495:
6483:
6471:
6462:
6456:
6447:
6441:
6429:
6417:
6388:
6376:
6369:Wernham 1984
6364:
6345:
6339:
6327:
6308:
6302:
6290:. Retrieved
6286:
6276:
6264:
6257:Barratt 2006
6252:
6240:
6221:
6215:
6203:. Retrieved
6199:
6189:
6177:
6169:
6164:
6152:
6144:
6139:
6127:
6119:
6110:
6098:. Retrieved
6084:
6080:
6059:
6055:
6050:
6041:
6035:
6023:
5999:Stedall 2022
5994:
5982:
5970:
5960:
5956:
5944:
5917:
5905:. Retrieved
5890:
5883:
5871:
5843:the original
5829:
5820:
5811:
5802:
5796:
5780:
5775:
5750:
5741:
5729:
5721:
5716:
5704:
5695:
5683:
5676:Konstam 2009
5671:
5664:Konstam 2009
5659:
5647:
5635:
5608:
5581:
5569:
5561:
5556:
5547:
5526:
5514:
5502:
5490:. Retrieved
5475:
5468:
5456:
5444:
5432:
5424:The Guardian
5422:
5413:
5403:10 September
5401:. Retrieved
5397:
5387:
5375:. Retrieved
5360:
5353:
5340:
5323:
5311:
5303:
5298:
5278:
5272:
5233:
5226:
5207:
5201:
5191:
5187:
5175:
5163:
5151:
5135:
5131:
5126:
5114:
5102:
5090:
5074:
5069:
5057:
5050:Bicheno 2012
5034:
5029:
5017:
4993:
4987:
4963:
4957:
4948:
4942:
4882:
4873:
4864:
4840:
4784:Spain portal
4760:
4751:
4742:
4731:Westward Ho!
4730:
4719:
4703:Lope de Vega
4684:
4644:
4640:
4630:
4611:
4588:
4561:Spanish Barn
4560:
4545:
4509:
4507:
4488:
4480:
4476:
4460:
4450:
4438:
4432:
4429:
4417:
4402:
4392:
4326:
4304:
4270:
4255:
4246:
4198:
4193:
4190:
4151:
4098:San Salvador
4092:San Salvador
4082:
4061:
4050:
4044:
4024:
4021:
4000:
3961:
3943:
3931:
3920:
3870:Lacada Point
3853:
3828:
3824:Isle of Mull
3800:
3780:Apothecaries
3775:
3757:
3751:Woburn Abbey
3727:West Tilbury
3720:
3680:San Salvador
3669:
3647:Francis Vere
3623:Blankenberge
3618:
3602:
3593:
3566:
3559:
3549:
3450:
3438:
3434:
3396:
3340:
3332:Owers shoals
3326:
3324:of the ship
3315:
3310:
3306:
3294:San Salvador
3259:
3249:
3240:weather gage
3233:
3224:
3220:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3140:weather gage
3129:
3120:rear admiral
3101:
3097:
3093:John Hawkins
3069:
3057:
3041:
3029:
3014:
2986:
2967:
2943:
2883:Dutch Revolt
2880:
2871:
2848:
2837:
2789:
2746:
2730:Ferdinand II
2719:
2710:Spanish Navy
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2665:
2651:
2649:
2618:
2578:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2435:
2434:
2410:2nd Salvador
2397:
2376:1st Salvador
2369:
2368:
2344:Lizard Point
2322:
2321:
2302:2nd Roermond
2271:1st Roermond
2217:
2216:
2197:
2196:
2185:
2184:
2151:Dover Strait
2119:Hoogstraaten
2089:Lekkerbeetje
2062:
2061:
2026:
2024:
1873:2nd Deventer
1846:
1845:
1701:2nd Mechelen
1689:
1688:
1671:1st Deventer
1649:
1648:
1529:1st Mechelen
1512:
1511:
1459:Valenciennes
1454:Beeldenstorm
1447:
1446:
1352:Carrigafoyle
1270:
1266:
1237:
909:Dover Strait
896:
832:
823:
821:
814:
751:Newfoundland
709:2nd San Juan
694:1st San Juan
681:
677:
668:
644:
518:
502:
498:397 captured
489:
483:
463:
453:
431:
430:
418:
417:
391:
375:
374:
310:
290:
270:
223:John Hawkins
112:Belligerents
49:Part of the
36:
32:Spanish Navy
10649:Philippines
10614:El Salvador
10234:Capo d'Orso
10118:St. Quentin
10093:Rome (1527)
9752:Strategists
9502:Guadalajara
9429:New Navarre
9424:New Castile
9409:La Luisiana
9361:Puerto Rico
9351:Philippines
9308:New Granada
8998:Philippines
8959:(Uruguay),
8955:(Bolivia),
8905:New Granada
8845:Puerto Rico
8791: [
8661:Territories
8481:Encomiendas
7649:. Collins.
7417:24 December
7241:Holmes 2006
7229:Maltby 1971
7217:Maltby 1971
7059:Tenace 2003
6905:Gran Armada
6644:Hanson 2011
6584:Hanson 2011
6560:Martin 1988
6548:Martin 1988
6512:Hanson 2011
6292:12 November
6269:Hanson 2011
6200:archive.org
6120:BBC History
5975:Hanson 2011
5180:Graham 1972
5168:Hanson 2011
5136:Gran Armada
4753:Elizabeth R
4569:Blue Plaque
4565:Torre Abbey
4526:Stranmillis
4439:Dreadnought
4370:last Armada
4208: [
4117:Torre Abbey
4045:Bonaventure
3881: [
3836:Gulf Stream
3822:bay on the
3765:Elizabeth I
3743:Elizabeth I
3692:San Lorenzo
3631:San Lorenzo
3621:, sank off
3465:hellburners
3311:Golden Hind
3307:Golden Hind
3273: [
3032:indulgences
3006:Southampton
2773:was annexed
2769:Philippines
2767:and to the
2761:from Europe
2742:Elizabeth I
2688:armed force
2562:Catholicism
2558:Elizabeth I
2513:, Spanish:
2436:East Indies
2381:Puerto Rico
2249:4th Groenlo
2204:Playa Honda
2198:East Indies
2181:, 1609â1621
2139:3rd Groenlo
2084:San Andreas
1988:2nd Groenlo
1948:1st Groenlo
1883:Knodsenburg
1868:2nd Zutphen
1816:1st Zutphen
1771:3rd Antwerp
1756:Steenbergen
1746:2nd Antwerp
1656:1st Antwerp
1631:Reimerswaal
1594:Schoonhoven
1584:Mookerheyde
1484:Heiligerlee
1372:Castlehaven
1260:Hoogstraten
1226:San Andreas
1181:2nd Groenlo
1151:1st Groenlo
1106:Knodsenburg
1091:2nd Zutphen
1066:1st Zutphen
1026:Steenbergen
966:Schoonhoven
875:Mount's Bay
826:Gravelines)
808:Pantelleria
643:Hispaniola
608:SĂŁo Vicente
511:800 wounded
472:400 wounded
469:50â100 dead
396:24 warships
360:34 warships
10795:Categories
10319:Somosierra
10309:Manila Bay
10183:Nördlingen
10123:Gravelines
9603:Columnario
9575:Currencies
9492:ConcepciĂłn
9464:Audiencias
9439:New Toledo
9404:La Florida
9237:Corregidor
9201:Papal bull
9106:Antarctica
9014:Micronesia
8471:Golden Age
8349:0862994764
8335:0198204434
8312:0575037296
8279:0731701275
8258:0002115751
8241:0141390204
8020:The Armada
7605:0198229267
7567:0389209554
7551:0752220292
7475:. Conway.
7338:1 November
6929:Hardy 1966
6917:0389209554
6854:8473410394
6819:Lewis 1960
6759:Lewis 1960
6632:SparkNotes
6332:Black 2005
6205:1 November
5907:5 December
5789:0521390753
5519:Lewis 1960
5492:16 October
5377:16 October
5196:, 'armada'
5156:Lewis 1960
5144:0389209554
5119:Lewis 1960
5062:Lewis 1960
5022:Lewis 1960
4856:References
4653:David Hume
4457:Protestant
4235:San Marcos
4229:Santa Anna
4168:San Matteo
4161:San Felipe
4135:dry docked
3948:San Martin
3897:. Captain
3704:SĂŁo Filipe
3698:SĂŁo Mateus
3652:San Felipe
3606:Maria Juan
3562:Gravelines
3104:the Lizard
3046:along the
3024:See also:
3010:The Solent
2803:began the
2801:Henry VIII
2793:Henry VIII
2716:Background
2621:undeclared
2601:fire ships
2589:the Solent
2570:privateers
2129:2nd Lingen
2094:Nieuwpoort
2074:Zaltbommel
2013:1st Lingen
1993:Bredevoort
1676:Borgerhout
1579:Valkenburg
1554:IJsselmeer
1544:Middelburg
1499:Le Quesnoy
1474:Oosterweel
1335:2nd Calais
1265:Ardenburg
1231:Nieuwpoort
1216:Zaltbommel
1186:Bredevoort
981:Borgerhout
961:Valkenburg
936:Middelburg
899:West Wales
813:1st CĂĄdiz
791:2nd Azores
786:Las Palmas
776:2nd Flores
771:1st Flores
766:1st Azores
719:Portobello
676:La Guaira
437:55,000 men
427:170 barges
384:16,000 men
10624:Nicaragua
10602:Guatemala
10512:Pichincha
10497:Chacabuco
10436:Pensacola
10381:Mataquito
10361:Cajamarca
10342:New World
10314:Trafalgar
10218:Alhucemas
10098:Landriano
10083:Comuneros
10069:Old World
10013:Joan OrpĂ
9733:Royalists
9507:Guatemala
9434:New Spain
9371:Venezuela
9346:Guatemala
9303:New Spain
9298:Columbian
9191:Exequatur
9091:Cape Juby
8945:Argentina
8768:New Spain
8702:Gibraltar
8466:Habsburgs
8046:0018-2753
7835:0003-0155
7332:BBC.co.uk
6732:7 January
6727:161344071
6100:8 October
4612:San Mateo
4589:La Girona
4510:La Girona
4469:the words
4433:Foresight
4346:Mousehole
4297:Take the
4194:La Girona
4155:San Mateo
4113:Dartmouth
4036:dysentery
3989:Aftermath
3971:Hope Cove
3957:Guipuzcoa
3893:) of the
3864:La Girona
3845:Greenland
3841:lee shore
3832:longitude
3820:Tobermory
3808:Irish Sea
3657:Walcheren
3642:San Mateo
3570:sea marks
3457:brimstone
3445:the Downs
3413:blockaded
3281:gunpowder
3245:Santa Ana
3151:Ark Royal
3020:Execution
2998:Huguenots
2955:New World
2932:c. 1585,
2913:c. 1580,
2851:Elizabeth
2817:Edward VI
2738:Philip II
2726:Henry VII
2650:The word
2646:Etymology
2606:North Sea
2509:, or the
2484:Aftermath
2420:ItamaracĂĄ
2396:Trujillo
2359:The Downs
2334:2nd CĂĄdiz
2317:4th Hulst
2312:3rd Hulst
2297:3rd Venlo
2292:4th Breda
2267:2nd Venlo
2239:3rd Breda
2212:1621â1648
2156:2nd Sluis
2124:3rd Sluis
2114:2nd Grave
2057:1599â1609
2044:1st CĂĄdiz
2003:Ootmarsum
1983:1st Meurs
1968:2nd Hulst
1933:Groningen
1888:1st Hulst
1863:2nd Breda
1821:1st Sluis
1796:1st Venlo
1791:1st Grave
1751:Eindhoven
1726:Noordhorn
1721:1st Breda
1684:1579â1588
1644:1576â1579
1626:Zuiderzee
1599:Zierikzee
1589:Oudewater
1507:1572â1576
1489:Jemmingen
1464:Wattrelos
1442:1566â1572
1273:2nd Sluis
1269:Oostberg
1255:2nd Grave
1240:2nd Meurs
1201:Oldenzaal
1196:Ootmarsum
1161:2nd Hulst
1141:Groningen
1111:1st Hulst
1071:1st Sluis
1046:1st Grave
1021:Eindhoven
1001:Noordhorn
895:Cornwall
885:2nd CĂĄdiz
855:Berlengas
689:Guadalupe
667:Trinidad
657:San Mateo
618:Cartagena
528: 44
477:fireships
440:137 ships
381:197 ships
93:North Sea
10634:Colombia
10619:Honduras
10532:Asomante
10517:Ayacucho
10507:Carabobo
10482:Curalaba
10259:Ceresole
10153:Gembloux
10113:MĂŒhlberg
9828:Mariners
9686:Military
9608:Doubloon
9593:MaravedĂ
9537:Santiago
9444:Paraguay
9170:Germania
9010:Caroline
8965:Malvinas
8949:Paraguay
8909:Colombia
8851:Trinidad
8718:Sardinia
8558:Bourbons
8374:Archived
8252:(1981).
8150:in JSTOR
7705:(1964).
6599:(1888).
6476:Guy 2016
5767:6949907M
5749:(1833).
5146:. p. 212
4770:See also
4708:San Juan
4493:and the
4409:materiel
4338:Penzance
4334:Cornwall
4308:Brittany
4223:Doncella
4103:Studland
4089:and the
3983:Plympton
3762:â
3661:Flushing
3627:galleass
3473:flagship
3429:pataches
3425:Flanders
3299:magazine
3256:bowsprit
3236:Portland
3108:Cornwall
3084:caravels
3080:pataches
3052:A Coruña
3048:Galician
2996:and the
2917:, London
2868:James VI
2765:Americas
2757:Catholic
2722:Louis XI
2656:is from
2610:Scotland
2585:galleons
2581:Plymouth
2574:Americas
2550:Flanders
2442:MormugĂŁo
2400:Campeche
2391:Abrolhos
2370:Americas
2029:Flanders
1998:Enschede
1973:Turnhout
1958:2nd Lier
1903:Caudebec
1893:Nijmegen
1878:Delfzijl
1741:1st Lier
1666:Rijmenam
1661:Gembloux
1611:Flushing
1494:Jodoigne
1357:Smerwick
1310:Caudebec
1191:Enschede
1166:Turnhout
1116:Nijmegen
1101:Delfzijl
1096:Deventer
986:Mechelen
976:Rijmenam
971:Gembloux
904:Sesimbra
761:Santiago
746:Terceira
735:Atlantic
680:Caracas
519:Overall:
484:Disease:
370:flyboats
352:Strength
174:Portugal
91:and the
84:Location
53:and the
10766:Asiento
10737:Mustang
10597:YucatĂĄn
10592:Chiapas
10472:Tucapel
10304:Passaro
10254:Algiers
10244:Preveza
10213:Tetouan
10208:Vitoria
10198:Bitonto
10138:Antwerp
10133:Lepanto
10088:Bicocca
9564:Economy
9487:Charcas
9482:Caracas
9376:YucatĂĄn
9247:Regidor
9232:Alcalde
9160:Cabildo
9067:Tripoli
9006:Mariana
8953:Charcas
8929:(Peru,
8913:Ecuador
8876:Bonaire
8871:Curazao
8856:Jamaica
8784:Florida
8273:(1990)
7535:; also
7531:(1898)
7264:8 April
6719:2639468
5759:3656130
4697:samurai
4597:Belfast
4583:Bronze
4530:Belfast
4514:Belgian
4374:Kinsale
4314:on the
4131:Chatham
4126:Rosario
4121:Torquay
4040:Margate
3617:of the
3611:carrack
3597:heeling
3585:Lepanto
3478:leeward
3421:Zeeland
3399:Dunkirk
3303:scuttle
3265:Rosario
3260:Revenge
3225:Revenge
3145:Revenge
3112:beacons
3078:, five
3072:galleys
2963:crusade
2855:heretic
2799:. King
2658:Spanish
2614:Ireland
2554:England
2526:Spanish
2522:
2452:Malacca
2415:Cabañas
2349:Dunkirk
2234:Fleurus
1731:Niezijl
1616:Borsele
1559:Alkmaar
1549:Haarlem
1539:Naarden
1519:Brielle
1429:Origins
1367:Kinsale
1346:Ireland
1325:Morlaix
1036:Antwerp
1006:Niezijl
941:Haarlem
880:Cawsand
835:Lisbon)
817:Algarve
803:Scheldt
756:Bermuda
714:Tabasco
671:Orinoco
311:†
291:†
271:†
130:England
10744:Castas
10502:BoyacĂĄ
10477:Guiana
10467:Iguape
10391:Recife
10329:Mactan
10324:Annual
10289:Rocroi
10284:Leiden
10269:Djerba
10203:Bailén
10158:Ostend
10143:Azores
9738:LegiĂłn
9703:Tercio
9696:Armies
9598:Escudo
9527:PanamĂĄ
9522:Mexico
9517:Manila
9472:BogotĂĄ
9257:Vecino
9252:Syndic
9083:BĂ©jaĂŻa
9043:Africa
9029:Tidore
8917:Panama
8881:Belize
8788:Mexico
8714:Sicily
8710:Naples
8672:Europe
8347:
8333:
8310:
8299:(1959)
8277:
8256:
8239:
8221:
8196:
8182:
8163:
8114:
8078:
8044:
8026:
8007:
7981:
7962:
7943:
7924:
7905:
7886:
7867:
7848:
7833:
7808:
7789:
7770:
7751:
7732:
7713:
7691:
7672:
7653:
7602:
7583:
7564:
7549:
7517:
7498:
7479:
7460:
7406:ShĆgun
7289:
6915:
6851:
6725:
6717:
6352:
6315:
6228:
6091:
5898:
5787:
5765:
5757:
5483:
5368:
5285:
5245:
5214:
5142:
4620:Leiden
4447:Legacy
4399:, 1601
4348:, and
4342:Newlyn
4316:Blavet
4299:Azores
4288:Lisbon
4177:Leiden
4073:sermon
4069:London
4032:scurvy
4028:Typhus
4012:Tholen
3979:Bodmin
3953:Laredo
3938:ducats
3778:; the
3745:, the
3741:Queen
3683:, and
3556:(1796)
3336:Calais
3318:Solent
3285:ducats
3248:, the
3136:tacked
3074:, one
2763:, the
2751:under
2679:armÄre
2674:armÄta
2662:armada
2653:armada
2638:, and
2597:Calais
2530:Lisbon
2472:Cavite
2467:Manila
2282:Leuven
2224:JĂŒlich
2192:Aachen
2104:Ostend
2049:Azores
1963:Calais
1786:Boksum
1776:Arnhem
1736:Lochem
1716:Kollum
1569:Leiden
1479:Dahlen
1469:Lannoy
1340:Amiens
1330:Crozon
1285:Arques
1279:France
1245:Ostend
1206:Lingen
1041:Arnhem
1011:Lochem
996:Kollum
951:Leiden
840:Bayona
699:Panama
662:Recife
638:Havana
392:Armada
327:
307:
287:
267:
141:
127:
100:Result
10639:Chile
10607:Petén
10582:Aztec
10401:Bahia
10376:Penco
10366:Cusco
10294:Downs
10274:Tunis
10193:Ceuta
10178:Breda
10128:Malta
10108:Tunis
10103:Pavia
9617:Trade
9532:Quito
9497:Cusco
9336:Chile
9071:Tunis
9018:Palau
8935:Chile
8866:Aruba
8861:Haiti
8795:]
8724:Milan
8682:Spain
6723:S2CID
6715:JSTOR
6083:. 6.
5846:(PDF)
5839:(PDF)
4832:Notes
4689:Japan
4585:saker
4395:, by
4212:]
4187:Spain
4139:wharf
4119:near
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